CE5510 Advanced Structural

Concrete Design

2. Design for Action Effects

Part 1 –Bending & Axial Load

Professor Tan Kiang Hwee

Dept of Civil Environmental Engrg
National University of Singapore

At the end of the lecture, you should

be able to:

 Use the method of strain Bridge

compatibility to analyse and pier
design structural concrete Lift
sections under bending and/or core
axial loads

 Construct design charts for

non-standard structural
sections such as those of lift
Box
cores, bridge piers and box
girders girder

©Tan K H, NUS 2
 Action Effects

Flexure (Bending) My+ Mz

Compression/Tension N
Shear V
T Torsion T
Mz My weight
x
V
N y
z
©Tan K H, NUS 3

BENDING with or without AXIAL FORCE

Method of strain compatibility & force equilibrium

3 basic requirements:
 Compatibility
 Strains (deformations) at various locations are related
to one another
 Material Laws
 Stress-strain relations (aka constitutive relations)
 Equilibrium
 Externally applied forces/moments = Internal resisting
forces/moments

©Tan K H, NUS 4
 Uni-axial Bending

w
steel
w yielding ULS
SLS 3 3 -Inelastic,
2 cracked
cracking
1
 
Assumptions :
 Plane sections remain plane
 Perfect bond between concrete 1 - Elastic, 2 - Elastic,
& reinft. uncracked cracked
 Tensile strength of concrete is
neglected after cracking
©Tan K H, NUS 5

Uniaxial bending

c fc
x C
n.a. Elastic,
Ts uncracked
M
Tc
 

<0.4fck

n.a. C Elastic,
cracked
M T
 
©Tan K H, NUS 6
 >0.4fck
C
n.a.
Inelastic,
M T cracked

cu
Mn n.a. C
Ultimate
T
 

• Compatibility:  ~ c
• Material laws:  ~ 
• Equilibrium: F = 0 ; M = M
©Tan K H, NUS 7

Serviceability Limit State

b d’ c x/3 fc
C’
As’ s’ C
’ = As’/bd x n.a.
 = As/bd h d
n = Es/Ec As M s fs
T

Section Strain Stress

Strain compatibility: Material laws:

c/s’ = x/(x-d’) fc = Ec c
c/s = x/(d-x) fs = Es s
fs’ = Es s’
©Tan K H, NUS 8
 b d’ c x/3 fc
fs’ C’
’ = As’/bd As’ d s’ C
x n.a.
 = As/bd h
n = Es/Ec As M s fs
T

Section Strain Stress

Stress resultants:
Equilibrium:
C = bxfc/2
C + C’ = T
C’=fs’As’=nfcAs’(x-d’)/x
T=fsAs=nfcAs(d-x)/x M = C(d - x/3) + C’(d-d’)

 x/d = [(+’)2n2 + 2(+’d’/d)n]1/2 - (+’)n

©Tan K H, NUS 9

Ultimate limit state fcd = cc fck / c

cc =0.85;
c = 1.5

If width of compression
zone decreases in the
direction of extreme
compression fibre, fcd cu (0/00) = 3,5 for fck ≤ 50 MPa
should be reduced by cu (0/00) = 2,6 + 35[(90-fck)/100]4 for fck ≥ 50 MPa
10%.

©Tan K H, NUS 10
 Example – RC Box Girder
Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance of the box
girder shown.

1200
50 120 mm
1000 mm2

800 120 fck = 30 MPa

2000 mm2 fyk = 500 MPa
250
5000 mm2
50

©Tan K H, NUS 11

cu= 0.0035 0.567fck

x=200 160 C1
Cs
mm s’ mm C2

Mu s1 Ts1
s2 Ts2

s’=0.0035x150/200 = 0.00263>y=(fyk/s)/Es = (500/1.15)/(200,000) = 0.00217

s1> y ; s2 > y

C1 =0.567x30x1200x120x10-3 = 2449 kN
C2 =0.567x30x240x40x 10-3 = 163 kN Mu= [2449x140 + 163x60
Cs =1000x435x 10-3 = 435 kN + 435x150 + 870x300
Ts1=2000x435x 10-3 = 870 kN
+ 2175x550] kNmm
Ts2 =5000x435x 10-3 = 2175 kN
= 1875 kNm
C1+C2+Cs- Ts1- Ts2 = 2  0 OK

©Tan K H, NUS 12
 Example – Isolated L-beam
A simply-supported beam with
an inverted L-section is
subjected to vertical loads as 200 mm

600 mm
shown. The beam is free to
deflect vertically and laterally M
between its supports.
Determine the design
moment of resistance of the 50 mm
L-section. The reinforcement
consisted of four uniformly 300 mm 300 mm
spaced steel bars of equal
diameter, with a total area of Material properties:
2250 mm2. Assume vertical fck = 40 MPa;
loads to pass through shear
fyk =500 MPa; and
centre of section.
Es = 200 GPa.
©Tan K H, NUS 13

Assume all steel bars

yielded:
150 300 mm T = Asfyk/s=978.8 kN

x C = T gives
g C
½ (450 g) (0.9x0.567fck)
600 mm

= 978800
M  g = 213.1 mm
T
x Check –s >yk
50 mm
(= 0.00217) 
300 mm 300 mm
Mn= 978.8 x (550 – 213.1/3)
=978.8 x 479.0 = 468.8 kNm
©Tan K H, NUS 14
 What if beam is prevented from deflecting laterally?
Assume effective flange width = 600 mm.
150 150 300 mm
Assume steel yields.

