STATISTICS and

PROBABILITY 11
4th Quarter
Week 3

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

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 Competencies:
Identifies the appropriate rejection region for a given level of
significance when:
(a) the population variance is assumed to be known;
(b) the population variance is assumed to be unknown; and
(c) the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) is to be used. M11/12SP-IVc-1

Objectives: At the end of the week, you shall have

a. determined the critical value when population variance is known or
unknown;
b. sketched and labeled the appropriate rejection region when the
population variance is (a) known, (b) unknown, and when CLT is to be
used; and
c. reflected the importance of the lesson in real life.

Learner’s Tasks

Lesson Overview
In the previous lessons, the steps in Hypothesis Testing were being presented. There
were seven (7) of them and steps 1 to 4 were already discussed. In this lesson, we will
focus on the fifth step of hypothesis testing which is the construction of rejection
regions. We will give emphasis on the identification of the appropriate rejection region
for a given level of significance when the population variance is assumed to be known
or unknown and when the Central Limit Theorem is being used.
Now, for us to identify appropriate rejection region, we need to determine the
critical values that correspond to given the significance level and test type.

Critical Value/s
- A point on the test distribution that is compared to the test statistic to
determine whether to reject or failed to reject the null hypothesis.
- It depends on the nature of the null hypothesis, the relevant sampling
distribution, and the level of significance.

Critical Value for z-distribution

A critical value of z (z-score) is used when the sampling distribution is normal
or close to normal. Z-scores are used when the population variance is known or
when the sample size 𝑛 is large, 𝑛 ≥ 30.

Table 1: Critical Values for Common Choices of Significance level 𝛼 under 𝑧 −test.

Significance level 𝜶
Test Type
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎
Left-tailed −2.33 −1.645 −1.28
Right-tailed 2.33 1.645 1.28
Two-tailed ±2.575 ±1.96 ±1.645

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 For example, a test with 𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 𝜇0 given 𝛼 = 0.05 is a left-tailed test (since the
alternative hypothesis has a less than inequality symbol) has a corresponding critical
value of −1.645. Moreover, for right-tailed (𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 𝜇0 ) and two-tailed test (𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0 )
with 𝛼 = 0.10 , the corresponding critical values are 1.28 and ±1.645 respectively.

Critical Value for 𝒕 −distribution

The 𝑡 −distribution table values are critical values of the 𝑡 −test distribution.
The column header is the 𝑡 −distribution probabilities (alpha or 𝛼) while its rows are
the degrees of freedom (df).

Recall in your previous lesson that degrees of freedom (df) can be determined
by subtracting 1 from the sample size 𝑛. That is, 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1. (please see Appendix A for
the 𝑡 −table.

To find the critical value for 𝑡 −distribution, we need to identify the level of
significance (𝛼), the degrees of freedom (df), and the type of test (left-tailed, right-
tailed, or two-tailed test).

Example. Find the critical t-value for a left-tailed test with 𝛼 = 0.05 and 𝑛 = 20.
To find for its critical value, determine the degrees of freedom
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 = 20 − 1 = 19.

Refer to the figure below. In the 𝑡 −table, look for the intersection of 𝛼 = 0.05 and 𝑑𝑓 =
19. Their intersection is 1.729. But since its test type is left-tailed test, its critical value will
be −𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟗.

Rejection Region or Critical Region

It is the set of all values of the test statistic which will lead to the rejection of
the null hypothesis 𝐻𝑜 .

Things to Consider in Identifying Appropriate Rejection Region for a given Level of

Significance
To identify the appropriate rejection region or critical region for a given level of
significance, we need to consider some things by finding answers to the following:
1. What are the hypotheses?
2. Is it two-tailed or one-tailed test?
3. What is the level of significance?
4. Is the population variance known?

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 5. What appropriate test-statistic (𝑧 −test or 𝑡 −test) can you use?
6. Based on the level of significance, alternative hypothesis test, and test-statistic
what is the critical value?
7. Draw the rejection region.

Table 2 shows the rejection region for common values of significance level 𝛼,
where 𝜇0 be a specific value of the population mean and 𝑧 or 𝑡 is the computed value
of the appropriate test statistic.

