Electromagnetic effects

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10 (a) The electrical energy produced by a power station is transmitted over long 10 A transformer consists of two coils of wire wound on a metal core. Fig. 10.1
distances at a very high voltage. Explain why a very high voltage is used. represents the transformer.
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.......................................................................................................................................... Fig. 10.1
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(a) State the name of the metal from which the core is made.
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(b) The primary coil of the transformer is connected to the output voltage of an a.c.
(b) Fig. 10.1 represents a transformer. generator which supplies an alternating current.
(i) Explain why there is a voltage between the two terminals of the secondary coil.
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(ii) There are 560 turns on the primary coil and 910 turns on the secondary coil of the
Fig. 10.1 transformer. The voltage between the two terminals of the secondary coil is 78 V.
Calculate the voltage supplied by the a.c. generator. [2]
(i) The primary coil P has 4000 turns and an input of 120 V. The secondary coil S
has an output of 9.0 V. Calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil. [2]

(c) Transformers are used to increase the voltage when electrical energy is
transmitted in cables across long distances.
Explain why power losses in the cables are lower when the voltage is high.
(ii) State a suitable material for the core of the transformer. ..........................................................................................................................................
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[Total: 6]
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[Total: 8]
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10 (a) A bar magnet is held with its N-pole just inside one end of a coil. 9 (a) A student wants to demagnetise a permanent bar magnet. She suggests these
Fig. 10.1 shows the coil connected to a galvanometer that has the zero mark in steps:
the centre of the scale. 1. Place the magnet in a long coil.
2. Switch on a large alternating current in the coil.
3. Switch off the current.
4. Remove the bar from the coil.
State and explain whether the steps will always be able to demagnetise the magnet.
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Fig. 10.1
The magnet is pulled horizontally to the right at a constant speed through a large ..........................................................................................................................................
distance. ...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(i) State what happens to the galvanometer reading as time passes.
.......................................................................................................................................... (b) (i) Fig. 9.1 shows a coil supplied with current using a split-ring commutator.

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(ii) As the magnet moves, an N-pole is produced at the left-hand end L of the coil.
Explain why the pole at L is an N-pole.
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(b) A transformer has NP turns on the primary coil and NS turns on the secondary coil.
The transformer is used in a school laboratory as a 12 V alternating current (a.c.) Fig. 9.1
supply. The transformer is powered from the 240 V a.c. mains supply.
(i) Determine the turns ratio NP / NS of the transformer. [2] State and explain any motion of the coil.
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(ii) The laboratory 12 V a.c. supply is rectified to produce a direct current (d.c.) supply.
Underline the component that the rectification circuit must include. [1] ..........................................................................................................................................

AND gate diode NOT gate potentiometer thermistor ......................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 7]
(ii) The coil in Fig. 9.1 consists of three turns of wire. The magnetic field strength of There are 8000 turns in the primary coil of the transformer.
the magnet is M. With a current of 2.0 A in the coil, the coil experiences a turning The primary coil is connected to a 240 V mains supply.
effect T. The first row of Table 9.1 shows this data. A 6.0 V lamp connected to the secondary coil operates at full brightness.
Table 9.1
(i) Calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil, [2]

Complete Table 9.1 to give the turning effect for the changes made to the
arrangement shown in Fig. 9.1. Choose your answers from the box. (ii) The current in the lamp is 2.0 A. The transformer operates with 100% efficiency.
Calculate the current in the primary circuit. [2]

[3]
[Total: 9]

10 (a) Explain why the voltage of the supply to the primary coil of a transformer must
be alternating.
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(iii) The primary circuit contains a 2 A fuse.
.......................................................................................................................................... Calculate the maximum number of lamps, identical to the lamp in (ii), that can be
......................................................................................................................................[2] connected in parallel in the secondary circuit without blowing the fuse. [1]

(b) Fig. 10.1 shows a transformer.

