How to Read People Like a Book

A Guide to Speed-Reading People, Understand Body

Language and Emotions, Decode Intentions, and
Connect Effortlessly
PUBLISHED BY: James W. Williams
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 Table of Contents
Your Free Gift
Introduction
Chapter 1: Explanation, Quotes, Facts
What Is Personality?
Introvert and Extrovert
Myers Briggs Type Indicator
Enneagram Personality Typing
Keirsey Temperament Sorter
The Spectrum of All Personality Types
Chapter 2: Problems and Benefits
The Impact of Culture
How Do I Know Their Personality Type?
Relying Too Much on Body Language
The Power of Groups
The Problem of Face-ism
Physical Attractiveness
Your Mood Affects Your Reading
Still, There Are Benefits
Chapter 3: Introverts – Identify, Communicate, and Personality Type
Motivations
Signs of an Introvert
Introvert Types According to the MBTI
Chapter 4: Extroverts – Identify, Communicate, and Personality Type
Motivations
Signs of an Extrovert
Extrovert Types According to the MBTI
ENTP – Extrovert, Intuitive, Thinking, Perceiving
ESFJ – Extrovert, Sensing, Feeling, Judging
Chapter 5: Communication Styles
Passive
Aggressive
Passive-Aggressive
Assertive
Chapter 6: Reading Lies in People
 Understanding a Baseline
Hand Movements
Itching and Fidgeting
Facial Expressions
Change in Complexion
Sweat in the T Zone
Tone of Voice
The Mouth
The Words Themselves
Chapter 7: Understanding People’s Motivations
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Experience Matters when it comes to Motives
Guidelines for Understanding People
People are more emotional than they let on.
Chapter 8: Reading the Face and Body – Cues and What They Mean
The Science of Body Language
Facial Expressions
Hands, Arms, and Gestures
Body Posture and Movement
Breathing
Proxemics
Oculesics
Haptics
Chapter 9: Verbal Cues – Reading Between the Lines
Being a Better Listener
Chapter 10: The Art of Thin Slicing
What Is Thin Slicing?
How Thin-Slicing Translates to Day-to-Day Life
What’s in Thin-Slicing?
So How Do I Do This Thin-Slicing?
Chapter 11: What About Me?
Positive Body Language
Body Language During Public Speaking
Don’t Forget the Golden Rule!
Body Language During Interviews
What is my personality type?
What is my communication style?
Chapter 12: More Body Language Tips and Myths
If You Want to Feel Confident
To Make People Participate, Look Like You Are Actually Listening
Shake Hands to Trigger a Connection
Smile to Promote Good Feelings
Encourage Collaboration by Removing Barriers
Improve Your Speech with Your Hands
Look at People’s Feet for Added Insight
Keep Your Voice Low for an Authoritative Sound
Common Body Language Myths Busted
Conclusion
Thank you!
Resource Page
 Your Free Gift
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 Introduction
Thank you for purchasing this book. As the title tells you, this book is all
about learning how to read people like a book in order to connect effortlessly
with individuals. I can’t stress this latter part enough—I want this book to
help you CONNECT with people, forge relationships, and for the most part,
strengthen your ties with others around you.
My name is James and I have been studying body language and verbal
communication for a very long time. I got started after being interested in TV
shows that seemed to glamorize body language and profiling. I used to suffer
from severe shyness and social anxiety, and so I thought learning how to
“read people” would help me connect with them easier. As I learned, there is
really nothing glamorous about it, the process being grounded on cold
science and research. Still, I am happy to share what I know with you—
especially since it helped me so much in life. Learning to read between the
lines allowed me to advance in work, marry the woman of my dreams, have a
good relationship with my kids, and be fulfilled in many of my social circles.
Knowing how to properly communicate with people is the hallmark of good
relationships. These methods that you’re about to learn have given me the
kind of deep relationships that I could only dream about before.
So what’s the problem really? Why do we find it so hard to connect and
communicate with people? A good reason is because what people say isn’t
always what they mean or even what they want to say. This can lead to mixed
signals, confusion, and everyone ending up getting something they really
don’t want to get.
Let’s look at a real-world view for once. Have you ever conducted a
presentation and found people dozing off or not paying attention? Have you
ever had problems with your boss for reasons that you just can’t grasp?
Perhaps your boss latches on quickly to suggestions made by a coworker
when you suggested the exact same thing before?
Or let’s look at your dating life. Do you always strike out with women? Do
you find yourself unsure of what to do or what to say during a date? Do you
have a hard time figuring out if a girl is also into you?
These are all problems that can be solved with just the right amount of insight
when it comes to body language. Body language will tell you at what point
your boss has lost interest or which part of the presentation is perceived as
boring by your officemates. It can also tell you when a girl is interested even
before you walk towards her in a bar.
Knowing all these gives you the chance to assess and change direction as
needed. It can help you formulate your techniques depending on what the
audience needs. Simply put, it can help you achieve goals through subtle but
effective means.
This isn’t pseudo science either! Studies have shown that body language has
a huge impact on day-to-day conversations. A large part of human
communication is done through body language. In fact, there are even classes
that teach men how to alter their body language to help them attract more
women. There are also classes that teach CEOs and managers how to become
more assertive in a particular setting.
The good news is that you don’t have to spend thousands and go to those
classes to learn techniques. This book can help you with those and so much
more! In this book, I intend to help you figure out different personality types
and the unique traits each one has, communicating with different personality
types, how to read body language, how to understand verbal cues, and of
course—how to train yourself to become a better “reader” of the people
around you.

I want you to be able to achieve bigger and better things through this book, so
don’t wait around—flip over to the next page!
 Chapter 1: Explanation, Quotes, Facts
People are an endless source of interest. Why they think what they think or
why they do what they do has created an entire branch of science called
Personality Psychology. It’s basically a branch of psychology that studies
personality and how it’s different from one person to the next. It deals with
the construction of a coherent picture of an individual, their psychological
process, psychological differences, psychological similarities, and human
nature. Simply, it tries to answer these five questions:

● What personality traits make up a person?

● How does a person think?
● What makes one personality different from another?
● What makes one personality similar with another?
● What personality traits are already present from the moment a person is
born?

It seems like such a simple five-question study, but it’s actually such a big
field that I doubt this book will be able to discuss everything about people.
However, we will try to focus our discussion on how personality affects
communication with other people. More importantly, we’re going to talk
about how you can forge a connection with different personalities through
both verbal and non-verbal communication.

What Is Personality?
Personality has many definitions but for this book, we’re going to define it as
a set of characteristics possessed by an individual. This set of characteristics
influences a person’s cognition, emotion, motivation, behavior, and
environment. Hence, the way you behave often changes depending on who
you are, where you are, and who you’re with. In fact, the word personality
originated from the Latin word persona, which means mask. This is why
people often say they wear different masks, depending on different situations.
Studies targeted towards defining, describing, and categorizing personality
have been in existence for many years. In case you didn’t know, the ever-
popular Zodiac signs are actually a way of categorizing personality based on
the date of your birth. Of course, since this way of categorizing personality
isn’t backed by science, we won’t be talking about it. Instead, we shall be
focusing on the ones with lots of studies behind them.

Introvert and Extrovert

This is perhaps the most common classification known today. The common
belief is that introverts are quiet and extroverts are loud. However, that’s
actually just a manifestation of what makes each personality unique. The
main difference between an extrovert and an introvert is based on how their
brains operate. That’s right—this goes all the way to the brain and has the
scientific studies to prove it.
Studies show that the extrovert’s dopamine trigger is shorter. Dopamine is
the body’s happy hormone and accordingly, stimulation for extroverts run the
path of taste, touch, visual, and auditory sensory processing. It’s quick and
very much felt by all five senses. This is why when extroverts gamble, the
rush they get is stronger and faster. Introverts, on the other hand, run a more
complicated course. The pathway area goes through planning, remembering,
and solving problems.
What does this all mean? Well, extroverts have a brain makeup that
encourages them to seek rewards while the same does not hold true for
introverts.
Of course, this seems like such a vague explanation. So how else can we
make a distinction? Perhaps a better way of explaining the difference is in
terms of energy. How do introverts and extroverts gain energy and how do
they recharge?
You see, introverts recharge best alone. Being with people saps their energy
and in order to bring that energy back up, they need to be alone.
Extroverts are the complete opposite. If they’re alone for long periods of
time, it feels as though their energy is being drained. Hence, extroverts need
to socialize with other people in order to recharge their energy.
It’s really that simple. This is why even if a person is an introvert, they can
still socialize with others, participate in parties, and go to different occasions.
In the same way, some extroverts can be overcharged so that they may need
some quiet alone time. Hence, I don’t want you to think that extroverts never
want quiet moments or that introverts never want to be with other people.
Both personalities are capable of jumping to the other side if given the
chance, but their default setting means they will go back if they find the need
to.
This difference between the two types will tell you how you want to
communicate or force a connection with a person. For example, if you’re
planning a birthday party for an introvert, a small quiet event would be closer
to their style. They are also more likely to appreciate gifts that they can enjoy
alone, and when setting a meeting with an introvert, you would want to pick a
quiet spot with little music and enough privacy for a personal conversation.
On the flipside, an extrovert would appreciate a gift that encourages
socialization or activities that involve great adrenaline rushes. Forging a
connection with an extrovert can mean a trip to the local bar or a local
festival.
Later on in this book, we’ll talk more about how introverts and extroverts
appreciate human connection and what makes them tick.

Myers Briggs Type Indicator

If you do a quick search on Facebook, you’ll find dozens or even hundreds of
Facebook groups dedicated towards the Myers Briggs Type Indicator, or the
MBTI Personality Test. It was popularized by Carl Jung and was once used
by companies for hiring purposes. Carl Jung is the main proponent of this
personality typing and was a psychoanalyst and psychiatrist who founded
analytical psychology.
Under the MBTI personality characterization, the introvert and extrovert
classifications have been expanded. Instead of the traditional introvert versus
extrovert, personalities are now typed depending on eight different
categories.

Under the MBTI school of thought, you can either be:

● Introverted or Extroverted
● Sensing or INtuitive
● Thinking or Feeling
● Perceiving or Judging
There are actually online tests for this that will tell you your personality type
and will even describe what kind of person you are, how you think, how you
perceive the world, and so on. In total, there are 16 Personality Types under
the MBTI principle. How does this work?
For example, the test shows that you’re an Introvert, an INtuitive, a Thinker,
and Judging. This means that your personality type is: INTJ. You’ll notice
that we’re capitalizing the letter “n” in intuitive because this helps make the
distinction between the other “I” in the personality type.
On the flipside, you may also be an Extrovert, an Intuitive, a Sensor, and a
Perceiver—which makes you an ENSP. You see where this is going? All
possible combinations of these characteristics churn out 16 different
personalities and each personality has its own unique charm and, of course,
its own unique vice. What I want you to understand, however, is that ESFP is
not the automatic opposite of INTJ just because all the letters are flipped. It’s
far more complicated than that, which is why it can be tough to fully explain,
but we’ll definitely try.
The question here is: why are there so many personality types? Carl Jung
once said, “There’s no such thing as a pure extrovert or introvert. Such a
person should be in a lunatic asylum.”
This is perhaps why there has been an expansion of the classic introvert and
extrovert scenario. Now we don’t just look at how you process energy but
also how you process thoughts, feelings, and so on.

What do the letters mean?

Since we already talked about the Introvert versus Extrovert situation, we
won’t be describing that one in the listing. Here are what the other letters
mean when it comes to MBTI:

● Sensing – If you’re this type, this means that you become aware of
specific facts first or you prefer to focus on the precise details. This
also means that you rely primarily on your five senses and use them to
move forward, perceive your surroundings, and come up with
decisions.
● Intuitive – Denoted by the letter “N,” this means that you prefer to
focus on the big picture first and plan accordingly. Intuitives also rely
 heavily on hunches or intuition when perceiving their surroundings.
● Thinkers – This talks about the process by which you arrive at a
decision. Sensing or Intuition is the way you receive the message.
Thinking or Feeling is how you process that message. Thinkers use
logical analysis to process the message they receive.
● Feeling – On the other end of the spectrum are the Feelers, who
primarily use emotions. They consider the values of everyone involved
and try to hit a harmony with them.
● Judging – Judging people are those who want their life to be planned
out. You want to create a Plan A, Plan B, Plan C, or any other back up
that might be necessary to achieve your goal.
● Perceivers – These people are the ones who prefer to go with the flow.
You want to keep your options open and change them accordingly.

Later on, we’ll talk about this some more, but from the general look of things,
you can already tell how this personality classification can help guide you in
connecting with others.

Enneagram Personality Typing

Under the Enneagram of Personality school of thought, there are a total of
nine different personality types. All of these are interconnected with each
other and were principally derived from the teachings of a Chilean
psychiatrist, Claudio Naranjo. Like the MBTI, the Enneagram was also used
in business management to help business owners gain insight into their
employees and their fitness for specific roles. Nowadays, it’s not considered
as a huge determining factor for hiring, but some companies may still use it
to guide their hiring process.

Here’s a rough look at the different personality types as defined under the
Enneagram System.

1. The Reformer: rational, principled, purposeful, perfectionist, self-

controlled, and idealistic
2. The Helper: caring, demonstrative, generous, possessive, people-
pleasing, and interpersonal
 3. The Achiever: success-oriented, adaptive, excelling, image-
conscious, driven, and pragmatic
4. The Individualist: sensitive, expressive, dramatic, temperamental,
self-absorbed, and withdrawn
5. The Investigator: the cerebral type, perceptive, secretive, isolated,
innovative, and intense
6. The Loyalist: committed, engaging, anxious, suspicious,
responsible, and security-oriented
7. The Enthusiast: busy, fun-loving, versatile, scattered, distractible,
and spontaneous
8. The Challenger: dominating, decisive, confrontational, self-
confident, willful, and powerful
9. The Peacemaker: easygoing, receptive, reassuring, complacent,
agreeable, and self-effacing

That’s just a basic outline of the typology. Later on, we’ll talk about this
further so you’ll find out exactly how to best connect with each type.

Keirsey Temperament Sorter

Known as the KTS, this personality typing system is slightly related to the
MBTI and had a big impact in the hiring practices of some of the biggest
businesses in the world. For example, at some point corporations like Coca-
Cola, 7-Eleven, IBM, Bank of America, and even the US Air Force used this
personality assessment technique. Under this principle, there are basically
four temperaments divided into two categories and with two types each.
Hence, just like the MBTI, there’s a total of 16 types under the Keirsey
system. Beautifully, these 16 personalities also correlate with the 16
personalities found in the MBTI personality classification, albeit with
different names.

Here’s a rough outlook of these personality types:

● Artisans – Artisans want to make an impact with an adaptable
personality that makes them excellent in troubleshooting. They’re
known for their agile abilities and excellence in using instruments,
 tools, and equipment needed for whatever goal they may have in mind.
They often seek virtuosity and stimulation with their greatest asset
being the ability to develop tactics to meet their needs. Artisans fall into
two different roles:

The Entertainers – These are the informative or reactive

Artisans. This basically means that their intelligence is
catered towards improvising, allowing them to adapt to a
situation as it comes. Entertainers are further classified into
Composers and Performers.
The Operators – these are the proactive or directive Artisans.
What makes them distinctive is the unique talent to expedite
a process or basically make activities go quicker without
losing much of the goal. They are further divided into
Crafters and Promoters.
● Guardians – These are the ones who like things scheduled and
organized. They want security and value responsibility in themselves
and other people. They’re excellent at logistics and make good
supporters and facilitators. They branch out into two different roles:

The Administrators – They’re the ones who are proactive

with an intelligence developed towards regulation. They’re
further classified into Inspectors and Supervisors.
The Conservators – Known as the reactive Guardians, they
are best when put in roles of support. Classifications of this
type include Protectors and Providers.
● Idealists – They are both compassionate and abstract. Their motivations
center towards personal growth and meaning. Because of their unique
connection with themselves, they are excellent when put into roles
requiring diplomacy. They have two different roles which are:

The Mentors – These are the ones who are best in developing
roles. As the name suggests, they’re perfect in guiding
people and helping them to develop into their full potential.
Role variants are Counselors and Teachers.
 The Advocates – As the name suggests, this role of the
Idealist is centered towards mediation. They’re advocates
that are excellent in bridging the gap between people. Role
variants include Healers and Champions.
● Rational – They’re the ones who are both objective and abstract. Their
main goal includes self-control and mastery of whatever they need to
achieve. People who fall under this personality type value knowledge
and competence above all else. Greatest strength is strategy and the
ability to approach problems from a logical standpoint. They fall into
two roles:

Coordinators – Their intelligence is primarily developed

towards arranging. Role variants include Masterminds Field
Marshals.
Engineers – Excellent at constructing, the Engineers have the
following role variants: Architects and Inventors.

