Innovation _ “Cyborg” woman with a bionic eye FEATURES 1 Look at the photo and caption. What do you think “cyborg” and “bionic” mean? Is this science fiction or something real? 46 Shrink it, bend it, [92 Listen to a news report about bionic body parts. Answer fold it the questions. peicucura (oe ban abla 1 How badly damaged was the woman’s sight before her technology operation? 2. What could she see after the operation? 8 The mother of 3. Who are the ear buds designed for, and what can they do? invention 4 What question does this new technology raise? What drives new ‘ A x Bie oie SET Work in pairs. Replace the verbs in bold with the more scientific verbs used in the news report. Then listen to the news report again and check. The shoe giver The story of a successfull social entrepreneur 1 Surgeons put an electronic chip into her right eye. 2. It'll probably take months for Lewis to teach her brain to see again, 3. She can already see nearby objects 4. They can cut out the background noise ... 5... or make surrounding sounds louder This man risked it all A video about a social enterprise in Uganda 4. Discuss how bionic body parts could be more effective than biological body parts. What advantages could they have?4a Shrink it, bend it, fold it Reading 3 11 Work in pairs. What everyday objects can you think of that you can shrink, bend, or fold? You can shrink a sweater What everyday things would you like to be able to make smailer by shrinking, bending, or folding? Work in pairs. Read the article below. Which of the technologies in the reading are you most interested. in? Why? SHRINK IT, BEND IT, FOL There’s something satisfying about things that can be reduced in size and packed away: a folding bicycle you can take on the train; a jacket you can roll up and pul inlo a bag; folding, unbreakable sunglasses. you can put in your back pocket. Advances in electronics and materials science are now pushing the boundaries of what is possible, helping manufacturers to make increasingly smaller, thinner, ‘or more flexible devices. You only have to compare 21stcentury television or cell phone with a 20th- century one to see this. What might the next ten years. bring? Energy: The idea of harnessing! solar energy is nothing new, but we may well be about to see a revolution in the construction of solar cells that will callow them to be incorporated into an ultrathin, transparent film. So instead of expensive solar panels. (on roofs or in solar farms, in the future they could form part of the windows on our buildings. Communications: Using screens as thin as a sheet of paper, bendable communications technology is already here. However, chances are that it will become very widespread in the coming years: phones that wrap ‘around your wrist, or foldable computers that fit into your jacket pocket. Perhaps one day soon we will see TV screens that can be rolled up and carried with us. 20 5 a5 0 4s 20 Ey 25 harness (v) /haitnis! getting hold of and using “implant (r.) /umplusnt/ something that is putin your body during an operation stent (n.) /stent/ a small expanding tube used to keep passageways open in your body (e.g. in arteries) Work in pairs. Read the article again and answer the questions. 1 How do 2ist-century TVs and cell phones compare with 20th-century ones? 2. Where will the next generation of solar cells be placed? 3. What is the author’s prediction for bendable screens? 4 Who will be able to launch their own small satellites? 5 What are the benefits of the new specially coated “super-pills”? DIE Space exploration: “CubeSats” —tiny satellites measuring 10 cm across—have become much more affordable: ‘anyone can launch their own satellite now: for as little as $3,000, This should increase our chances of making new discoveries in space. Medicine: Doctors are already successfully repairing damaged eyesight with tiny electronic implants? and opening blocked arteries with small foldable stents.? Progress in bionics is likely to. continue at a fast pace, although it will almost certainly raise difficult ethical questions along the way. The other area in which materials science is making huge progress is in how drugs are delivered into the body. New types of coating around pills mean each pill can be taken just once, ‘and then the drug inside can be released over ‘weeks and months—even years. It’s likely that such “super-pills” will be inserted directly into the ‘area needing treatment, such ‘as cancer cells, increasing the drug’s effectiveness ‘enormously. Asmartphone with a bendable screen fWordbuilding -able 4 Work in pairs. Look at the wordbuilding box. Then rewrite the sentences (2-4) using adjectives ending in-able. You will need to change other words in the sentence. 1 You can’t reuse those cups: you're supposed to dispose of them Those cups aren't reusable; they're disposable. ‘They said this camera couldn't be broken. I hope they refund me the monéy. Can I machine wash this jacket or does it have to g0 to the dry cleaners? ‘The car can be repaired. It's just a question of whether I can afford the repair. Grammar future probability 5° Work in pairs. Look at the grammar box. Answer the questions. 