[Total: 7]

Fig. 10.1
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10 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows a straight wire AB placed in the magnetic field between the 10 Fig. 10.1 shows a transformer that consists of two coils P and Q, and an iron core.
poles of a magnet. The ends of AB are connected to a galvanometer.

Fig. 10.1
Fig. 10.1
There are 200 turns on coil P and 340 turns on coil Q.
A 4.0 V a.c. power supply is connected to coil P.
When AB is moved vertically, the needle of the galvanometer shows a deflection.
(a) (i) Explain why there is a voltage between the two terminals of coil Q.
State three factors that affect the size of the deflection.
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2 .......................................................................................................................................
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[3] .........................................................................................................................................
(b) Fig. 10.2 shows a transformer.
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(ii) Explain why the core of the transformer is made of soft iron.
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(b) (i) Calculate the voltage between the two terminals of coil Q. [2]

Fig. 10.2
(i) The primary coil P has 8000 turns and an input of 240 V. The secondary coil S has
an output of 12 V. Calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil. [2]

(ii) A heater is connected to coil Q. The current in the heater is 3.5 A.

The transformer is 100% efficient. Calculate the current in coil P. [2]

(ii) A circuit containing a resistor is connected to the terminals A and B.

A direct current (d.c.) is required in this resistor.
On Fig. 10.2, draw this circuit. [1]
[Total: 6]
(c) A transformer is used to step up the voltage before electrical energy is transmitted (ii) Explain why a very high voltage is used for transmission over large distances.
over long distances. State and explain one economic effect of transmitting
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electrical energy at a high voltage.
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......................................................................................................................................[2] (iii) Suggest why the voltage for use by a home consumer is 240 V, and not a much
[Total: 10] higher value.
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8 (a) A transformer consists of two coils of wire wound on a core. ......................................................................................................................................[1]
(i) Suggest the material from which the two coils are made. [Total: 9]
State the reason for using this material.
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material ............................................................................................................................
8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a coil wound around a steel bar that is initially unmagnetised.
reason ......................................................................................................................... [2] Any appropriate power supply can be connected between the terminals A and B.
No other apparatus is available.
(ii) Suggest the material from which the core is made. State the reason for using this
material.
material ............................................................................................................................
reason ..............................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Fig. 8.1 represents the system of transmission of electrical energy from a power
station to a home that is a long distance away.
Fig. 8.1
Describe
• how the steel bar can be magnetised,
• how the steel bar can then be demagnetised.
magnetised: .....................................................................................................................
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demagnetised: .................................................................................................................
Fig. 8.1
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(i) State the difference between transformer X and transformer Y.
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(b) Fig. 8.2 shows a transformer. magnetic field at Y force on Y
towards the top of the page
towards the bottom of the page
to the left
to the right
into the page
Fig. 8.2 out of the page
A 240V mains supply is connected to the primary coil P. The voltage across the
secondary coil S is 12V. A lamp, in series with a 3.0A fuse, is connected to S. (ii) State and explain whether there is also a force on wire X.
The number of turns in the coils of the transformer is not shown accurately in ................................................................................................................................
Fig. 8.2. Predict, with a suitable calculation, whether the fuse blows when there is a
current of 0.20A in the primary coil. ................................................................................................................................ [1]
.......................................................................................................................................... (b) Fig. 8.2 shows a d.c. supply connected to the input of a transformer.
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[Total: 7]

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8 (a) Two straight, vertical wires X and Y pass through holes in a horizontal card.
Fig. 8.1 shows the card viewed from above. Fig. 8.2

When switch S is first closed, the needle of the galvanometer deflects briefly, then
returns to zero. Explain why the brief deflection occurs.
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Fig. 8.1 ..........................................................................................................................................
There is a current in each wire in a downward direction (into the page). ..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(i) The magnetic field at Y due to the current in X produces a force on Y. [Total: 6]
Place a tick in each blank column of the table to indicate the direction of this
magnetic field and the direction of the force. [2]