Catalog of FEMA

Earthquake Resources
FEMA P-736B / January 2013
Table of Contents
What’s New ...................................................................................................................1

FEMA Earthquake Publications .................................................................................3

Individuals and Homeowners...................................................................................3
Teachers and Kids ...................................................................................................4
Private Sector and Small Businesses………………………………………………... 5
Community Planning and Public Policy ...................................................................6
Building Professionals and Engineers .....................................................................9
Residential Buildings..........................................................................................9
New Buildings ..................................................................................................10
Existing Buildings .............................................................................................13
Nonstructural Components ..............................................................................18
Lifelines ............................................................................................................19
Performance-Based Seismic Design...............................................................20
Special Construction Types: Steel Moment-Resisting-Frame Buildings ........22
Special Construction Types: Evaluation and Repair of Concrete Buildings ...23
Special Construction Types: Tsunami-Resistant Construction.......................23
Special Construction Types: Blast Resistance Benefits of Seismic Design ...24

FEMA Earthquake Training Resources ...................................................................25

New Buildings ........................................................................................................25
Existing Buildings ...................................................................................................26
Residential Buildings..............................................................................................28
Special Topics ........................................................................................................29

Index of Publications.................................................................................................31

How to Obtain Publications

The title of each publication in this catalog is followed by a note indicating whether
the document is available online, in print (hard copy), or on compact disc (CD–
ROM). Some publications are available in only one of these formats, while others are
available in multiple formats.
View or download publications online —through FEMA’s Index of Earthquake
Publications (http://www.fema.gov/earthquake-publications/index-earthquake-
publications) or the online FEMA Library (http://www.fema.gov/library/index.jsp).
Order copies of publications in print or on CD—from the FEMA Distribution
Center, by telephone at 1–800–480–2520 (M–F, 8 a.m. through 5 p.m. EST), fax at
1–240–699–0525, or e-mail at [email protected].
This catalog is available online at: http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRdo?id=3538..
What’s New
Several new FEMA earthquake publications and training resources have become available
since this catalog was last updated in December 2010. They are introduced briefly below, and
described more fully in the catalog entries that follow.

New Earthquake Publications / Training Materials

2009 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions: Design Examples
(FEMA P-751)
Building design examples that demonstrate the design procedures found in the 2009 edition
of the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions (FEMA P-750).

Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors: Component Equiva-

lency Methodology (FEMA P-795)
Builds upon the FEMA P-695 publication by providing a component-based methodology that
can reliably evaluate structural elements, connections, or subassemblies proposed as substi-
tutes for equivalent components in established seismic-force-resisting systems.

Rapid Observation of Vulnerability and Estimation of Risk (FEMA P-154

ROVER CD)
Now available on compact disc, ROVER is the software package for smartphones that auto-
mates the FEMA 154 rapid visual screening (RVS) procedure and the ATC-20 procedures for
post-earthquake safety evaluations of buildings.

Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings With

Weak First Stories (FEMA P-807)
Guidelines for retrofitting weak-story, wood-frame buildings in seismically active regions.
Focuses on multi-family, multi-story buildings with weak first stories, such as those damaged
in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and on apartment buildings with tuck-under parking,
such as those damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The publication comes with a CD
that includes the Weak Story Tool spreadsheet.

Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings (FEMA P-58)

This new three-volume publication is the first-phase product of FEMA’s Performance-Based
Seismic Design Project, and provides a performance assessment methodology for determin-
ing how well a new building design or an existing building is likely to perform in an earth-
quake. FEMA P-58-1, Volume 1 Methodology, presents the actual assessment methodology;
FEMA P-58-2, Volume 2 Implementation Guide, describes how the methodology can be im-
plemented; and FEMA P-58 CD, Volume 3 Supporting Materials, is a CD-ROM containing
Volumes 1 and 2 as well as supporting electronic materials and background documents, in-
cluding the Performance Assessment Calculation Tool (PACT) spreadsheet and information
about environmental benefits.

Simplified Seismic Assessment of Detached, Single-Family, Wood-Frame

Dwellings (FEMA P-50) and Seismic Retrofit Guidelines for Detached, Single-
Family, Wood-Frame Dwellings (FEMA P-50-1)
The FEMA P-50 guide provides a simple form on how to assess and calculate a Seismic Per-
formance Grade for detached, single-family, wood-frame homes. It is a nationalized version
developed for Los Angeles after the Northridge earthquake. The FEMA P-50-1 guide pro-
vides seismic retrofitting guidance on how to address identified deficiencies and improve a
home’s Seismic Performance Grade.

1
 Earthquake Publications for Businesses (QuakeSmart Toolkit, FEMA P-811)
Developed by FEMA for NEHRP, QuakeSmart is an initiative to help businesses in seismi-
cally at-risk communities start and maintain earthquake mitigation efforts. The QuakeSmart
Toolkit (http://www.fema.gov/earthquake-publications/quakesmart-toolkit-table-contents)
provides actionable and scalable basic guidance and tools to the private sector about the im-
portance of earthquake mitigation and the simple things that businesses can do to reduce the
potential for earthquake damages, injuries, and financial losses. The toolkit walks you
through a three-step process: 1) identify your risk, 2) make a plan, and 3) take action. This in-
formation was specifically developed to encourage businesses to incorporate earthquake mit-
igation into their decision making and planning processes to enhance their all-hazards
resilience.

Guidelines for Design of Structures for Vertical Evacuation from Tsunamis

(FEMA P-646)
Vertical evacuation structures provide a means to create areas of refuge for communities in
which evacuation out of the inundation zone is not feasible.This second edition of FEMA
P-646 incorporates observations and lessons learned from the March 2011 Tohoku earth-
quake, revision of the debris impact expression to remove over-conservatism deemed to be
present in the first edition, and additional explanation of the definition of the tsunami eleva-
tion as it relates to run-up elevation used in tsunami force equations.

New FEMA Earthquake Training Resources

FEMA 232CD, Homebuilders’ Guide to Earthquake Resistant Design and Con-
struction
Compact disc containing English- and Spanish-language versions of the FEMA 232 publica-
tion, as well as complementary training materials consisting of PowerPoint slides.

FEMA P-751, 2009 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions: Design Exam-

ples
With building design examples based on the latest edition of the NEHRP Recommended
Seismic Provisions, this publication is an excellent training tool!

FEMA P-752, NEHRP Recommended Provisions for New Buildings and Other
Structures: Training and Instructional Materials
PowerPoint slides presenting earthquake engineering training based on the 2009 NEHRP
Recommended Seismic Provisions. This material can be presented to engineers or architects
by a qualified speaker, used by individuals, or used as the basis for classroom instruction on
earthquake-resistant design.

FEMA P-909, Train-the-Trainer: Home and Business Earthquake Safety and Mit-
igation
Training and materials that prepare and equip individuals to conduct training courses and
hands-on demonstrations conveying basic knowledge about earthquakes and what people can
do to increase earthquake safety and mitigate seismic risks in homes and workplaces.
IS-325, Earthquake Basics: Science, Risk, and Mitigation
A short independent study course presenting basic information about earthquake causation,
potential seismic vulnerabilities in homes and workplaces, and structural and nonstructural
mitigation techniques. Available online through the FEMA Emergency Management Insti-
tute’s website.

2
FEMA Earthquake Publications
Individuals and Homeowners
Are You Ready? An In-depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness (FEMA IS-22)
Available online and in print
This guide provides citizens with step-by-step procedures on how to develop, practice, and
maintain emergency plans for protecting lives and property before, during, and after a disas-
ter. Also included is information for individuals and their families on how to assemble a dis-
aster supplies kit with a sufficient quantity of food, water, and other supplies. The guide is
available in Spanish as well as English.

Earthquake Home Hazard Hunt Poster (FEMA 528)

Available online and in print
This poster provides visuals and descriptions so that homeowners can identify and fix at-
risk areas of their homes to reduce future earthquake damage and disruption. FEMA 528

Earthquake Publications for Individuals and Homeowners (FEMA P-711CD)

Available online and on CD
This compilation contains all of the publications listed in this section (Individuals and Home-
owners) of the catalog. Two additional publications are also included: “Drop, Cover, and
Hold Poster” (FEMA 529); and “The Adventures of Terry the Turtle and Gracie the Wonder
Dog, Grades 3–6” (FEMA 531).

Earthquake Safety Checklist (FEMA B-526)

Available online and in print
This quick-reference guide helps individuals and families prepare for an earthquake and pre- FEMA P-711CD
vent earthquake-related damage to their homes. The easy-to-read brochure features instruc-
tions on conducting earthquake drills and “hazard hunts.” Also included are a checklist of
disaster supplies, tips on what to do during and after an earthquake, and additional resources.
Available in English and Spanish in print, and multiple languages online.

Earthquake Safety Guide for Homeowners (FEMA 530)

Available online and in print
This updated safety guide, which was originally developed and published by the California
Seismic Safety Commission, provides homeowners with a good start to strengthening their
homes against earthquake damage. The guide also illustrates the relative cost of prevention
versus repair or replacement.

Homebuilders’ Guide to Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction

(FEMA 232 and P-232CD)
Available online, in print, and on CD 
This illustrated guide presents seismic design and construction guidance for one- and two-
family light frame residential structures that can be utilized by homebuilders, knowledgeable
homeowners, and other non-engineers, and provides information supplemental to the 2003
edition of the “International Residential Code.” The guide presents background information
on the principles of seismic resistance and how earthquake forces impact conventional resi-
dential construction and more detailed information on architectural considerations (site selec-
tion, foundations and foundation details, floors, shear walls, and roofs). Also included are
discussions of masonry and stone elements, examples of typical floor plans for earthquake-
resistant one- and two-story homes, excerpts of seismic requirements from building codes,
and checklists for homebuilders. The guide also presents a series of “above-code recommen-
dations” that provide low-cost measures that would increase the performance of the building FEMA 232
and help keep it functional after an earthquake. The CD–ROM, FEMA P-232CD, contains
both English- and Spanish-language versions of the FEMA 232 publication, as well as related
training materials.

3
 Reducing the Risks of Nonstructural Earthquake Damage: A Practical
Guide. Fourth Edition (FEMA E-74)
Available online and on CD 
This updated fourth edition of FEMA 74 has been redesigned for use online and expanded to
include more examples that feature photos of actual damage and details illustrating correct
mitigation measures. The online format makes it easy to browse and print out relevant details.
The guide describes the sources of nonstructural earthquake damage and effective methods of
reducing potential risks associated with such damage. It assists in identifying potential haz-
ards and provides specific guidance on upgrades. The guide also contains a glossary, refer-
ences, and an annotated bibliography for those who desire additional information. A
nonstructural inventory form, a checklist of nonstructural earthquake hazards, and an expla-
nation of nonstructural risk ratings are included as appendices. Target audiences for the guide
include building owners, facility managers, maintenance personnel, homeowners, store or of-
FEMA E-74 fice managers, business proprietors, organizational department heads, and others concerned
with building safety and the continuation of business. The online version of FEMA E-74 is
located at http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/earthquake/fema74/index.shtm.

Simplified Seismic Assessment of Detached, Single-Family, Wood-Frame

Dwellings (FEMA P-50) and Seismic Retrofit Guidelines for Detached, Single-
Family, Wood-Frame Dwellings (FEMA P-50-1)
Available online and in print
FEMA P-50 explains how to use the Simplified Seismic Assessment Form to calculate a
Seismic Performance Grade for a detached, single-family, wood-frame home. The grade is
based on a Structural Score and Seismic Hazard Score, which are derived using location-
specific data available through online websites. The companion publication FEMA P-50-1
describes low-cost seismic retrofitting techniques that can be used to address deficiencies
identified on the Simplified Seismic Assessment Form, and shows how implementing those
techniques could improve a home’s grade. These publications provide a tool that communi-
ties or other entities can use to encourage the seismic retrofitting of residential structures to
reduce future earthquake losses.