1 2 What are the usual positions of an adverb of probability? Sentences with (un}likely have two possible grammatical forms. What are they? Transform each example in the grammar box using the other form. 6 Look at the expressions of probability again in the grammar box. Discuss which words or phrases mean the following: 1 something is possible 2. something is probable 3. something is not probable 4 something is very sure or almost certain 7 Work in pairs. Look at the description of innovations. Replace the phrases in bold using the words in parentheses. Smart textiles are already here but ' we will probably see (chances) a lot more of them in the coming years. Some innovations will just be cosmetic but others are likely to have (may well) practical uses. For example, scientists believe that within the next ten years people 2 will probably be wearing (likely) clothes that mend themselves, "It's possible this will mean (could) the end of sewing as we know it Meanwhile, researchers in China have made a fabric that generates electricity as you move. It + is unlikely to produce (probably) large amounts of power but * it will probably be (should) enough to recharge a phone. 8 Complete the conversation using one word in. each space. There is sometimes more than one possible answer. Work in pairs. Discuss if you agree with the speakers’ views. A: Do you think that the problem of internet security § get worse in the future? B: Well, there? bea technological solution, but Tdoubtit.Tthink what's more to happen is that we'll use the internet more and more, and internet crime will almost + increase. A: Tthink you're right, Internet security may improve, but the criminals vile get better at what they do too. Speaking 9 Work in pairs. Choose two of the challenges (or your own ideas) that people face in the 2st century. Discuss whether technology will be able to solve them, and if so, how. Use expressions of probability. ‘+ Traffic congestion and pollution ‘+ The growing shortage of water + Curing illness and disease Unit 4 Innovation (4b The mother of invention Listening 1 Work in pairs. Look at the saying below. Discuss what it means and if you think it is always true. “Necessity is the mother of invention.” 2 Look at the photo and the caption. What adjectives would you use to describe this invention? What do you think the inventor is trying to achieve? 3 [REG Listen to an interview about what inspires inventions. Circle the statement (a-c) that best summarizes Martha Kay's view. a Most inventions are an answer to an urgent need, b_ Most inventions are things that we didn’t imagine we needed until we became used to them. Most inventions come from companies who want to make a commercial profit. 4 [E21 Listen to the interview again and choose the correct option to complete the sentences. 1 People in their twenties probably can’t imagine doing research / following the news without the internet. 2. Martha Kay is a business woman / ‘an academic. 3. Inthe nineteenth century, British politicians said the telephone was 00 expensive /of little use. 4 The presenter uses the telephone as an example of a case where a need was filled / didn’t exist before. 5. Most innovations make our lives safer and healthier / easier. 6 The presenter suggests that women in the 1960s liked going out to shop / staying in the house. 7 Thecell phone and the computer are examples of innovations that were very expensive at first / Seer as tenmecessary. 8 Literary Digest predicted that the motor car would remain a hexury / be used by everyone. ergs Miata ce eens Dien te en ase urea cen Vocabulary phrasal verb come 5 Look at the sentences. Circle the correct meaning (a-c) of each phrasal verb. The first three sentences are from the interview, 1 Buthow do such inventions come about? a succeed —_b_ happen ¢ work 2. Entrepreneurs often come up with ideas to make our lives a little more convenient. a thinkof ignore search for 3 Over time, we come to rely on them. a. start to b tyto c have to 4 Aresearcher came across the material for Post-it notes when looking far a new kind of glue. a thoughtof b found by chance stole 5. really don’t like it when strangers come up to me on the street and try to sell things. a approach —b watch © find 6 Work in pairs. Write three sentences using the phrasal verbs from Exercise 5. Then read your sentences to your partner omitting the verb and see if they can guess itGrammar past modals 7 Look at the grammar box. Match the past modal verb forms (1-4) with the uses (a-d). to speculate on past events to talk about an obligation to say what was expected or advisable to talk about a lack of necessity aes 8 Work in pairs. Complete the sentences with the orrect past modal verb form. may/mighticould have must have can’t have a When we use , it means: Wwe are almost certain that something happened. /owas true, b When we use itmeans ‘we are almost certain it didn’thappen / wasn’t true. ¢ When we use, , itmeans ‘we think it possibly happened / was true. 9 Circle the correct options to complete the conversation. A: I didn’t hear you leave this morning. I must / might have been asleep. B: Ileft for work very early, actually. But I shouldn't ?bother /have bothered. There was no traffic A: [think it wasa school vacation. ‘That? could /should have been the reason. But you “ had to wake /should have woken me. I got to work late in the end. B: Sorry. Iwas really focused on leaving on time. TS must have been / had to be sure of getting to my meeting 10 Complete the sentences. Use an appropriate past ‘modal verb form with the words in parentheses. 