Later on, we’ll talk more about these personality types and how to make
connections with them.

The Spectrum of All Personality Types

I can’t stress this enough—personality is a spectrum. This means there’s no
set or permanent personality type. A person isn’t 100% introvert or extrovert.
This is merely a “preference.” Hence, given the option, a person will display
the characteristics of an introvert but if they have to, they can display
extroverted characteristics as well.
 Chapter 2: Problems and Benefits
In this chapter, we’re first going to talk about the advantages and pitfalls of
reading body language. The fact is that body language is an inexact science
and as much as it can be useful, it can also be detrimental in your social life.
Here are some of the things you need to watch out for.

The Impact of Culture

One thing I want you to also consider is the impact of culture in body
language. When trying to communicate with people, whether verbally or non-
verbally, you will find that there are certain actions unique to their culture or
the environment they grew up in. For example, in Asian countries, bowing is
seen as a sign of respect while in American countries, the typical “bow” has
been shortened to a simple nod of the head to someone. Also note that in
Asian countries, the depth of the bow indicates the depth of respect one might
have for the other person.
So why is this problematic? Well, if you’re trying to communicate with
someone of a different background, you will have to do your research on
their culture. What gestures are considered proper and which ones are a show
of respect? While the other person may understand that you’re from a
different background too and don’t know about their gestures, you will find
that making that extra effort can make you stand out from the crowd.

How Do I Know Their Personality Type?

Now that you know the different personality types, the next problem you’ll
be tackling is—how do you make the distinction? Unfortunately, you can’t
just go up to people and ask them about their personality type. In fact, many
people are unlikely to know about the MBTI or the Enneagram or other
personality indicator types. Unless you’re good friends with them, it’s also
unlikely that you can have them answer a questionnaire to determine their
personality type.
So what do we do then? We look at cues, behaviors, speech patterns, and the
like in order to determine an individual’s personality type. This can be
difficult and in all likelihood, you may not be 100% correct all the time, but it
should be able to give you some idea on how to proceed further when
communicating with another person.
Here’s some good news: you already have a clue on how body language
works. Even as babies, it was observed that humans naturally react depending
on the current mood or expression of their nannies, moms, dads, or any
person who happens to be handling them. Chances are you can pretty much
tell when someone close to you is sad, angry, frustrated, or experiencing any
other emotion. As a general rule, the closer you are to a person, the easier it is
for you to read their inner thoughts and emotions.
Later on in this book, we’ll talk about how to spot different personality types
by reading obvious cues and such.

Relying Too Much on Body Language

I also want you to note that body language is supplemental to listening. Body
language will give you an insight into what a person thinks or feels inside,
but you also shouldn’t ignore what they’re saying. Listen to what they’re
telling you first and if you’re confused or unsure, look at their body language.
This should more or less tell you about the lay of the land. Remember, there
are instances when listening is better than simply watching a person’s body
language. The fact is that in many cases, body language is simply used to
emphasize what they’re already saying, so it’s best if you listen AND look.

The Power of Groups

Being part of a group is another obstacle when trying to read people’s
thoughts, ideas, expressions, and body language. Groups tend to affect how a
person approaches a particular situation, especially when put under pressure.
I’m sure that at some point in your life, you managed to change your mind
because of the presence of a group. They may all be in agreement over a
particular course of action and so you’re forced to agree with that decision.
Or perhaps you’ve made a decision in order to look good in that particular
group. Conformity is the magic word when it comes to groups. Every person
wants to be accepted by the community and in order to do so, they have to
“conform” to what the community thinks must be done. This is why it can be
tough to spot an introvert during a party because some introverts conform to
extrovert characteristics when thrown in the company of extroverts. In fact, a
study was conducted to measure just how badly a group can affect a person’s
decision.
When made to choose between what they believe to be the “right” answer
and what the group thinks, 75% of people chose the group answer despite the
fact that it’s the wrong one. Groups are so powerful that they can “normalize”
a wrong behavior. This simply means that an action generally seen as “bad”
becomes normal when allowed or repeatedly done by a group. Good
examples: bullying, drinking in excess, drugs, or cigarettes. Groups also
impose penalties when a person doesn’t conform to their decisions, such as
throwing them out of the group and turning a person into a social pariah.

How else does a group affect a person’s thoughts, ideas, and emotions?
● Groups magnify an idea or make an opinion more powerful. People feel
confident when they join groups that validate their own opinions or
thoughts. This is how labor unions, civic unions, or charities become so
powerful and widespread. Think of it as little voices joining together to
become a powerful one that can be heard all over by others.
● Leaders also have a huge impact on how a person thinks when that
person forms part of a group. Leaders can steer groups into the
direction they want to go or convince people into agreeing to certain
ideas. There’s no better example of this than politics.

The Problem of Face-ism

Face-ism is a problem that occurs often in society, although you may not
realize it. It’s basically when people make judgments on a person based on
their appearance. This goes beyond prejudice but rests primarily on the face
of a person—specifically the shape of the face. Face-ism states that simply
based on the shape of a person’s face, impressions might be had by
individuals over the personality of an individual. For example, studies show
that features with a feminine appearance are often seen as extroverted.
They’re also seen as happier and more trustworthy. Does that mean that
feminine features predict extroversion? No. It simply means that when you
see someone with very feminine features, you instantly label them an
extrovert. But this doesn’t have to be true.
I want you to make the distinction between impressions on facial features and
reading a person’s body language. Impressions you make via facial features
are stagnant or non-moving. Basically, this means that a person is not doing
anything—their face is neutral. The impressions you get from their face are
based purely on their blank features.
When reading faces and body language, however, we’re looking at
movement. People are reacting, doing, or thinking about something and
therefore causing their facial expressions and body to change in relation to
what they’re thinking or feeling. This movement is what we want to read
here, not the blank expressions.

Physical Attractiveness
I hate to throw this out there, but beauty is a very strong motivator when it
comes to reading body language. More than just the shape of the face or the
color of the skin, having a face that matches the societal standards of beauty
can really screw up a person’s reading of body language. For example, how
many times have you done something only because a pretty girl asked you to
do it? How many times have you believed that a woman is being truthful just
because she has the most innocent face you’ve ever seen?
Physical attractiveness can impress upon you positive characteristics on a
person that they haven’t really lived up to. At the same time, being beautiful
can also make it easier for an individual to distract you from their actual
motives. On the flipside, being attracted to someone can make you read
deeper into superficial actions so that your interpretation would match your
personal goals. For example, just because you like a woman makes you
interpret their every move as flirting when in fact, they are acting perfectly
normal in the given situation.

Your Mood Affects Your Reading

Another problem here is that your interpretation is affected by what you think
or feel at that particular moment. If you’re sad, then chances are you’ll
interpret the same thing in people. This isn’t surprising since “reading” is
basically you reacting to a situation, and reaction is hindered towards your
overall mental and emotional health. This is why when reading people, it’s
important to maintain an unbiased view of things. If you’re forced to make a
decision, consider both sides of the story, taking a good look at the different
people involved, reading them, and then making your decision. It’s only
smart to make readings when you’re in a calm and collected frame of mind.

Still, There Are Benefits

So you’re probably thinking, With all these problems associated with reading
body language, why should I even bother? Well, there might be drawbacks,
but I promise you that the benefits are just as many—perhaps even more in
number. Here are some of the benefits of being able to read a person’s
expression and body language:
● You can connect better with people. This is the most important benefit
we’re listing here because this is really the result you want to get when
reading this book. Being able to look at a person and instantly find out
what they feel or think can help you adjust your own response in order
to help them. This can be very useful in social situations, especially if
you’re hosting a party and want everyone to feel included. Having an
idea on what people think also lets you temper your conversation to
make sure that no one is offended by what you said.
● Helps with business or employment. The workplace is packed with
subtle, non-verbal manners of communication, and it can be very useful
to know what’s happening under the surface. Is the client interested in
your presentation or does he look completely distracted? Take note of
what pitches have a positive reaction and which ones have a negative
reaction from your boss or client. Even with your coworkers, having a
good grasp on the silent communication between people makes it easier
for you to adjust depending on the demands of the office. At the very
least, being able to read these subtle cues will tell you if you’ve made
an impression in the office.
● Help prevent conflict. Another incredibly useful benefit of reading body
language is conflict resolution. You can tell the silent signs of
aggression before they actually occur, therefore allowing you to stop
any negative action at just the right stage. This is useful in many
situations from work, to parties, to disagreements with your partner.
Know exactly when to defuse a situation before you reach that point of
no return.
● Improve people’s impression of you. First impression is always
important, especially in the office setting. Knowing how to read body
 language doesn’t just tell you how other people think, it also tell you
how you’re supposed to act in their presence. This means that you will
be able to adjust people’s impression of you depending on a given
situation. This is important if you want to create a strong presence in
the office or if you want to keep things on the down low during family
gatherings. Knowing when it’s time to spread out your arms or make
yourself blend with the background can definitely help in achieving the
effect you want to give in any situation.
● Become a better communicator. Of course, if you’re in the position to
receive and interpret verbal and non-verbal communication, this puts
you in the perfect place to respond to these same messages. Don’t
forget—communication is a two-way street and in order to send a
message in the right context, you have to be able to receive a message
in the right context. Doing both correctly guarantees that the flow of
information is stable, quick, and accurate.
Chapter 3: Introverts – Identify, Communicate, and
Personality Type Motivations
This chapter is going to delve deeper into personality types and how to make
connections with people depending on their perceived personality types. I
want to stress the use of the word “perceive” here because unless you’ve
made them take a test to figure out their personality type, chances are you’re
going to be guessing what category they fall into. This is why this chapter
also helps you with that particular problem.

This chapter deals with personality types in three ways.

The first one answers the question: What are the characteristics of a specific
personality type? The second one answers the question: How do you
communicate and connect with a specific personality type? This one will help
you tailor your communication style to connect with this particular person.
Remember, the whole goal of this book is to help you forge better relations
with people.
And finally, the third one answers the question: What is the typical
motivation of this personality type? This is crucial because every person has
a different motivation. Different personality types often have end-games or
purposes when interacting with people. You will find that these different
motivations can help you better figure out what they ultimately want in a
given situation.
In this chapter and the next one, we’re going to answer the question: How do
you identify an introvert or extrovert? As mentioned, people can be very
good in hiding their actual personality preferences. Hence, an introvert may
not always be sitting in the corner of the room, they may be in the center of
action and simply doing their best extroverted act. Here are some signs that
can help you identify these personality preferences and how to interact with
them.
Just a little preface before talking about spotting and communicating. I want
you to take a good look at the classifications we’ve made in the previous
chapter. This time, we won’t stop at just the introvert and the extrovert.
Instead, we’re going to go a little bit further and talk about the different
MBTI personalities and how you’re supposed to communicate with them
after you’ve made identification. I want you to understand that it’s not always
easy to make a classification, especially if you’re doing it for the first time.
Some characteristics are completely internal, which means that you won’t be
able to quickly see it in the person’s words and actions. Still, we’re going to
try our best to give you the best chance of connecting with people.

Signs of an Introvert
● Zoning out – In social situations, introverts are likely to zone out during
conversations or in the middle of all the parties. They can easily
become quiet during conversations, as if they’ve mentally left the
place. Don’t worry, they’ll come back sooner or later, often asking
questions to help them catch up to the conversation.
● They’re the ones who leave early. This doesn’t happen just once but all
the time during parties or any other social situation.
● Introverts are also the ones who tend to “disappear” during parties.
They’re the ones who gravitate towards the quieter part of the house,
often grouping up with other introverts and just talking quietly in a
private space. Often, introverts stick close to the people they already
know.
● They’re the ones who have an intense interest in books, the arts, or even
the animals in the room. This kind of interest often allows them to be
alone while still appearing as if they’re enjoying themselves at the
party.
● They can be quite irritable if you’re together for long periods of time.
This is because introverts often need “down time” after socializing for
quite some time.
● They’re also the ones who are happy to lend a helping hand when it
comes to activities that let them be alone. Hence, they can volunteer to
serve the DJ, clean up the house, take food to someone, or even take
photographs. This lets them stay clear from all the activities while still
being part of the actual party.

Introvert Types According to the MBTI

INFJ – Introvert, Intuitive, Feeling, Judging
INFJs are big users of metaphors and symbols during conversations. They
like to talk about insights, visions, and predictions, all while being emphatic
and warm in their conversations. Being introverts, their conversational skills
are best displayed in small circles or one-on-one interactions.

Here are the typical characteristics of the INFJ:

● They talk using symbols and metaphors to really convey what they’re
trying to say. Their preferred topics of conversation revolve around
visions of the future, predictions, and possibilities.
● They like to show solidarity with others by saying words like “I
understand” when in conversations. Well-mannered, INFJ’s are tactful
and very adaptable. In fact, they can switch back and forth in social
events, managing to establish rapport all the while.
● INFJs are introverted intuitive, which means that their process is mostly
internal. This is why they like metaphors and symbols in conversations.
When it comes to topics they’re passionate about, they can be tough to
understand. In fact, when it comes to certain topics, it appears as
though they’re only rambling when in truth, they’re trying to process an
idea.
● When confronted by a debate or an argument, the INFJs are the ones
who prefer to take on the role of peacemakers.
● These personality types tend to flock to the following careers:
missionaries, clergy, counselors, medical doctors, chiropractors,
psychiatrists, writers, photographers, dentists, social workers,
librarians, and education consultants.

INTJ – Introvert, Intuitive, Thinking, Judging

INTJs are considered to be one of the rarest types in the MBTI scheme. This
is why when you do finally meet one, there’s a good chance that you will
have a hard time understanding their personality. Here are the typical
characteristics of an INTJ:

● INTJs are quiet and prefer to spend the day by themselves. When they
do start talking, however, they prefer to focus on future events and
 enjoy discussing the many implications or meanings of events, topics,
or situations.
● They tend to speak using lots of symbols or metaphors to describe
things. They’re the ones who often say phrases like: “If this happened,
then that means that…” as they like to establish connections between
events in a logical but futuristic manner.
● They love to strategize and often focus on creating long-term solutions
to problems. Because they’re intuitive instead of being sensors, it can
be difficult for them to explain their thoughts and ideas to people, so be
patient.
● Don’t be surprised if you get lost when talking to an INTJ. They tend to
go straight from point A to point D, skipping several letters along the
way. Combined with their love for metaphors it can be very confusing,
especially if you’re talking to one for the first time.
● They stick to logical and analytical modes of thinking. They can also be
very direct to the point of being rude. Like other NTs, they like to
process information quietly so that when they finally say something,
they sound very sure of their conclusion.
● Common careers include professors, teachers, medical doctors,
corporate strategists, engineers, computer programmers, photographers,
managers, military, and research department managers.

ISTJ – Introvert, Sensing, Thinking, Judging

They like to think before they speak, which seems true for all introvert types.
You will notice how their body language shows they’re mulling over a
question or comment before they even respond. These are the kind of people
who will take a long time composing a comment through Facebook and will
review their message before eventually hitting send. Here are some of the
characteristics of this type:

They’re the types who like to keep things as linear as possible.

This means that during speeches or meetings, they’re the types
who recap conversations. They will repeat what another person
said and then tack their comment at the end, just to make sure
everyone is on the same page.
They also like to connect current situations with past ones in order
 to make a correlation or to keep it factual. They’d say words like
“it looks like” or “it’s the same as” or “remember when” to keep
the conversation grounded and make sure everyone can see the
similarity or difference to a current situation. Typically, this is
done to add some authority to their conclusions or ideas.
When talking, they tend to focus on facts and rarely exaggerate
what they’re trying to say. This also means that their movements
tend to be limited as they focus on the context of what they’re
trying to say. Note that these types are not big on facial
expressions or body language so you might have a harder time
reading them.
They don’t like being the center of attention when in fact, they
actually have an air of mystery on them that draws in people.
Feelings and emotions are kept close and private by the ISTJ so
don’t expect great shows of affection from them. They’re not good
with surprises, especially if they’re socially accepted to respond
with lots of emotions. These feelings are often reserved to really
close people in their lives.
These personality types are typically found in professions of
business, administrators, dentists, programmers, lawyers, judges,
accountants, detectives, math teachers, engineers, and technicians.