Teachers and Kids

Drop, Cover, and Hold Poster (FEMA 529)
Available online and in print
This poster is intended for classroom use. It depicts a teacher and students in a classroom re-
sponding appropriately to the first sign of an earthquake (Drop, Cover, and Hold). Available
in English and Spanish in print, and multiple languages online.
FEMA 529
Earthquake Publications for Teachers and Kids (FEMA P-710CD)
Available online and on CD 
This compilation contains all of the publications listed in this section (Teachers and Kids) of
the catalog. Two additional publications are also included: “Earthquake Safety Checklist”
(FEMA B-526), and “Earthquake Home Hazard Hunt Poster” (FEMA 528).

Earthquake Safety Activities for Children and Teachers (FEMA 527)

Available online and in print
This updated publication provides elementary-school teachers with ready-to-use, hands-on
activities that explain what happens during an earthquake, how to prepare for earthquake
shaking, and how to stay safe during and after an earthquake. Included are a variety of
FEMA P-710CD handouts for students, including maps, songs, “hazard hunt” worksheets, and earthquake safe-
ty checklists.

4
Seismic Sleuths: A Teacher’s Package for Grades 7–12 (FEMA 253)
Available online, in print, and on CD
This package provides middle- and high-school teachers with information about the causes
and effects of earthquakes. Activity sheets for students and background materials for teachers
are provided in each of the volume’s six units. The units assess students’ knowledge about
earthquakes; provide information about preparedness and emergency management; discuss
the causes of earthquakes and their effects; present information on seismic waves and the de-
velopment of seismology and instruments used to measure an earthquake’s magnitude; ex-
plain the effects of earthquakes on buildings and earthquake-resistant design techniques; and
discuss earthquake preparedness and the reactions of different populations to historical earth-
quakes. The last unit provides a variety of summary and assessment activities and a list of ad-
ditional resources.
FEMA 253
The CD–ROM, FEMA 253CD, Second Edition, 2005, contains curriculum supplements that
provide middle- and high-school teachers with background materials and activity sheets for
students.

The Adventures of Terry the Turtle and Gracie the Wonder Dog, Grades 3–6
(FEMA 531)
Available online and in print
This storybook for children in grades 3–6 relates the adventures of the safety-conscious
mayor of Shakeyville (Terry the Turtle) and a team of safety volunteers who meet with stu-
dents at the local elementary school to teach them about earthquake safety. The students dis-
cover the importance of earthquake safety and preparedness. Included are suggestions for
creating a disaster kit, illustrations of what to do if an earthquake happens (Drop, Cover, and
Hold), and a list of resources.

Tremor Troop: Earthquakes—A Teacher’s Package for K–6. Revised FEMA 531
Edition (FEMA 159)
Available online, in print, and on CD 
This teacher’s package for grades K–6 provides ready-to-use, hands-on activities for students
and teachers on the science of earthquakes and earthquake safety. This edition contains as-
sessments throughout the units, matrices linking activities to the National Science Education
Standards, and a new glossary. Four of the five units are divided into levels by grades: Level
1, for grades K–2; Level 2, for grades 3–4; and Level 3, for grades 5–6. The lessons introduce
how earthquakes are defined, why and where earthquakes occur, the physical results of earth-
quakes, and how earthquakes are measured. The final unit addresses earthquake safety and
survival and includes activities for students in all grades K–6. At the end of each unit, ready-
to-reproduce masters are provided for classroom use.

Private Sector and Small Businesses FEMA 159

Earthquake Publications for Businesses (QuakeSmart Toolkit, FEMA P-811)

Available online and on DVD
Developed by FEMA for NEHRP, QuakeSmart is an initiative to help businesses in seismi-
cally at-risk communities start and maintain earthquake mitigation efforts. The QuakeSmart
Toolkit (http://www.fema.gov/earthquake-publications/quakesmart-toolkit-table-contents)
provides actionable and scalable basic guidance and tools to the private sector about the im-
portance of earthquake mitigation and the simple things that businesses can do to reduce the
potential for earthquake damages, injuries, and financial losses. The toolkit walks you
through a three-step process: 1) identify your risk, 2) make a plan, and 3) take action. This
information was specifically developed to encourage businesses to incorporate earthquake
mitigation into their decision making and planning processes to enhance their all-hazards re- FEMA P-811
silience.

5
 Reducing the Risks of Nonstructural Earthquake Damage: A Practical
Guide. Fourth Edition (FEMA E-74)
Available online and on CD
This updated fourth edition of FEMA 74 has been redesigned for use online and expanded to
include more examples that feature photos of actual damage and details illustrating correct
mitigation measures. The online format makes it easy to browse and print out relevant details.
The guide describes the sources of nonstructural earthquake damage and effective methods of
reducing potential risks associated with such damage. It assists in identifying potential haz-
ards and provides specific guidance on upgrades. The guide also contains a glossary, refer-
ences, and an annotated bibliography for those who desire additional information. A
nonstructural inventory form, a checklist of nonstructural earthquake hazards, and an expla-
nation of nonstructural risk ratings are included as appendices. Target audiences for the guide
include building owners, facility managers, maintenance personnel, homeowners, store or of-
fice managers, business proprietors, organizational department heads, and others concerned
with building safety and the continuation of business. The online version of FEMA E-74 is
located at http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/earthquake/fema74/index.shtm.

Community Planning and Public Policy

Creating a Seismic Safety Advisory Board: A Guide to Earthquake Risk
Management (FEMA 266)
Available online 
This guide assists states, state coalitions, and local governments in creating, developing, and
nurturing seismic safety advisory boards. It provides information on board operations, includ-
ing staffing and funding a board, and guidelines for strategic planning and developing a mod-
el seismic risk management program to measure progress. The appendices include model
executive orders, enabling legislation, staff duty descriptions, workshop designs, and work-
shop rosters; examples of an interstate compact, articles of incorporation, and corporate by-
laws; a list of existing seismic safety advisory boards; and a lexicon of terms.

Earthquake Publications for Community Planners and Public Policy

Makers (FEMA P-712CD)
Available online and on CD 
This compilation contains most of the publications that provide information and guidance
for local planners, policy makers, and advocates interested in assessing and responding to
seismic hazards and the risks they pose for their communities. Six of these publications are
offered individually in this catalog (FEMA 83, 154, 266, 275, 366, and 474). Also included
are “Societal Implications: Selected Readings” (FEMA 84), “Seismic Retrofit Incentive
Programs: A Handbook for Local Governments” (FEMA 254), and a series of mitigation
FEMA P-712CD planning “how-to” guides (FEMA 386-1 through 386-8) applicable to earthquakes and oth-
er hazards.

Earthquake-Resistant Design Concepts: An Introduction to the NEHRP Rec-

ommended Seismic Provisions (FEMA P-749)
Available online and in print
This document provides a readily understandable explanation of the intent and requirements
of seismic design in general and the “NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New
Buildings and Other Structures” (FEMA P-750) in particular. FEMA P-750 and the building
codes and standards based on its recommendations are technical documents intended primari-
ly for use by design and construction professionals. However, understanding the basis for the
seismic regulations contained in the Nation’s building codes and standards is important to
many people outside this technical community. This publication is designed for elected offi-
cials, members of the insurance and financial communities, individual business owners, and
FEMA P-749 other interested individuals.

6
Financial Incentives for Seismic Rehabilitation of Hazardous Buildings—An
Agenda for Action. Volume 1: Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
(FEMA 198)
Available in print
The Financial Incentives series publications (Volumes 1–3, FEMA 198, FEMA 199, and
FEMA 216) identify and describe the existing and potential regulatory and financial mecha-
nisms and incentives for lessening the risks posed by existing buildings in an earthquake.
Volume 1 includes a discussion of the methodology used in this series, background infor-
mation on financial incentives, and findings, conclusions, and recommendations for decision
makers at the local, state, and national levels.

Financial Incentives for Seismic Rehabilitation of Hazardous Buildings—An

Agenda for Action. Volume 2: State and Local Case Studies and Recommenda-
tions (FEMA 199)
Available in print
The Financial Incentives series publications identify and describe the regulatory and financial
mechanisms and incentives for lessening the risks posed by existing buildings. Volume 2 in-
cludes detailed descriptions of the 20 case studies that were examined as part of the project.

HAZUS® MH Estimated Annualized Earthquake Losses for the United

States (FEMA 366)
Available online 
Recent earthquakes around the world show a pattern of steadily increasing damages and loss-
es that is due primarily to two factors: (1) significant growth in earthquake-prone urban areas,
and (2) vulnerability of the older building stock, including some buildings constructed within
the past 20 years. This publication highlights the impacts of both high risk and high exposure
on losses caused by earthquakes. It is based on loss estimates generated by HAZUS–MH.
HAZUS–MH is an electronic loss estimation tool that provides a method for quantifying fu-
ture earthquake losses. FEMA’s objective in producing this report was to assess levels of
seismic risk in the United States using HAZUS–MH and nationwide data. The analysis com-
putes two interrelated metrics to characterize earthquake risk: Annualized Earthquake Loss
(AEL) and the Annualized Earthquake Loss Ratio (AELR). FEMA 366

Landslide Loss Reduction: A Guide for State and Local Government

Planning (FEMA 182)
Available online and in print
This guide provides information for state and local officials involved in landslide mitigation.
It describes the benefits of landslide mitigation; the causes and types of landslides; hazard
identification, assessment, and mapping; the transfer and use of information; loss-reduction
techniques; plan preparation and review; and approaches to overcoming problems. Illustra-
tions provide additional information on the causes of and damage resulting from landslides.

Planning for Seismic Rehabilitation: Societal Issues (FEMA 275)

Available online and in print
This publication provides users with an understanding of the social and public policy issues
that may accompany seismic rehabilitation, such as demographic, social, and economic im-
pacts; historic property restrictions; resident dislocations; and business interruptions. The
publication presents a four-step decision process to assist local officials, private owners, and
design professionals in determining the need for rehabilitation. It includes an “escalation lad-
der” to assist in understanding the degree of conflict that might be generated and the implica-
tions of choosing particular strategies.

7
 Promoting Seismic Safety: Guidance for Advocates (FEMA 474)
Available online and in print
This booklet offers advice to assist seismic safety advocates in presenting risk-reduction in-
formation and ideas. The full version of “Promoting Seismic Safety: Guidance for Advo-
cates” is a 200-plus page report that consists of two parts. Part One is the guidance provided
in this booklet. Part Two is a set of background papers developed by the authors as part of the
project. PDF files for Part Two can be downloaded from the MCEER website at
http://mceer.buffalo.edu/publications/tricenter/04-SP02/default.asp.

Promoting the Adoption and Enforcement of Seismic Building Codes: A

Guidebook for State Earthquake and Mitigation Managers (FEMA 313)
Available online and in print
FEMA 474 This guidebook provides background information and educational materials to help state offi-
cials promote the adoption, administration, and enforcement of state and local model building
codes that contain the latest seismic provisions. The guidebook describes the purpose, func-
tion, and effectiveness of building codes in general and seismic codes in particular and pre-
sents a step-by-step process for adopting and administering state or local codes. The
appendices include the history and principles of seismic design; a state-by-state listing of
state codes and code influences; seismic design practices in the United States; examples of
state and local building codes and state legislation; the services of model code organizations
in the United States; and resources, recommended readings, and educational materials.

