MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (MUMBAI)

PROJECT REPORT

ON

SMART HELMET

SUBMITTED BY

1. GAURAV SHRIKANT KARAJGIKAR

2. SEJAL PRADEEP SONPETHKAR
3. SHIVAM RAJESHWAR SAWANT
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. NITIN KAUTAKAR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Gramin Technical & Management Campus,

NANDED- 431606

2020--2021

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 CERTIFICATE

This is certified that Karajgikar gaurav shrikant, Sonpethkar Sejal

Pradeep and Sawant Shivam Rajeshwarrao has successfully completed
project work entitled A SMART HELMET SYSTEM in partical fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of the diploma in MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING of Gramin tantraniketan vishnupuri, Nanded :- 431606

The matter embodied in this project report is a record of his own

independent work carried out by him my supervision and guidance. The
matter ambodied in this not been for any award of any diploma .

Mr. Kharat W.S. Mr. kautakar N.U

HOD Guide

Hon. Deolgaonkar S.S Dr. Pawar V.S.

Vice Principle Principle

Gramin Technical & Management Campus,

Nanded

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
Viva Voce examination for above Project work is conducted on …………………
and the work is approved for the award of diploma in Mechanical Engineering

Internal Examiner External

Examiner

ABSTRACT

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 A smart helmet is a special idea which makes motorcycle driving safer than
before. This is implemented using GSM technology. The working of this
smart helmet is very simple,
bump sensors are placed in different places of helmet where the probability
of hitting is more which are connected to microcontroller board. So when the
rider crashes and the helmet hit the ground, these sensors sense and gives to
the microcontroller board, then controller send the data using the GSM
module that is interfaced to it. When the data exceeds minimum stress limit
then GSM module automatically sends message to family members

Our task as an electronics engineers was to design a helmet that could

autonomously
detect accident. Also aims at minimizing road accidents. In this Project we
design a smart helmet. It is the helmet that works with the help of transmitter
and receiver circuit and the microcontroller.

The Microcontroller that we have used is ATMEGA 8. It's a 28 pin IC the

main purpose of using this microcontroller is the pins that we require to
control the transmitter and receiver is 28.

The first step of designing this helmet is designing a PCB. The transmitter
and receiver is designed with the help of the software name EXPRESS PCB,
after getting the required output we implemented this circuit onto the copper
plate with the help of laser printing. After laser printing the excess copper is
removed with the help of silicon solution. Then we get the required circuit as
transmitter and receiver.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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 CHAPTER TITTLE PAGE
NO. NO.
1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 7
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
1.3 PROJECT PLANNING 11
2 2.1 CONSTRUCTION 12
2.2 BLOCL DIAGRAM 13 & 14
2.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 15
2.4 LIST OF COMPONENT 18
3 3.1 IMPLEMENTATION 19
3.2 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION 19
3.3 DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION 24
3.4 SOLDERING 28
3.4.1 MICROCONTROLLER BURNING
3.4.2TESTING 31
4 4.1 WORKING OF PROJECT 31
4.1Working 31
5 5.1 ADVANTAGES 35
6 6.1 DISADVANTAGES 36
7 7.1 APPLICATION 37
8 8.1 CONCLUSION 38
9 9.1 FUTURE SCOPE 38
10 10.1 VREFERENCE 39

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my guide Mr. Kautkar

N.U. as well as our principal Dr. Pawar V. S. who gave the golden opportunity to

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do the wonderfull project on the topic "SMART HELMET SYSTEM", which
also helped me in doing a lot research and I came to know about so many new
things am really thanks to them. Secondly I would also like to thank my parents
and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project withhin the limited time
frame.

Student Name Enrollment No.