ISTP – Introvert, Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving

ISTPs prefer to process their thoughts internally. You’re not going to hear
them reciting their analysis out loud but instead keeping it secret and intact
before talking. As a result, their words would be factual, direct, and concise
because they choose only to speak them out loud when they’re already fully
formed. Here’s how to spot one out in the wild:
● They’re the types who are likely to pause in the middle of a sentence in
order to find the perfect word for what they’re trying to say. Their
vocabulary and phrasing is very precise as they want to keep things
quick and simple.
● They’re the ones who seem like they’re very opinionated. This is
because of their factual approach to any problem as well as the
precision of their logic. Everything has been cross-checked before
entering into any kind of debate or discussion. They’re not afraid to
 raise issues if they see any, especially since their detailed sensory data
managed to go through the logical pros and cons of a specific pathway.
● Because of their love for the logical and the concise, they’re not very
good with feelings or emotions. ISTPs will feel very out of place and ill
at ease if asked to talk about their feelings. If pushed or in a very
stressful situation however, you might find that ISTPs suddenly
become overly emotional even if it is out of their character.
● ISTP personality types tend to gravitate to careers like forensic
pathologists, system analysts, computer programmers, firefighters,
paramedics, electrical engineers, pilots, and transportation operatives.

Communicating with INFJs, INTJs, ISTJs, and ISTPs

When communicating with any person in this particular group, you want to
remember that they’re strong introverts. This means that their ability to
maintain social communication is shorter—they often prefer their interactions
to be quick and straight to the point. Here are some of the things you have to
remember when communicating with any of these types:
● Don’t ramble, they hate that. If you want to communicate specific
information, tell it to them straight.
● Do not use small talk if you want to get information from them. Ask
about it straight out and you will get a straight answer from them.
● They may enjoy banter, but if they’re working on a particular project,
it’s important to stay away and just allow them to focus.
● Learn to listen because these types put a lot of stock into listening.
Remember that their main goal is information so if someone is talking,
they will make every effort to listen. Hence, they expect the same
courtesy from others and hate it when people interrupt them in the
middle of a sentence.
● Give them time to think about their answer before voicing it out loud.
● Greet them with a smile, but don’t expect to stand there and exchange
pleasantries. They’re not really fond of that. Instead, greet them but
give them their personal space. No hugs or any kind of air kisses unless
you’re very close or you’re a family member.
● Eye contact every now and then is okay simply to affirm connection.
 ● Note that when on a project, they tend to be very focused. Any sort of
distraction or effort to prevent them from finishing their goal will likely
be dealt with negatively. Conversations of any sort will be shrugged off
as it only throws them off their focus.
● Do not rush them. As with other introverts, INTPs like to enjoy their
time working on a project. They’re careful and particular about their
goals and believe that distractions can lower the precision of their
executions.
● When working with this type, it helps to always update them of what’s
going on. They want to find out at what stage you are in your job and
not only when it’s finished. This helps them assess the situation and
adjust accordingly.
● Note that these types can go quickly from friendly to distant. They have
a short social fuse which means that after some time socializing with
others, they’re going to need some alone time to recharge. True
introverts, their social fuse tends to be shorter than most, unless they’ve
managed to train themselves into it.
● During tense situations or when stressed, INTPs draw into themselves.
They become quiet and stoic, unlike other types which tend to burst out
or let everyone know what they’re feeling.

INFP – Introverted, Intuitive, Feeling, Perceiving

Having a strong sense of personal values, INFPs are emphatic and
imaginative. Their creative streak makes them very adept in discussing
theoretical possibilities. Their favorite topics usually include how to help
animals, how to help people, or even how to help the world completely. Here
are typical characteristics of this personality type:

They have strong values but they’re not the preachy type. They
will keep their thoughts and beliefs close to heart unless
specifically asked about them. They’re the kind of people who let
others live their lives and don’t interfere unless they think they’re
in the position to make changes. Usually, this privilege is extended
only to friends and relatives.
 Because of their belief in allowing people to express their
individuality, INFPs are not very good in conversations when
people try to impose their thoughts and ideas on others. They will
have an internal cringe or at worst, they might even confront
another about it.
Gentle and modest, they’re often shy and prefer one-to-one
conversations. At parties, they’re going to be the ones who
gravitate to the people they already know and spend most of the
time in a quieter area of the house.

You will often find them thriving in careers as writers, counselors,

childcare workers, missionaries, psychiatrists, scientists,
psychologists, education consultants, journalists, and social
scientists.

INTP – Introvert, Intuitive, Thinking, Perceiving

INTPs are pretty rare in the wild and have a very quiet personality. All their
thought processes are done internally, which means that they’ll only speak
out their opinions after having an internal monologue in their head. Here are
some signs of an INTP:

They’re very precise with words. They don’t just think about the
implications but also how to word their thoughts in a way that
keeps it brief and concise. This means that they take a long time to
respond because they’re looking for the perfect words to convey
their meaning.
They keep things logical and rarely venture towards emotions and
feelings. In fact, they like to keep things on the topic at hand and
don’t like veering off into tangents.
They’re the kinds who categorize information into smaller pieces.
This means that they will group information based on specific
characteristics. This allows them to better remember information
and create connections between different subjects.
Because of their preference for categorization and connecting
information with each other, it takes a fairly long time for INTPs
to arrive at a conclusion. Once the planning is over, however, they
 will execute their plan to perfection and will not veer away from it.
Give INTPs sufficient time to think about answers to questions.
They don’t like being pressured, especially when coming to a
conclusion.
They’re outside-the-box thinkers so don’t be surprised if they
sometimes put forward an idea that’s out of this world. Be assured,
however, that they thought about it first before voicing it.
INTPs are not very good when it comes to expressing feelings and
emotions so unless you absolutely have to, try not to dwell too
much about it during conversations.
Common careers include chemists, photographers, biologists,
mathematicians, computer programmers, university professors,
forensic researchers, psychologists, artists, and social scientists.

ISFJ – Introvert, Sensing, Feeling, Judging

They’re a lot like ISTJs in that they think long and hard before talking. Do
not rush them as they want to delve into every possibility before deciding on
a course of action. Here are the typical characteristics of the ISFJ:

ISFJs like to keep a timeline in their head, which reflects when

they speak. When trying to prove a point or conveying
information, they will make use of past experiences of information
to make their argument more believable.
When talking, they often use words such as “like” or “reminds me
of” or “remember when.”
Unlike other introverts, ISFJs are actually very good in relaying
empathy. This is their way of connecting with people or showing
solidarity.
They have a constantly professional and polite demeanor. They’re
actually quite responsive but prefer one-on-one interactions over
groups. Hence, these are the same people who will be looking for
familiar faces in a party and spending most of their time in a quiet
corner of the room.
They’re not very good with criticism and will often feel
uncomfortable if made the subject of any. They can take these
criticisms personally and will not do well in arguments or debates,
 even a friendly one. Hence, they’re the type to think about past
blunders over and over in their head.
Note that long-range forecasting is not their forte. Unlike NT types
who have no problem predicting possibilities, ISFJs like to keep
their future predictions within safe short-term levels. However,
their predictions are often good and well thought of.
Common careers for this type include childcare, administrators,
career counselors, clerical supervisors, police officers, church
workers, and doctors.

ISFP - Introverted, Sensing, Feeling, and Perceiving

The open-minded introverts who can be emphatic and easygoing if they feel
like it, ISFPs can blend in with the extroverts—but not too much. They have
strong values but don’t really want to show it on the surface unless they’re in
the company of someone they really trust. These are the kinds of people who
respect the differences between people and will therefore not tell other people
what they should or should not do. Sure, ISFPs may have a fairly good idea
of what your next move should be, but they’re not the types to give
unsolicited advice. If you try to challenge their values, however, the ISFP
will definitely fight with you in a tone of voice that is far from their usual
character.

Some characteristics of the ISFP are:

● They’re quiet and honest with everyone they meet. During
conversations, they’re the ones who like to listen and seldom draw
attention to their person. In fact, if they suddenly find themselves the
center of attention, an ISFP will grow quiet.
● Believe it or not, ISFPs love adventure. They’re the ones who enjoy
going to concerts or vacations and will happily talk about them if given
the chance. They also delve deeply into projects and can be quite
impulsive as they always want to add to their collection of memorable
experiences.
● They’re not really happy being in conflict-packed environments. They
will actively put effort into avoiding these situations or making sure
that they’re not part of the conflict.
 ● ISFPs tend to be attracted to careers in music, art, childcare, social
work, teaching, animal care, medicine, bookkeeping, and physical
therapy.

Communicating with INFPs, INTPs, ISFJs, and ISFPs

Communicating with these four types are more or less the same. Here are
some tips when approaching or connecting with any of these types:

Keep your greetings quiet and friendly. Try not to overload them
with affection or be very public with your greetings.
Take note that they have a fairly weird sense of humor. Their
ability to distinguish between what’s socially acceptable and
what’s not is a little vague so try not to take them too seriously or
too personally.
Don’t rush things with them. Never interrupt; allow these types to
fully say what they want to say before responding. Perhaps one of
their biggest pet peeves is being interrupted while in the middle of
a sentence. Give nods every now and then to let them know you’re
following the conversation.
When push comes to shove, these personality types can become
quite critical.
Quality is more important than speed so be prepared to revise and
rework your output several times before you’ll get their approval.
Public recognition and compliments can be quite embarrassing and
very uncomfortable for these types.
 Chapter 4: Extroverts – Identify, Communicate,
and Personality Type Motivations
This chapter is going to delve deeper into personality types and how to make
connections with people depending on their perceived personality types of
“extroverts.” I want to stress the use of the word “perceive” here because
unless you’ve made them take a test to figure out their personality type,
chances are you’re going to be guessing what category they fall into. This
chapter also helps you with that particular problem.

Just to recap, this chapter deals with personality types in three ways.

The first one answers the question: What are the characteristics of a specific
personality type? This will help you make identification, although I have to
be honest, chances are your analysis won’t be 100% correct all the time.
Practice will help improve your skills on this front.
The second one answers the question: How do you communicate and connect
with a specific personality type? This one will help you tailor your
communication style to connect with this particular person. Remember, the
whole goal of this book is to help you forge better relations with people.
And finally, the third one answers the question: What is the typical
motivation of this personality type? This is crucial because every person has
a different motivation. Different personality types often have end-games or
purposes when interacting with people. You will find that these different
motivations can help you better figure out what they ultimately want in a
given situation.

Signs of an Extrovert
One thing I want you to remember is that extroversion is not a “bad” thing.
There seems to be a current trend nowadays where introverts are viewed as
the nice, sweet, unassuming people while extroverts are the gregarious ones
who are flighty and talk too much. Note though that this isn’t always the
case. There is no “better” type and both introverts and extroverts have their
own strengths and weaknesses.
Here are some of the typical distinguishing marks of an extrovert:

They have broad and numerous interests, usually the types that
encourage socializing and being with other people. Surfing,
biking, and team games are some of the activities they usually
enjoy.
They communicate best through conversations. In fact, they’re
very enthusiastic when talking, often adding punch to their
argument through hand gestures. They’re also comfortable being
touchy-feely in public. Hence, they’re the types who will air kiss
with friends, give people a slap on the back, and give shoulder
hugs when they’re happy.
They have no problem being the center of attention. In fact, they
can quickly lighten up when the attention is pulled towards them.
They’re happy with group work and can seamlessly blend with
any group.
They like going out on a routine basis. They’re the ones who may
have a routine when it comes to nights out or drinks after dinner or
work.
Of course, they also like to talk about their thoughts and feelings
out loud. They will have no problem seeking out inspiration and
advice from people they believe are capable of providing help.

Extrovert Types According to the MBTI

ENFP – Extrovert, Intuitive, Feeling, Perceiving

ENFPs are very lively and jump into conversations with an unmistakable zest
for connecting with people. This liveliness is very contagious and can draw in
people, especially during brainstorming sessions. Here are the typical
characteristics of an ENFP:

They love to focus towards personal growth and will happily jump
into conversations that involve this kind of topic. Their values are
focused towards improvement for themselves, other people, and
the world.
This need for growth and improvement actually makes many
 ENFPs rebels. This means that instead of going through the tried
and tested road, they prefer to forge their own paths. They have no
problem questioning the typical societal rules and if it doesn’t
work for them, then they’ll choose to do something else.

● These creative types gravitate towards careers that allow them to be

writers, painters, musicians, journalists, psychologists, teachers,
politicians, television reports, and social workers.

ENTP – Extrovert, Intuitive, Thinking, Perceiving

Creative and energetic, these personality types like to make good use of logic
when they communicate with others. They like to brainstorm and thrown
ideas out in the open to get everyone in on the thinking game. Discussions
invigorate them and help them move on to further possibilities. Note though
that when conversing, they often focus on the general side of things and leave
the nitty-gritty details to others. Here are some of the characteristics of an
ENTP:

They have the ability to form connections in their mind instantly

and are not afraid to voice it. The problem here is that most people
don’t instantly see the connection so there’s a chance that they’ll
be looked at weirdly by others at first.
Quite logical when it comes to making decisions or arriving at
assessments, these personality types love to analyze things and
keep subjects categorized according to their personal preferences.
They essentially want to put everything in its place in the grand
scheme of things.
They love tracing connections between different parts of life, from
the theoretical to the realistic. They’re the ones who will tell you
about cool facts and about how seemingly small inconsequential
things have a big impact in the world. They’re big fans of what is
known as the butterfly effect.
They have no problem participating in debates but tend to pause
during conversations in order to contemplate specific topics.
These types are great in conversations as they are willing to
change their opinion if given sufficient information to make an
impact. They’re not afraid to burst out with their doubts, but keep
 in mind that any arguments they may have are just their way of
figuring out the truth.
These personality types aren’t really fans of small talk and nitty-
gritty details. They like to maintain their focus on the big picture
and maintain their thoughts on bigger goals.
You will often find these people in careers like lawyers,
photographers, psychologists, consultants, actors, engineers,
marketers, computer programmers, writers, artists, and
psychiatrists.

ESFJ – Extrovert, Sensing, Feeling, Judging

Despite the similarities in many of the letters, the ESTJ and the ESFJ are
wildly different. They’re both extroverts so they have no problem being part
of parties or showing up in events. Here’s what you have to know about the
ESFJ:

● They like to use the words “we” and “us” a lot because this helps them
establish a connection with people. Basically, they’d always want to
create a sense of inclusion and make sure that everyone is in perfect
harmony with each other. It’s not surprising to find them as the ones
who prefer to be politically correct in everything they do.
● They want people to feel comfortable to the point where they would
even make fun of themselves just to put someone at ease. This self-
deprecating humor makes them likeable in large groups. Matched with
their conscious efforts not to offend anyone and you should be able to
get a generally likeable person.
● They want to relate to other people, so these are the kinds of people
who will share similar experiences with you. They’d tell you they can
relate or understand experiences you might have and make you feel
included. They don’t like conflict and will try to stop debates or
arguments.
● They’re very good in picking up emotional tension and will try their
best to diffuse the situation. The problem here is that even friendly
debates are viewed as conflicts by these types, which is why even these
lively conversations are actively stopped by them if possible.
 ● They’re very conscious about socializing within boundaries. Sure, they
have no problem being at parties, but they’re likely to leave at a time
they deem appropriate. They don’t want to overstay their welcome and
are therefore deeply conscious of the right amount of time to stay
during social events.
● They’re sensors, which mean that they are fully aware of the concrete
needs of people. They’re the ones who will notice if someone needs
water or if someone hasn’t eaten yet. They like to give solid solutions
to solid problems, so don’t’ expect too many feelings from them.
● These personality types typically have the following careers: nursing,
childcare, physicians, office managers, social workers, bookkeeping,
clergy, home economics, receptionists, pathologists, and religious
educators.

So how do you connect with an ESFJ? Here are some things to remember:
● Be focused with the task – An ESFJ will respect you for that. You need
to be encouraging without losing sight of the ultimate goal. Greet
people, be warm, encouraging, and open—but when it’s time to work,
focus on the work.
● Offer concrete evidence when making presentations. They want cold,
hard facts instead of presumptions or predictions that have no basis.
Always use hard data and don’t be afraid to cite your resources for that
data. Make sure it’s accurate and precise, as vague information is
something ESFJs hate.
● They also want practical applications to problems. Simply put, your
input should be actionable or something that can be done, measured,
and observed. It doesn’t matter if its long term or short term; ESFJs
have no problem with waiting for the results they want. As long as the
actions leading to those results are something they have practical
control over.
● Be transparent when talking to an ESFJ about objectives and the plan
on how to get to them. If you have an ESFJ working under you, it’s
important to explain to them not just the end goal but also the steps you
want to take in order to arrive at that end goal. They need to see how
these actions have a practical link to the end result.
 ● They like the status quo, especially if it’s an office policy that has been
proven to work before. Hence, if you’re pushing new things to them,
it’s important to explain exactly why the shift is happening. They’re not
unreasonable. ESFJs have no problem welcoming something different
as long as they can see the logical link between the new thing and the
ultimate goal.

