UNIT 4

1. Maria was left an orphan at her early age. Her father died in a car accident and followed
by her mother four years later. Her aunt took her to province. She was maltreated and
sexually abused by her uncle for 10 years. Maria was not given a chance to continue her
schooling so she began to use illegal drugs and learn to drink alcohol at the age of 14.
She rarely trust anyone and became extremely shy person. Which among the factors
below affect the personality development of Maria?

a. Peer Group

b. School

c. Personal Experiences

d. Cultural Influence

The correct answer is letter C because Maria’s Personal Experiences is the main factor that made
her develop trust issues and introversion. However, answers A, B, and D are incorrect because it
was not mentioned that Maria has group friends that is why Peer Group is not an answer, while
School become only a factor when the personality was affected in the school setting, and it was
mentioned that Maria is less sociable and extremely shy person, therefore, Cultural Influence did
not affect the personality of Maria.

2. Miles had started to train her two years old child to use the toilet. According to her, she
wants to teach her child self-control and independent tendencies which are very important
to child’s emotional growth and development. In what stage of development best
describes the situation?

a. Oral Stage

b. Anal Stage

c. Phallic Stage

d. Latency Stage

The correct answer is letter B because Anal Stage is the period of human development where
child begins to toilet train. Whereas Oral Stage is where an infant must be satisfied of his basic
needs such as food, love, and affection, while Phallic Stage is where a child develops sexual
attraction for the parent of the opposite-sex, and Latency Stage is where children starting to
develop a degree of competence in areas of sports, arts, school works, etc.

3. Ian, a grade 5 student is very competitive and confident. He loves to sing and perform in
front of many audiences. In every competition, he did not fail to make his family and
school proud. When he was asked by a judge about his secret, he said that he always
receives praises from his parents and teachers whenever he sing since grade 3. And due to
this, he became motivated him to perform excellently. Ian is under of what stage of
Psychosocial Development?

a. Trust vs. Mistrust

b. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

c. Initiatives vs. Guilt

d. Industry vs. Inferiority

The correct answer is D because during Industry vs Inferiority stage, children would like to be
recognized for producing or performing things which makes them develop a sense of industry,
and failure to this, results to inferiority. However, Trust vs. Mistrust is incorrect because this
stage is all about whether the child is experiencing childcare, maternal relationship and genuine
affection or not. While Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt only happens during 2 nd to 3rd year of
child’s age, where children should be encouraged and allowed to do what they are capable of
doing with the supervision and guidance of their parents. And Initiatives vs Guilt is where
children feel a sense of guilt when they take initiatives but punished.

4. At the age of 4, Andy became curious about everything in her surroundings. She began
asking a lot questions to her Mama and Papa such as “why the skies are blue in day time
and became dark in night time?”. Based on the Havighurst’s Theory of Personality
Development, Andy is under on what stage?

a. Pre-school/ Kindergarten Age

b. Elementary Grade
 c. Secondary Grade

d. Phallic Stage

The correct answer is A because during Pre-school/ Kindergarten Age, children began to become
curious in many things for they want to relate with their parents, sibling and other people through
imitation. However, other answers are incorrect because children in Elementary Grade had
already identified some developmental tasks, while Secondary Grade are related mostly to
adolescents and adult behaviours, and Phallic Stage is not included in Havighurst’s Theory
because it is one of Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory.

5. Reagan’s mother noticed that her child only obeys her when it is in his best interest.
Under of what level and stage of Kohlberg’s Theory is Reagan?

a. Pre-conventional Level: Punishment and Obedience Orientation

b. Pre-conventional Level: Individualism and Purpose

c. Conventional Level: Interpersonal Norms

d. Conventional Level: Social System Morality

The correct answer is B because during Individualism and Purpose Stage of Pre-conventional
Level, children’s moral thinking is based on rewards and self-interest. Whereas, Pre-
conventional: Punishment and Obedience Orientation, children’s moral reasoning is controlled
by external reward and punishment, while during Conventional Level: Interpersonal Norms
children values, trust, caring and loyalty to others as the basis of moral judgments, and
Conventional Level: Social System Morality is where moral judgments are based on
understanding of the social order, law, justice and duty.

UNIT 5

1. Kathleen’s father is very happy of how his daughter is excellent in imitating behaviours
and actions at a very young age of two. There was a time that Kathleen imitated her sister
dancing Tala. And even her sister is not around, she can remember some of the steps.
Based on the situation, Kathleen is under on what stage of Cognitive Development?

a. Sensory-Motor Stage
 b. Preoperational Period

c. The Concrete Operations Period

d. Formal Operational Stage

The right answer is A because the cognitive activity during the Sensory-Motor Stage is based
mainly on the child’s immediate experiences through the interaction of the senses and the
environment so they tend to learn imitating individuals. However, answers B, C, and D are
incorrect because learning during the Preoperational Period, is intuitive with child’s relying on
internal impulses, while children during The Concrete Operations Period are able to think
logically, and during Formal Operational Stage, children began to think logically not just in
concrete problems but also in abstract form.

2. Ms. Ong, a pre-school teacher call for a parental meeting. She suggested that parents
must guide their children in learning how to read and write alphabet. What concept of
Vygotsky’s Theory best describes the situation of preschool students?
a. Combinational Reasoning
b. Proportional Reasoning
c. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
d. Scaffolding

The correct answer is C because Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is Vygotsky’s term for
the range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be learned with the
guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children, while Combinational and
Proportional Reasoning are Piaget’s concept for patterns of reasoning during the Formal
Operational Stage, and Scaffolding is Vygotsky’s term for describing how adults reduced their
guidance so that child will gain competence.

3. While playing seesaw, Kyla and Vico discovered that when one of them sits heavier on
one of the bar, it will tilt. What mode of representation best describes the discovery of
Kaila and Vico?
a. Enactive Mode
b. Iconic Mode
c. Symbolic Mode
 d. None of the above

The correct answer is A because Enactive Mode refers to event being represented in terms of
actions. However, other answers are incorrect because Iconic Mode refers to objects being
represented by means of picture or image, while Symbolic Mode refers to the ability of children
to translate experiences into language for they begin to develop abstract images.

4. Aside from giving her students quarterly exam, Mrs. Mercado also assigns them to small
group projects and individual works to assess if her students are learning her lessons. She
also wants her students to put the things they have learned into practice. Which way of
Stimulating Intellectual Development did Mrs. Mercado applied?

a. Facilitating Intellectual Performance

b. Providing Practice in Grouping and Organization

c. Practice in being Flexible

d. Give Children Opportunity to Do Things Independently

The right answer is letter D because projects and individual works is a form of Giving Children
Opportunity to Do Things Independently. Through this, children are given chance to plan and put
many of the things they have learnt into practice. Whereas Facilitating Intellectual Performance
is giving children opportunity to to use their social, mechanical, verbal, and numerical gifts,
while Providing Practice in Grouping and Organization is guiding children in grouping and
organizing which ideas go together, and Practice in being Flexible is training children to use
different modes of expression.

5. Kian’s mother is very happy when her 2 years old child learns to speak two to three
words in communicating. The exact meaning of Kian’s words can only be gotten from
the context of how it was said. Kian is under of what phase of Language Development?

a) Pre-language Phase

b) First Words Phase

c) Early Adult-like Speech

The correct answer is letter B because in First Word Phase, children makes two-word and three-
word sentences. However, letters A, C and D are incorrect because in Pre- language Phase,
children only makes sounds in communicating, while during Early Adult-like Speech children
are able to communicate almost like an adult, and Primary words Phase is not included in Phases
of how Language Develops.