Karajgikar Gaurav S. 1900690351
Sonpethkar sejal P. 1800690291
Sawant shivam R. 1800690301

1. INTRODUCTION :-
The thought of developing this project comes to do some good things towards the
society. Day by day the two wheeler accidents are increasing and leads to loss of
many lives. Accord to a survey of India there are around 698 accidents occurring
due to bike crashes per year. The reasons may be many such as no proper driving
knowledge, no fitness of the bike, fast riding of bike, drinken and drive etc. Some

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 time the person injured, the accident may not be directly responsible for the
accident, it may be fault of rider, but end of the day it's both the drivers involved in
the accidents who is going to suffer. If accidents are one issue, lack of treatment in
proper time is another reason for deaths. According to the survey India 698
accidents occur per year, nearly half the injured people die due to lack of treatment
in proper time. Many reasons for this are: late arrival of ambulance, absences of
pupil at the accident site to inform the family or to provide the victim with first aid.

This is a situation we observe our day to day life, a thought of finding some
solution to resolve this problem come up with this idea of giving the information
about accident as soon as possible and in TIME.....!!!! Because after all time
matters a lot, if everything is done in time, at least we can save half the lives that
are lost due to bike accidents.
Considering three major factors for avoiding the accident causes such as

1. Make wearing the helmet compulsory.

2. Avoid drunk and drive.

3. If person met with an accident, no one is there to help him. Simply leaving or
ignoring the person he may die. In such situation, informing to ambulance or
family members through mobile to rescue him for an extent.

The idea of this work is to give information about the rider wearing the helmet or
not, whether the rider drunken or not and also, he met with an accident it gives an
information about location where he is met with an accident through GSM module
to mobile numbers family members.

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FIG 1 : TRANSMITTER

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 FIG 2 : RECEVIER

1.2 LITERATURE SERVEY :-

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SMART HELMET is a system which aims to make all motorcyclists in Malaysia
aware and compulsory to wear helmet whether the travel distance is in 100 meter
radius or long distance. The system will use -ee technology which will connect
from the transmitter at helmet to the receiver at motorcycle. Many type of switches
being used such as temperature heat switch. clipped switch, and signal as a switch
to make sure the motorcyclist not cheating to their self. If the system identified that
the riders or user not wearing their helmet properly (clipped), the signal won't be
send to the receiver at motorcycle which will cause the motorcycle cannot start
and being ride by motorcyclist.
The scope of the study will be using others studies and statistics from Malaysia
government agencies in term of Road Safety; fatal motorcyclist accident causes
and focus on the helmet wearing attitude and behavior. The scope also will cover
on research of overview XJ3-e 1 Technology applications, behavior, characteristics
as well as advantages and disadvantages of X.Bee Technology. Then will cover on
implementation of the system in real daily life.
Intelligent Safety Helmet for Motorcyclist is a project undertaken to increase the
rate of to ad safety among motorcyclists. The idea is obtained after knowing that
the increasing number of fatal road accidents over the years is cause for concern
among motorcyclists. Through the study identified, it is caused the helmets used is
not in safety features such as not wearing a helmet string and not use the
appropriate size. Therefore, this project is designed to introduce security systems
for the motorcyclist to wear the helmet properly. With the use of RF transmitter
and RF receiver circuit, the motorcycle can move if there is emission signal from
the helmet, in accordance with the project title Intelligent Safety Helmet for
Motorcyclist. Security system applied in this project meet the characteristics of a
perfect rider and the application should be highlighted. The project is expected to
improve safety and reduce accidents, especially fatal to the motorcyclist.

1.3 PROJECT PLANNING:-

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With the advancement in the field of Technology, human intervention is becoming
less everyday and robots are used widely for purpose of safety.
In our day to day life govemment to save human life. In such case smart helmet
comes in picture. This is a advance project for us as an Electronics student,
interested in "Technology", which uses GSM module for operation of this helmet
and uses ATMEGA8 microcontroller.
The method used to carry out this project is the principle of serial communication
in collaboration with embedded systems. This is a very good project for Industries.
This project has a GPS locator, which will be used as the electronic device, and
also a GSM modem, which is the latest technology used for communication
between the mobile and the embedded devices. System will work like when the
user wants to receive a sms at the time of accidents on the roads and the helmet
sent a message through the subscriber identity module (SIM) which is inserted in
the display system MODEM.

