SMPS Topologies

Part (1/2)
Fundamental Design of SMPS

Explained the basic principal of

constructing the SMPS.
Content
01 Why SMPS is used for power
conversions

02 Buck (or) Stepdown Topology

03 Boost (or) Stepup Topology

04 Flyback Topology
(CCM,DCM,Quasi)
 Introduction:
SMPS:Switch Mode Power Supply
Applications:
AC 230V at 50/60Hz

Battery Charger
AC-DC converter
LED Driver
Etc.........

Mobile Charger LaptopCharger TV SMPS Electric car Charger

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1. Bulky - construction involves with iron
core transformer.
2. High energy losses – transfer energy
at low efficiency.
3. Low Power Factor .

Transformer operation is at AC V 50/60Hz

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The SMPS is mostly used where switching of
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voltages is not at all a problem and where
efficiency of the system really matters. There
are few points which are to be noted regarding
SMPS. They are

• SMPS circuit is operated by switching and Disadvantages

hence the voltages vary continuously. • The noise is present due to high frequency switching.
• The switching device is operated in saturation • The circuit is complex.
or cut off mode. • It produces electromagnetic interference (EMI).
• The output voltage is controlled by the Advantages
switching time of the feedback circuitry. • The efficiency is as high as 80 to 90%
• Switching time is adjusted by adjusting the duty • Less heat generation; less power wastage.
cycle. • Reduced harmonic feedback into the supply mains.
• The efficiency of SMPS is high because, • The device is compact and small in size.
instead of dissipating excess power as heat, it • The manufacturing cost is reduced.
continuously switches its input to control the • Provision for providing the required number
output. of voltages.
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Operated at KHz
 Testing and Validating
Tuning parameters, safety,
Performance, reliability tests

Design & Development

Caculations ,schematic,
PCB Layout, BOM, Proto

Choosing IC
As per spec and
req,Topology,IC
select,mode of
operation is decided. Step 4
Specifications
Application,required
output,input operation
conditions,
Step 3

Step 2

Step 1
To select the best topology for a
given specification, it is essential to know the basic operation,advantages,
drawbacks, complexity and the area of usage of a particular topology. The
following factors help while selecting an appropriate topology:
1) Is the output voltage higher or lower than the whole range of the input voltage?
2) How many outputs are required?
3) Is input to output dielectric isolation required?
4) Is the input/output voltage very high?
5) Is the input/output current very high?
6) What is the maximum voltage applied across the transformer primary and what is the
maximum duty cycle?

Factor (1) determines whether the power supply topology should be buck, boost or buck-
boost type.
Factors (2) and (3) determine whether or not the power supply topology should have a
transformer. Reliability of the power supply depends on the selection of a
proper topology on the basis of factors (4), (5) and (6).
1.Buck Converter
2.Boost Converter
3.Inverting Buck-Boost Converter
4.SEPIC
5.Cuk Converter Zeta Converter
6.Flyback Converter
7.Two Switch Flyback Converter
8. Active Clamp Forward Converter
9.Single Switch Forward Converter
10.Two Switch Forward Converter
11.Push-Pull Converter
12.Weinberg Converter
13.Half-Bridge Converter
14.Full-Bridge Converter
15.Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge Converter
• A buck converter, as its name implies, can only produce lower average output voltage than the input voltage.
• The basic schematic with the switching waveforms of a buck converter is shown in Figure
• In a buck converter, a switch (Q1) is placed in series with the input voltage source VIN.
• The input source VIN feeds the output through the switch and a low-pass filter, implemented with an inductor and a
capacitor.
 ON Gate pulse of MOSFET Q1

Voltage across the Inductor L

ON

Input current IIN

Inductor current IL

In a steady state of operation, when the switch is ON for a period of TON, the input provides energy to the output
as well as to the inductor (L).

During the TON period, the inductor current flows through the switch and the difference of voltages between VIN and
VOUT is applied to the inductor in the forward direction, as shown in Figure .