ESFP – Extrovert, Sensing, Feeling, Perceiving

Warm and caring and very enthusiastic, ESFPs are packed with energy and
have the charisma to match. They often bring that unidentifiable “buzz” into
a room that makes it very difficult to resist them when they’re set to make an
impression. Here are some of the typical characteristics of the ESFP:
● They love making lots of physical gestures so keep your eye out for the
person who is expressive with their hands. They have a very upbeat
tone that engages everyone to be part of the conversation.
● They’re the kind of people who like to focus on the present because the
future is prone to change. They make excellent storytellers and love
dwelling in reality. They’re very literal and if you engage them in
theoretical discussions, they’re bound to get bored quickly.
● They don’t like being rushed, especially when it comes to making
decisions.
● ESFPs are also very good in identifying the different mannerisms of
people. They can quickly tell if a person is getting bored and can
therefore make their company more interesting for that person.
● ESFPs typically gravitate to careers as painters, actors, comedians,
teachers, counselors, childcare, interior design, fashion, managers,
human resources, photography, coaches, and clerical supervisors. Their
amazing enthusiasm makes them great motivators in any activity they
choose to invest in.

Communicating with the ENFPs, ENTPs, ESFJs, and ESFPs

Since they’re all extroverts, communicating with these personality types are
more or less the same. Here are basic tips on how to forge connections with
people in this category:
● Always smile and make eye contact when you greet them in the
 morning, or during whatever time you might see them. They’re
extroverts—they’re happy to make that initial connection with you.
● Keep the energetic vibe up with gestures that are open and
encompassing. Use your hands and arms, allowing for vibrant and
obvious movements that encourage participation.
● Be responsive to questions asked and if you’re the one asking the
questions, keep them open-ended. Allow these personality types to
expand on their answers or give them the chance to elaborate on the
topic.
● They’re the types who think out loud so let them rant out their thoughts
before pitching in. This isn’t them saying nothing out to thin air, it’s
actually their thought process.
● If you want to communicate information to them, then the best way to
do that is to give personal examples or use stories. This will get their
attention and make a better impact instead of just stating possibilities in
a detached manner.
● Allow them to explore different options before arriving at a decision.
Try not to pressure them into arriving at a conclusion as this will only
irritate them and lower the quality of their answer. Since they like to
think out loud, allow them to rant it out before asking what their “final”
thoughts on the matter would be. Do not assume the first thing they
said is their answer because chances are they’re just going through the
instances in their head.
● If you want them to do something or are trying to convince them to be
part of something, try pointing out something that you think would be
fun or entertaining for them to do.
● There will be some debate and arguments when you’re interacting with
these personality types. Don’t take it personally as this is their way of
having fun.
● When trying to explain something to them, allow for more time when it
comes to questions and conversations. Present the main points and let
them ponder the information for as long as possible.
● Note that people with this kind of personality type tend to use humor
during tense moments. This is their way of breaking the tense
atmosphere.
Take note that when angry or stressed, these personality types tend to become
louder, more expressive, and heavily animated. It may seem completely out
of context, but this is how they handle typical stressful situations.

ESTJ – Extrovert, Sensing, Thinking, Judging

An ESTJ is an out-loud thinker, which makes sense because they’re
extroverted thinkers. They’re the ones who speak out facts and make out-loud
judgments, making it seem as though they’re stating the obvious, but really,
they’re just saying these ideas out loud to make them more concrete. Hence,
if you want to connect with an ESTJ, don’t throw out “duh” or “obviously”
reactions to them because this is exactly how their thought process works. In
fact, you’ll find that even when alone, an ESTJ will talk to themselves in
order to properly process their thoughts before arriving at a conclusion.

Here are other typical characteristics of the ESTJ:

● They’re confident when speaking and like to stick to factual and
realistic topics. They’re the ones who can easily remember facts and
are more likely to compare past and present situations before moving
forward with anything.
● In some instances, the ESTJ can appear quite tactless as they don’t like
to sugarcoat things for the sake of peace. They will try to tone down
their words, but it would still be slightly edged compared to those who
are used to social situations.
● They’re the ones who enjoy debates and can still keep things friendly.
They love the argumentative discourse and like it when their thoughts
are said out loud and examined for a mutual give and take.
● They’re also the ones who have a hard time maintaining an emotional
situation. If the conversation needs them to be in touch with another
person’s feelings, then an ESTJ would be out the door or be very
uncomfortable when participating.
● Most ESTJs are attracted to the following careers: managers,
administrators, judges, financial officers, teachers, insurance agents,
underwriters, and nursing administrators.

So how do you connect with an ESTJ or make an impression with this

personality type? Here are some tips to get you started:
● They receive information best via charts, graphs, or diagrams. ESTJs
will definitely appreciate visual presentations of an idea, a thought, or a
problem.
● They’re the ones who like to talk over problems. They’re likely to
discuss the issues by going over the information with other people
before concluding with possible answers. Hence, they’re the
personality types who like to brainstorm in groups.

ENFJ – Extrovert, Intuitive, Feeling, Judging

They can be quite warm and engaging when in the presence of others. ENFJs
always make you feel included since they use a lot of “we” and “us” in their
language. These extroverts are all about unity and helping each other achieve
a common goal. Here’s what to look for when with a suspected ENFJ:
● They like in-depth conversations that are all about theories and
possibilities. Remember, they’re intuitive so they tend to look towards
the future.
● They’re the ones who can anticipate the moods, emotions, and feelings
of other people. They’re good conversationalists and can impact talks
in a way that everyone gets exactly what they need out of the
conversation. The goal for them is to make sure everyone becomes
engaged and no one feels bored or left out.
● They can be very persuasive when it comes to things they value,
especially if they think it will help others. This can be both a good thing
and a bad thing because their enthusiasm can sometimes be too much,
irritating others around them. If you’re the receptive kind, however,
their enthusiasm can be very inspiring.
● Take careful note of how they talk. As communicators, ENFJs like to
use abstracts and metaphors to make their point. When talking about
something they’re passionate about, they can quickly tune out others
and go off on a tangent.
● They’re not very good in impersonal situations. ENFJs need to feel
constantly connected to people, which is why they avoid technical
situations and focus instead on topics that have a positive impact on
their surroundings.
 ● Typical careers for this type include teachers, psychiatrists, counselors,
the clergy, sales representatives, human resources, event coordinators,
writers, musicians, and religious workers.

ENTJ – Extrovert, Intuitive, Thinking, Judging

ENTJs are confident and businesslike. They make incredible speeches that
would make you think they’re visionaries. Like most extroverts, they like to
vocalize their thoughts in order to facilitate processing them. Hence, they’re
far more likely to talk during meetings or activities; this is simply how they
handle tasks at hand, as talking creates a more concrete situation for them.
Here are some of the characteristics to look at when you’re trying to identify
an ENTJ:
● They love talking out their thoughts although during these
conversations, they may seem like they’re laying out hard and fast
judgment. This doesn’t mean they arrive at conclusions quickly, it’s
simply how they process new information best.
● They love to argue and debate over different theories. Their strengths
usually lie on theoretical issues, however, rather than technical matters
of debate.
● Don’t look at them weirdly if they talk to themselves. In many cases,
this is also how ENTJs process their ideas. They also like to take notes,
create charts, or make diagrams of situations in order to solve them.
● They’re quick thinkers and tend to jump from one idea to the next when
it comes to discussions. At first, the things they say can be confusing as
they tend to make future predictions that are hard to follow. Some
decisions seem nonsensical, but all of these actually contribute towards
a long-term plan.
● They’re bad when discussing feelings and emotions. In fact, they prefer
to keep things private, often seeing emotions as irrelevant or
unimportant in their lives.
● These types tend to gravitate to careers as CEOs, founders of
organizations, entrepreneurs, lawyers, judges, university professors,
bankers, scientists, and analysts.

ESTP – Extrovert, Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving

They’re extroverts so they are going to love friendly and lively conversations
and all the physical gestures that go with it. They will hook you in with
engaging expressions and their quick wit makes them very enjoyable in
parties.

Here are some characterizes of the ESTP personality:

● They’re excellent storytellers with a vocabulary that keeps them well-
grounded and literal. They have the panache in the way they talk that
people remain interested in what they have to say.
● In fact, ESTPs are fairly good with body language and can easily detect
the mannerisms of people around them. This simply means that they
know exactly what to do and say to make a person smile, laugh, or feel
better. Of course, this also means that they know what to say if they
want to make someone feel bad.
● Despite being extroverts, ESTPs like to keep their thoughts tucked
inside until they’re ready to voice them. Their decisions are internally
analyzed and conclusions reached before they speak out.
● They’re also very uncomfortable when asked to talk about feelings.
However, they are perfectly happy to swap stories or share experiences
with other people.
● Although this isn’t 100 percent accurate, ESTPs are usually employed
as sales representatives, paramedics, computer technicians, farmers,
laborers, service workers, detectives, military, auditors, comedians,
craft workers, and transportation operatives.

So how do you talk to one? Here are some tips on how to communicate with
an ESTP:
● Keep it friendly and straightforward. Simplicity is the key here. You
don’t want to give them unnecessary detail as this will only make an
ESTP lose interest. Instead, lay down the facts as you know them and
offer evidence to support your claim.
● Here is an important thing though—when presenting to an ESTP,
suggest several options that can help the ESTP make his decision. He is
still going to go through the raw facts, but he will appreciate the
options you’ve laid out as this will speed up the decision process for
 him.
● Never underestimate their logical manner of thinking. This doesn’t
mean you can’t question their analysis, you simply have to ask them
how they arrived at a specific conclusion. The ESTP will actually enjoy
telling you how they got from point A to point B.
● Never rush an ESTP if you want to stay on their good side. Do not
impose a time table or a chore chart and just expect them to follow
through, especially if you don’t offer logical explanations for it.

Communicating with the ENFJs, ENTJs, ESTJs, and ESTPs

These personality types like to be in charge and have no problem interacting
with people. They’re the kind of people who can walk in a room and instantly
gain the attention of others because they have such a commanding presence.
Here are some tips on how to best communicate with these personality types:

When greeting them, keep things friendly but brief. These

extrovert types don’t need the extended contact when it’s not even
necessary. The same goes for when you’re telling them goodbye
after a day’s work or some other social event.
Make direct eye contact when talking to them. Speak what you
want to say quickly after thinking it through. Let them know what
you want and why. They will appreciate this kind of discourse
instead of running around the issue.
Explain things in a clear and matter-of-fact manner. Keep your
words focused on a goal and try not to go off tangent. The
important thing is to give them the main points and nothing else.
Be honest if you don’t know the answer to a question. Tell them
instead that you’ll find out the answer as soon as possible.
Don’t be vague and interpret their words as is. If you already know
exactly what they’re telling you, then don’t try to extrapolate on
possible other meanings. If something is unclear, ask them
outright. You should not be afraid about clarifying things with this
type as they prefer this to someone who just “guesses” on what
needs to be done.
Note that when stressed, these types tend to become bossy. The
best thing you can do is help them towards their goal and summon
up a little humor to help with the stress.
 Chapter 5: Communication Styles
Communication style is defined as the way you exchange information with
other people. There are basically four styles known today: passive,
aggressive, passive-aggressive, and assertive. It’s important to make a
distinction between these four because the way information is communicated
to you will affect how you respond to it.
One thing you have to understand though is that you can’t box people into
single communication styles. People also change the way they communicate
based on the results they want to get. Hence, it’s often best to classify the
communication style as it comes. Here are the different types today:

Passive
Passive communication is all about hints. You don’t directly say something,
you “hint” on it and expect the other person to get the hint. This is the lowest
form of communication and actually puts the burden on the person receiving
the message. Simply put, when you’re communicating on a passive level, you
expect the other person to correctly interpret information that you sent
vaguely. It can be problematic as interpretation may not always fit the
intended message. This leads to conflicts, misunderstanding, and sometimes
even resentment on the part of the people communicating.

How do you know when someone is trying to tell you something different
from what they’re actually saying? Passive communication usually has the
following body language tells:

Lack of eye contact or in some cases, extreme eye contact

Dropped shoulders and hunched back
Keep their head down
Low voice
Putting emphasis on certain words
May repeat sentences in an effort to communicate what they’re
trying to say
May say phrases like: “It really doesn’t matter” or “As long as
everyone is happy”
They tend to go with the flow
Aggressive
Aggressive communication isn’t something you can just ignore. If someone
communicates information in an aggressive manner, you will be able to tell.
It has the following signs:

Loud and demanding voice

There are threats, criticisms, blames, intimidation, or any other
tactic to compel you into doing what they want
Aggressive posture
Intense eye contact

Aggressive communication isn’t so much about conveying information but

rather, telling a person what they should do. This isn’t always a negative
thing as aggressiveness can be interpreted as a sign of leadership. It can
extend to confrontations or telling people exactly what they think without
regard of circumstances, reactions, or feelings.

Passive-Aggressive
The passive-aggressive manner of communication is perhaps the most
frustrating for both the sender and the receiver. It’s a subtle combination of
the two previous communication styles, allowing a person to appear passive
on the surface but with a hint of aggressiveness under the layer of passivity.

What are the typical signs of this communication style? Watch out for these:

Muttering under their breath instead of confronting a person

Agreeing verbally but doing something else entirely
Denying the existence of a problem despite body language
showing opposition or reluctance
Silent treatment
Spreading rumors or talking behind someone’s back
Saying things like, “I’m okay with it, but someone else may not
like it.”

People who are passive-aggressive often feel powerless and stuck on their
situation. You’d find that when a person has had enough of passivity, they
take up a notch towards passive-aggressive communication. Of course, for
some people, this is their default setting.

Assertive
Of all the communication styles, this is perhaps the best one as well as being
the most effective. Assertiveness is a manner of communicating what you
want to do without (hopefully) hurting anyone’s feelings. It’s not very
important if you have the same goal and mindset as other people. If that’s the
case, then all you have to do is agree with each other. Assertiveness comes to
the surface when you want to have an open communication with another
person, allowing both of you to express your thoughts, ideas, feelings,
desires, and needs—without causing friction. The goal is to create a balance
so that all parties come out of the conversation content.

How do you do this? An assertive communicator has the following

characteristics:
Uses “I” statements. Contrary to what you may think, this does not translate
selfishness but simply validates what you feel without putting blame on other
people. Words like “I feel frustrated” or “I feel helpless” lets other people
into your thoughts, giving them room to adjust and empathize with your
situation. It allows you to claim ownership over what you feel and the
behaviors that go along with that feeling.

Maintain contact. Contact can be in the form of eye contact or if

you’re comfortable with it, a physical contact.
Smile and assume a positive posture. Listen to what people have to
say but make sure that you get your own time to speak.
If you want to be assertive, make sure to address any objections on
a point by point basis. Repeat what they said and address each one
individually until you’ve tackled all the issues raised. You can
then present your own, provide the benefits for it, bring forth a call
to action to encourage people to join in.
Keep your tone calm and low without any hint of smugness or
superiority. In many cases, people resist new ideas simply because
of the speaker or the way the new idea is introduced in a
conversation. You want to make it as gentle and as friendly as
possible to help people be more welcoming to the idea.
 Chapter 6: Reading Lies in People
One of the most valuable skills when reading people is being able to tell
when they’re lying. Admit it—you’ve always wanted to know when someone
is lying to you, and that’s perfectly okay. Studies show that when lying, some
people have specific “tells,” such as scratching their nose or brushing their
hair with their fingers. People who play poker often use these “tells” to see if
they should match the other person’s bet and whether it would be worth the
trouble.
One thing I want to remind you of is that reading lies in a person is not an
exact science. People’s actions when lying can vary, which is why familiarity
is important. The longer you know a person, the more accurate your
prediction will be about the truthfulness of what they’re saying.

So, those being the case, here are the typical signs of lying according to
experts.