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT :-

■ Programming of the mobile phone with AT (Attention) command sequence

■ Interfacing the programmable chip

■ Interfacing of the mobile phone with the programmable chip

■ Sending messages from the GSM module to Mobile phones

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SCOPE OF PROJECT :-
We will use liquid crystal display (LCD) for displaying the message. We will also
use GSM modem as an interface between mobile and microcontroller. It will send
message to any phone inespective of the GSM network through the modeme
FIG : Block Diagram Of Receiver And Starter Switch

2.1 CONSTRUCTION :-

To construct the helmet first the printed circuited board was designed and the
components were mounted on it as required.

The Circuit is based on an ATMEGA8 microcontroller. The IC draws power from

a 9 volt power supply. But as an IC requires only 5 ampere current for its
operation, therefore a 7051 IC, which in take higher current and provides low
current.

The device is provided with three sensors at the different directions to detect the

accident and alcohol and react accordingly to the situation. These sensors are
dependent in the ATMEGAS microcontroller for their operation. An alcohol sensor
is also deployed in the device to keep a sense on alcohol. LM384 an IC is also
provided which is connected to the relay.

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2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM :-

FIG: Block Diagram Of Smart Helmet System

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Fuctional Block Diagram: Helmet Unit

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●
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-

Fig.Transmitter

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-

Fig.recevier

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 LIST OF COMPONENTS :-

S NO. COMPONENTS QUANTITY RATING

1 Microcontroller 89s52 1
2 LED display 1 16×2
3 GSM modem 1 900 MHz
4 GPS receiver 1 2.3 GHz
5 RF transmitter & receiver ( MHz ) 1
6 Vibration sensor 1
7 Battery 6 volt 1 6 Volt
8 Alcohol sensor 1
9 Temperature sensor 1

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IMPLEMENTATION :-

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION:-

MICROCONTROLLER:-

Description. The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The
device is manufactured using Atmel's highdensity nonvolatile memory
technology and is compatible with the indus- try-standard 80C51 instruction set
and pinout.

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LED Display:-

A 16×2 LCD has two registers like data register and command register. The RS
(register select) is mainly used to change from one register to another. When the
register set is '0', then it is known as command register. Similarly, when the
register set is '1', then it is known as data register.

GSM MODEM:-

The SIM900 is a complete Quad-band GSM/GPRS solution in a SMT module

which can be embedded in the customer applications. Featuring an industry-
standard interface, the SIM900 delivers GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900MHz
performance for voice, SMS, Data, and Fax in a small form factor and with low
power consumption.

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[4] GPS RECEIVER :-

A GPS Receiver is a L-band radio processor capable of solving the navigation

equations in order to determine the user position, velocity and precise time (PVT),
by processing the signal broadcasted by GPS satellites.

RF TRANSMITTER AND RF RECEIVER :-

A radio transmitter is an electronic circuit which transforms electric power from a

power source, a battery or mains power, into a radio frequency alternating current
to apply to the antenna, and the antenna radiates the energy from this current as
radio waves. An RF module (short for radiofrequency module) is a (usually) small
electronic device used to transmit and/or receive radio signals between two
devices. ... RF communications incorporate a transmitter and a receiver. They are
of various types and ranges. Some can transmit up to 500 feet.

ALCOHOL SENSOR:-

The system draws the driver's exhaled breath into a sensor, which measures the
concentrations of alcohol and carbon dioxide present. The known quantity of
carbon dioxide in human breath serves as an indicator of the degree of dilution of
the alcohol concentration in exhaled air.
An alcohol sensor detects the attentiveness of alcohol gas in the air and an analog
voltage is an output reading. The sensor can activate at temperatures ranging
from -10 to 50° C with a power supply is less than 150 Ma to 5V.
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TEMPERATURE SENSOR:-

They are devices to measure temperature readings through electrical signals. The
sensor is made up of two metals, which generate electrical voltage or resistance
once it notices a change in temperature. ... There are many applications that are
not-so-obvious, which use temperature sensors.