Seismic Considerations for Communities at Risk (FEMA 83)

Available online and in print
This publication provides individuals and community decision makers with information that
they can use to assess seismic risk, make informed decisions about seismic safety in their
communities, and determine what can be done to mitigate risk. The publication includes in-
formation on the scope of earthquake risk in the United States, the effects of earthquakes on
buildings, how design can reduce earthquake effects, and the importance of seismic codes and
the “NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures”
(FEMA P-750). Also included are factors to consider when deciding whether and how to take
action to reduce earthquake risk and suggestions for stimulating community action.

Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings: Strategic Plan 2005 (FEMA 315)

Available in print
This publication discusses the mission, history, and results of FEMA’s Existing Building
Program (EBP) and provides four objectives and 25 tasks to be carried out through the EBP.
The four objectives are to (1) promote seismic rehabilitation and advance the implementation
of previously developed material, (2) monitor the use of and refine existing material, (3) de-
velop new seismic rehabilitation tools, and (4) consider new directions for the EBP. Estimat-
ed costs for the next 10–15 years and guidelines for plan implementation are also included.

Simplified Seismic Assessment of Detached, Single-Family, Wood-Frame

Dwellings (FEMA P-50) and Seismic Retrofit Guidelines for Detached, Single-
Family, Wood-Frame Dwellings (FEMA P-50-1)
Available online and in print
FEMA P-50 explains how to use the Simplified Seismic Assessment Form to calculate a
Seismic Performance Grade for a detached, single-family, wood-frame home. The grade is
based on a Structural Score and Seismic Hazard Score, which are derived using location-
specific data available through online websites. The companion publication FEMA P-50-1
describes low-cost seismic retrofitting techniques that can be used to address deficiencies
identified on the Simplified Seismic Assessment Form, and shows how implementing those
techniques could improve a home’s grade. These publications provide a tool that communi-
ties or other entities can use to encourage the seismic retrofitting of residential structures to
reduce future earthquake losses.

8
Unreinforced Masonry Buildings and Earthquakes: Developing Successful
Risk Reduction Programs (FEMA P-774)
Available online, in print, and on CD 
This publication provides guidance on reducing the risks from unreinforced masonry (URM)
buildings in seismically active areas. URM buildings are typically the most vulnerable to
earthquake damage and the type of construction that is most commonly singled out for volun-
tary and mandatory seismic risk reduction programs. The document includes illustrations and
photographs of URM buildings and describes their seismic vulnerabilities. It discusses policy
and regulatory issues that often must be considered, such as retrofit costs, the economic via-
bility of older buildings, numbers of occupants and types of use, and historic or architectural
values. Rather than prescribing a rigid sequence of steps for URM risk reduction, FEMA P -
774 documents a wide variety of successful approaches that have been developed across the
FEMA P-774
United States.

Vertical Evacuation from Tsunamis: A Guide for Community Officials

(FEMA P646A)
Available online and in print
This document provides guidance for local officials on how to implement the design guide-
lines detailed in “Guidelines for Design of Structures for Vertical Evacuation from Tsuna-
mis” (FEMA P646). It examines how communities can plan, fund, construct, operate, and
maintain vertical evacuation refuges.

Building Professionals and Engineers

Residential Buildings ——— FEMA P646A

Homebuilders’ Guide to Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction

(FEMA 232 and 232CD)
Available online, in print, and on CD 
This illustrated guide presents seismic design and construction guidance for one- and two-
family light frame residential structures that can be utilized by homebuilders, knowledgeable
homeowners, and other non-engineers, and provides information supplemental to the 2003
edition of the “International Residential Code.” The guide presents background information
on the principles of seismic resistance and how earthquake forces impact conventional resi-
dential construction and more detailed information on architectural considerations (site selec-
tion, foundations and foundation details, floors, shear walls, and roofs). Also included are
discussions of masonry and stone elements, examples of typical floor plans for earthquake-
resistant one- and two-story homes, excerpts of seismic requirements from building codes,
and checklists for homebuilders. The guide also presents a series of “above-code recommen-
dations” that provide low-cost measures that would increase the performance of the building FEMA 232
and help keep it functional after an earthquake. The CD–ROM, FEMA 232CD, contains both
English- and Spanish-language versions of the FEMA 232 publication, as well as related
training materials.

Seismic Rehabilitation Training for One- and Two-Family Dwellings: Program

and Slide Presentations (FEMA P-593CD)
Available online and on CD
This product contains PowerPoint slide presentations, an instructional guide, and speaker’s
notes for training contractors, code officials, and other parties interested in the seismic retro-
fitting of existing light-frame dwellings. It has been used by the International Code Council
as the basis for a series of webinars that have been presented to its membership.
FEMA P-593CD

9
 Simplified Seismic Assessment of Detached, Single-Family, Wood-Frame
Dwellings (FEMA P-50) and Seismic Retrofit Guidelines for Detached, Single-
Family, Wood-Frame Dwellings (FEMA P-50-1)
Available online and in print
FEMA P-50 explains how to use the Simplified Seismic Assessment Form to calculate a
Seismic Performance Grade for a detached, single-family, wood-frame home. The grade is
based on a Structural Score and Seismic Hazard Score, which are derived using location-
specific data available through online websites. The companion publication FEMA P-50-1
describes low-cost seismic retrofitting techniques that can be used to address deficiencies
identified on the Simplified Seismic Assessment Form, and shows how implementing those
techniques could improve a home’s grade. These publications provide a tool that communi-
ties or other entities can use to encourage the seismic retrofitting of residential structures to
reduce future earthquake losses. The California Earthquake Authority funded the develop-
ment of the damage range descriptions used for each Seismic Performance Grade.

New Buildings ———

Communicating with Owners and Managers of New Buildings on
Earthquake Risk (FEMA 389)
Available online 
This publication facilitates the education of building owners and managers on the seismic risk
management tools that can be effectively and economically employed during the building de-
velopment phase. The document, which is intended primarily for design professionals, intro-
duces and discusses (1) seismic risk management and the development of a risk management
plan; (2) emerging concepts in performance-based seismic design; and (3) seismic design and
performance issues related to six specific building occupancies: commercial office facilities,
retail commercial facilities, light manufacturing facilities, health care facilities, local schools
(K–12), and higher education (university) facilities. The document also provides guidance for
identifying and assessing earthquake-related hazards during the site selection process.

Design Guide for Improving Hospital Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High
Winds: Providing Protection to People and Buildings (FEMA 577)
Available online and in print
This guide provides state-of-the-art knowledge on the variety of vulnerabilities faced by hos-
pitals exposed to earthquakes, flooding, and high-winds risks, as well as the best ways to mit-
igate the risk of damage to and disruption of hospital operations caused by these events. It
presents an exhaustive review of mitigation measures and design solutions that can improve
the safety of hospitals in natural hazard events. However, this publication is not intended to
be a comprehensive mitigation design manual that the reader can use to develop actual plans
and specifications. It instead provides an introduction to the fundamental principles of natu-
FEMA 577 ral-hazard risk reduction, with an emphasis on mitigation planning and the design of hospi-
tal buildings.

Design Guide for Improving School Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and

High Winds (FEMA 424)
Available online, in print, and on CD 
This publication provides design guidance for the protection of school buildings (K–12) and
their occupants against natural hazards. It focuses on the design of new schools, but the re-
pair, renovation, and expansion of existing schools are also addressed. The guide introduces
two core concepts: multihazard design and performance-based design. It emphasizes that po-
tential hazards and their frequencies must be considered and integrated with all other design
concerns from the inception of the site-selection and building-design process.

FEMA 424

10
Designing for Earthquakes: A Manual for Architects (FEMA 454)
Available online and on CD
This manual explains the principles of seismic design in ways that are easy to understand for
those without a technical background in engineering and seismology. Although intended pri-
marily for architects, the publication may also be of interest to building officials, owners,
managers, and tenants as well as emergency management personnel, engineers, and others
concerned with the seismic protection of buildings. Topics covered include the nature of
seismic hazards, how buildings are affected by earthquake-induced ground motion, building
site selection and assessment, how design decisions affect building seismic performance,
seismic codes and performance-based design, the historical development of earthquake-
resistant design, common retrofit techniques for existing buildings, protection of nonstructur-
al components, and how earthquake protection relates to protection from other hazards.
FEMA 454
Earthquake-Resistant Design Concepts: An Introduction to the NEHRP Rec-
ommended Seismic Provisions (FEMA P-749)
Available online and in print
This document provides a readily understandable explanation of the intent and requirements
of seismic design in general and the “NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New
Buildings and Other Structures” (FEMA P-750) in particular. FEMA P-750 and the building
codes and standards based on its recommendations are technical documents intended primari-
ly for use by design and construction professionals. However, understanding the basis for the
seismic regulations contained in the Nation’s building codes and standards is important to
many people outside this technical community. This publication is designed for elected offi-
cials, members of the insurance and financial communities, individual business owners, and
other interested individuals.

NEHRP Recommended Provisions and Commentary for Seismic Regulations

FEMA P-749
for New Buildings and Other Structures. 2003 Edition (FEMA 450 and 450CD)
Available online, in print, and on CD 
The 2003 edition of the NEHRP Recommended Provisions presents criteria for the design
and construction of new buildings, of additions and alterations to existing buildings, and non-
building structures to enable them to resist the effects of earthquake ground motions. This
edition has been superseded by the 2009 edition (FEMA P-750) but is still available to com-
ply with Executive Order 12699. This edition consists of two volumes: FEMA 450-1 (Part 1:
Provisions) and FEMA 450-2 (Part 2: Commentary). Most of this material was adopted into
the ASCE/SEI 7–05 standard and the 2006 edition of the “International Building Code.” The
CD–ROM, FEMA 450CD, contains FEMA 450–1 and FEMA 450–2 and the related seismic
design maps, including the maximum considered earthquake (MCE) maps. The CD also in-
cludes the USGS design map value calculation software as well as two earlier editions of the
NEHRP Recommended Provisions (1997 and 2000).

NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other

Structures. 2009 Edition (FEMA P-750)
Available online, in print, and on CD
The NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions is a resource document for improving na-
tional seismic design standards and model building codes. It has been the primary source of
seismic design requirements for various model building codes and design standards since the
early 1990s. This 2009 edition is significantly different from previous editions in that the
ASCE/SEI 7–05 standard, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,” and
the standards therein are adopted by reference, allowing this edition of the NEHRP Recom-
mended Seismic Provisions to focus on introducing new concepts and design methods and
translating research results for practical implementation. The document consists of three
parts: Part 1 presents recommended modifications to ASCE/SEI 7–05, including new seismic
design maps based on the USGS national seismic hazard maps; Part 2 is a completely rewrit-
ten commentary following the ASCE/SEI 7 chapter structure; and Part 3 contains 13 resource
FEMA P-750
papers on emerging seismic design concepts and issues.

11
 2009 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions: Design Examples
(FEMA P-751)
Available online and on CD
This publication provides a series of design examples, based on the 2009 edition of the
NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions (FEMA P-750), for different types of construc-
tion materials and building configurations. These examples demonstrate the design proce-
dures used in FEMA P-750, which serves as the basis for the seismic provisions in the
Nation’s building codes, and make an excellent training tool. The examples are appropriate
for a broad technical audience. College professors and students specializing in earthquake en-
gineering, engineers studying for their license, and practicing engineers who want to keep up
with the latest changes in design standards, should all find this document to be a useful ac-
companiment to FEMA P-750.