C = T gives
x +C 600 x (0.8x) x 0.567fck
n.a. = 2250 x 500/1.15

i.e.,
My = 503.1 kNm x = 89.9 mm
T (Check steel yielding.)
+x
Mz = 146.8 kNm My = T(550 –0.4x89.9) kNmm
Mz = T(150) kNmm

©Tan K H, NUS 15

Effect of axial load

N

e  c2 = cu2 =
d’ 0.002 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035

x
3h/7

d N 0.002 0.002 0.002

x

e=0 increasing
M = Ne x =  decreasing
N = N
M = M
©Tan K H, NUS 16
N-M (Column) Interaction Diagram

N
d’ No
Compression failure

d N
Balanced
Nb
M failure
e
M = Ne

Tension
No’
failure

©Tan K H, NUS 17

Example
A reinforced concrete short
column, hexagonal in cross- N
section, contains six 25 mm
mm
50

275 mm

diameter longitudinal bars

and is subjected to an
eccentric compression
load. Given that fck = 30
MPa; fyk = 500 MPa and Es =
200 GPa, calculate the
design ultimate load N that
the column can carry at an 450 mm
eccentricity, e = 275 mm

©Tan K H, NUS 18
 N

mm
C1 C2/2 0.9(0.567fck)

50
0.0035
275 mm

C2/2 Cs
s‘ 0.8x
x C1
C2
s1 Ts1

s2 Ts2

450 mm

N = Cs + C1 + C2 - Ts1 - Ts2
M = N (275) = Cs xs+ C1x1 + C2 x2 + Ts2 xs
xs = h/2 - 50 ; x1 = h/2 - 0.4x ; x2 = h/2 – (2/3)(0.8x)3
h/2 = 225 sin 60o
 Solve for x and N
©Tan K H, NUS 19

Biaxial Bending
M Mz due to
wind load

z 
My
y due to
Mz gravity load
My
 Mz 
  tan 1  

 My 

M  My  Mz
2 2

©Tan K H, NUS 20
 yC M  My  Mz
2 2
My
y  Mz 
zC C   tan 1  

  My 
C>0  comp.
T>0  tension

Mz
n
M y    T j z j  Czc
C (   Ci )   T j j 1
n
M z   T j y j  Cyc
i j

j 1 Varying (x, )
©Tan K H, NUS
 (My, Mz) 21

My/bh2fck

b Increasing
As/Acfcu
As/4 As/4

h My
As/4 As/4

Mz

©Tan K H, NUS Mz/b2hfck 22

 Example – Biaxial bending
So,

A concrete beam has a 250 mm square section and is reinforced by

4H28 steel bars, one bar being placed at 50 mm from each edge in
each corner of the section. Evaluate the flexural strength of the
section if it is subjected to biaxial bending moments of equal
magnitude about axes parallel to the edges. The material properties
are: fyk = 500 MPa, fck = 30 MPa, and Es = 200 GPa.

50
250
y

z
©Tan K H, NUS 23

fcd = 0.9x0.567fck
= 0.51fck
x=148 s‘ 0.8x Cs
C

s1 Ts1
s2
Ts2

Ans:

©Tan K H, NUS 24
Biaxial bending with axial loading
z
ey
N Mz
ey 
N
ez
 ez 
My
y N

er  e y  ez
2 2

e.g. corner columns  ez  M 

  tan 1    tan 1  y 
 M 
 ey   z

©Tan K H, NUS

z N
x  er
 
C
 y
T x
0.8x
N
N  C  Tj
j C
M y  Nez  Czc   T j zi
j Tj
M z  Ne y  Cyc   T j yi
j

©Tan K H, NUS 26
 N-My-Mz ey
interaction N
er
diagram for ez
rectangular  Note:
section N
When N is small,
My + Mz  1
M   M 
y
k
z
k
1 (i.e. a straight line)

When N is large,
My2 + Mz2  1
(i.e. a circle)

Mz=Ney

My=Nez

©Tan K H, NUS 27

Exercise

A square column is subject to

axial loading and biaxial
bending. Material strengths are 80 240 80
fck = 40 MPa; and fyk/s = 435
MPa. (a) Find the unique Neutral 80
combination of N, My, and Mz axis
that will produce incipient failure h Comp. 240
with the neutral axis located as zone
shown. (b) Find the angle
between the neutral axis and 80
the eccentricity axis, the latter
defined as the line from the h=400mm
column centre to the point of
load.
As = 4H40 bars

©Tan K H, NUS 28
Test Your Understanding –
Flexural Analysis of Sections
1. What are the three conditions to be satisfied in the flexural
analysis of structural concrete sections?
Ans:

2. The flexural theory (method of strain compatibility) applies to

ULS only. T or F?
Ans:

3. How does axial load affect the strain profile at ultimate?

Ans:

©Tan K H, NUS 29

Further Reading

Nilson, A.H., Darwin, D. & Dolan, C.W., “Design of

Concrete Structures”, 14e in SI Units, Ch 3.
Wight, J.K. & MacGregor, J.G., “Reinforced Concrete:
Mechanics & Design”, 6 ed., Ch 4.
Martin, L. & Purkiss, J., “Concrete Design to EN 1992”, ,
Ch 6.

©Tan K H, NUS 30