VIBRATION SENSOR :-

A vibration sensor is a device that measures the amount and frequency of

vibration in a given system, machine, or piece of equipment. Those measurements
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can be used to detect imbalances or other issues in the asset and predict future
breakdowns.

BATTERY :-

A 6-Volt battery, which is commonly known as lantern battery is a lead-acid type

cell that is made up of a collection of four larger cells, usually D batteries with
1.5V per cell.

PCB DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION :-

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 Printed Circuit Board :-
Printed circuit boards are used for housing components to make a circuit, for
compactness, simplicity of servicing and ease of interconnection. Single sided,
double sided and double sided with plated-through-hold (PYH) types of P.C.
boards are common today.
Boards are of two types of material (1) phenol paper based material (2) Glass
epoxy material Both materials are available as laminate sheets with copper
cladding
Printed circuit boards have a copper cladding on one or both sides. Boards are
prepared in sizes of 1 to 5 meter wide and up to 2 meters long. The thickness of the
boards is 1.42 to 1.8mm. The copper on the boards is about 0.2 thick and weighs
and ounce per square foot.
USES
Printed Circuit Board is used for housing components to make a circuit for
compactness, simplicity of servicing and case of interconnection. Thus we can
define the P.C.B. as: Printed Circuit Boards is actually a sheet of Bakelite (an
insulating material) on the one side of which copper patterns are made with holes
and from another side, leads of electronic components are inserted in the proper
holes and soldered to the copper points on the back. Thus leads of electronic
components terminals are joined to make electronic circuit. In the boards copper
cladding is done by pasting thin copper foil on the boards during curing. The
copper on the board is about 2 mm thick and weights an ounce per square foot.
The process of making a Printed Circuit for any application has the following steps
(opted professionally) :-
• Preparing the layout of the track.
Transferring this layout photographically M the copper.
• Removing the copper in places which are not needed, by the process of
etching (chemical process)
• Drilling holes for components mounting.

PCB LAYOUT OF THE PROJECT:-

The entire circuit can be easily assembled on a general purpose P.C.B. board
respectively. Layout of desired diagram and preparation is first and most important
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operation in any printed circuit board manufacturing process. First of all layout of
component side is to be made in accordance with available components
dimensions. The following points are to be observed while forming the layout of
P.C.B.

1. Between two components, sufficient space should be maintained.

2. High voltage/max dissipated components should be mounted at sufficient

distance from semiconductor and electrolytic capacitors.

3. the most important points are that the components layout is making proper
compromise with copper side circuit layout.

Printed circuit board (P.C.B.s) is used to avoid most of all the disadvantages of
conventional breadboard. These also avoid the use of thin wires for connecting the
components: they are small in size and efficient in performance.

PREPARING CIRCUIT LAYOUT :-

First of all the actual size circuit layout is to be drawn on the copper side of the
copper clad board. Then emmel paint is applied on the tracks of connection with
the help of a shade brush. We have to apply the paints surrounding the point at
which the connection is to be made. It avoids the disconnection between the leg of
the component and circuit track. After completion of painting work, it is allowed
to dry.

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NDE

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DRILLING :-

After completion of painting work, holes 1/23inch(1mm) diameter are drilled at

desired points where we have to fix the components.

ETCHING :-
The removal of excess of copper on the plate apart from the printed circuit is
known as etching. From this process the copper clad board with printed circuit is
placed in the solution of FeCl with 3-4 drops of HCL in it and is kept so for about
10 to 15 minutes and is taken out when all the excess copper is removed from the
P.C.B. After etching the P.C.B. is kept in clean water for about half an hour in
order to get P.C.B. away from acidic, field, which may cause poor performance of
the circuit. After the P.C.B. has been thoroughly washed, paint is removed by soft
piece of cloth dipped I thinner or turbine. Then P.C.B. is checked as per the layout,
now the P.C.B. is ready for use.