NEHRP Recommended Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures:

Training and Instructional Materials (FEMA P-752)
Available online and on CD 
These instructional materials are for use with the “2009 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Pro-
visions: Design Examples” (FEMA P-751) and provide a means for gaining additional
knowledge about earthquake engineering as presented in the 2009 edition of the NEHRP
Recommended Seismic Provisions (FEMA P-750). These materials can be presented to engi-
neers or architects by a qualified speaker with expertise in the practice of earthquake engi-
neering, used by an individual who wishes to enhance his or her understanding of earthquake
engineering, or applied by engineering academics as the basis for classroom instruction on
earthquake-resistant design.

Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors (FEMA P-695)

Available online, in print, and on CD 
This publication presents a recommended methodology for reliably quantifying building sys-
tem performance and response parameters for use in seismic design. The parameters or
“seismic performance factors” addressed include the response modification coefficient (R
factor), system overstrength factor, and deflection amplification factor. The methodology is a
refinement of an earlier preliminary methodology, and is based on a review of relevant re-
search on nonlinear response and collapse simulation, benchmarking studies of selected struc-
tural systems, feedback from an expanded group of experts and potential users, and
evaluations of additional structural systems conducted to verify the technical soundness and
applicability of the approach.
FEMA P-695
Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors: Component Equiva-
lency Methodology (FEMA P-795)
Available online, in print, and on CD 
Published in 2011, this document builds upon an earlier FEMA publication, FEMA P-695
(see above). Although the methodology contained in FEMA P-695 provides a means to eval-
uate complete seismic-force-resisting systems proposed for adoption into building codes, a
component-based methodology was needed to reliably evaluate structural elements, connec-
tions, or subassemblies proposed as substitutes for equivalent components in established
seismic-force-resisting systems. The Component Equivalency Methodology presented in this
document fills this need by maintaining consistency with the probabilistic, system-based col-
lapse assessment concepts of FEMA P-695 while providing simple procedures for comparing
the tested performance of different components. It is intended to be of assistance to organiza-
tions, such as the International Code Council Evaluation Service, that need to compare the
FEMA P-795 seismic performance of alternate components to that of components in established seismic-
force-resisting systems.

12
Existing Buildings ———
Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation Publications (FEMA 395–400 and
P-420)
Available online and in print
These publications present an innovative approach that involves implementing a series of dis-
crete rehabilitation, or retrofitting, actions in phases over a period of several years. Incremen-
tal seismic rehabilitation is an effective, affordable, and non-disruptive mitigation strategy,
and can be integrated into ongoing facility maintenance and capital-improvement operations
to minimize costs and disruption. The publications address different occupancies, including
schools, hospitals, apartment buildings, office buildings, and hotels, and target building own-
ers, facility managers, financial and risk managers, and others who have a role in building
safety and loss reduction. A companion manual targeted to engineers and design profession-
als (FEMA P-420) is also available.

FEMA 395, Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of School Buildings (K–12)

This manual provides school administrators and board members with the information
they need to assess the seismic vulnerability of existing school buildings and to imple-
ment a program of incremental seismic rehabilitation.

FEMA 396, Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Hospital Buildings

This manual provides health care administrators and board members with the information
they need to assess the seismic vulnerability of hospitals and other existing health care
facilities, and to implement a program of incremental seismic rehabilitation.

FEMA 397, Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Office Buildings

Office buildings may be owned by partnerships, individuals, pension funds, real estate
investment trusts, and other entities. This manual provides the information that these
FEMA 396
owners need to assess the seismic vulnerability of their buildings and to implement a pro-
gram of incremental seismic rehabilitation.

FEMA 398, Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Multifamily Apartment Buildings

This manual is designed for partnerships, individuals, pension funds, real estate invest-
ment trusts, and other entities who own Class A, B, or C multifamily buildings. It pro-
vides the information that these owners need to assess the seismic vulnerability of their
buildings and to implement a program of incremental seismic rehabilitation.

FEMA 399, Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Retail Buildings

This manual is targeted to partnerships, individuals, pension funds, real estate investment
trusts, and other entities who own Class A, B, or C retail buildings. It provides the infor-
mation that these owners need to assess the seismic vulnerability of their buildings and to
implement a program of incremental seismic rehabilitation.

FEMA 400, Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Hotel/Motel Buildings

This manual provides the owners of hotels and motels with the information they need to
assess the seismic vulnerability of their buildings and to implement a program of incre-
mental seismic rehabilitation.

FEMA P-420, Engineering Guideline for Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation

This publication provides guidance for engineers and architects on implementing pro-
grams of incremental seismic rehabilitation for building owners. It reviews all FEMA
publications that contain information on seismic evaluation and rehabilitation of existing
buildings, and provides guidance on how to apply that information to incremental seismic
FEMA P-420
rehabilitation programs.

13
 Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings
(FEMA 356)
Available online and in print
This prestandard serves as a nationally applicable tool for design professionals, code officials,
and building owners undertaking the seismic rehabilitation, or retrofitting, of existing build-
ings. Chapters address requirements; analytical procedures; foundations and geologic site
hazards; steel; concrete; masonry; wood and light-metal framing; seismic isolation and ener-
gy dissipation; simplified rehabilitation; architectural, mechanical, and electrical components;
and use of the prestandard for risk mitigation programs. This prestandard has been supersed-
ed by the American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE 41 standard, “Seismic Rehabilitation of
Buildings,” but is being maintained by FEMA as a reference document.

Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards: A Hand-

book. Second Edition (FEMA 154 and 154CD)
Available online, in print, and on CD 
The Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) handbook can be used by trained personnel to identify
potentially hazardous buildings before an earthquake . The RVS procedure comprises a
method and several forms that help users quickly identify, inventory, and rank such buildings
according to their expected safety and usability during and after earthquakes. The target audi-
ences for this guide are building officials, engineers, architects, building owners, emergency
managers, and interested citizens.
The CD–ROM, FEMA 154CD, contains PowerPoint slides with instructor notes; the “RVS
Student Manual” (FEMA 154SM); data collection forms; and PDF- and text-file versions of
FEMA 154 FEMA 154.

Rapid Observation of Vulnerability and Estimation of Risk (FEMA P-154

ROVER CD)
Available on CD
ROVER is mobile software that automates the pre-earthquake rapid visual screening proce-
dure presented in FEMA 154 (see above) and the ATC-20 procedures for post-earthquake
safety evaluations of buildings. The software is a client-server package and the server soft-
ware can be installed to support both web-based and smartphone-app clients. ROVER is
available on compact disc only; the FEMA P-154 ROVER CD includes the client software
installation file (for Windows Mobile smartphones), the server software installation file (for
Windows, Mac, and Linux operating systems), a user’s guide, a quick-start guide, a video in-
FEMA P-154 ROVER CD
troduction to ROVER, a readme file, and a disclaimer.

Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards: Supporting

Documentation. Second Edition (FEMA 155)
Available in print
This companion document to the Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) handbook (FEMA 154) pro-
vides the technical basis for the RVS procedure. The document summarizes user feedback
and describes the development of the Basic Structural Hazard Score and the Score Modifier.

Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings With

Weak First Stories (FEMA P-807)
Available online and in print
Multi-unit, wood-frame buildings with weak first stories represent a significant risk in highly
seismic regions of the United States because of their high potential for collapse. This collapse
potential is due primarily to soft or weak first-story walls, which have often been weakened
by large numbers of openings, such as for garages or storefront windows. This publication
provides guidelines for the seismic retrofitting of weak-story, wood-frame buildings in seism-
ically active regions, with a focus on multi-family, multi-story buildings with weak first sto-
ries, such as those damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and on apartment buildings
with tuck-under parking, such as those damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake.

14
These are the first guidelines to focus solely on weak first stories and on incorporating just
enough added strength to protect the first floor from collapse but not enough to drive earth-
quake forces into upper stories, placing them at risk of collapse. They are also the first guide-
lines to take into account the strength provided by existing nonstructural walls, which makes
retrofitting more affordable. The print version of FEMA P-807 includes an attached CD con-
taining a related spreadsheet tool.

Seismic Rehabilitation of Federal Buildings: A Benefit/Cost Model. Volume 1: A

User’s Manual (FEMA 255)
Available online and in print
This user’s manual and accompanying software present a second-generation benefit-cost
model for the seismic rehabilitation of Federal and other government buildings. The benefit-
cost methodology provides facility managers, design professionals, and other decision makers
with estimates of the benefits (avoided damages, losses, and casualties) of seismic rehabilita-
tion and the costs of implementing rehabilitation. The methodology also generates detailed
scenario estimates of damages, losses, and casualties. A tutorial and benefit-cost analyses of
eight Federal buildings are included. (Note: Computers must have Windows and Quattro Pro
in order to operate the software, which is provided on 3½-inch diskettes.)
FEMA 255
Seismic Rehabilitation of Federal Buildings: A Benefit/Cost Model. Volume 2:
Supporting Documentation (FEMA 256)
Available online and in print
This document contains background information related to FEMA 255, including information
on valuing public-sector services, discount rates and multipliers, the dollar value of human
life, and technical issues that affect benefit-cost analysis, such as seismic risk assessment and
sensitivity analysis.

Seismic Rehabilitation Training for One- and Two-Family Dwellings: Program

and Slide Presentations (FEMA P-593CD)
Available online and on CD 
This product contains PowerPoint slide presentations, an instructional guide, and speaker’s
notes for training contractors, code officials, and other parties interested in the seismic retro-
fitting of existing light frame dwellings. It has been used by the International Code Council as
the basis for a series of webinars that have been presented to its membership.

Simplified Seismic Assessment of Detached, Single-Family, Wood-Frame

Dwellings (FEMA P-50) and Seismic Retrofit Guidelines for Detached, Single- FEMA P-593CD
Family, Wood-Frame Dwellings (FEMA P-50-1)
Available online and in print
FEMA P-50 explains how to use the Simplified Seismic Assessment Form to calculate a
Seismic Performance Grade for a detached, single-family, wood-frame home. The grade is
based on a Structural Score and Seismic Hazard Score, which are derived using location-
specific data available through online websites. The companion publication FEMA P-50-1
describes low-cost seismic retrofitting techniques that can be used to address deficiencies
identified on the Simplified Seismic Assessment Form, and shows how implementing those
techniques could improve a home’s grade. These publications provide a tool that can be used
to encourage seismic retrofitting of residential structures to reduce future earthquake losses.

15
 Techniques for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings. 2006 Edition
(FEMA 547)
Available online, in print, and on CD 
This publication documents common seismic rehabilitation or retrofitting techniques used for
buildings represented in the set of standard building types presented in FEMA seismic publi-
cations. It includes a wide variety of techniques that have been developed and used for repair
and retrofitting of earthquake-damaged and seismically deficient buildings.

Typical Costs for Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings. Volume 1:

Summary. Second Edition (FEMA 156)
Available online and in print
This publication provides a methodology to estimate the costs of seismic rehabilitation pro-
FEMA 547 jects at various locations in the United States. This edition is based on a sample of almost
2,100 projects, with data collected using a standard protocol, strict quality control verifica-
tion, and a reliability rating. A sophisticated statistical methodology applied to this database
yields cost estimates of increasing quality and reliability as more and more detailed infor-
mation on the building inventory is used in the estimation process. Guidance is also provided
to calculate the range of uncertainty associated with this process.

Typical Costs for Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings. Volume 2: Sup-

porting Documentation. Second Edition (FEMA 157)
Available online and in print
FEMA 547 This document is a companion volume to FEMA 156. It provides an in-depth discussion of
the approaches and methodology that were used in developing the second edition of FEMA
156.