1 Before cars were commonplace, it _—______ (not / be) s0 easy to take your family on a weekend trip. 2. Inthe 1940s, people (not / own) a television, because radios provided news and entertainment. 3. Before GPS in cars, people (depend) on printed ‘maps. 4. Inever use this microwave oven. I (buy) it. 5. Inthe days before TY, it (be) really exciting to {g0 to the movies! 6 I’'mnot sure who invented the wristwatch. It —__(be) a Swiss person. 7 [think when Tim Berners-Lee invented the internet, he (realize) that it would have negative as well as positive effects. 1 a Circle the weak forms (words not stressed, including “to”) in these past modal verbs. Then listen and check. 1 Itshould have worked, but it didn’t. 2. Thad to wait half an hour. 3. He must have forgotten. 4 She may have left already. 5. [didn’t need to be there. Pronunciation weak forms in past modals b Practice saying the sentences in Exercise 11a. Speaking 12 Work in groups. Use a range of past modals to speculate on the answers to these questions. How did people: ‘+ wake up on time before there were alarm clocks? ‘+ Keep money safe before savings banks existed? ‘+ deal with aches and pains without medicines? ‘+ contact each other in an emergency before the telephone existed? ‘+ clean their tecth without toothbrushes? ‘* detect broken bones before x-rays existed? 13 Work in pairs. Think of two commonly used inventions: one that you couldn’t live without and one that you find unnecessary. Discuss the inventions and the reasons you chose them, Tcouldn’t live without my coffee maker because I drink so much coffee. know in the past people used to boil water on the stove, but it must have taken a long time. Unit 4 Innovation e®4c The shoe giver Reading 1 Work in pairs and discuss the questions. 1. What do you think are the main priorities of a business? 2. Can you think of ways that a business could make money and help society at the same time? 2. Work in pairs. Read the article on page 51. Then summarize how TOMS makes money and does good at the same time. 3 Read the article again. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)? 1. Blake Mycoskie's early career consisted of starting and then selling companies. 2. The main advantage of the one-for-one scheme is that Mycoskie doesn’t have to keep asking people to donate money. T__ 3. The author suggests that in business, energy and enthusiasm is a very important factor. 1 4 Mycoskie prefers his customers to have no contact with the recipients of the free shoes ‘Mycoskie thinks that any business could profit from making a similar one- for-one offer to its customers. 6 The author thinks that Mycoskie should be proud that he has a successfull business, not just one that helps people. Critical thinking finding counter arguments 4 The author presents a positive picture of ‘TOMS, but there are suggestions that there are also arguments against the initiative. Find possible criticisms in the text in these areas, a_ the price of the product b_ the business model ¢ charitable giving 5 Work in pairs. Compare your answers from Exercise 4. Then write some questions for Blake Mycoskie that would challenge him on these points. Word focus give 6 Work in pairs. Find this expression with give in the article and disenes what it means. giving it some thought (line 28-29) Complete the expressions with give using these words. Discuss what each expression means. best break try thought time 1. It’s difficult to be in a new environment, but give it some and you'll feel more at home. 2 Don’t worry if you don’t win: just give it your 3. Give hima___. Hes only been doing the job two months. He can’t be expected to know everything 4 There's no need to tell me your answer now. Give it some ____and then let me know. 5. The only way to find out if you can fix it yourself is to give ita Match these expressions with similar expressions from Exercise 7. Then make three sentences about your own. experience using expressions with give. chance ashot awhile Speaking Bi 9 Work in groups. Imagine these organizations have come to you for financial help. Decide which you would help. Give reasons. ‘A. This organization collects food near its expiration date and uses volunteers to distribute it free to homeless People. The company needs money for transportation and administration costs, : B This organization sells gardening and landscaping services to companies. The people it employs are all long-term unemployed