Understanding a Baseline
One thing I want you to remember is that when reading body language,
there’s usually a “baseline” that allows you to start somewhere. A baseline is
simply the “normal” way in which a person acts when around people. Hence,
if a person is being truthful and confident in their surroundings, how exactly
do they act? Knowing a person’s baseline lets you know when they’re acting
out of character. Sure, you can walk into a room full of strangers and do a
casual “read” of the room, but reading people close to you is often easier as
you’ve known them for a longer period of time. You have a point of
reference, to put it simply.
As mentioned, people have varied “lying” gestures. Some people just love to
talk with their hands while other people just love to fidget with their hair on
normal days. Hence, seeing them do this doesn’t automatically mean they are
lying, it might simply be a part of their personality.

Hand Movements
People lying tend to use gestures, but they do it after speaking. Typically,
you’d find people gesturing while talking because this is a natural part of the
process. Their body is working with the mind in telling a story or conveying a
message. In contrast, a person lying is focusing too much in making up the
story that the body fails to catch up. Hence, they make up the lie first, and
then perform the gestures to emphasize their point. Also take note that
gestures of people who are lying often involves both hands as opposed to
truthful people who only use one hand. This was noted after a 2015 study
about people testifying in court cases.
Another unconscious body language done by lying people is keeping their
palms away from you. It is just like a subliminal way of holding information
away from other people. Hence, they may put their hands in their pocket or
keep them close to their body, as if they’re trying to keep something a secret
inside their palms. So basically, people who lie can go two ways with their
hands: they can either use them too much or not at all.

Itching and Fidgeting

There’s a popular belief that when a person lies, they tend to scratch their
nose. This isn’t true 100% of the time—but it does bear noting in many cases.
It’s fairly normal for people to have an itching sensation or fidget in their seat
when they’re uncomfortable; the body naturally looks for a way to distract
itself. Also note that when lying, people are often nervous of what they’re
saying, which causes the autonomic nervous system to fluctuate thus creating
that tingling sensation all over the body. It’s a lot like the nerves you get
when you sit close to someone you like during those younger days.
However, nose scratching isn’t the only itching movement associated with
lying. When people lie, they can play with their hair, play with their fingers,
scribble on a notebook, or perhaps the most go-to technique nowadays—they
play with their phones.

Facial Expressions
Of course, let us not forget how the face itself can signify when someone is
lying. The eyes in particular can tell you so much depending on when a
person chooses to look at you and when they choose to look away. Looking
too much or not looking at all can be indicative of lying. Some people prefer
to meet your gaze when lying because they “think” this will impress upon
you their sincerity. Non-experienced liars tend to look away when uttering a
lie. Hence, it can be a little confusing when judging people simply through
their eyes. This is why it’s important to have a baseline when it comes to
people, as I will be explaining later on. One thing I want you to remember
though is that a 2012 study published by PLOS One has already debunked the
popular myth about where a person looks when lying. The myth goes that
when a person is fabricating something, they’re looking left and when they’re
recalling something, they’re looking right. This is not true as the direction
people look is largely based on their mannerisms. That being the case, try not
to focus too much on the direction and simply on the overall mannerisms of
the person.

Change in Complexion
This one’s pretty obvious, as you read about it every day or see it as it
happens every day. People blush, people become red, and people become
pale depending on the circumstances. People tend to become pale when
they’re nervous or when they’re afraid of something. When the skin turns a
shade of red, however, that’s indicative of anger or perhaps even excitement,
like when a teenager typically blushes when sitting beside their crush.

Sweat in the T Zone

This is something you definitely have to watch out for when wondering if a
person is lying to you or not. The T Zone covers the area of the nose and
across the forehead and then down to your mouth. Sweating is fairly common
in this area if a person is lying, especially if they’re nervous about it.

Tone of Voice
Obviously, we’re trying to focus on non-verbal communication here, but the
tone of voice is still a strong indicator, absent the words themselves. High-
pitched voices tend to come out of nervous people as the vocal cords tighten,
making it hard to push out the particular words. There can also be a croak, a
stutter, or some broken words coming out of a nervous individual. Some
people clear their throat to help improve their speech, which is also indicative
of nervousness. In contrast, a loud and booming voice can be a sign of
confidence or anger, depending on the situation. A sudden change in the
volume can also be defensiveness in people, especially when confronted with
possible mistakes.

The Mouth
Playing with the lips, such as rolling them backwards until they almost
disappear, is another good indicator. It’s typically a sign of lying by omission
as people physically try to hold back a word or a thought by pulling in their
lips. If it goes the other way, however, it can be a sign of resistance or when a
person doesn’t want to talk about something.

The Words Themselves

Again, we’re trying to focus on the non-verbal way of communicating, but I
still want to cover all bases. After all, experienced liars can easily control
their body language to match the situation. Hence, you still have to listen to
the words themselves as they can indicate when a person is trying too hard to
convince you of their truthfulness. Some common phrases used by liars
include:

“Honestly…”
“Let me tell you the truth…”
“Uh…”
“Like…”
“Um…”
 Chapter 7: Understanding People’s Motivations
In the previous chapter we talked about lying and how to more or less tell
when someone is lying to you. If you watched House, you’ll remember a
quote by that famous doctor Gregory House that goes: “Everybody lies; the
only variable is about what.”
So basically, what we’re trying to say is that you may be able to tell when
someone is lying, but can you tell what they’re lying about, what they’re
covering up, or basically what the motivation is behind the lie?
In this chapter, we’re going to talk about the motivations of people. It’s the
principal thing that keeps them going and if you want to be able to read a
person’s body language correctly, you need to be able to understand the
motivations that drive them towards that end goal. Think of this as driving on
a highway. Every person is driving towards a destination which is their main
motivation. If you’re driving right alongside them, you might not be 100%
sure of where they’re going. However, if you take a good look at the car’s
movements, the blinkers, the position on the lane, and so on, you should be
able to make a close-to-accurate prediction and therefore adjust your own
driving accordingly. Even if a person lies to you, knowing what motivates
them or what their “end game” is can help you figure out what the lie is all
about.

This one is going to be a little more difficult so bear with me as we go

through this. One more note, motives are defined as the conscious or
unconscious moving factors for people’s behaviors. These motives are the
reasons we do what we do. Behaviors are the performances themselves or the
actuations that are reflective of a person’s motivation.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

This is possibly one of the oldest rationales for understanding human
motivation. It’s not perfect, but what is? Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a
lot like the Nutrition Pyramid. It explains that motives have a bottom-up
approach. The bottom needs are the most basic and prevalent which must be
met first before the others needs are addressed. There are five levels to basic
human need, starting from the bottom, and these are: Physiological, Safety,
Love/Belonging, Esteem, and Self-Actualization.

Here is a brief look at how this works:

Physiological Needs
These are the main components that are aimed towards survival. According
to Maslow’s theory, humans are compelled to fulfill these needs first before
they can ascend to higher levels. So what exactly are these physiological
needs? These are:

Homeostasis, or basically the balance of the body in order to

preserve its living condition
Health
Food
Water
Sleep
Clothes
Shelter

Safety Needs
After a person meets their basic physiological needs, the next step is their
safety needs. Here are the typical considerations when it comes to safety
needs:

Personal security
Emotional security
Financial security
Health and wellbeing
Safety needs against accidents and illnesses

How do these things usually show themselves in an individual? You can see
this by the way individuals purchase insurance policies, set up a retirement
account, get jobs with security, get a savings account, and so on. Of course,
you also have to consider people who are in war zones who are seeking out
security in its most basic form: physical security. You will find that when in
the midst of war, people seek security to maintain homeostasis or the security
of staying alive.

Social Belonging
Once you have the most basic needs and security, the next step is to seek out
social belonging. We are social animals after all and the need to be accepted
by our peers is one of the most common driving forces for people. The need
for social belonging is typically met by the following:

Friendships
Intimacy
Family

The need to be accepted in social groups is true regardless of the size of the
group itself. This is why even when a person forms part of a small club in
school, they still need to be part of the social circle within that club. Small
social connections include family, friends, and colleagues in the typical
workforce. You will notice that most people will go to extra lengths in order
to have this sense of acceptance and belongingness in their chosen social
circle. Failure to meet these needs lead to problems like social anxiety,
clinical depression, and loneliness.

Self-Esteem
Fourth is self-esteem which is somehow connected to the third level. One
thing you’ll notice is that most people use the third level to jump to the
fourth. Acceptance in their social circle tends to promote a person’s self-
esteem as they find themselves worthy because others find them worthy.
What does this level cover? There are actually two version of this: the lower
and the higher version. The higher version speaks of self-esteem derived
from others. There’s a need for status, fame, prestige, recognition, and
attention from others. This is the one I was mentioning before.
The more difficult version is the higher one which speaks of self-esteem
deriving from your own competency. This speaks of self-confidence, of
knowing that you’re capable of independence. This means being able to take
care of yourself, know your needs, and have the ability to meet those needs.
This gives an individual a sense of value and prevents the possibility of
having an inferiority complex.
Self-Actualization
This is the toughest level of the motivation pyramid and is all about
managing to reach a person’s full potential. Maslow describes it as the ability
of an individual to accomplish everything they can possibly achieve in life. It
is a lifetime goal and for many people, it can be difficult to actually pinpoint
that lifetime goal. Others, however, know what this goal is but have a hard
time reaching the lower levels.

Self-actualization can include:

Parenting
Partner acquisition
Utilizing and developing abilities
Utilizing and developing talents
Pursuing other goals

These self-actualization motives are described by Maslow as the intrinsic

drive that pushes people forward into completion. People who have a clear
grasp of this goal need to understand how their four needs in the pyramid
interact with each other to help them achieve the ultimate goal.

The Sixth Level - Transcendence

Oddly enough, the developer of this hierarchy has also talked about a sixth
level. He called it Transcendence and according to him, it is a level of
achievement where a person surrenders himself to something or someone
more powerful than himself. You are probably thinking about religion, but
that’s not all there is to it. Transcendence is also pursued through meditative
exercises. According to him, transcendence refers to the highest and most
holistic level of human consciousness.

So How Does This Help with Reading People?

If we rely completely on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, you’ll note that most
people’s actions are built towards reaching any of these five needs. It can be a
tad difficult, but what you want to do is try to figure which of these five
needs a person wants to achieve when confronted with a particular behavior.
Do they want social acceptance? Do they want to achieve the basic
necessities of maintaining life? Or do they want to have a sense of security?
If you can figure out exactly what ultimate need one wants to fulfill, you can
at least fill in the gaps in between and make a reading on what their body is
saying.

Experience Matters when it comes to Motives

Obviously, there is a lot more to motivation than just figuring out which of
the five needs a person wants to meet. The fact is that experience is a big
predictor when it comes to figuring out motivations. Plus, it’s on a case by
case basis, with YOU as a big factor in the equation. Simply put—what does
this person want from me? What need is this person trying to fulfill through
me? What need can I fill for this person?

Guidelines for Understanding People

Let’s say you’re ready to figure out people’s motivations and understand
them to forge better connections. The question now is this: how do you start?
The way you start varies from person to person, but there are certain “general
rules” that can help you move forward with connections.

Here are some of the typical guidelines to make things easier for you:

Most social behaviors are hidden.

We’ve been talking about the different actions of people and what they mean,
but it’s also important to look at the opposite end of the scale. You should
keep in mind that more often than not, people draw in instead of pushing out.
Many actions or reactions are done in order to suppress rather than express.
For example, people close their arms, suck in their lips, or look away from
people. It’s a pull motion rather than a push. How does this apply when
you’re trying to connect with people?
Well now, you have to pay extra attention. There’s this precious moment
between a push and a pull when a person starts to react about something and
then quickly hold that back in because they realize that they’re showing
emotions and feelings they don’t want people to see. That’s the moment you
have to watch out for looking at people.
Now, you might not always catch this deliberate inaction, but knowing that
they’re there is half the battle. More importantly, this should tell you that a
lot of things are beneath the surface. This is why you need to focus on
empathy, delving deep into the surface instead of just interpreting what
people say without applying empathy. Put yourself in the person’s shoes and
you should be able to at least have an idea of what they’re trying to do or
what they’re trying to achieve.

Conceit trumps malice.

Another thing to keep in mind is that people aren’t naturally evil. If you’re
going to guess a person’s motivation, malice should NOT be your first
choice. In law, accused people are often considered “innocent until proven
guilty” because the default setting is that a person is “good” unless there’s
enough evidence to show that they’ve been bad. This is also important if you
want to understand people better.
In any situation where people are doing something that is harmful to others,
first assume that they’re doing it because they’re unaware or ignorant, or
believe that their way is more important. By having this mindset, you are
more likely to react in a kinder manner. Chances are you’d react by
explaining to them exactly why their choice of action is not the best one. In
contrast, walking into a situation believing a person is simply “evil” makes
you react badly, perhaps even rudely or even violently.

Selfish altruism often dictates behavior.

Selfishness is often viewed as a desire to please only yourself while altruism
is its exact opposite. Altruistic people are said to be selfless or want only the
best for others. Oddly enough, people are driven by these two factors at the
same time. Perhaps the simplest way to explain this is: people are giving, but
they are giving in a way that also helps themselves. For example, people have
no problem lending money to a friend, knowing that this particular friend can
help them fix their computer or fix their car without charge. You trade in a
car from a dealer and the two of you benefit. In some cases, helping someone
is a sign that you have more power than that person, therefore helping you
establish a feeling of dominance over another person.

Memory is fickle.
Another thing that might help you in understanding people for the better is
that they don’t have excellent memories. Memory is incredibly fickle for
people and people are likely to forget certain things, ideas, or concepts.
Hence, if you’re expecting someone to call or someone promised to do
something for you, you can always assume it’s because they simply forgot
instead of deliberate malice. Do not go this route and assume that people are
naturally evil as this will leave you feeling bitter and closed to the possibility
of connecting and understanding others. You can also make this memory
work in your favor. This is because when it comes to connecting with others,
people are more likely to remember you if there are similarities as opposed to
dissimilarities.

People are more emotional than they let on.

Have you ever looked at someone being given surprising news and they seem
to have very little reaction to it? The truth is that people are more emotional
than they let on. There’s something seething there beneath the surface and it’s
important to recognize that emotion even if you don’t see it bubble out. It’s
perfectly normal for people to hold their feelings in; outbursts are usually
frowned upon in society and flamboyant enthusiasm is discouraged. This is
especially true for men so if you are trying to figure out a significant man in
your life, you have to remember that they may not always be displaying their
actual thoughts and emotions. Do not call people out on it unless you have to,
but take it into consideration when interacting with them.
Unfortunately, the reverse of this holds true too. Unless you have made a full
display of emotions or had a breakdown, people generally assume you’re
okay and act as if nothing has changed. It can be quite frustrating if you’re
the one who’s suppressing your emotions, but it feels perfectly fine for those
at the other end. If you’re on the opposite side of the situation (which means
you’re the one holding in your emotions), then do not take it personally.
Don’t assume that they should know your thoughts because people can only
see as much as you allow them to see.
 Chapter 8: Reading the Face and Body – Cues and
What They Mean
Body language is a wide field and contrary to what you may think, it’s not
just the “body” per se but also covers facial expressions, posture, gesture, eye
movements, body movement, and even the lack of body movement itself.
Body language is not unique to humans though; in fact, it’s very obvious if
you watch animals during their mating season. The dances and postures are
hardly subtle as they do their best to attract the opposite sex.
But what about us humans? Body language in humans is far more
complicated so you’ll have to be doubly observant. Unlike animals, there are
lots of possible motivations that affect our body language. Even worse, some
people make it a point of controlling their body’s natural reaction or make
sure that nothing shows through their body and facial expressions.
Sometimes, they even fake those postures to give others the wrong
impression. Just watch a poker tournament and you’ll see exactly what I
mean.

The Science of Body Language

One thing you should note is that body language reading is not some
pseudoscience. It has actually been studied for years and has been solidified
by legitimate studies. Today, the science of studying body language is called
Kinesics and was founded by Ray Birdwhistell. It covers the following
actions or conditions:
● Facial expressions
● Body posture
● Eye movement
● Use of space
● Touch
● Gestures

Facial Expressions
How good are you at reading facial expressions? There are currently tests
online that tells you whether you’re good at reading facial expressions or not.
In fact, some tests like Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test checks to see
whether you can read a person’s mind simply by looking at their eyes. If
you’re interested in taking the test yourself, check the website:
socialintelligence.labinthewild.org/mite. See how well you fare and then just
come back to this book if you want. For purposes of improving
communication, we’re going to include all the elements that are included in
reading facial expressions, which involves the eyes, eyebrows, lips, nose, and
even the wrinkles around the eyes and mouth.