Unreinforced Masonry Buildings and Earthquakes: Developing Successful

Risk Reduction Programs (FEMA P-774)
Available online, in print, and on CD 
This publication provides guidance on reducing the risks from unreinforced masonry (URM)
buildings in seismically active areas. URM buildings are typically the most vulnerable to
earthquake damage and the type of construction that is most commonly singled out for volun-
tary and mandatory seismic risk reduction programs. The document includes illustrations and
photographs of URM buildings and describes their seismic vulnerabilities. It discusses policy
and regulatory issues that often must be considered, such as retrofit costs, the economic via-
bility of older buildings, numbers of occupants and types of use, and historic or architectural
values. Rather than prescribing a rigid sequence of steps for URM risk reduction, FEMA P-
774 documents a wide variety of successful approaches that have been developed across the
FEMA P-774 United States.

16
 Progression of FEMA’s Seismic Guidance
Relating to Existing Buildings

Initial Rapid Visual Screening

 FEMA 154, “Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards”
 A rapid survey of buildings to quickly determine which ones may present a haz-
ard and which ones do not.
 Rapid Observation of Vulnerability and Estimation of Risk (FEMA P-154 ROVER)
 A smartphone application that automates FEMA 154 procedures.
 FEMA P-50, “Simplified Seismic Assessment of Detached, Single-Family, Wood-
Frame Dwellings”

Seismic Evaluation
 American Society of Civil Engineers consensus standard ASCE/SEI 31
 A more detailed seismic evaluation to determine the level of risk.
 Based on FEMA 310, “Handbook for the Seismic Evaluation of Buildings”
 No longer available from FEMA, but is available from the National Institute of
Building Sciences at http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/DHS/ARCHIVES/fema310.pdf.

Seismic Retrofitting
 American Society of Civil Engineers consensus standard ASCE/SEI 41
 How to seismically retrofit an existing hazardous building.
 Referenced in the “International Existing Building Code” (IEBC).
 Based on FEMA 356, “Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation
of Buildings” (still available from FEMA)

Seismic Retrofitting Techniques

 FEMA 547, “Techniques for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings”
 A FEMA guide on different techniques for seismically retrofitting an existing
building based on construction type and level of hazard.
 FEMA P-807, “Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings
With Weak First Stories”
 First guidelines to focus solely on weak first stories.
 FEMA P-50-1, “Seismic Retrofit Guidelines for Detached, Single-Family, Wood-
Frame Dwellings”

Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation Series

 FEMA 395—Schools  FEMA 398—Apartments
 FEMA 396—Hospitals  FEMA 399—Retail
 FEMA 397—Offices  FEMA 400—Hotels
 FEMA 420—Engineering Guideline

Guidance on Reducing Damage to Nonstructural Components and Contents

 FEMA E-74, “Reducing the Risks of Nonstructural Earthquake Damage ”
 Online guide provides techniques for reducing risk from damage.

Guidance on Typical Costs of Retrofitting

 FEMA 156, “Typical Costs for Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings”

17
 Nonstructural Components ———
Installing Seismic Restraints for Duct and Pipe (FEMA 414)
Available online and in print

Installing Seismic Restraints for Electrical Equipment (FEMA 413)

Available online and in print

Installing Seismic Restraints for Mechanical Equipment (FEMA 412)

Available online and in print
These three fully illustrated guides show equipment installers how to attach mechanical
equipment (FEMA 412), electrical equipment (FEMA 413), and duct and pipe (FEMA 414)
to buildings to minimize earthquake damage. The guides describe various types of equipment
and the methods used to install them, and for each installation method, identify the type of
attachment needed. Step-by-step instructions and precautions for each type of attachment are
included. Examples of anchoring and seismic-restraint devices; instructions for installing and
FEMA 414 attaching equipment in different configurations; and special cases for housekeeping pads, ca-
ble assemblies, supports for control panels, and residential equipment are also presented.

Reducing the Risks of Nonstructural Earthquake Damage: A Practical

Guide. Fourth Edition (FEMA E-74)
Available online and on CD
This updated fourth edition of FEMA 74 has been redesigned for use online and expanded to
include more examples that feature photos of actual damage and details illustrating correct
mitigation measures. The online format makes it easy to browse and print out relevant details.
The guide describes the sources of nonstructural earthquake damage and effective methods of
reducing potential risks associated with such damage. It assists in identifying potential haz-
ards and provides specific guidance on upgrades. The guide also contains a glossary, refer-
ences, and an annotated bibliography for those who desire additional information. A
nonstructural inventory form, a checklist of nonstructural earthquake hazards, and an expla-
nation of nonstructural risk ratings are included as appendices. Target audiences for the guide
include building owners, facility managers, maintenance personnel, homeowners, store or of-
fice managers, business proprietors, organizational department heads, and others concerned
with building safety and the continuation of business. The online version of FEMA E-74 is
FEMA E-74 located at http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/earthquake/fema74/index.shtm.

Seismic Considerations for Steel Storage Racks Located in Areas Accessible

to the Public (FEMA 460)
Available online and in print
This report highlights issues for consideration in the seismic design, installation, ongoing in-
spection, maintenance, and use of steel pallet storage racks located in areas of retail ware-
house stores and other facilities accessible to the general public. (The considerations apply
only to single selective steel pallet storage racks with contents elevated 8 feet or more above
the ground.) Included are a review of the performance of storage racks in past earthquakes; a
history of the development of codes and standards used for storage-rack design; information
on current storage-rack design practices; guidance on recommended performance goals and
design requirements for storage racks; guidelines for implementation responsibilities associ-
ated with the specification, procurement, and installation of pallet storage racks; suggested
guidance for securing contents; recommendations for operations and use; suggested guidance
for quality assurance programs; a discussion of current and past storage-rack research and
testing; suggestions for post-earthquake inspections; and proposed modifications to seismic
FEMA 460 design provisions and standards for racks. Most of the report is intended for all readers with
an interest in the seismic protection of steel single selective pallet storage racks and their con-
tents. Chapters 4 through 6 and Appendices A through D are very technical and will be of in-
terest primarily to rack-design engineers and seismic code and standards writers.

18
Lifelines ———
Collocation Impacts on the Vulnerability of Lifelines during Earthquakes with
Applications to the Cajon Pass, California (FEMA 226)
Available online and in print
This report presents a new analytical method for identifying the increase in the seismic vul-
nerability of individual lifeline systems (communication systems, electric power systems, fuel
pipelines, and transportation lifelines) due to their proximity to other lifelines in the Cajon
Pass. The method calculates a parameter that can be used to adjust the damage-state values
for shaking as determined by the Applied Technology Council’s ATC–13 damage probability
matrices. The primary objective of the study was to determine how the time to restore full
service would be affected by the collocation of several types of lifelines in the same congest-
ed corridor. The new method is applied to the Cajon Pass lifelines. The design program Au-
toCAD is used to develop overlays of the lifeline routes with seismic and geologic
information presented in the inventory report (FEMA 225).

Collocation Impacts on the Vulnerability of Lifelines during Earthquakes with

Applications to the Cajon Pass, California: Study Overview (FEMA 221)
Available online and in print
This report summarizes a study of lifeline systems located along the Cajon Pass in southern
California. The study included analysis of communication, electric power, fuel pipeline, and
transportation lifelines. This study overview describes how collocation may influence each
lifeline’s seismic vulnerability. A brief description of the screening tool developed during the
study is provided.

Earthquake Resistant Construction of Electric Transmission and Telecommu-

nication Facilities Serving the Federal Government (FEMA 202)
Available online and in print
This report summarizes a National Institute of Standards and Technology study that reviewed
measures implemented by Federal agencies to protect electric power transmission and tele-
communication lifelines against seismic hazards. The report examines the seismic vulnerabil-
ity of these lifelines and discusses current standards and design criteria. Seismic retrofitting
techniques for components and systems are reviewed, including the benefits of retrofitting
versus gradual replacement. A summary of Federal practices in the design of new facilities
and the retrofit of existing facilities is included.

Earthquake Resistant Construction of Gas and Liquid Fuel Pipeline FEMA 202
Systems Serving or Regulated by the Federal Government (FEMA 233)
Available online and in print
This document summarizes the vulnerability of gas and liquid-fuel pipeline systems to dam-
age in past earthquakes. It lists the available standards and technologies that can protect such
facilities against earthquake damage. An overview of measures taken by various Federal
agencies to protect pipeline systems is presented. The appendix presents summaries of state-
ments made by representatives of Federal agencies and other organizations contacted during
the study.

Inventory of Lifelines in the Cajon Pass, California (FEMA 225)

Available online and in print
This publication provides an inventory of the major lifeline systems in the Cajon Pass, and
describes the earthquake and geologic analysis tools available to identify and define the level
of seismic risk to those lifelines. It evaluates the vulnerabilities resulting from the siting of
multiple lifeline systems in confined and at-risk areas and from potential interactions among
these systems in natural and man-made disasters. Potential mitigation techniques for commu-
nication, electric power, fuel pipeline, and transportation lifelines are identified. Detailed
maps indicate lifeline locations. The report also discusses seismic hazards and predictive
models for evaluating the damage potentials associated with these hazards.

19
 Seismic Vulnerability and Impact of Disruption of Lifelines in the Contermi-
nous United States (FEMA 224)
Available online and in print
This report provides a national overview of lifeline seismic vulnerability and the impacts of
lifeline disruptions. Both site-specific lifelines and extended lifeline networks are examined.
Included is a review of electrical, water, transportation, and emergency-service systems. The
vulnerability estimates and impacts are presented in terms of estimated direct damage losses
and indirect economic losses. The report also presents hazard mitigation measures and their
expected benefits as well as recommendations for future work.

Performance-Based Seismic Design ———

Action Plan for Performance Based Seismic Design (FEMA 349)
Available online and in print
This document, published as a “final draft,” explores the steps required to successfully im-
plement performance-based seismic design (PBSD). Topics discussed include the need for
changes in current seismic design practice, the definition of performance-based design, and
the products necessary for its effective adoption. These products include (1) a Planning and
Management Program, (2) Structural Performance Products, (3) Nonstructural Performance
Products, (4) Risk Management Products, (5) PBSD Guidelines, and (6) a Stakeholders’
Guide. The costs involved in obtaining both a basic framework for PBSD implementation and
full implementation of PBSD are also outlined. This document has been superseded by
FEMA 349 FEMA 445, but is being maintained by FEMA for reference purposes.

Effects of Strength and Stiffness Degradation on Seismic Response

(FEMA P-440A)
Available online and in print
This document is a follow-on publication to “Improvement of Nonlinear Static Seismic Anal-
ysis Procedures” (FEMA 440). It provides information that will improve nonlinear analysis
for cyclic response, considering cyclic and in-cycle degradation of strength and stiffness. Re-
cent work has demonstrated that it is important to be able to differentiate between cyclic and
in-cycle degradation in order to more accurately model degrading behavior, while current
practice only recognizes cyclic degradation, or does not distinguish between the two. The ma-
terial contained within this publication is expected to improve nonlinear modeling of struc-
tural systems, and ultimately make the seismic retrofit of existing hazardous buildings more
cost-effective.
FEMA P-440A
Improvement of Nonlinear Static Seismic Analysis Procedures (FEMA 440)
Available online, in print, and on CD 
This state-of-the-art resource captures the latest advances in nonlinear static analysis. It eval-
uates FEMA and Applied Technology Council (ATC) procedures for estimating the response
of structures to ground shaking and attempts to address the significantly different results in
estimates of maximum displacement that these procedures generate. This report sets the stage
for future improvements to FEMA 356 or the ATC report, “Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit
of Concrete Buildings” (ATC–40).
The CD–ROM, FEMA 440CD, June 2005, contains the document (FEMA 440) and supple-
mentary summaries in PDF files.