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 :-
SOLDERING

Soldering is the process of joining two metallic conductor the joint where two
metal conductors are to be join or fused is heated with a device called soldering
iron and then as allow of tin and lead called solder is applied which melts and
converse the joint. The solder cools and solidifies quickly to ensure is good and
durable connection between the jointed metal converting the joint solder also
present oxidation.

SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING TECHIQUES :-

• These are basically two soldering techniques :-

1. Manual soldering with iron
2. Mass soldering.

SOLDERING WITH IRON :-

The surface to be soldered must be cleaned & fluxed. The soldering iron switched
on and bellowed to attain soldering temperature. The solder in form of wire is
allied hear the component to be soldered and heated with iron. The surface to be
soldered is filled, iron is removed and joint is cold without disturbing

SOLDER JOINT ARE SUPPOSED TO :-

1.Provide permanent low resistance path.

2. Make a robust mechanical link between P.C.B. and leads of components.

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 3.Allow heat flow between component, joining elements and P.C.B.

4. Retain adequate strength with temperature variation.

• The following precaution should be taken while soldering :-

1. Use always an iron plated copper core tip for soldering iron.

2. Slightly for the tip with a cut file when it is cold.

3. Use a wet sponge to wipe out dirt from the tip before soldering instead of
asking the iron.

4. Tighten the tip screw if necessary before iron is connected to power supply.

5. Clean component lead and copper pad before soldering.

6. Apply solder between component leads. P.C.B. pattern and tip of soldering
iron.

7. Iron should be kept in contact with the joint for 2-3 seconds only instead of
keeping for very long or very small time.

8. Use optimum quantity of solder.

TESTING

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 :-
The testing of the helmet is done with the help of the sensor with a connected
with the DPDT switch so when the switch will get pressed get the required
output on the screen

• The first step is to wear the helmet through which the DPDT switch will get
pressed and we get the output on the LCD screen as YES

. The next step is the alcohol detection, when it detects the alcohol then the
result will be displayed on the screen as YES otherwise NO.

The next step is the accident detection when the accident sensor accompanied
with switch is pressed then the LCD will display accident YES and with the
help of GSM module will send the message to the 5 feeded contact numbers.

WORKING OF PROJECT :-

WORKING :-

This helmet works only when we switch on the DPDT switch in the transmitter.
The DPDT switch is connected to the LCD display of the receiver The LCD
display shows the helmet is wearied or not by the person, the alcohol is consumed
by the person or not, and the other display is of the accident sensor it shows
whether the accident had occurred or not. When the DPDT switch is turned on then
the LCD automatically turned on. When the person will wear the Helmet the
helmet the DPDT switch inside the Helmet will get pressed which ensured on the
LCD that the person had wear the helmet and the LCD display will show Helmet
"yes". The other sensor named as alcohol sensor is connected in front side of the
Helmet so that if the person has consumed an alcohol it will show on the LCD that
Alcohol "yes" i no then it will display alkohol "NO". The Molex is fitted in the
receiver circuit which is connected to the spark plug of the bike so when the bike
will start then by passing through the relay it will pass the signals. The other circuit
named GSM module is connected along with the receiver circuit it is accompanied

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with the SIM slot along with the network which helps in sending message to the
five feeded contact numbers. When the accident occurs then with the help of bump
sensor the switch will get pressed and automatically with the help of GSM module
and coding the message will be send to the five feeded contact number.

WHAT IS RF

Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about
3 Hz to 300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current
electrical signals used to produce and detect radio waves. Since most of this range
is beyond the vibration rate that most mechanical systems can respond to, RF
usually refers to oscillations in electrical circuits or electromagnetic radiation

WHAT IS THE NEED FOR RF :-

Radio frequency is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz

to 300 GHz This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical
signals used to produce and detect radio waves Since most of this range is beyond
the vibration rate that most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers
to oscillations in electrical circuits. RF is widely used because it does not require
any line of sight, less distortions and no interference.