● Pupil – There is practically no way to fake the movement of the pupils

when reading facial expressions. The pupils of the eye contract and
expand without any sort of control on the part of a person. Typically,
the pupils will expand when a person is interested and contract when
they’re not.
● Blinking Motion – The eyes typically blink six to ten times per minute.
When a person looks at something they find interesting, however, that
blinking rate slows down drastically. It’s therefore a great indicator
when someone finds something interesting or attractive. In fact, it’s
often used as a sign of flirting or interest in a romantic setting. In an
office or social setting, unblinking eyes could be a signal that a person
is very interested in what you have to say and listening to you
throughout.
● Raising the head – Raising the head from a lowered position is a sign of
captured interest. Think of a student who’s looking down during an
exam who suddenly raises their head when they hear something
important. This is the kind of movement that we are trying to describe
in this situation.
● Head tilt – A head tilt usually starts from a normal position of the head
and then juts out at an angle. This is what makes it different from the
motion of raising your head from a lowered position. A head tilt also
indicates interest, usually towards the person or activity where it
happens to be tilted to. When combined with facial expressions like a
narrowing of the eyebrows, it can be a sign of confusion, curiosity,
questioning, or uncertainty. A head that’s tilted backwards may be a
sign of suspicion.
Of course, let’s not forget the typical head gestures that mean practically the
same for everyone. These are:
● Nodding – usually signifies agreement

● Shaking the head – usually signifies disagreement

What’s important about these gestures is that people are often conscious
about doing this. Hence, it can be easily controlled by them, depending on the
situation. Some are able to stop the motion entirely while others turn it into
very subtle gestures so that it would be very difficult to notice.

Hands, Arms, and Gestures

● Shrug – A shrug is composed of multiple gestures which include
exposed palms, hunched shoulders, and raised brows. It’s a universal
sign that indicates lack of knowledge or uncertainty over a particular
activity. It can often be translated as a sign that the other person doesn’t
know what you’re saying or doesn’t understand what you’re trying to
convey.
● Clenched Hands – Clenched hands are a sign of repression. You’re
trying to prevent the burst of emotions like anger or frustration. It’s a
self-containment mechanism often used by people who don’t want to
do or say something out of order. In some cases, you can read this
gesture as a sign that someone has a closed mind on what you’re trying
to say. In the alternative, open and relaxed hands are a sign of comfort
and show a positive attitude with a mind welcome to new ideas.
● Hand Wringing – This is often interpreted as a sign of anxiety or
nervousness. Playing with something in your hands also has the same
interpretation.
● Handshake – You have to be careful with handshakes as this can tell so
much about a person and vice versa. I’m sure you’ve managed to have
presumptions of people simply because of the way they shook your
hand. The best handshake is often considered to be a firm, dry grip,
that’s quick but not too long. It shouldn’t be too tight as to cause pain,
but it should be strong enough to signify competence on the part of the
person shaking their hand. My advice is you practice your handshake
with another person to help you decide on the best pressure to use when
 greeting someone this way. Note though—not all cultures accept
handshakes as a viable way of greeting others. For example, people in
India or those who practice the Muslim faith do not approve of
handshakes as a way of greeting between men and women.
● Covering the mouth – Doing this is often shown as a sign of repression,
like a person wanted to say something but decided against it at the last
minute. Some people use this gesture as a way to show thinking or a
thought process.

Body Posture and Movement

You’ve probably noticed that reading body language involves paying
attention to different parts of the body all at once. Some gestures are centered
in just one area, like the face, and therefore are slightly easier than others.
Some gestures, however, are scattered all over the body, which means that
different parts are moving all at once. This makes it tougher to do a reading,
but you’ll find that with practice, the whole thing becomes easier.

Body posture and movement is a big predictor of a person’s thoughts and

emotions. The general position of the chest, shoulders, legs, and so on will
tell you if a person is aggressive, afraid, unsure, excited, and so on. Here are
some of the typical changes in the body and what they indicate:
● A pumped out chest is a sign of power and dominance. Typically, when
the chest is spread out, the shoulders are also stretched into a straight
line, pushing the chest forward and making the person appear bigger.
Combined with hands placed on the hips and this can be dubbed as the
“Superman” pose which makes a person appear bigger and occupy
more space. This is often seen as a sign of confidence and dominance.
If you’ll notice, many animals in the wild, when protecting their
territory or trying to attract a mate, tend to make their bodies appear
bigger so that they’ll be easily noticed. Men and women do the same
thing and often for the same reasons.
● Touching the chest can also be a sign of sincerity. You’ll notice how
people do this when they’re trying to apologize or communicate how
bad they feel or their condolences to another person.
● Scratching or touching the chest can also be a sign of discomfort.
Breathing
Breathing can tell you a lot about what a person feels. You’ve probably
noticed this already, not just in other people but also in yourself. For
example, you might hold your breath when excited or take short and shallow
breaths when scared. Typically, deep and even breaths are indicative of
relaxation, such as when you’re sleeping or when you’re sitting down
watching a relaxing movie. Excessive, shallow, or holding your breath, on the
other hand, can be a sign of emotional turmoil. According to experts,
mirroring a person’s breathing pattern can also help forge a connection of
mutual understanding between the two of you. Being able to match
someone’s breathing pattern essentially allows you to create a sense of
normalcy in the situation, thereby pulling them into a sense of relaxation. Of
course, this takes some skill to do, especially if the situation is really nerve
wracking. At the very least, being able to identify nervous breathing patterns
can help you adjust your stance to make the other person feels comfortable—
all without a word said to each other.

Proxemics
An excellent non-verbal way of communication is proxemics, which is the
measurable distance between people. Basically, it characterizes relationships
between people depending on their preferred distances in given situations.
People often have personal space or a perceived territory that they’re
uncomfortable sharing with others. Think of this in a social setting. Would
you feel comfortable if someone you met for the first time stands just mere
inches away from you? Of course not! But if you’re with your spouse or
partner, you have no problem holding hands or putting your arms around
each other. This is exactly what proxemics looks into and fortunately, the
developer (Edward T. Hall) has done his research. He managed to write down
the specifics of proximity and what they often indicate of relationships
between people. Note that this proximity usually refers to men as women
usually have a different idea on what the proper distance is in different
situations:

Intimate Distance
This covers situations of touching, embracing, or even whispering
 ● Close – less than 6 inches
● Far – 6 to 18 inches

Personal Distance
This typically involves interactions between family members or good friends
● Close – 1.5 to 2.5 feet
● Far – 2.5 to 4 feet

Social Distance
This is the typical distance between acquaintances
● Close – 4 to 7 feet
● Far – 7 to 12 feet

Public Distance
This is the distance used for public speaking purposes
● Close – 12 to 25 feet
● Far – 25 feet or more

It’s also important to note that distance can affect the posture or gestures of
people. This is because there are instances when people don’t have a say on
the distance they have with others. For example, if you’re in a cramped
elevator or in a commercial airline, you do not exactly have the option of
moving your body farther away from another person. In these instances, the
rest of the body compensates by taking on some other form or angle relative
to their position. This is why people in a cramped elevator tend to focus on
their phones or look at any other direction aside from the person they’re next
to. In the alternative, people who are in an intimate relationship, or would like
to be in an intimate relationship, tend to sit close to each other often.
Remember what we said about culture in a previous chapter though?
Acceptable proximity range varies from culture to culture. For example,
touching cheeks with each other can be a typical greeting in some countries
while in others; this is reserved for close family and friends.
Oculesics
This is actually a subcategory of body language. It focuses primarily on the
movement of the eye, gazes, and other eye-centric movements that can help
indicate what a person is thinking or feeling. Remember how people used to
say the eyes are the windows to the soul? Well, there’s a little bit of truth into
it and with oculesics, you can have a bit more insight (pardon the pun!) on
how the eyes can tell you what a person thinks or feels without a single word
being said. This body language technique is limited by culture, however, as
eye gestures can change from one country to the next. For example, Latinos
view extended eye contact as a sign of aggression while in some cases, it can
show interest in an individual. Asians see eye contact as anger while with
Anglo-Saxons, the gesture could mean that they are telling the truth.

Haptics
Haptics is a non-verbal communication style that deals primarily with
touching. Touching or skin-to-skin contact is perhaps the very first way
people communicate. Parents communicate or connect with their babies
through touch via different gestures. In fact, according to the Body Language
Project, touching is the most developed sense at birth. In day-to-day life,
touching includes handshakes, pats on the back, ruffles of the hair, brushes of
the cheek, and so on. It signifies communication at different levels, managing
to showcase all kinds of emotions from excitement, happiness, anger,
devastation, and disappointment.

Haptics currently has five categories of communication by touch:

● Functional or Professional. This one is pretty self-explanatory.
Basically, it refers to touch made in the office setting. One thing you
have to remember in the office however is that touching is rarely
encouraged. While at work, you’re expected to maintain formal
relationships, which means that skin-to-skin contact is not well-
received. So when is touching okay? Usually, touching gestures in the
workplace are indicative of close friendship or sometimes a
“congratulations” for a job well done. It’s a way of acknowledging that
someone did well in their workplace, the gesture often encompassing a
slap on the back, a handshake, or a simple squeezing motion of the
shoulders.
● Friendship or Warmth. This doesn’t really necessitate explanation
because friendly gestures may vary from one person to the next.
Women hug close while men tend to have an energetic hug followed by
a controlled slap on the back. Some people do some air kisses; others
do a complicated handshake routine, while others happily hug it out.
● Social or Polite. These are the gestures you make in a repetitive
manner. They’re indicative of ritual reaction like how you greet a
friend, how you act upon meeting family members, and so on. They’re
the kind of actions you don’t think about doing because they form part
of the usual interaction with other people.
● Love or Intimacy. This is all about emotional attachment and is usually
displayed between romantic partners. They are public gestures that
indicate that a person is “taken.” You’ve probably seen this through
hand holding, an arm around the shoulders, or placing hands on the
hips.
● Sexual or Arousal. This one’s a tad different to intimacy because this
has sex for its motivation. During these touches, the intent is to have
sexual relations or perhaps right after one. It is often done in private
although the extent of public display depends primarily on the culture
of the people displaying it.
 Chapter 9: Verbal Cues – Reading Between the
Lines

Like it or not, most communication nowadays is done through words – either

written or oral. With the internet, written communication through email or
chat messages are becoming the norm, which means that your ability to read
people shouldn’t be limited to just face-to-face conversations.
In this chapter, we’re going to do our best to decipher what people are really
saying behind their words. Often dubbed as “reading between the lines” or
“reading the room,” it’s important for you to make a distinction between what
people SAY and what they MEAN.
A word of caution before we go any further: you should know that there are
people who mean exactly what they say. Take a good look at the MBTI we
talked about in a previous chapter. The NT types are usually the ones who
will tell you exactly what they want and it would be in the most literal way
possible—although, of course, this may vary depending on the situation and
the unique style of the person. In these instances, I want you to follow a rule
in law: when the words are clear, you interpret them as straightforward and
apply accordingly. Only when it is ambiguous and vague should you consider
the other cues in deciphering exactly what a person is trying to say.

Being a Better Listener

Obviously, the first step in learning how to read between the lines is first
listening with as much attention as you can muster. When listening, your
main goal should be to learn new information. Don’t be one of those people
who simply listens in order to be polite to the person talking. Instead, aim to
find out something or glean information from them. You need to be curious
about what the other person is saying; otherwise you won’t really absorb
anything. Here’s a test: if you walked out of a conversation without learning
anything new, then you weren’t really listening.

How do you become a better listener? Here are some tips:

Ask More Questions

Asking questions actually tells a person that you are interested and listening
to the words they say. More importantly, questions allow you to clarify the
situation, making it easier for you to forge connections between the
information being given. This makes it possible for you to simplify the image
in your head, arrive at conclusions, and practice empathy or sympathy, as the
case may be. Asking questions allows other people to elaborate and explain
their position. More importantly, it encourages truthfulness in people because
they feel compelled to tell you the unvarnished truth as recognition of the
attention you are actually giving them.

Practice Active Listening

This is a technique that’s been used for years and can help you really
understand and create a story in your head. According to the director of the
Center for Leadership at Northwestern University, active listening is simply
repeating back what the speaker just said to you. It’s like a little recap just to
make sure that the two of you are on the same page. The fact is that while
listening, there is lots of opportunity to misunderstand what the other person
is saying. Active listening or a recap of what the other person said tells them
that you’re on the same page or if not, it lets them correct any misconceptions
you might have about the situation.

Wait Before Responding

Except for the instances when you need clarification, it’s important to stay
quiet until the speaker is finished. It’s a typical rule in debates, meetings, and
conversations, but you’ll be surprised at how often people fail to follow this
basic rule. The fact is that people can be so impatient that they don’t even
bother listening to a proposal completely before deciding to voice their
thoughts, opinions, arguments, or even agreements. This can be frustrating
for the speaker and makes it impossible for you to fully absorb all the ideas at
once. Also note that every interruption can distort the message the person is
trying to convey, therefore making it more difficult for them to explain their
standpoint.

Take Note of the Tone

As we previously mentioned, the tone of voice can convey so much about a
person. A low voice adds a sense of authority, a high-pitched one conveys
nervousness, stammering can indicate doubt, and fast-paced words can
indicate anxiety. Also paying attention to which words are given emphasis
can change how the sentence is perceived. For example, they may be putting
emphasis on the word “maybe” or perhaps they stuttered the word “yes” as a
reply. This could be indicative that although they want to say NO, they’re put
in the position where they can’t refuse.

Take Note of the Modifying Words

During your first few years in school, you are taught about sentence structure.
There’s the subject and the verb. I ran. I walked. I ate. These are all complete
sentences and they’re as straightforward as they come. Even with those
words, however, you can quickly tell something about the talker in that all of
those things were done in the past. After all, all the verbs are used in the past
tense.

Most sentences are not that simple. When speaking or writing, people use
adjectives or adverbs. They use modifiers that lengthen the sentence while at
the same time adding a bit more information on the activity and the speaker.

For example, instead of “I walked,” the sentence is “I walked quickly.”

Or instead of “I ate,” the sentence is “I ate fast food.”

The modifiers or added information in those sentences are “quickly” and

“fast food.” They’re little clues that tell people more about what you are
trying to say.
For example, “quickly” can imply several things depending on the situation.
It could mean that a person is late, which is why they started to walk quickly.
It could mean that they’re trying to catch the bus or even arrive home ahead
of someone. It tells you that there is something more to the story than just
simply walking towards a specific goal. The defining words “fast food” could
indicate that a person didn’t have the time to cook or that they’re still hungry.

Take a Holistic View

Reading between the lines effectively often means looking at the whole
picture. You watch out for the words, the tone, the facial expression, and the
gestures a person makes in order to fully understand what they’re trying to
tell beneath the surface. There will be times when the message is confusing as
what a person says is opposite of what their body is saying.

So how do you make the call? How do you decide between these two
messages?
If you want to play it safe, then sticking to what a person is saying is almost
always the better option. You listen to what they say and you interpret it
without considering the subtle body language that indicates the opposite.
However, if you’re confident of your reading and know the person fairly well
to take that leap of chance, then do so! Just keep in mind that your actions
have consequences, not just with yourself but with this other person.

Follow Where the Line Leads

You’ll also notice that many people ask seemingly polite questions that
actually lead them to the information they actually want. This is fairly
common in first dates when you want to find out about sensitive information
through seemingly simple questions.

Here are the typical statements that, when combined with tone and body
language, can mean completely different things:

“I don’t kiss up to anybody” – I don’t care what people think, I’m

going to say what I want to say.
“I don’t care what anyone thinks” – I’m really insecure and worry
about what other people might think of me.
“It’s not you, it’s me” – It’s actually you that is the problem.
“I have to learn for myself” – I want to be independent or I don’t
want you to see me be stupid.
“I’m just crazy like that” – I have no idea what I’m doing and I
want people to find it amusing.
“What do you do for a living?” – Usually, this is a polite way of
asking a person how much money they’re making. This is a need
that connects with socio-economic security.
“We need to talk about our relationship” – This can be a dangerous
thing when said by a woman. Usually, this statement is said when
 a woman wants to reassess a relationship or tell her partner
everything she thinks is being badly done in the relationship.
“Deep down, he’s a good person” – Everything this person has
been doing so far indicates he’s a bad person.
“Do I look fat in this?” – I know I look fat, but I want you to tell
me otherwise.
“I’m always honest, if you don’t like the truth then don’t ask me”
– I don’t care if what I say will hurt your feelings, I’m going to say
it anyway
“Fine, let’s talk” – If this comes from a man, this is usually a sign
of resignation. They’re willing to talk, but they’re not going to be
happy about it.
“Do you think she’s pretty?” – If this comes from a woman, this
can be her asking if you’re too stupid to admit that you find
someone else prettier than her.
“It’s really nice meeting you” – I probably won’t remember your
name later.
“Nothing” – If this comes from a woman, this can be indicative of
anger or frustration.
I want you to remember that these interpretations aren’t 100% accurate. The
translations vary depending on the situation and the person you’re talking to.
 Chapter 10: The Art of Thin Slicing
Time and again, I talked about the importance of practice and experience in
this book. I placed emphasis on the fact that you need to know a person or at
the very least, be able to establish a baseline before making readings or
arriving at conclusions about a specific individual.
You’re probably asking: but what if I don’t know the person for a long time?
What if I never have the chance to actually know them? I have to be honest,
so far in this book, I still haven’t discussed the possibility of “speed reading”
people through non-verbal communication. There will be instances when you
don’t have the luxury of time. You will need to make a snap second decision
on a particular situation based only on non-verbal cues. What do you do
then?