Table 2. Rejection Region for Common Values of 𝛼 for each Appropriate Type of Test
Statistic
Test Statistic Significance Alternative Hypothesis
Level
Case 1: 𝜶 Left-tailed Right-tailed Two-tailed
Population (𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 < 𝝁𝟎 ) (𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 > 𝝁𝟎 ) (𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝝁𝟎 )
Variance is 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎
known 𝑧 < −1.28 𝑧 > 1.28 𝑧 < −1.645 or 𝑧 > 1.645
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝑧 < −1.645 𝑧 > 1.645 𝑧 < −1.96 or 𝑧 > 1.96
(𝐱̅ − 𝛍) 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
𝒛= 𝛔 𝑧 < −2.33 𝑧 > 2.33 𝑧 < −2.575 or 𝑧 > 2.575
√𝒏
Case 2:
Population
variance is 𝑡 < −𝑡(𝛼,𝑣) 𝑡 > 𝑡(𝛼,𝑣) 𝑡 < −𝑡(𝛼⁄2,𝑣) or
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 or
unknown 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 or
𝑡 > 𝑡(𝛼⁄2,𝑣)
(𝐱̅ − μ) where, where
t = 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
s 𝑣 =𝑛−1 𝑣=𝑛−1 where 𝑣 = 𝑛 − 1
√𝑛
where 𝑛 < 30
Case 3:
Central Limit If population variance 𝜎 2 is unknown and 𝑛 > 30, use the 𝑧 −test but
is being used replace 𝜎 by 𝑠, that is
(𝐱̅ − μ)
𝑧= s
√𝑛

Note
Reject 𝐻𝑜 if the computed value of the test statistic falls in the region of
rejection. That is, if the value of the test statistic 𝒛 or 𝒕 satisfies the inequality in Table
2, it falls in the critical or rejection region, then we can reject the null hypothesis.

To deepen our understanding on what rejection region is, let us use the
examples provided in your previous lesson particularly the LAS for Week 2 (4th Quarter).

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Example 1. The leader of the association of jeepney drivers claims that the average
daily take home pay of all jeepney drivers is Php400.00. A random sample of 100
jeepney drivers was interviewed and the average daily take home pay of these drivers
is found to be Php 425.00. Use a 0.05 significance level to find out if the average daily
take home pay of all drivers is different from Php400.00. Assume that the population
variance is Php8,464.00.

Solution: To determine its critical region, we need to answer the following questions:

Questions Answer
1. What are the hypotheses? 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 400
𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 400
2. Is it two-tailed or one-tailed two-tailed test since ≠ is used in 𝐻1 (different
test? from)
3. What is the level of 𝛼 = 0.05
significance?
4. Is the population variance Yes. Population variance in known.
known?
5. What appropriate test- 𝑧 −test will be used since the population
statistic (𝑧 −test or 𝑡 −test) can variance is known. In Table 2, it is under Case 1.
you use?
6. Based on the level of
Critical values: ±𝟏. 𝟗𝟔
significance, alternative
hypothesis test, and test-
(you can refer to Table 1 for two-tailed with 𝛼 =
statistic what is the critical
0.05)
value?
7. Draw the rejection region.

critical value critical value

Example 2. It was announced by the Department of Trade and Industry that the
average price of a kilogram of beef is Php300.00. However, a sample of 20 randomly
collected data from different market shows that the average price per kilogram of
beef is Php310.00 and a standard deviation of Php15.25. Using 0.05 level of
significance, is there a sufficient evidence to conclude that the average price per
kilogram of beef is more than Php300.00?

Solution: To determine its critical region, we need to answer the following questions:

Questions Answer
1. What are the hypotheses? 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 300
𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 300

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2. Is it two-tailed or one-tailed one-tailed test (right-tailed test) since > is used
test? in 𝐻1 (more than)
3. What is the level of 𝛼 = 0.05
significance?
4. Is the population variance No. Population variance in unknown and 𝑛 < 30
known?
5. What appropriate test- 𝑡 −test will be used as in Table 2, it is under Case
statistic (𝑧 −test or 𝑡 −test) can 2.
you use?
6. Based on the level of Critical value: 𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟗
significance, alternative
hypothesis test, and test- (you can refer to the 𝑡 −table in Appendix with
statistic what is the critical 𝛼 = 0.05, 𝑑𝑓 = 20 − 1 = 19, and one-tailed test.)
value? The critical value is positive since the hypothesis
test type is right-tailed.
7. Draw the rejection region.

𝛼 = 0.05

critical value

Example 3. The Department of Education claims that the average number of hours
each teacher works in one school year is 2,400 hours. A student who thinks that the
average number of working hours of each teacher is less than this, interviewed a
random sample of 55 teachers. The interview resulted to a sample mean of 2 375 hours
and standard deviation of 100 hours. Is there a sufficient evidence to conclude that
the number of hours each teacher works in one school year is less than 2400 hours?
Use 0.10 level of significance.

Solution: To determine its critical region, we need to answer the following questions:

Questions Answer
1. What are the hypotheses? 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 2400
𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 2400
2. Is it two-tailed or one-tailed one-tailed test (left-tailed test) since < is used in
test? 𝐻1 (less than)
3. What is the level of 𝛼 = 0.10
significance?
4. Is the population variance No. Population variance in unknown but 𝑛 > 30.
known?
5. What appropriate test- 𝑧 −test will be used as in Table 2, it is under Case
statistic (𝑧 −test or 𝑡 −test) can 3.
you use?