people who get training, work experience, and a little pocket money. © This organization collects unwanted clothing, Clothes in good condition are washed and given to people in eed. Clothes in poor condition are recycled and made into fashionable clothing to be sold. 10 Work in pairs. Do you know of a company with a social purpose?0) Blake Mycoskie is a serial entrepreneur, He set up| his first business, EZ Laundry, a laundry service | for students, when he was still at college. Having built up the company to serve seven colleges in the southwestern United States, he sold his share to his business pariner and moved on to an advertising. | business in Nashville. This again he sold on to Clear Channel, one of the industry's leading companies. | Three more businesses later, still only 29 years old © and feeling a little burned out from work, Mycoskie decided to take a break for a while, and headed down to Argentina for some rest and relaxation. But rest isn’t really part of an entrepreneur's make-up, ee ditwesn': long before The Mycoskie had hit on another idea, one that would come to define him as perhaps the world’s best-known social entrepreneur. Ona visit to a village outside Buenos Aires, he was shocked to see that many of the children didn’t have any shoes; or if they did, the shoes were ill-fitting and badly worn, Since shoes—particularly the local farmers’ canvas shoe, the alpargata—are relatively cheap in Argentina, Mycoskie’s first instinct was to set up a charity to ‘donate shoes to the children. But after giving it some thought, he realized that this probably wouldn't work: the shoes would quickly wear out, and if he asked people to donate repeatedly every time more shoes were needed, their sympathy for the cause might also soon wear out. So he came up with the idea of TOMS: One for Qne shoes. He would take the alpargata to America, manufacture it, and sell it as a high-end fashion item at around $50 a pair. Quite a lot for a canvas shoe you might say, but for each pair he sold, another pair would be donated to village children. That way he could guarantee a continuing supply and also run the project as a business rather than as a charity. 50 Mycoskie knew nothing about manufacturing, let alone shoe manufacturing, but he understood that he had to leam fast. At first, by his own admission, he made“a poor job of making shoes,’so he brought in help from people with experience in the industry, Soon his product was getting high satisfaction ratings from customers. The vital element that Mycoskie added was his own passion. Itis a passion he wants others to share. TOMS encourages customers to become more involved by volunteering to hand-deliver the shoes to the children in need. Its an intimate giving experience, and Mycoskie hopes it might ss inspire volunteers to develop similar projects. Ten years on and with revenues of $392 million a year, the business is thriving, supplying shoes not only to children in Argentina but also other parts of the warld where foot diseases are a problem. In southern Ethiopia, where a high concentration of silicone in the soil causes podoconiosis, a disease that swells the feet, 300,000 people suffer simply because they have no shoes. The same type of soil exists in parts of France and Hawaii, but people there are unaffected. But is the one-for-one model repeatable with other products? TOMS is a for-profit business, but for a long time it didn’t show a profit. Mycoskie says his model is not like a sales promotion you can just add to your existing business model; you have to build it in from the beginning. He now diverts a lot of 15 his profits into other innovative social ventures. He is conscious that” giving” alone is not the answer, and that educating people to improve their own lives is the real key. Yet he still loves TOMS: One for One, calling it his” greatest hit.”And why shouldn't % he? Ithas made a difference to millions of poor children around the world and brought him great entrepreneurial satisfaction. Innovation,Ad An elevator pitch Real life making a short pitch 1 Read the definition of an elevator pitch. Then work in pairs. What information do you think you should include? What don’t you need to talk about? Imagine you are in an elevator with someone you ‘want to sell your new (business) idea to. You only have the time until the doors open again to convince this person. This is known as an elevator pitch. 