Let me introduce to you the concept of thin-slicing.

This is a concept that’s been talked about by various authors, including best-
selling writer, Malcolm Gladwell in his book: Blink.

What Is Thin Slicing?

Thin-slicing is a “reading” technique that needs only a short span of time for
reading. It’s actually a term used in psychology which describes a person’s
ability to find patterns and make conclusions based only on very small factors
or narrow windows of exposure—hence the thin slices. The beauty here is
that even with such thinly sliced information; you can still get accurate results
as if you’ve observed this person for a long period of time.

How Thin-Slicing Translates to Day-to-Day Life

In Malcolm Gladwell’s book Blink, he talks about how art connoisseurs often
know when a particular work of art is the real thing or just the copy of an
original. In that split second that they see something, even before all the
scientific tests are done, they can say when a work does not deserve all the
accolades given to it. A good example would be the Getty Kouros which was
sold for 10 million dollars and was verified by scientists to be from around
530 B.C. However, many art scholars look at it and see a modern forgery,
which means that it’s not worth the 10 million dollars that was used to buy it.
This split-second ability of art scholars to identify what’s fake and what’s not
is the very context of thin-slicing. Believe it or not, we also do this in day-to-
day life, you just might not realize it yet. Here are some situations when thin-
slicing has been proven to be effective.

First Impression
Have you ever listened to a lecture for five minutes and could instantly tell if
the lecturer is a good one or not? Studies show that students listening to a
five-minute lecture are capable of judging whether a professor is good or not,
in the same way as a student who has had that same professor for the whole
semester. It seems that first impressions can be just as accurate, before any
sort of assessment or ideas float into your head that interfere with this thin-
slice. One interesting thing, however, is that women seem to have better thin-
slicing capabilities compared to men.

Speed Dating
Funny enough, thin-slicing is also used in speed dating situations to help
single individuals find life partners. In fact, even that simple 15-minute
interaction with a person is more than enough time for men and women to
decide on whether they’d want to meet someone for a second date or not.
Another interesting thing to note though is that female speed daters tend to
focus on the negative characteristics of men and are generally more critical of
the men in the lineup. On the flipside, men are more open-minded in speed
dating and seem to have lower standards in these instances. In any case, if
you find yourself doubtful of doing speed dating, then you should know that
there’s actually enough evidence to back up this method of finding a life
partner.

Social Media Profiles

If you’re not big on face-to-face meet-ups, then you can check out Tinder,
which is a social media app that also allows you to technically go on a speed
date. Really, when it comes right down to it, there’s no other platform better
than social media profiles to practice your thin-slicing capabilities. Just by
going through a person’s newsfeed, you can immediately tell what kind of
person they are, the things they like, their hobbies, job, and the social culture
they surround themselves with.
This isn’t really surprising since social media profiles present the many sides
of an individual in one convenient package, allowing visitors to have a fairly
good judgment on who they’re talking to. This has a big impact in the dating
scene, especially if you have a Tinder profile. Another import impact this has
on your life is through job searches. Nowadays, potential employers take a
good look at profiles of potential employees and make judgment calls on
what they see on the newsfeed.

Sexual Preferences
Another interesting aspect of life where thin-slicing seems to be practiced is
in sexual preferences. A study conducted in 1999 showed that people can
actually perceive a person’s sexual orientation accurately. Based only on
silent videos spanning 10 seconds, people had an accuracy rate of 70% when
perceiving a person’s gender preference or sexual orientation. Perhaps not so
surprising is that homosexuals are more accurate in perceiving sexual
preferences than heterosexuals. Perhaps there’s such a thing as “gaydar” after
all!

Personality Disorder
Have you ever looked at someone and felt like something is “off” with them?
It turns out that personality disorders are something people can perceive
through thin-slicing. It’s hard to pinpoint exactly what lets you know when
someone is a tad off, but most people who notice it often react accordingly by
limiting their interaction with that particular person—or perhaps paying more
attention, depending on what they want to achieve.

Detecting Lies
Okay, so I just dedicated a whole chapter to this so it doesn’t really bear
repeating. Let’s just say that most people have a gut feeling when they’re
being lied to. Perhaps one of the most powerful examples of thin-slicing lies
is when it comes to relationships. Women often talk about how they just
“feel” that their husband or significant other is cheating on them. A study
conducted by the University of Texas at El Paso once tested the theory of
thin-slicing by asking one group to provide a verbal rationale for why they
did something.
It turns out that the group asked to rationalize their decisions performed more
poorly than the group asked to just make their decisions instantaneously and
upon gut instinct. What does this tell us? That when confronted with
rationalized thinking, gut instincts or thin slices can be easily sway by logic.
Is this a bad thing or a good thing? It depends on the context and in all
honesty, this book cannot tell you about which decision would be better.

Parent Interactions
One interesting aspect where thin-slicing becomes prominent is the
interaction of parents with their children. According to research, a parent’s
tone of voice when addressing a normal child and one with a behavioral
problem have a slight variation that’s obvious enough to be noted by
teachers. This is crucial in educational settings as teachers meet parents on
the first day of class. By simply watching that parent-child interaction,
teachers can already tell if they have to pay more attention to the child for
behavioral issues, or if they can relax knowing that the child will behave.
Surprisingly enough, the same seems to hold true. Simply through teacher-
student interaction, observers can tell which teachers are biased and which
ones have unrealistic expectations over their charges.

What’s in Thin-Slicing?
Here’s a question: what’s the element we’re looking at when it comes to thin
slicing? Yes, we’re looking at a small portion of information to judge a
whole, but what information are we really looking at? For example, when
speed dating, what particular factor do women look at in deciding that they
want to see a man again or not? What is the heaviest element that decides the
case?
As much as I want to answer this question, the fact is that it varies from one
situation to the next. In an effort to answer this question, however, let me
give you an example.
In Malcom Gladwell’s book, he talked about thin-slicing marriages. Within
seconds of seeing a couple, one can instantly tell if it will result in a divorce
or not. But what exactly does one look at to determine the length of a
marriage?
Accordingly, this one element is: contempt. Marriages that seem to be
doomed to fail involve those where one partner seems to be contemptuous of
another. This means that one in a couple feels superior over the other and
interacts with them in a way that makes the other person feel less of a person.
Contempt can be seen through some of the interactions between these
couples, which leads to a conclusion that they’re not bound to last.
So is this true for all thin-slices? Can you just focus on ONE element and
already make an accurate prediction of a specific situation? Studies show that
you can, but again, the accuracy is not as reliable as when you rely on big
slices of information.

So How Do I Do This Thin-Slicing?

The question now is this: are you in the position to thin-slice? What skills do
you have to master in order to be able to do this?
The good news is that thin-slicing is something that you innately have. I’m
pretty sure that you’ve made decisions based on “instinct” before and this is
largely what thin-slicing is all about. You make decisions based on very little
information that you’ve gathered combined with a gut feeling that compels
you to follow a specific direction.
But how should you correlate this with the previous chapters that encourage
you to study, listen, and observe as much as you can before making a
decision? Well, I want to remind you that there are instances when you have
the luxury of studying an individual. If you have this option and could take
the time to make your decision, then take it! If your time is limited, however,
then thin-slicing would be an acceptable method, even if you might not be
100% comfortable about it.
 Chapter 11: What About Me?
So far in this book, we talked about other people. Specifically, about the
different personality types, how to identify a personality type, how to read
body language, and so on. Really, the only thing we haven’t talked about is:
you. When it comes right down to it, YOU are the most important part of the
equation.
Why is this? I’d like to remind you that this book’s ultimate goal is to help
you connect with people, and not all connections are equal. The way you
connect with a work friend is very different from the way you connect with a
school friend or a neighbor. Would you tell a work friend in-depth
information about yourself in the same way you’d tell a high school friend or
your best friend? Of course not!
Of course, that’s not the only factor at play here. The way you communicate
is also dictated by the kind of person you are. All the personality types and
traits we discussed in a previous chapter all apply to you too! Hence, you
have to figure out if you’re an introvert or extrovert, an intuitive or a sensor, a
thinker or a feeler, and a perceiver or judger.
Why is this important? Well, your ability to connect with people is limited by
your own personality. For example, if you’re an extrovert, how are you
supposed to connect with someone who is an introvert? If you’re a feeler,
how do you make connections with someone who is a sensor? This is why I
strongly encourage you to take the test and learn as much about yourself as
possible. This is crucial because if you really want to make that connection,
you might find yourself in situations that you’re uncomfortable in. For
example, extroverts form connections even when they spend time in large
groups. Introverts, however, prefer quiet one-on-one interactions.
So what happens now? The goal of this chapter is to introduce a comfortable
medium between two opposing personality types. I don’t want you to think
this means that there are personality types that will never be compatible with
each other. The great thing about working with people is that they have the
capacity to adapt. Given the right incentive, you can adjust to accommodate
other people and vice versa.

Here are some of the actions you need to keep in mind:

Negative Body Language
● Arms folded in front of the body
● Tense or minimal facial expression
● Body turned away from another person
● Downcast eyes
● No eye contact

Disengagement Body Language

● Bad sitting posture
● Writing or doodling
● Gazing or staring off into space
● Downcast head
● Fidgeting or fiddling with some items

Positive Body Language

Have an open posture. Keep the muscles relaxed without slouching on the
chair. Keep your body upright and hands placed on the side or comfortably
folded in front of you. This will give the appearance of being open to the
conversation, engagement, and willingness to listen to what the other person
has to say.
Avoid touching your face when talking to another person. While it’s not
necessarily true, most people view face touching as a sign of dishonesty. For
example, there are people who touch or scratch their nose when answering a
question. When this happens, the other person often views this action as
dishonesty on the part of the other person. Again, this isn’t technically true,
but you don’t have control on how other people think. Hence, try to avoid
doing this when you’re trying to make a good impression during a
conversation.
Maintain eye contact. Maintaining another person’s gaze during a
conversation is a sign of engagement, interest, and sincerity. It’s a good way
of communicating your interest without saying a word. In certain instances, it
can be an excellent way to silently encourage someone in doing a
performance, a presentation, or some other activity.
Use a firm handshake. Firm doesn’t necessarily mean painful—it’s simply a
firm grip that helps communicate your sincerity and resolution in the
meeting. It’s often seen as a way of showing the other person that you have a
strong personality and are willing to back up your decisions in the
conversation. During job interviews or meeting a potential client, it’s an
excellent non-verbal way to assure them of your trustworthiness. Play this
carefully; a too-tight grip will make you seem aggressive while a limp one
will make you seem weak and easily controlled.

Body Language During Public Speaking

Remember, it’s not enough that you can read other people’s body language,
it’s also important that you can evoke the right emotion you want through
your own body language. Knowing how to position and move your body is
crucial in many situations, but none as important as when you’re speaking in
public.

Here are some tips to keep in mind when public speaking:

Maintain a positive posture. Stand or sit upright with your shoulders and arms
at your sides. You can fold your hands in front of you or keep them relaxed at
your sides. Obviously, if you’re engaging in public speaking, then you will be
using those hands to emphasize what you’re trying to say through gestures.
Whatever you do, do NOT slouch or put those hands in your pockets, as this
would make you look like you’re not really interested in the situation.
Practice your posture in front of the mirror if necessary. You practice what
you’re supposed to say in your presentation, so why not include the way you
actually do that presentation? The goal here is to make yourself look
competent without being aggressive or arrogant. Keep your head up but keep
a slight tilt to your mouth to maintain a positive façade.
Make use of open hand gestures. We already talked about this. Open hand
gestures invite the audience to listen and give off positive vibes. If you can’t
keep your hands relaxed at your sides, then position them so that the upper
arms are close to your body and the palms are facing up. This communicates
a willingness to communicate on a deeper level.
There will be instances when your audience might be slipping off or no
longer listening to what you’re saying. If this seems to be happening, you can
try leaning slightly forward while speaking. This subtle move lets the
audience think that you’re taking them into your confidence. It’s the same
gesture people make when they’re trying to tell a secret, making you feel as
though you’re part of the group. This gesture instantly gains the attention of
people and allows you to keep them present.

Don’t Forget the Golden Rule!

Remember, the whole point of this book is to help you connect with people,
so I need you to understand that the Golden Rule still applies here. What’s
that? It simply states: Do not do unto others what you don’t want others to do
unto you. Hence, if you want to connect with people and forge stronger
relationships with them, you’ll have to keep their wants and needs in mind. If
you find yourself getting mixed signals or unsure about how to go forward,
just ask yourself, Would I want this for me? If you don’t want the same thing
to be done to you, then it makes sense that others don’t want it to be done to
them too!

Body Language During Interviews

Interviews are also an excellent time to practice your body language reading
skills and, more importantly, your skills in responding correctly to the body
language you’ve read. During interviews, you want to create a positive
impression on your interviewer in order to get the results you want, such as
getting hired for a job or getting their approval over something. Here are
some tips that should help create a positive experience through body
language:

Use mirroring. You’ve probably heard about this often, which is only normal
because it really works. Mirroring is a technique where you subtly mirror or
copy the body language of the person you’re talking to. This has the effect of
building rapport as mirroring makes it look like the two of you are on the
same page. Note though, mirroring is a fairly well known technique
nowadays so there’s a chance the interviewer also knows you’re doing it.
Hence, it’s important not to copy every single gesture they make as this will
have the opposite effect.
Put emphasis on the gestures that show interest. Do not overdo it, but make a
point of nodding, smiling, and keeping your body relaxed during an
interview. The technique of slightly leaning in towards your interviewer can
also work here, allowing you to create the illusion of rapport.
When asked a difficult question, don’t be afraid to pause and think about
what you’re going to say first. Touch your cheek, gaze off a little, or bite
your lips. This will show the interviewer that you’re reflecting on your
answer or putting the proper amount of thought into it.

Obviously, do NOT show any negative body postures such as slouching or

resting your chin on your hands in what seems to be a bored position. Don’t
make any unnecessary gestures such as tapping your hands or feet. These are
signs of boredom or disinterest and will give a negative impression.

What is my personality type?

Another question you should explore about yourself would be your own
personality type based on the MBIT descriptions we’ve given in the past
chapters. I want you to be aware of your own strengths and shortcomings
when it comes to connecting and communicating with people. You might be
an introvert trying to connect with an extrovert, which makes the job doubly
hard for you. Perhaps the situation is vice versa. Hence, your ability is limited
by your own means and by realizing your personality type, you should be
able to make headway and figure out what factors are holding you from
reaching your goals.

What is my communication style?

Now, we have to talk about the kind of communicator you happen to be. You
might not realize it, but you have a specific way of communicating and so do
other people. The goal is to adjust your communication style slightly so that
you can easily connect with others through verbal and non-verbal means.

Here are the typical communication styles today. Keep in mind that these
communication styles apply to others as well as to you:

Analytical Communicator
The analytical communicator makes good use of data and real numbers. If
this is you, then you like to use references when establishing your point. For
example, you say, “Twenty percent of people in the financial industry are
male” or some such other number. When a person says “a large number of
workers in the financial industry are male,” you’re likely to say: what does
“large number” mean exactly? Hence, these are the kind of people who feel
impatient or intolerant of conversations centered on feelings and emotions. If
this is you, then this is probably your biggest drawback as you are likely to
become silent during emotional conversations, having problems saying what
you think or feel into words.
The advantage is obvious—analytical communicators are very good when it
comes to logical conversations. They think before they talk and do not like
chatty and shallow conversations.
If you prefer this type of communication, keep in mind that you may sound
completely cold or unfeeling. People are going to feel unsure about making
emotional gestures towards you because they think you’re going to react
badly to them. You have to learn how to be a bit softer or open up to others in
order to encourage discourse.