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6. Based on the level of
Critical value: −𝟏. 𝟐𝟖
significance, alternative
hypothesis test, and test-
(you can refer to Table 1 for left-tailed with 𝛼 =
statistic what is the critical
0.10)
value?
7. Draw the rejection region

Now, let us do the following activities. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.

Activity 1. What is my Value?

Directions: For each of the given problem, determine the significance level, type of
test and critical value by completing the table below. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

Item Hypotheses Test Significa Population Variance Sampl Test-statistic Critical

# Type nce (known/ unknown?) e size (z-test or t- Value
Level test)
1
2.
3.

1. A manufacturer of sports equipment has developed a new synthetic fishing line

that he claims has a mean breaking strength of 10 kg with a standard deviation
of 0.5 kg. Test the hypothesis that  = 10 kg against the alternative that  >10 kg if
a random sample of 50 lines is tested and found to have a mean breaking strength
of 8.9 kg. Use a 0.01 level of significance.

2. A researcher used a developed problem solving test to randomly select 50 Grade

11 students. He found out that the mean percentage score of these students was
80 with standard deviation of 10. The population mean used in the standardization
of the test was 75. Does the sample mean differ significantly from the population
mean? Use the 90% confidence level.

3. The average length of time for students to register for summer classes at a certain
college has been 50 min. A new registration procedure using modern computing
machines is being tried. If a random sample of 15 students had an average
registration time of 45 min with a standard deviation of 11.5 min under the new
system, test the hypothesis that the population mean is now less than 50 min, using
a level of significance of 0.05. Assume the population of times to be normal.

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Activity 2. Sketch It

Directions: Using the given problem and your answers in Activity 1, sketch and label
the appropriate rejection region for each problem. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

Activity 3. Reflect on

Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, answer the question below.

“How will you relate the important terms being used in this lesson like
significance level, critical values and rejection region in your life’s journey?”

Formative Test

Let us see how far you have learned about our lesson

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. It refers to the region where the value of the test statistic lies for which we will
reject the null hypothesis.
A. acceptance region C. critical region
B. critical value D. probability

2. For a 𝑧 −test distribution with 𝛼 = 0.01, which of the following is the rejection
region for a two-tailed test?
A. 𝑧 < −2.576 or 𝑧 > 2.576 C. 𝑧 < −1.645 or 𝑧 > 1.645
B. 𝑧 < −1.96 or 𝑧 > 1.96 D. 𝑧 < −2.33 or 𝑧 > 2.33

3. What is the rejection region for a left-tailed test with unknown population
variance, 𝑛 = 18, and with 0.10 significance level?
A. −1.333 B. −1.330 C. −1.28 D. 1.333

For items 4 – 5, please refer to the problem below.

A random sample of 𝑛 =25 is taken from a normally distributed population with

a mean 𝜇 = 80 and standard deviation 𝜎 = 5. If the sample mean is 78 and 𝑠 =
3.6, is there a significant difference between the means? Use 𝛼 = 0.05.

4. What is the critical value?

A. ±1.96 B. 1.96 C. 2.064 D. ±2.33

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 5. Which of the following is the rejection region?

A. C.

B. D.

Answer Key

Activity 1.

Item Hypotheses Test Significance Population Sample Test- Critical

# Type Level Variance size statistic Value
(known/ (z-test
unknown?) or t-
test)
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 10 right-
1 𝛼 = 0.01 known n=50 𝑧-test 2.33
𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 10 tailed
𝑧 −test
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 10 two-
2. 𝛼 = 0.10 unknown n=50 using ±1.645
𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 10 tailed
CLT
𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 10 Left-
3. 𝛼 = 0.05 unknown n=15 𝑡 −test −1.761
𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 50 tailed

Activity 2
1. 2.

3.

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Activity 3

Answers may vary.

(Possible answer) In our lesson, critical value is a point on the test distribution that
is compared to the test statistic to determine whether to reject or failed to reject
the null hypothesis. Just like in our life, there are some things or points to consider
before we decide on something. Careful considerations of other things or areas
in our lives will most likely lead us to come up with good decisions.

References

Belecina, Rene R., Baccay,Elisa S. and Mateo, Efren B. “Statistics And Probability”.
Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI), 2016.
Almeda, Josefina. Slide Presentations during the Training on Teaching Basic Statistics
for Teachers. Summer 2008.
Teacher Ayhi. Identifying Appropriate Rejection Region for a given Level of
Significance. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9OIXiOWquY

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