Interim Testing Protocols for Determining the Seismic Performance Character-

FEMA 440 istics of Structural and Nonstructural Components (FEMA 461)
Available online and in print
This publication was developed under FEMA’s next-generation performance-based seismic
design (PBSD) project with the Applied Technology Council, and is one of the first major ac-
complishments achieved under the program plan described in FEMA 445. FEMA 461 pro-
vides methodologies that can be used to measure the seismic performance of buildings’
structural or nonstructural components in a consistent and comparable manner. It describes in

20
detail two laboratory testing protocols that determine fragility functions for various building
systems and components. The first protocol, Quasi-Static Cyclic Testing of Structural and
Nonstructural Components and Systems, can be used to test shear walls, beam-column as-
semblies, drywall partitions, cladding panels, pipes, ducts, and other elements whose behav-
ior is sensitive to the relative motion of several floors or vertical connections within a
building. The second protocol, Shake Table Testing of Structural and Nonstructural Compo-
nents and Systems, is designed for testing mechanical and electrical equipment and other el-
ements that are sensitive to the dynamic effects of motion imparted at a single point of
attachment. Although these protocols are intended as interim methods that will be finalized
over time as they are used and evaluated by researchers nationwide, they are nevertheless a
significant step forward in the development of PBSD.
FEMA 461
Next-Generation Performance-Based Seismic Design Guidelines: Program
Plan for New and Existing Buildings (FEMA 445)
Available online and in print
This publication is a step-by-step program plan for the FEMA project with the Applied Tech-
nology Council to develop next-generation performance-based seismic design procedures and
guidelines for structural and nonstructural components in new and existing buildings. The
plan provides background information on current code design procedures, introduces perfor-
mance-based seismic design concepts, identifies improvements needed in current seismic de-
sign practice, and outlines the tasks and projected costs for a two-phase program to develop
next-generation performance-based seismic design procedures and guidelines.

Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings: Volume 1—Methodology

(FEMA P-58-1)
Available online and in print 445
FEMA 461
This publication presents a methodology for assessing how well a building is likely to per-
form in an earthquake. The methodology expresses performance as the probable losses (casu-
alties, repair costs, repair time, environmental impacts) resulting from earthquake-induced
building damage. It takes into account the uncertainty that is inherent in predictions of future
outcomes, and enables the sources of losses to be identified, which facilitates the refinement
of building designs. Seismic performance assessments developed with this methodology will
allow decision makers to more easily perform cost-benefit analyses and select appropriate
performance goals for seismic design projects.

Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings: Volume 2—Implementation

Guide (FEMA P-58-2)
Available online and in print
Intended for building design professionals, this publication explains how to use the seismic
performance assessment methodology that is described in FEMA P-58-1 (see above).

Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings: Volume 3—Supporting Materi-

als (FEMA P-58 CD)
Available on CD
The FEMA P-58 CD contains the performance assessment methodology document (FEMA P-
58-1) and the accompanying implementation guide (FEMA P-58-2), as well as supporting
electronic materials and background documents, including the Performance Assessment Cal-
culation Tool (PACT) spreadsheet and information about environmental benefits.

21
 Special Construction Types:
Steel Moment-Resisting-Frame Buildings ———
A Policy Guide to Steel Moment-Frame Construction (FEMA 354)
Available online and in print
This guide addresses the social, economic, and political issues related to the earthquake per-
formance of steel moment-frame buildings. Written for building owners, local community of-
ficials, and other non-technical audiences, the guide also discusses the relative costs and
benefits of implementing the design criteria recommended in FEMA 350 through FEMA 353.

Recommended Postearthquake Evaluation and Repair Criteria for

Welded Steel Moment-Frame Buildings (FEMA 352)
Available online and in print
This report provides recommendations for performing inspections to detect damage in steel
moment-frame buildings following an earthquake; evaluating the safety of damaged buildings
in a postearthquake environment; and repairing damaged buildings. Chapters cover inspection
and classification of damage; preliminary postearthquake assessment; detailed postearthquake
evaluations; and postearthquake repair. The appendices include procedures for performance
evaluation; sample placards that may be used to post buildings following preliminary pos-
tearthquake evaluations; and sample inspection forms that may be used to record damage de-
tected in beam-column connections as part of a detailed postearthquake inspection program.
FEMA 352
Recommended Seismic Design Criteria for New Steel Moment-Frame
Buildings (FEMA 350)
Available online and in print
This resource document for organizations engaged in the development of building codes and
standards provides recommended guidelines for the design and construction of steel moment-
frame buildings and alternative performance-based design criteria. It supplements the
“NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures”
(FEMA P-750). A series of prequalified connection details, as well as a detailed procedure
for performance evaluation, are included.

Recommended Seismic Evaluation and Upgrade Criteria for Existing

Welded Steel Moment-Frame Buildings (FEMA 351)
Available online and in print
This publication provides recommended methods for evaluating the probable performance of
existing steel moment-frame buildings in future earthquakes. It presents guidelines on how to
retrofit these buildings for improved performance, a simplified procedure for estimating the
probable postearthquake repair costs, and methods for developing building-specific vulnera-
bility and loss functions for steel moment-frame buildings.

Recommended Specifications and Quality Assurance Guidelines for Steel

FEMA 351 Moment-Frame Construction for Seismic Applications (FEMA 353)
Available online and in print
This two-part publication provides recommended specifications for the fabrication and erec-
tion of steel moment-frames for seismic applications. Part One covers recommended specifi-
cations, including information on products, execution, welded joint and fabrication details,
and quality control and assurance. Part Two outlines quality-assurance guidelines; contractor
qualifications and quality tasks; quality-assurance agency qualifications and quality-
assurance tasks; and recommended methods for determining whether structural steel materi-
als, welded joints, and bolted joints meet the applicable standards. The recommended design
criteria contained in FEMA 350, FEMA 351, and FEMA 352 are based on the standards pre-
sented in this document.

22
Seismic Design Criteria for Steel Moment-Frame Structures (FEMA 355CD)
Available on CD 
This CD–ROM contains technical reports on the seismic design criteria, evaluation, repair,
and specifications of steel moment-frame buildings. It includes four resource documents
(FEMA 350 through FEMA 353) for the design, construction, repair, and upgrade of steel
moment-frame structures subject to the effects of earthquakes. The CD also contains six re-
ports (FEMA 355A–F) that provide detailed explanations of the basis for the design criteria
and evaluation recommendations for base metals, welding, systems performance, connection
performance, and past and predicted performance included in the resource documents.
FEMA 355CD
Special Construction Types:
Evaluation and Repair of Concrete Buildings ———
Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall
Buildings: Basic Procedures Manual (FEMA 306)
Available online and in print
This document provides practical criteria and guidance for evaluating earthquake damage to
concrete- and masonry-wall buildings. Component Damage Classification Guides and Test
and Investigation Guides are included. Detailed drawings accompany the text.

Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall

Buildings: Technical Resources (FEMA 307)
Available online and in print
This publication provides background and theoretical information to be used in conjunction
with FEMA 306. Analytical and experimental findings are included, as well as information
on the Component Damage Classification Guides.

The Repair of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall

Buildings (FEMA 308)
Available online and in print
This document provides practical guidance for the repair and upgrade of earthquake-damaged
concrete- and masonry-wall buildings. Target audiences include design engineers, building
owners and officials, insurance adjusters, and government agencies. The publication contains
sections on performance-based repair design, repair technologies, categories of repair, and
nonstructural considerations. The last section includes repair guides, which provide outline
specifications for typical repair procedures.

Special Construction Types:

Tsunami-Resistant Construction ———
Guidelines for Design of Structures for Vertical Evacuation from
Tsunamis (FEMA P646)
Available online and in print
Vertical evacuation is an issue raised by the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program,
and driven by the fact that there are many coastal communities that are vulnerable to a near-
source tsunami and are located in areas that would be impossible to evacuate quickly enough
to avoid a large loss of life. Vertical evacuation structures provide a means to create areas of
refuge within the tsunami inundation zone for communities in which evacuation out of the
zone is not feasible. This document provides information and guidance on the following top-
ics to assist in the planning and design of tsunami vertical evacuation structures: the tsunami
hazard and its history; determining the tsunami hazard, including tsunami depth and velocity;
different options for tsunami vertical evacuation structures; siting, spacing, sizing, and eleva-
tion considerations; determining tsunami and earthquake loads and related structural design FEMA P646
criteria; and structural design concepts and other considerations. This is the second edition of
this publication, and includes lessons learned from the March 2011 Japan tsunami as well as
corrections to errors found in the first edition’s debris impact load calculations.

23
 Special Construction Types:
Blast Resistance Benefits of Seismic Design ———
Blast Resistance Benefits of Seismic Design. Phase 1 Study: Performance
Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Strengthening Systems Applied to the Murrah
Federal Building Design (FEMA 439A)
Available online, in print, and on CD 
This is one of two publications developed in response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist at-
tacks that explore whether lessons learned from natural hazards could be applied to effective-
ly protect building occupants from man-made threats. Important similarities between seismic
and blast loadings lend themselves to such examination. This first publication was developed
for reinforced concrete buildings using the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building
in Oklahoma City in April 1995. That event was documented in “The Oklahoma City Bomb-
ing: Improving Building Performance Through Multi-Hazard Mitigation” (FEMA 277),
which concluded that “application of mitigation strategies developed for FEMA for wind and
earthquake can significantly improve blast resistance.” That conclusion was based on the fact
that, had the Murrah Building been designed with seismic resistance features, its progressive
collapse could have been avoided. This report demonstrates that, with such seismic design
features in place, the structural system would have been better able to dissipate and manage
the blast load effects.

Blast Resistance Benefits of Seismic Design. Phase 2 Study: Performance

Analysis of Steel Frame Strengthening Systems (FEMA P-439B)
Available online, in print, and on CD 
This is the second publication that was developed in response to the September 11, 2001, ter-
rorist attacks to examine whether lessons learned from natural hazards could be applied to ef-
fectively protect building occupants from man-made threats (see FEMA 439A, above). The
study described in this document duplicated the Phase 1 Murrah Federal Building study de-
scribed in FEMA 439A, except that a steel frame building was examined instead of a rein-
forced concrete structure. A federally owned steel frame building located in an area of low
seismic hazard was selected and a series of seismic strengthening designs was developed
based on the original plans. The original building and the seismically strengthened designs
were then evaluated using the same blast characteristics and modeling used in the Phase 1
study. The results were even more encouraging than in the first study and demonstrated that,
at least for this one example, a seismically strengthened steel frame building can provide a
significant amount of resistance and redundancy.

24
FEMA Earthquake Training Resources

New Buildings

Title FEMA P-749, Earthquake-Resistant Design Format Target Audience

Concepts: An Introduction to the NEHRP  Publication  Building officials
Recommended Seismic Provisions
 Training materials  Engineers
Description This document provides a readily understandable explanation for non-technical  Architects
users of the intent of seismic design in general and the “NEHRP Recommended  Building owners
Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures” (FEMA P-750) in par-  Emergency managers
ticular, and how they fit into the Nation’s codes and s tandards.
 Interested citizens
Availability The publication is available online, and in print (FEMA P-749) from FEMA; go to
http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=4711. It is also available online
from the Building Seismic Safety Council at http://bssc.nibs.org/index.php/
bssc/publications/2009/. The complementary training materials, which consist of
PowerPoint presentation slides, are also available.

Title FEMA P-750, NEHRP Recommended Seis- Format Target Audience

mic Provisions for New Buildings and Other  Publication  Structural engineers
Structures. 2009 Edition
 Architects
Description This edition of the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions adopts the  Building officials
ASCE/SEI 7–05 standard by reference, and is presented in a new one-volume
format with three parts. The Part 2 Commentary is an excellent training guide that
explains seismic design using the ASCE 7 reference standard. Part 1 is the actual
design criteria and Part 3 is a series of papers on emerging seismic design con-
cepts. An accompanying CD contains the Provisions, design m aps, and support-
ing materials.
Availability Available online, in print, and on CD from FEMA; go to http://www.fema.gov/
library/viewRecord.do?id=4103. Complementary design examples (FEMA P-751)
and training materials (FEMA P-752) are also available (see below).