2. EXT Listen to someone giving advice about making an elevator pitch. What points does she make? Compare the points she makes with your ideas from Exercise 1. Did you agree with what she said? Why or why not? 3 [HEA Listen to a short pitch for a new phone app Rhetorical questions Sentence adverbs and complete the notes in the chart. ‘What ist? Basically, .. How does it work? Essentially, .. Name of app J: What oS do exactly? au : ————— Why isitithat necessary? Obviously, nett Pit oppsesGwis Won't that be expensive? OF course, wantitowolurseeraMtth How do we achieve this? Honestly, L _———— What are we asking for? To be honest, Problem itsolves_ | People don't volunteer What's our ambition ..? Financially. because they can’t commit to = Practically, ... ea tition Di i sae eee 5 Pronunciation word stress Why it’s different | Has a database of volunteers’ | a EEEB Mark where you think the stress falls in each eS ae eS adverb or adverbial phrase in the box above. Then Seen listen and check ss Team erie | eee b [REE Work in pairs Practice saying the words with Ginenaie: the same stress patterns. Then listen again and check. I —E 6 Work in pairs or groups of three. Present your own Needs as to elevator pitch. Follow these steps bring it to market wee Student A: Turn to page 153 and read the notes, Student B: Turn to page 154 and read the notes. 4 Speaking skill making key points Student C: Turn to page 155 and read the notes. EXEZI Look at the expressions for making key points. Listen again and circle the rhetorical questions and sentence adverbs the speaker use: Can you remember what the speaker said right after each question? * Prepare your pitch carefully. Use the expressions for making key points to help you (use no more than three thetorical questions). Speak for no more than a minute. ‘© Write down the main message of each pitch and at the end compare your answers. * Vote on who you think gave the most persuasive pitch.4e Problem or solution? Writing a proposal 1. Work in pairs. Read the proposal and answer the questions. 1 Does the author think the rise in the use of digital devices is a negative trend? How do you know? 2. Why does the author think the declining trend in book reading needs to be reversed? 3. Do you think the author's suggestions are good ‘ones? Why or why not? Introduction This proposal suggests ways teachers can use technology to get children to read. Current situation Children are now spending more time on digital devices, browsing on the intemet, messaging fiends, etc. They are reading fewer books. This matters because reading books is known to help your ability to: = focus and remember. = expand your vocabulary. = improve communication skills. « develop analytical thinking. So how can we use students'enthusiasm for digital devices to encourage them to read more? Possible solutions First of all, we suggest that teachers actively encourage students to use the internet in class either to research new subjects or to compare their conclusions with other people's, Second, we recommend using student blogs or learning diaries a5 a way of sharing ideas, Last, we think technology could help make reading a pleasure rather than a chore. One idea would be to put screens with interesting short stories and visuals in a quiet part of the classroom. Students could read the stories as a reward for finishing other work Recommendations These are ust a few examples of how technology could be an aid to reading, We strongly recommend teachers explore similar ideas. Unless we begin to see technology as part of the solution, rather than part of the problem, we are unlikely to reverse the trend. 2. Look at how the proposal is organized. Answer the questions. 1 How is it divided into different sections? How are different points listed? 2. Underline the sentences in the proposal that do the following. a_ state the proposal’s aim b_ state the problem that needs addressing ¢ summarize the writer’s opinion 3 Writing skill making recommendations @ Look at the forms used with the verbs suggest and recommend. Which forms are used in the proposal? b Complete these recommendations by circling the appropriate verb forms. 1 Istrongly recommend that people follow / {following this advice. 2. We suggest that people save /to save their money. 3. He recommends you wait / waiting until after the summer. 4 We are not suggesting that teachers always teach /to teach this way. 5 Trecommend the company look / looking into these options 4 Write a proposal that each school student should be given a tablet computer at the age of five. Include the following points. * different uses for these tablet computers * the benefits they could bring + why this is an opportunity not to be missed 5 Exchange proposals with your partner. Use these questions to check your proposals, * Is your partner's proposal organized in the same way as the proposal in Exercise 1 (with sub-headings and bullet points)? * Has your partner used the language to make recommendations correctly? ‘+ Isita persuasive proposal? Does your partner's proposal include any points you wish you'd included? Uns imvaioh (J] women and children Pon nec RUE cu EyBefore you watch 1 Look at the photo and caption. How do you think this activity affects: a thechildren’s lives? __b_ the environment? 2 Key vocabulary @ Read the sentences. The words in bold are used in the video. Guess their meanings. 1 Iwas on the verge of dropping out of college, but my parents persuaded me to stick with it. 2 Idon’t know why I continued to believe him. It ‘was as if was under a spell. 3. We sell some products directly, but mostly they are sold through retailers. 4 We supply over ten million households in the state with gas and electricity. 