PROPERTIES OF RF :-

Electrical currents that oscillate at RF have special properties not shared by direct
current signals. One such property is the ease with which it can ionize air to create
a conductive path through air. This property is exploited by high frequency units
used in electric arc welding. Another special property is an electromagnetic force
that drives the RF current to the surface of conductors, known as the skin effect.
Another property is the ability to appear to flow through paths that contain
insulating material, like the dielectric insulator of a capacitor. The degree of effect
of these properties depends on the frequency of the signals.

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 :-
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF RF :-

Radio frequency (abbreviated RF) is a term that refers to alternating current (AC)
having characteristics such that, if the current is input to an antenna, an
electromagnetic (EM) field is generated suitable for wireless broadcasting and/or
communications. These frequencies cover a significant portion of the
electromagnetic radiation spectrum extending from nine kilohertz (9 kHz), the
lowest allocated wireless communications frequency (it's within the range of
human hearing), to thousands of gigahertz(GHz).

When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, it gives rise to an electromagnetic

field that propagates through space. This field is sometimes called an RF field; in
less technical jargon it is a "radio wave." Any RF field has a wavelength that is
inversely proportional to the frequency. In the atmosphere or in outer space, iff is
the frequency in megahertz and sis the wavelength in meters, then

S = 300/f

The RF spectrum is divided into several ranges, or bands. With the exception of
the lowest frequency segment, each band represents an increase of frequency
corresponding to an order of magnitude (power of 10). The table depicts the eight
bands in the RF spectrum showing frequency and bandwidth ranges. The SHF and
EHF bands are often referred to as the microwave spectrum.

WHY DO WE GO FOR RF COMMUNICATION :-

RF Advantages:

1. No line of sight is needed.

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2. Not blocked by common materials: It can penetrate most solids and pass through
walls.

3. Longer range.

4. It is not sensitive to the light..

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5. It is not much sensitive to the environmental changes and weather conditions.

WHAT ARE THE MAIN REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

COMMUNICATION USING RF :-

• RF Transmitter

. RF Receiver

• Encoder and Decoder

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●
ADVANTAGES :-

[1] A safe 2 wheeler journey is possible which would decrease the head
injuries throughout accidents caused from the absence of helmet.

[2] Additionally reduce the accident rate due to drunken driving.

[3] Detection of accident in remote area can be easily detected and medical
services provided in short time.

[4] Less power consuming safety system.

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● DISADVANTAGES :-

[1] Cost is high .

[2] GSM network is required.

[3] If helmet is stolen . The bike cannot be started.

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●
APPLICATION :-

[1] It can be used in real time safety system. We can implement the whole
circuit into small module later.

[2] This safety system technology can further be enhanced into four wheeler
also by replacing the helmet with seat belt.

[3] Helmet will warn the rider when road hazard is ahead.

[4] Perform finger print authentication that prevent from theft.

[5] Drunken driven detection

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●
CONCLUSION :-

This project has a good real life scope, if it is implemented by the government. It
can help to reduce lot of road accidents of two wheelers as it is the major cause of
deaths in the whole world. It can also help to prevent the damage occurred to the
vehicles by the accidents. So this helps in curbing the road accidents by
implementing mandatory Helmet protection and detection of alcohol content
during the starting on of the bike. This project here is undertaken keeping in view
of traffic the traffic rules and also the safety of people. Implementation of this type
of project by the government saves a lot of time for the traffic police and most
importantly saves the precious life of a person as one cannot run a motor vehicle
once he is drunk and if the helmet is not present. Family members will be
informed as well

● FUTURE SCOPE :-

In future if there is a large demand of this type of helmets we can manufacture the
whole circuit in printed circuit board, so that circuit becomes smaller and can be
easily fitted into helmet. The circuit can also be powered by solar energy so that it
uses green energy and does no harm to environment. The flexible solar panels can

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●
fixed all along surface of helmet. This type of helmet technology can be
implemented for the combat helmets used by the soldiers working under extreme
temperatures.

REFERENCES :-

[1] http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/9138/1/2009 - Smart Helmet.pdf

[2]http://eprints2.utem.edu.my/3392/1/Intelligent Safety Helmet For Motorcyclis

t__24_pages.pdf

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