Intuitive
Intuitive communicators are the kinds who likes to see the big picture. They
start with the general rule and then whittle it down to the basics. They are
really not fond of the details but prefer a big view or a bird’s eye view of
what’s going on. If you are an intuitive type, then chances are you go from A
to Z in one quick burst. For example, you’re confronted with a situation and
instantly have a conclusion without itemizing the different points you went
through to get there. Intuitive communicators can be frustrating for functional
communicators as they like to itemize the steps, making sure that each letter
has been thoroughly explained before arriving at Z.
So what adjustment should you make as an intuitive? First, you should make
an effort towards explaining your thought process. Give others the time to
follow your idea, making sure that each point has been explained before
arriving at the conclusion. Try to develop a bit more patience because not
everyone prefers your quick method of communication. Who knows, you
might even realize that you like the lively conversation that comes with this
step-by-step approach to a subject.
Functional
As mentioned, functional communicators are the types who like to itemize
steps from Point A to Point Z. They like the step-by-step fashion, making
sure that nothing gets missed. In fact, they’re the ones who like to-do lists to
make sure that everything is covered in their priorities. In order to adjust, you
will have to recognize the big picture while at the same time, gently
encouraging others to look into the various steps.
You know it’s important because the small steps can still fully impact the big
picture, which means that even a small mistake can cause problems in its
accomplishment. Because you are interested in the small details, the group
will look towards you for the implementation. Your role is to keep
everyone’s eye on the goal while at the same time correlating it with the steps
necessary for accomplishment. You might even find yourself playing devil’s
advocate because of your need to stick to the minuscule steps. Be prepared
for a bit of resistance, but understand that what you’re doing is important.
An important thing to remember as a functional communicator is to improve
your skills in grabbing and maintaining the attention of your audience. The
small details leading towards a bigger end can be quite taxing for people and
they will quickly lose interest during a representation. Hence, you can make
use of body language techniques to encourage interest and guarantee that
people are on the same page as you.

Personal Communicator
Finally, we have the personal communicator who prefers to dwell on the
emotional aspect of things. You find it important to figure out not just what a
person is thinking but also what they feel about a particular situation.
Personal communicators are the kinds capable of smoothing out conflicts and
ensuring that everyone feels confident, happy, and satisfied in their chosen
environment. You’re the glue that holds everyone together, often acting as
the bridge towards different miscommunications. You can also pick up vibes
in the room, having the natural ability to read the room and identify tension
even before they occur.
The downside of this is that personal communicators can be easily affected
by the underlying emotional atmosphere. If overwhelmed, you might find
yourself acting out instead of being the glue that keeps the group sane.
Hence, as a personal communicator, your best adjustment would be to keep a
rational and level head in order to keep everyone within acceptable ranges of
communication.
One thing I want you to understand is that there is no “best” communication
style. All these styles have a specific advantage, depending on the use. It’s
therefore important to be flexible with your communication style so that
you’ll be able to adjust to the situation. Remember, this is all about
preferences so you might actually find yourself able to switch from one
communication style to the next. The more you practice these techniques, the
better you become in taking on any role that’s needed in that particular
situation.
 Chapter 12: More Body Language Tips and Myths
As we already mentioned, your ability to read the non-verbal communication
of the people around you is one thing. Your ability to convey non-verbal
messages on your own is another. Communication takes two things: the
initial message and the reply. Simply put, I want you to be good with non-
verbal communication as well, not just with the initiatory message but also
with the reply. At the very least, I want you to be able to use body language
to your advantage.
Here’s a secret though: studies show that how you move or the body posture
you assume also contributes to how you feel. It is not just a one-way street.

What does this mean?

For example, if you feel sad or down, you tend to slouch your body. When
people see you doing this, they can instantly tell that you feel sad or are
depressed. Your posture is a non-verbal sign of what you’re feeling inside.
But the reverse actually holds true! This means that even if you feel bad but
posture your body in a way that conveys confidence, you will slowly gain
confidence. It’s a mind over matter thing and it can help you through many
problems in life.
How do you do this? Here are some body language tips to help you convey
the exact message you want to make in any situation:

If You Want to Feel Confident

Ever seen the pose Superman makes? This is the “confidence” pose that
could make you feel like you’re more confident than usual. This high-power
pose stimulates testosterone levels and lowers the number of cortisol in the
body. As you probably know, that cortisol is a stress hormone and the less of
this in your body, the better it would be for you. What’s the pose exactly?
Hands on your hips, feet apart, and your shoulders stretched wide with the
chest puffed out. Try not to overdo it too much so people don’t look at you
weirdly. But this should work perfectly and give you the confidence boost
you need for the situation.
Of course, there are other confidence poses out there, verified by Harvard no
less. It’s the high power pose of leaning back in your chair, hands on your
head, and feet up on the desk. You’ve probably seen this being done by
businessmen in movies when they want to show how cocky they are. As it
turns out, it works perfectly in boosting morale and ego. Of course, you can’t
do this while in a meeting, but if you’re tackling a hard problem at the office,
assuming this pose for a few seconds should help.

To Make People Participate, Look Like You Are Actually

Listening
This might seem like a no-brainer, but a lot of people forget the value of
listening when someone speaks. If you want to increase the participation in a
meeting, verbal methods aren’t enough. You have to show people that you’re
really listening to what they have to say. Look at people when they speak and
nod along with them in order to create the sense of being listened to. Don’t
doodle or tap on your phone or check the room to see what the others are
doing. Instead, focus on the person speaking and establish eye contact. This
will help encourage people into verbalizing their thoughts and create a more
honest atmosphere for discourse.

Shake Hands to Trigger a Connection

Barring cultural difference, shaking hands is considered one of the best ways
to cultivate a connection with an individual. Touch is one of the most
primitive nonverbal ways of communication, as we already talked about in a
previous chapter. Again, handshakes can communicate so much in just a
short span of time. The length of the handshake, the firmness of the hands,
and so on are all indicative of what a person thinks, feels, or who they are as
individuals. In fact, a study shows that a good handshake can put a lasting
impression on an individual, making a person remember you for a longer
period. This is why a good handshake is very important when it comes to
applying for a job.

Smile to Promote Good Feelings

A genuine smile stimulates not only your sense of well-being, it likewise tells
those around that you’re cooperative, approachable, and trustworthy. A
genuine smile comes on slowly, lights up the face, crinkles the eyes, and
fades slowly away. Most importantly, smiling has a direct influence on how
people respond to you. When you smile at somebody, they almost always
would smile in return. And, since facial expressions elicit corresponding
feelings, the smiles you get back actually change the person’s emotional state
positively.

Encourage Collaboration by Removing Barriers

You have probably seen offices with an open layout. It’s supposed to
encourage collaboration among people and improve creativity. Studies show
that this type of open-layout setup in offices allows people to connect with
each other quickly and improve the camaraderie in the office. However,
barriers aren’t just limited to walls. The fact is that people always create
unintentional barriers in their day-to-day life. For example, you’re probably
holding a book in such a way that it blocks the eyeline of a person you’re
talking to. You might be holding a coffee cup in a way to discourage
conversation or perhaps clutching a coat so tightly that it discourages people
to talk to you. Be mindful of your gestures and how they come off to others
and vice versa. If you want to promote communication with people, then an
open line must start from you.

Improve Your Speech with Your Hands

Believe it or not, gesturing while you speak is actually helpful in explaining
your position. Gesture is literally linked to speech in the brain, allowing your
thought process to become faster and clearer as your hands move. This is
why liars often have “late” hand gestures; this is because what they’re saying
isn’t really deeply linked to their mind. The hands don’t naturally follow so
they have to make up for it with delayed gestures.

Look at People’s Feet for Added Insight

The feet are also a big deal when it comes to body language. Feet are tapped,
played with, or pointed in different directions, depending on a person’s
mood. Perhaps one of the biggest indicators is where the feet are pointed. If
the foot is directed away from you during a conversation, then chances are
that person doesn’t really want to talk. If it is pointed towards you, however,
then they’re fully engaged in the conversation. Relative to other body parts,
seeing the feet can also help with reading. In fact, studies show that people
can read others more accurately if they can see the whole body.

Keep Your Voice Low for an Authoritative Sound

Let your voice relax before making an important call or speech. It appears
that a low and steady voice actually communicates authority and power as
opposed to a high one. Allow for a slight increase in the middle of a sentence
and drop it down again so that it closely resembles words like “um, hum, um
hum.” It’s a very subtle way of affecting the senses, relaxing other people and
putting you in a position of power without trying too much.

Common Body Language Myths Busted

Also note that there are lots of body language tips out there that you want to
watch out for. Many of these are myths or have been proven wrong by
science and studies. Do not rely on these techniques and methods anymore as
they won’t do much for you.

Staring at someone can intimidate them.

It’s actually true that alpha males tend to blink less, but that doesn’t mean
that staring at someone turns you into an alpha male. This technique borders
on weird and alarming rather than a sign of dominance in people. In many
cases, this can only start a fight with other people.

Speaking first gives you the upper hand.

This is not the case at all as nowadays, people look more into the context of
things rather than who gets to speak first. The same goes for speaking louder
or faster in a conversation. A flood of information will not defeat accuracy
and clarity in debates or friendly arguments.

Touch the person first to establish dominance.

Again, this is a lot like speaking first so you will have the upper hand. It
doesn’t really have a big impact in the conversation and will not predict who
the alpha is in the situation. In fact, some advice says that you should put
your hand on top of the other during a conversation, but this only adds
unnecessary contact and actually borders on familiarity. In a business setting,
it’s not really an ideal technique.
I can’t stress this enough—body language is an inexact science. Mannerisms
and behaviors vary so your baseline will change depending on your mood
and the other person’s mood. When all else fails however, there is always one
thing you can do in order to truly connect with a person: ask them honestly
about what they think or feel. If you are lucky enough to be in the position to
ask this question, then do so! The honest words of an individual will always
trump what seems to be their silent messages through their bodies.
 Conclusion
So here we are, at the end of this book! I’m happy you have made it this far
and I hope you found all the information stated here useful for day-to-day
life.

Again, I want you to remember that this book was made to help you forge a
connection with people. Please don’t use your newfound powers for evil!

In this book, we’ve covered the following important topics:

● Explanations on body language and how it can help you decipher what
people really think or feel in particular situations. More importantly, we
covered how you can use this information to communicate better with
people.
● I’ve given you information on the various body language people use
and what they mean.
● I also talked about the different personality types and how their unique
makeup makes them act uniquely in different circumstances.
● I also tackled different communication styles and how to understand the
motivations of people in order to figure out what they really want to do.
● I’ve also introduced the concept of thin-slicing and how you can learn
more about yourself in order to strengthen your societal bonds.
By now, I hope you’re satisfied that I covered all the promises I made in the
beginning of this book. I understand if things are a little bit confusing even at
this stage—it’s supposed to be. The fact is that understanding people is a
lifetime process so you will find the need to constantly evaluate your
baselines as you move forward.
ere’s one thing I want you to remember when using this book: you only have
control over your own values, actions, and reactions. It doesn’t matter how
badly you want to connect or forge ties with someone—you cannot make
people like you if their values are intrinsically different from yourself. Keep
in mind that connection is based on similarities and there’s no point
connecting with someone when nothing is similar between the two of you.
Remember: you matter first. Your values are personal to you and you should
NOT allow other people to predict your values.

So what do you do now? Here’s what I want you to do:

1. I want you to take a good look at yourself and assess your own
values, personality, communication style, goals, and everything
else that pertains to you. I want you to deeply get to know yourself
first before attempting to know others.
2. Your next step would be to observe yourself. What are your
mannerisms, your behavior, your tendencies when confronted with
specific situations? I want you to know exactly what you’re doing
wrong and what you’re doing right.
3. Next is cultivating a system of thinking, analyzing, and
discovering your own values and motivations before pursuing a
behavior. Even before you do something, I want you to pause and
think about why you’re doing it. What’s your ultimate goal and
what’s the motivation behind it? Feel free to use Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs for this to help you further narrow down your
own motivations.
4. Once you’ve figured out your goals and motivations, I want you to
take a good look at the actions you propose to take. Are those
actions in line with your goals and motivations? Will they achieve
the results you want? What other roads are there for you to take in
order to get the same results, but with much less hindrance on your
part?
5. I encourage you to practice these four steps consistently in order to
get to know yourself better and deeper through personal analysis.
Only after you’re comfortable understanding yourself can you feel
comfortable in understanding others. One thing I want you to
remember though: you don’t have to understand yourself 100%!
Face it, people are a mystery and sometimes, we can be a mystery
to ourselves too. All I encourage you to do is to try as often and as
hard as you can to trace your motivations before pursuing any sort
of significant action.

So let’s say you’re comfortable understanding your own motivations at this

point…what about other people? Here’s what I want you to do:
a) First, I discourage you against reading too much into people you don’t
know or barely know. While thin-slicing is highly effective, you should
not use this as a way to figure out everything around you. People-
watching can be fun and a good way to hone your skills, but don’t take
things too seriously.
b) Start by focusing only on a small group of people. Make decisions
based on conscious “reading” efforts, but keep it simple or in situations
where getting it wrong wouldn’t have negative consequences in your
life. Remember, you’re testing the waters here and just honing your
skills.
c) I want you to always keep in mind that this book was written to help
you CONNECT with people through developed verbal and non-verbal
skills. Hence, try not to use your new superpowers for evil and keep
connections in mind when trying to decipher people.
d) Have a pattern when observing people. This means having a fairly good
idea of where to start when attempting to understand them. For
example, you look at the feet first, then the hands, then face, or any
other sequence you may choose. Having this pre-set programming on
where to look gives you a story-type reading experience that can help
with any conclusions you might have about the situation. The beauty
here is that as you practice this technique, it becomes second nature to
the point where you don’t even have to consciously guide yourself
through the process. Your mind instantly goes to these body parts in
order to interpret what they mean.
e) Learn the art of listening and try not to be too self-absorbed. Even as an
extrovert, you should be able to recognize the enjoyment of being able
to sit back in one corner of the room and just take in the different
movements and reactions of people as they interact with each other.
f) If you find things too difficult, I suggest you watch a movie multiple
times and pay attention not just to the words but also to the actions and
movements of the actors. Actors are trained in the proper action and
reaction in different situations. Their facial expressions and even the
slightest movement of the hands can convey so much and can help
hone your skills in prediction. It’s by far the safest way of approaching
body language understanding while enjoying yourself in the process.
Make sure to watch movies with very good actors known for their
excellent skills in the art. Meryl Streep movies are perhaps one of the
 best to do this, focusing primarily on the movement of this amazing
actress.
g) The beauty of watching movies is that there’s a way for you to confirm
what you suspect about a certain situation. You can look at a person’s
expression in one scene and guess on what they think or feel. In a later
scene, these emotions are often expressed out loud or given further
focus, therefore allowing you to really figure out if what you initially
thought was correct.
h) When reading people in the real world, observe and keep your
conclusions to yourself. Do not go around telling people that you’ve
“read” how a particular coworker acts and make expressive predictions
because of it. I want you to keep any conclusions or ideas you have
close to your heart and only use them when needed.
i) Practice, practice, practice! The beauty of reading body language is
that you never run out of people to observe or body language to read.
There’s always an endless supply of them, so feel free to practice as
often as you want. Note though that acting on those observations isn’t
always advisable. Think about it multiple times before actually making
a decision.

Yes—you are capable of reading people and making connections simply by

honing your verbal and non-verbal skills! But it takes time, patience, and
drive. It might seem like such a big project at first, but don’t let this stop you!
Unless you live under a rock, forging connections and communicating with
others is an integral part of your life. You will find that by mastering this
talent, you too can achieve a kind of success that only few can boast about.
 Thank you!
Before you go, I just wanted to say thank you for purchasing my book.
You could have picked from dozens of other books on the same topic but you
took a chance and chose this one.
So, a HUGE thanks to you for getting this book and for reading all the way to
the end.
Now I wanted to ask you for a small favor. Could you please consider
posting a review on the platform? Reviews are one of the easiest ways to
support the work of independent authors.
This feedback will help me continue to write the type of books that will help
you get the results you want. So if you enjoyed it, please let me know! (-:

Click here to leave a review!

https://www.amazon.com/review/create-review/

Lastly, don’t forget to grab a copy of your Free Bonus book “Bulletproof
Confidence Checklist." If you want to learn how to overcome shyness and
social anxiety and become more confident, then this book is for you.

Just go to: https://theartofmastery.com/confidence/

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