Title FEMA P-751, 2009 NEHRP Recommended Format Target Audience

Seismic Provisions: Design Examples  Publication  Structural engineers
Description This publication provides a series of design examples for different construction  Architects
materials and building configurations that demonstrate the design procedures  Building officials
used in the 2009 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions.
Availability Available online and on CD from FEMA; go to http://www.fema.gov/library/
viewRecord.do?id=2520.

Title FEMA P-752, NEHRP Recommended Provi- Format Target Audience

sions for New Buildings and Other Structures:  Training materials  Structural engineers
Training and Instructional Materials
 Architects
Description This CD–ROM contains PowerPoint slides presenting earthquake engineering  Building officials
training based on the 2009 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions. The
slides can be presented to engineers or architects by a qualified speaker, used by
individuals, or applied as the basis for classroom instruction on earthquake-
resistant design.
Availability Available on CD from FEMA; go to http://www.fema.gov/library/
viewRecord.do?id=2928. Also available online from the Building Seismic Safety
Council at http://bssc.nibs.org/index.php/bssc/publications/2003/
fema451btraining/.

25
Existing Buildings

Title FEMA 154 and 154CD, Rapid Visual Screen- Format Target Audience
ing of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards  Publication  Building officials
 Training materials  Engineers
 Training course  Architects
Description The FEMA 154 handbook can be used by trained personnel to identify potentially  Building owners
hazardous buildings before an earthquake. The rapid visual screening (RVS) pro-  Emergency managers
cedure helps users identify, inventory, and rank buildings according to their ex-  Interested citizens
pected safety and usability after earthquakes.
Availability The FEMA 154 handbook is available online, in print, and on CD (FEMA 154CD)
from FEMA; go to http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3556. Comple-
mentary training materials, including PowerPoint slides, a student manual, and
sample data collection forms, are available on FEMA 154CD. The 1-day, instruc-
tor-led FEMA 154 training course is available to eligible, approved groups through
the FEMA NETAP program.*

Title ROVER, Rapid Observation of Vulnerability Format Target Audience

and Estimation of Risk (ROVER)  Software application  Building officials
 Training course  Engineers
Description ROVER is mobile software that automates the pre-earthquake rapid visual  Architects
screening procedure presented in FEMA 154 (see above) and the ATC -20 proce-  Building owners
dures for post-earthquake safety evaluations of buildings. In addition to automat-  Emergency managers
ing paper-based tasks, ROVER includes many productivity-enhancing features
 Interested citizens
such as automated geo-location. The software is a client-server package and the
server software can be installed to support both web-based and smartphone-app
clients.
Availability ROVER software is available on compact disc only; the FEMA P-154 ROVER CD
includes the client software installation file (for Windows Mobile smartphones), the
server software installation file (for Windows, Mac, and Linux operating systems),
a user’s guide, a quick-start guide, a video introduction to ROVER, a readme file,
and a disclaimer. The ½-day, instructor-led ROVER training course is available to
eligible, approved groups under the FEMA NETAP program.*

Title FEMA 395, Incremental Seismic Rehabilita- Format Target Audience

tion of School Buildings (K–12)  Publication  School administrators
 Training materials  School board members
Description FEMA 395 provides school administrators and board members with the infor-  Facilities managers
mation they need to assess the seismic vulnerability of existing school buildings  Engineers
and to implement a program of incremental seismic rehabilitation.
Availability The FEMA 395 publication is available online and in print from FEMA; go to
http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1980. The complementary training
material, which consists of a 1-hour recorded webinar, is available online at
https://fema.connectsolutions.com/p13135639/.
* The FEMA National Earthquake Technical Assistance Program (NETAP) offers training courses and other assistance to state, lo-
cal, and tribal governments and their earthquake mitigation partners in the community. Information about NETAP courses and ho w to
request them is available at http://www.fema.gov/national-earthquake-hazards-reduction-program/national-earthquake-technical-
assistance-program.

26
Existing Buildings (continued)

Title FEMA 547, Techniques for the Seismic Re- Format Target Audience
habilitation of Existing Buildings  Publication  Structural engineers
 Training materials  Design professionals
Description The FEMA 547 publication and training videos describe various seismic retrofit-
ting techniques used for standard building types. The techniques are presented
by building type and cover a wide range of retrofitting situations and techniques.
Availability The publication is available online, in print, and on CD from FEMA; go to
http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=2393. The training videos, a series
of recorded seminars, can be purchased and downloaded from the Earthquake
Engineering Research Institute at https://www.eeri.org/products-page/technical-
seminars/.

Title FEMA E-74, Reducing the Risks of Nonstruc- Format Target Audience
tural Earthquake Damage: A Practical Guide.  Electronic publication  Building owners
Fourth Edition
 Training course  Facilities managers
Description The fourth edition of FEMA 74 was significantly expanded and redesigned for use  Building officials
online. It features many more examples that include photos of actual damage and  Engineers
details illustrating correct mitigation measures.  Homeowners
Availability The electronic publication is available online (http://www.fema.gov/plan/
prevent/earthquake/fema74/index.shtm) and on CD (http://www.fema.gov/
library/viewRecord.do?id=4626) from FEMA. The 1-day, instructor-led FEMA E-74
training course is available to eligible, approved groups under the FEMA NETAP
program.*
* The FEMA National Earthquake Technical Assistance Program (NETAP) offers training courses and other assistance to state, lo-
cal, and tribal governments and their earthquake mitigation partners in the community. Information about NETAP courses and how to
request them is available at http://www.fema.gov/national-earthquake-hazards-reduction-program/national-earthquake-technical-
assistance-program.

27
Residential Buildings

Title FEMA 232 and 232CD, Homebuilders’ Guide Format Target Audience
to Earthquake Resistant Design and Con-  Publication  Homebuilders
struction
 Training materials  Homeowners
Description This guide presents seismic design and construction guidance for one - and two-  Code officials
family light-frame residential structures that can be utilized by homebuilders,  Architects
homeowners, and other non-engineers, and provides information that supple-
ments the 2003 edition of the “International Residential Code.” It includes back-
ground information on the principles of seismic resistance and how earthquake
forces impact conventional residential construction, as well as more detailed in-
formation on architectural considerations.
Availability The publication is available online, in print, and on CD (FEMA 232CD) from
FEMA; go to http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=2103. Complemen-
tary training materials consisting of PowerPoint slides are available on FEMA
232CD.

Title FEMA P-593, Seismic Rehabilitation Training Format Target Audience

for One- and Two-Family Wood-Frame Dwell-  Training materials  Contractors
ings
 Training course  Building officials
Description This training promotes seismic rehabilitation of one- and two-family dwellings, in  Plans examiners
order to reduce earthquake damage losses and increase dwelling habitability fol-  Architects
lowing moderate to major earthquakes. This is done by introducing the trainee to  Engineers
the effects of earthquakes on wood-frame dwellings and by identifying common
 Homeowners
seismic vulnerabilities, rehabilitation approaches, and available guidelines.
Availability The training materials, which include PowerPoint presentations, an instructor’s
guide, and course handouts , are available online and on CD (FEMA P-593CD)
from FEMA; go to http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=4554. The ½–1
day, instructor-led training course is available to eligible, approved groups under
the FEMA NETAP program.*
* The FEMA National Earthquake Technical Assistance Program (NETAP) offers training courses and other assistance to state, lo-
cal, and tribal governments and their earthquake mitigation partners in the community. Information about NETAP courses and ho w to
request them is available at http://www.fema.gov/national-earthquake-hazards-reduction-program/national-earthquake-technical-
assistance-program.

28
Special Topics

Title FEMA 454, Designing for Earthquakes: A Format Target Audience

Manual for Architects  Publication  Architects

Description This publication provides information for architects in a form that is attractive and
readable. It consists of chapters that provide the foundation for an understanding
of seismic design, each authored by an expert in the field, and thus represents
expert opinion rather than consensus. It is intended to explain the principles of
seismic design for those without a technical background in engineering and seis-
mology.
Availability FEMA 454 is available online and on CD from FEMA; go to http://www.fema.gov/
library/viewRecord.do?id=2418.

Title FEMA P-767, Earthquake Mitigation for Hos- Format Target Audience
pitals  Training materials  Hospital facilities managers
 Training course  Hospital engineers
Description This training focuses on the mitigation of nonstructural components in hospitals,  Hospital administrators
including special equipment and unique infrastructure systems. Components such  Other hospital personnel
as medical equipment, shelving, filing systems, parapets, and computer systems
are susceptible to damage if not properly secured, and hospitals must remain op-
erational during and after earthquakes. By using sound, cost-effective mitigation
techniques, operations can be maintained and losses can be reduced.
Availability The training materials, which consist of PowerPoint slides, are a vailable on CD
from the FEMA Distribution Center; call 1–800–480–2520. The 1-day, instructor-
led training course is available to eligible, approved groups under the FEMA
NETAP program.*

Title FEMA P-909, Train-the-Trainer: Home and Format Target Audience

Business Earthquake Safety and Mitigation  Training materials  Emergency managers
 Training course  First responders
Description This training program has three components: a Home and Business Earthquake  Business owners/managers
Safety and Mitigation course, a Hands-On Interactive Mitigation Demonstration,  Risk managers
and a Train-the-Trainer course. The latter course is designed to prepare and  Leaders of voluntary, com-
equip individuals to present the home and business course and the related hands- munity-based organizations
on demonstration. The home and business course and demonstration convey
basic knowledge about earthquakes and the steps that people can take to in-
crease earthquake safety and mitigate seismic risks in homes and workplaces.
Availability The training materials, which are provided to those who attend train-the-trainer
courses, include PowerPoint slides, hands-on demonstration instructions, supply
lists, scripts, quiz questions and answers, completion certificates, and posters.
The instructor-led train-the-trainer course is available to eligible, approved groups
under the FEMA NETAP program.*

Title IS-325, Earthquake Basics: Science, Risk, Format Target Audience

and Mitigation  Training course  Homeowners and renters
Description This 30-minute independent study course presents basic information on earth-  Business owners/managers
quake science, risk, and mitigation. Students learn about what causes earth-  Risk managers
quakes, the difference between seismic hazards and seismic vulnerabilities,  Members of voluntary, com-
potential vulnerabilities in homes and workplaces, and ways of reducing vulnera- munity-based organizations
bilities through structural and nonstructural mitigation.
 Government employees
Availability Available online through the FEMA Emergency Management Institute’s website at
http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/is325.asp.
* The FEMA National Earthquake Technical Assistance Program (NETAP) offers training courses and other assistance to state, lo-
cal, and tribal governments and their earthquake mitigation partners in the community. Information about NETAP courses and ho w to
request them is available at http://www.fema.gov/national-earthquake-hazards-reduction-program/national-earthquake-technical-
assistance-program.

29
30
Index of FEMA Earthquake Publications
FEMA IS-22, “Are You Ready? An In-depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness.”
Federal Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C., 2004

FEMA P-50, “Simplified Seismic Assessment of Detached, Single-Family, Wood-Frame Dwellings.”

FEMA P-50-1, “Seismic Retrofit Guidelines for Detached, Single-Family, Wood-Frame Dwellings.”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2012

FEMA P-58-1, “Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings: Volume 1—Methodology.”