5 The island has experienced terrible deforestation because the construction industry needs wood as a building material. ‘Match the words in bold in Exercise 2a with these definitions. a_ shops that sell to individual customers, large-scale cutting down of trees, € just about to___ d influenced by a powerful (often magical) force. e homes While you watch 3 ‘Watch both parts of the video and check your ideas from Exercise 1. What benefits did Sanga Moses's business bring to the community? Work in pairs. What do you remember about the following things in the video? the process of gathering firewood Sanga Moses's village the process of making the clean fuel the process of distributing and selling the clean fuel [CREE Watch Part 1 of the video again. Work in pairs. Answer the questions. 1. What part of his sister’s situation particularly inspired Sanga Moses to act? 2. What did his boss think about his decision to quit his job? 3. How many of the university students wanted to help him with his new business venture? How did he raise the funds for his new business? ‘What was his girlfriend’s reaction? (CREED Watch Part 2 of the video again. Complete the facts and figures. Eco-Fuel Africa turns farm * into clean cooking fuel. The fuels burns cleaner and?__andis ain . Eco-Fuel Africa has a network of 2,500 farmers and 460‘ retailers. It supplies® households. Its ambition is to supply 16.6 million households in the next® years, Eco-Fuel Africa prevents ? air pollution. It provides a living for farmers and ° and makes sure children get an "° and After you watch z 10 [CIEE] Watch the clips from the video. Choose the correct meaning of the words. ‘Complete the sentences in your own words. Then ‘compare your sentences with a partner. 1 The news that ... hit people hard. 2. It's important to have a good network of friends because .. 3. Thave an idea to should act on it. .-, but I don’t know if I Work in pairs. First summarize the benefits of Eco Fuel Africas service and then discuss if you see any potential drawbacks of this system. What problem have you seen in your community, and what do you think can be done about it? Think about these areas or one of your own. Then prepare a short talk to describe the problem and possible solution. + Crime/safety ‘Transportation Pollution: Lack of stores Noise Lack of public/recreation space Jobs Unit 4 Innovation 8UNIT 4 REVIEW AND MEMORY BOOSTER Grammar ‘1 Read the article and complete it using these words. need certainly chances __ probably had likely might possible because a Canadian company has recently developed ‘a computer program that can mimic people's voices, The program does not just copy words, it analyzes speech patterns to create new sentences in the same voice, So the person whofe voice is being imiteteddoesnt? Qeecd to have actually said the words. The program is already very J00d at doing this, and the” are that it will get better very quickly. Although ‘the company developed the program for good reasons—for use in games and audio books —it is now worried that in the wrong hands, the program iss_ike 4 to be ysed for identity theft. For example, it's = passy that someone could pretend to be a politician dra diplomat and use this ability to learn important secrets. The company ett? pel to inform people about how powerful the technology i, because it thinks others have’ developed similar programs. Theit spokesperson said the development of these programs means that we will almost ®. x not be able to trust audio evidence inthe future. 2) ESM Work in pairs. According to the article, how likely is each of these things to happen? 1 people using voice software to steal other people's identiti 2. similar programs already existing elsewhere 3. audio evidence no longer being usable Vocabulary 3 Replace the bold parts of each phrase with an. adjective ending in -able, Some of the adjectives, need to use the negative fou A table that can be extended. —__ A mistake that can be forgiven. ‘A car that can’t be relied on A cover that can be removed. A deposit that can’t be refunded. —__ 6 Abag that can be used again, 7 Acost that can’t be avoided. . Look at the phrases (1-4). 'hink of a situation when you would use each of these The problem of knowing what information to trust — Phrases. Then compare answers with a partner. : iat fave oot haider Thats How similar were your situations’ 1. "Give it some thought, anyway.” 2. "Give her a break.” 3 “Sure. I'll give ita try.” 4 “We came up against a lot of opposition.” Real life 5 Look at the statements from a short product pitch. Complete the rhetorical questions. 1 So, what 2It’sa vacuum that can clean any type of floor surface. 2 Why ? Because there's no other machine that can perform all these functions. 3 How ? At the base, there's a rotary brush that cleans as it sucks up the dirt, 4 Won't ? Despite its sophistication, it’s very affordable. 6 ES think of a product that you use frequently. Lhen work in pairs. Take turns presenting your product as if it was anew product. Use at least three rhetorical questions.