Therefore, the inductor current IL rises linearly from its present value IL1 to IL2, as shown in Figure .
 Gate pulse of MOSFET Q1
OFF

Voltage across the Inductor L

OFF － ＋
＋

－ Input current IIN

Inductor current IL
CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE
• The inductor current is continuous and
never reaches zero during one switching
period (TS).
• Therefore, this mode of operation is
known as Continuous Conduction mode.
• In Continuous Conduction mode, the
relation between the output and input
voltage is given by Equation 3
• Where D is known as the
duty cycle, which is given by
Equation 4.
OTHER MODE OF CONTROLS

1. CURRENT MODE CONTROL

2. FEED-FORWARD CONTROL

MULTIPHASE SYNCHRONOUS BUCK CONVERTER

FEED-FORWARD CONTROL

CURRENT MODE CONTROL

 BOOST CONVERTER

• A boost converter, as its name implies, can only produce a higher output average voltage than the input voltage.

• The basic schematic with the switching waveform of a boost converter is shown in Figure.

• In a boost converter, an inductor (L) is placed in series with the input voltage source VIN.

• The input source feeds the output through the inductor and the diode D1.
 ON
Gate pulse of MOSFET Q1

Voltage across the inductor L

ON

1. when the switch Q1 is ON for a period of TON, the

input provides energy to the inductor.
2. During the TON period, inductor current (IL)
flowsthrough the switch and the input voltage VIN is Current through MOSFET Q1 & D1
applied to the inductor in the forward direction, as
shown in Figure
3. Therefore, the inductor current rises linearly from its
present value IL1 to IL2.
4. During this TON period, the output load current IOUT
Voltage across the MOSFET Q1
is supplied from the output capacitor CO.
5. The output capacitor value should be large enough to
6. supply the load current for the time period TON with
the minimum specified droop in the output voltage.
 OFF

Gate pulse of MOSFET Q1

OFF
Voltage across the inductor L

1. During the TOFF period when the switch is OFF,

the inductor current continues to flow in the
same direction as the stored energy with the
inductor and the input source VIN supplies
energy to the load.
2. The diode D1 completes the inductor current Current through MOSFET Q1 & D1
path through the output capacitor during the Q1
OFF period (TOFF).
3. During this TOFF period, the inductor current
flows through the diode and the difference of
voltages between VIN and VOUT is applied to the Voltage across the MOSFET Q1
inductor in the reverse direction,as shown in
Figure.
4. Therefore, the inductor current decreases from
the present value IL2 to IL1, as shown in Figure.
 Gate pulse of MOSFET Q1

Voltage across the inductor L

CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE Current through MOSFET Q1 & D1

• As shown in Fig, the inductor current is
continuous and never reaches zero during
one switching cycle (TS). Voltage across the MOSFET Q1
• which is the relation between output and
input voltage, as shown in Equation 5.
• The root mean square (RMS) ripple
current in the output capacitor is given
by Equation 6.
• It is calculated by considering the
waveform shown in Figure .During the
TOFF period, the pulsating current ID1,
flows into the output capacitor and the
constant load current (IOUT) flows out of
the output capacitor.
• Based on Equation 5, the VOUT/VIN ratio can be very large when the duty cycle approaches unity, which is ideal.
• However, unlike the ideal characteristic, VOUT/VIN declines as the duty ratio approaches unity, as shown in
Figure 5.
• Because of very poor utilization of the switch, parasitic elements occur in the components and losses associated
with the inductor capacitor and semiconductors.
 Flyback CONVERTER

1. A flyback converter is a transformer-isolated converter based on the basic buck boost topology.
2. In a flyback converter, a switch (Q1) is connected in series with the transformer (T1) primary.
3. The transformer is used to store the energy during the ON period of the switch, and provides isolation between
the input voltage source VIN and the output voltage VOUT.

BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER Flyback CONVERTER

 Gate pulse for the MOSFET Q1

Voltage across the primary winding

1. In a steady state of operation, when the switch is ON for Current through MOSFET Q1
a period of TON, the dot end of the winding becomes
positive with respect to the non-dot end.
2. During the TON period, the diode D1 becomes reverse-
.biased and the transformer behaves as an inductor
3. The value of this inductor is equal to the transformer primary Current through the diode D1
magnetizing inductance LM, and the stored magnetizing
energy (see Equation 11) from the input voltage source VIN.
Equation 11 Voltage across the MOSFET Q1

EP = Joules
IPK = Amps
LM = Henries
 Gate pulse for the MOSFET Q1

Voltage across the primary winding

1. Therefore, the current in the primary transformer Current through MOSFET Q1

(magnetizing current IM) rises linearly from its initial value
I1 to IPK, as shown in Figure.
2. As the diode D1 becomes reverse-biased, the load
current (IOUT) is supplied from the output capacitor
(CO) Current through the diode D1
3. The output capacitor value should be large
enough to supply the load current for the time period
TON, with the maximum specified droop in the output Voltage across the MOSFET Q1
voltage.
4. At the end of the TON period, when the switch is turned
OFF, the transformer magnetizing current continues to
flow in the same direction.
 Gate pulse for the MOSFET Q1

Voltage across the primary winding

1. The magnetizing current induces negative voltage in the dot Current through MOSFET Q1
end of the transformer winding with respect to non-dot end.
2. The diode D1 becomes forward-biased and clamps the
transformer secondary voltage equal to the output voltage.
3. The energy stored in the primary of the flyback transformer
transfers to secondary through the flyback action. Current through the diode D1
4. This stored energy provides energy to the load,
and charges the output capacitor.
5. Since the magnetizing current in the transformer cannot Voltage across the MOSFET Q1
change instantaneously at the instant the switch is turned OFF,
the primary current transfers to the secondary, and the
amplitude of the secondary current will be the product
of the primary current and the transformer turns ratio, NP/NS.
 DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE

Ttotal

ON Q1pwm

Isw

ID1
OFF

vsw

Ton Toff Tdead

OFF
 CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE

Ttotal Ttotal

ON Q1pwm

Isw

ID1
OFF

vsw

Ton Toff Ton Toff

OFF
 Output Regulatation of Flyback Converter
FIXED FREQUENCY
Q1pwm
Variable
TON
Fixed
Ttotal

VARIABLE FREQUENCY Q1pwm

Fixed
TON
Variable
Ttotal

Q1pwm
QUASI RESONANT
Variable
TON
Variable
Ttotal
 QUASI RESONANT
Introduction
1. A Quasi-resonant Flyback is simply a DCM Flyback having a valley switching turn on. It is also known as variable
frequency or valley switching Flyback and is largely used in low power SMPS application such as charger,
adapter and auxiliary supply.

2.Figure 1A shows the basic Flyback

converter schematic showing the primary
parasitic components Lleak and CD.

3.Lleak is the leakage inductance of the

transformer while CD is the total
capacitance (Coss + intra-winding
capacitance + stray capacitance) of the
from drain node.
4. Figure 1B shows the normal VDS
waveform of a DCM Flyback where two
resonant oscillations can be observed.
5.The higher frequency oscillation 1 happened during the initial turned off of the MOSFET due to the leakage
inductance resonating with CD.
6. Oscillation 2 happens when the secondary winding energy declines to zero.
7. During this time both windings are open, thus, Lp resonates with the capacitance at the CD node.
8.Because of this resonance, VDS will experience a minimum valley point, whose minimum value will depend on
Flyback reflected voltage VR.
9.By making the controller to turn on at this minimum valley, we then have what is called QR or valley switching
Flyback.
10.Depending on the QR controller, the MOSFET can be turned on at different valley of the drain-source voltage
(first, second even seventh) depending on the loads.
11. If it is always turn on at the first valley point, it is called free running quasi-resonant mode. For the free running
QR, the frequency is adjusted depending on the load.
12. Figure 2 shows the frequency vs. load relationship; the frequency is minimum at maximum load while increasing
at lighter loads.
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