FEMA P-58-2, “Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings: Volume 2—Implementation Guide.”
FEMA P-58 CD, “Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings: Volume 3—Supporting Materials.”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2012

FEMA E-74, “Reducing the Risks of Nonstructural Earthquake Damage: A Practical Guide.” Fourth Edition.
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2002

FEMA 83, “Seismic Considerations for Communities at Risk.”

National Institute of Building Sciences, Building Seismic Safety Council. Washington, D.C., 1995

FEMA 154, “Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards: A Handbook.” Second Edition.
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2002

FEMA P-154 ROVER CD, “Rapid Observation of Vulnerability and Estimation of Risk (ROVER).”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2011

FEMA 155, “Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards: Supporting Documentation.” Second
Edition.
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2002

FEMA 156, “Typical Costs for Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings. Volume 1: Summary.” Second Edition.
Hart Consultant Group, Inc. Santa Monica, CA, 1994

FEMA 157, “Typical Costs for Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings. Volume 2: Supporting Documentation.”
Second Edition.
Hart Consultant Group, Inc. Santa Monica, CA, 1995

FEMA 159, “Tremor Troop: Earthquakes—A Teacher’s Package for K–6.” Revised Edition.
National Science Teachers Association. Washington, D.C., 2000

FEMA 182, “Landslide Loss Reduction: A Guide for State and Local Government Planning.”
Colorado Division of Disaster Emergency Services and Colorado Geological Survey. Washington, D.C., 1989

FEMA 198, “Financial Incentives for Seismic Rehabilitation of Hazardous Buildings—An Agenda for Action. Volume 1:
Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations.”
Building Technology, Inc. Silver Spring, MD, 1990

FEMA 199, “Financial Incentives for Seismic Rehabilitation of Hazardous Buildings—An Agenda for Action. Volume 2:
State and Local Case Studies and Recommendations.”
Building Technology, Inc. Silver Spring, MD, 1990

FEMA 202, “Earthquake Resistant Construction of Electric Transmission and Telecommunication Facilities Serving the
Federal Government.”
National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, 1990

31
FEMA 221, “Collocation Impacts on the Vulnerability of Lifelines during Earthquakes with Applications to the Cajon
Pass, California: Study Overview.”
Federal Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C., 1991

FEMA 224, “Seismic Vulnerability and Impact of Disruption of Lifelines in the Conterminous United States.”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 1991

FEMA 225, “Inventory of Lifelines in the Cajon Pass, California.”

INTECH, Inc. Potomac, MD, 1992

FEMA 226, “Collocation Impacts on the Vulnerability of Lifelines during Earthquakes with Applications to the Cajon
Pass, California.”
INTECH, Inc. Potomac, MD, 1992

FEMA 232 and 232CD, “Homebuilders’ Guide to Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction.”
Building Seismic Safety Council. Washington, D.C., 2006

FEMA 233, “Earthquake Resistant Construction of Gas and Liquid Fuel Pipeline Systems Serving or Regulated by the
Federal Government.”
National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, 1992

FEMA 253, “Seismic Sleuths: Earthquakes—A Teacher’s Package for Grades 7–12.”
American Geophysical Union. Washington, D.C., 1994

FEMA 255, “Seismic Rehabilitation of Federal Buildings: A Benefit/Cost Model. Volume 1: A User’s Manual.”
VSP Associates, Inc. Sacramento, CA, 1994

FEMA 256, “Seismic Rehabilitation of Federal Buildings: A Benefit/Cost Model. Volume 2: Supporting Documentation.”
VSP Associates, Inc. Sacramento, CA, 1994

FEMA 266, “Creating a Seismic Safety Advisory Board: A Guide to Earthquake Risk Management.”
Seismic Safety Commission of California. Washington, D.C., 1995

FEMA 275, “Planning for Seismic Rehabilitation: Societal Issues.”

National Institute of Building Sciences, Building Seismic Safety Council. Washington, D.C., 1998

FEMA 306, “Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings: Basic Procedures Manual.”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 1999

FEMA 307, “Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings: Technical Resources.”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 1999

FEMA 308, “The Repair of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings.”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 1999

FEMA 313, “Promoting the Adoption and Enforcement of Seismic Building Codes: A Guidebook for State Earthquake
and Mitigation Managers.”
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Washington, D.C., 1998

FEMA 315, “Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings: Strategic Plan 2005.”

Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. Washington, D.C., 1998

FEMA 349, “Action Plan for Performance Based Seismic Design.”

Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. Washington, D.C., 2000

32
FEMA 350, “Recommended Seismic Design Criteria for New Steel Moment-Frame Buildings.”
SAC Joint Venture Partnership. Washington, D.C., 2000

FEMA 351, “Recommended Seismic Evaluation and Upgrade Criteria for Existing Welded Steel Moment-Frame Build-
ings.”
SAC Joint Venture Partnership. Washington, D.C., 2000

FEMA 352, “Recommended Postearthquake Evaluation and Repair Criteria for Welded Steel Moment-Frame Buildings.”
SAC Joint Venture Partnership. Washington, D.C., 2000

FEMA 353, “Recommended Specifications and Quality Assurance Guidelines for Steel Moment-Frame Construction for
Seismic Applications.”
SAC Joint Venture Partnership. Washington, D.C., 2000

FEMA 354, “A Policy Guide to Steel Moment-Frame Construction.”

SAC Joint Venture Partnership. Washington, D.C., 2000

FEMA 355CD, “Seismic Design Criteria for Steel Moment-Frame Structures.”

SAC Joint Venture Partnership. Washington, D.C., 2001

FEMA 356, “Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings.”
American Society of Civil Engineers. Reston, VA, 2000

FEMA 366, “HAZUS–MH Estimated Annualized Earthquake Losses for the United States.”
Federal Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C., 2008

FEMA 389, “Communicating with Owners and Managers of New Buildings on Earthquake Risk.”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2004

FEMA 395–400 and P-420, Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation Publications.

World Institute for Disaster Risk Management, Alexandria, VA; Building Technology, Inc., Silver Spring, MD; Melvyn
Green & Associates, Inc., Torrance, CA; 2003–2007
FEMA 395, “Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of School Buildings (K–12).”
FEMA 396, “Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Hospital Buildings.”
FEMA 397, “Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Office Buildings.”
FEMA 398, “Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Multifamily Apartment Buildings.”
FEMA 399, “Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Retail Buildings.”
FEMA 400, “Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation of Hotel/Motel Buildings.”
FEMA P-420, “Engineering Guideline for Incremental Seismic Rehabilitation.”

FEMA 412, “Installing Seismic Restraints for Mechanical Equipment.”

Vibration Isolation and Seismic Control Manufacturers Association. Washington, D.C., 2002

FEMA 413, “Installing Seismic Restraints for Electrical Equipment.”

Vibration Isolation and Seismic Control Manufacturers Association. Washington, D.C., 2002

FEMA 414, “Installing Seismic Restraints for Duct and Pipe.”

Vibration Isolation and Seismic Control Manufacturers Association. Washington, D.C., 2002

FEMA 424, “Design Guide for Improving School Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds.”
Building Systems Development, Inc. Washington, D.C., 2004

FEMA 439A, “Blast Resistance Benefits of Seismic Design. Phase 1 Study: Performance Analysis of Reinforced Con-
crete Strengthening Systems Applied to the Murrah Federal Building Design.”
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering Research and Development Center. Champaign-Urbana, IL, 2005

33
FEMA P-439B, “Blast Resistance Benefits of Seismic Design. Phase 2 Study: Performance Analysis of Steel Frame
Strengthening Systems.”
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering Research and Development Center. Champaign-Urbana, IL, 2010

FEMA 440, “Improvement of Nonlinear Static Seismic Analysis Procedures.”

Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2005

FEMA P-440A, “Effects of Strength and Stiffness Degradation on Seismic Response.”

Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2009

FEMA 445, “Next-Generation Performance-Based Seismic Design Guidelines: Program Plan for New and Existing
Buildings.”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2006

FEMA 450, “NEHRP Recommended Provisions and Commentary for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other
Structures.” 2003 Edition.
National Institute of Building Sciences, Building Seismic Safety Council. Washington, D.C., 2004

FEMA 454, “Designing for Earthquakes: A Manual for Architects.”

Federal Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C., 2007

FEMA 460, “Seismic Considerations for Steel Storage Racks Located in Areas Accessible to the Public.”
National Institute of Building Sciences. Washington, D.C., 2005

FEMA 461, “Interim Testing Protocols for Determining the Seismic Performance Characteristics of Structural and
Nonstructural Components.”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2007

FEMA 474, “Promoting Seismic Safety: Guidance for Advocates.”

The Mid-America Earthquake Center, the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, and the
Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center. Washington, D.C., 2005

FEMA B-526, “Earthquake Safety Checklist.”

Federal Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C., 2005

FEMA 527, “Earthquake Safety Activities for Children and Teachers.”

National Science Teachers Association. Washington, D.C., 2005

FEMA 528, “Earthquake Home Hazard Hunt Poster.”

Federal Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C., 2005

FEMA 529, “Drop, Cover, and Hold Poster.”

Federal Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C., 2005

FEMA 530, “Earthquake Safety Guide for Homeowners.”

California Seismic Safety Commission. Washington, D.C., 2005

FEMA 531, “The Adventures of Terry the Turtle and Gracie the Wonder Dog, Grades 3–6.”
Washington Military Department, Emergency Management Division. Washington, D.C., 2005

FEMA 547, “Techniques for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings.”

Rutherford and Chekene, San Francisco, CA; Degenkolb Engineers, San Francisco, CA; Cobeen & Associates Structural
Engineering, Inc., Lafayette, CA; Interagency Committee on Seismic Safety in Construction, Washington, D.C.; with co-
ordination by Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, CA; 2006

34
FEMA 577, “Design Guide for Improving Hospital Safety in Earthquakes, Floods, and High Winds: Providing Protection
to People and Buildings.”
URS Corporation. San Francisco, CA, 2007

FEMA P-593CD, “Seismic Rehabilitation Training for One- and Two-Family Dwellings: Program and Slide Presenta-
tions.”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2010

FEMA P646, “Guidelines for Design of Structures for Vertical Evacuation from Tsunamis.”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2008

FEMA P646A, “Vertical Evacuation from Tsunamis: A Guide for Community Officials.”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2009

FEMA P-695, “Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors.”

Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2008

FEMA P-710CD, “Earthquake Publications for Teachers and Kids.”

Federal Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C., 2008

FEMA P-711CD, “Earthquake Publications for Individuals and Homeowners.”

Federal Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C., 2008

FEMA P-712CD, “Earthquake Publications for Community Planners and Public Policy Makers.”
Federal Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C., 2008

FEMA P-749, “Earthquake-Resistant Design Concepts: An Introduction to the NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provi-
sions.”
National Institute of Building Sciences, Building Seismic Safety Council. Washington, D.C., 2010

FEMA P-750, “NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures.” 2009 Edition.
National Institute of Building Sciences, Building Seismic Safety Council. Washington, D.C., 2009

FEMA P-751, “2009 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions: Design Examples.”

National Institute of Building Sciences, Building Seismic Safety Council. Washington, D.C., 2012

FEMA P-752, “NEHRP Recommended Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures: Training and Instructional
Materials.”
National Institute of Building Sciences, Building Seismic Safety Council. Washington, D.C., 2012

FEMA P-774, “Unreinforced Masonry Buildings and Earthquakes: Developing Successful Risk Reduction Programs.”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2009

FEMA P-795, “Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors: Component Equivalency Methodology.”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2011

FEMA P-807, “Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings With Weak First Stories.”
Applied Technology Council. Redwood City, CA, 2012

FEMA P-811, “Earthquake Publications for Businesses” (QuakeSmart Toolkit).

Federal Emergency Management Agency. Washington, D.C., 2011

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