J.D.

BIRLA INSTITUTE
QUESTION BANK

Department: Textile Science, Clothing & Fashion Studies

Class: 3rd year B.Sc.
Semester: VI
Subject: Grand Viva

FIBER SCIENCE
One-word questions

1 Which fiber is obtained from the fleece of animals?

2 The thin strands of yarns that we see, are made up of still thinner strands called?
3 The process of separating cotton fibres from seeds is called?
4 Jute fiber is obtained from the ..................... of Jute plant?
5 Which synthetic fiber is used as high strength material?
6 _____ texturizing method causes one side of the individual filaments to shorten to the
other to coil into helical shape.
7 The silkworm secretes a viscous solution like honey from the two glands near its
mouth, this fluid is known as____________.
8 _________of wool is the irreversible shrinkage of the length, breadth & thickness of
the material.
9 _______is a treatment in which flat filaments are distorted to gain increased
bulkiness, porosity, softness & elasticity.
10 ________________ is a natural fiber popularly known as the “Golden Fiber”.
11 Which part of the jute plant is used for getting jute fiber?
12 What is the first process/ machine in yarn production?
13 What is the name of different cotton cells?
14 Sisal fibers are made from which part of sisal plant?
15 In the cross section of the matured cotton which of the following part is collapsed?
16 Name any homopolymer fiber.
17 Name any copolymer fiber.
18 For removing hairiness from woven fabric which process is used?
19 Abaca – a leaf fiber belongs to which family?
20 Give the other name of Arcylic fiber?
21 Basic unit of cotton is __________.
22 ______________ is a synthetic fiber which works like “wool”
23 Sisal fibers are made from ------------------ part of sisal plant?
24 Expand PET -----------------------------------------------
25 The beauty & softness of silk’s luster is due to the________ cross-section of the silk
filament
26 First manmade fibre called artificial silk?
27 Name a fibre which dissolves in water?
28 Name a fibre used for making bullet proof clothing?
29 Name a fibre used for making fire retardant clothing?
30 Name the US based company pioneering in man made fibre production?

MCQ’s

1 Fabric is made up of?

a. Steel
b. Fiber
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 c. Paper
d. None of the above
2 A synthetic fiber which works like wool”
a. Nomad
b. Rayon
c. Acrylic
d. Aramid
3 Polyester is made up of?
a. Cotton
b. Ester
c. Rayon
d. Polythene
4 Which of the following process is carried out on looms:
a. Knitting
b. Tatting
c. Weaving
d. Spinning
5 Which set of substances is not used for making fibres?
a. Silk, Chemicals
b. Camel hair, Yak hair
c. Husk, Bones
d. Flax, Wool
6 The pod of cotton containing fibers and seeds is called a cotton?
a. Fruit
b. Flower
c. Boll
d. Blossom
7 The beauty & softness of silk’s luster is due to the________ cross-section of the
silk filament
a. Polygonal
b. Triangular
c. Oval
d. Bean Shaped
8 The number of _______per unit length may be taken as an indication of wool
fiber fineness.
a. Scales
b. Nodes
c. Crimps
d. Fibrils
9 The decomposition of bacterial action is called as -------------- which is used as an
extraction process of flax fibers.
a. Retting
b. Rippling
c. Hackling
d. Scutching
10 _______ type of wool obtained from torn, ragged or discolored parts of a
fleece.
a. Shoddy
b. Cotty
c. Taglocks
d. Pulled
11 Silk fiber is drawn from…….of silk moth.
a. Hair
b. Caterpillar
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 c. Pupa
d. Cocoon
12 The process of cultivating silkworm is called
a. sericulture
b. carding
c. drawing
d. spinning
13 Coir fabric is obtained from
a. Coconut plant
b. Cotton
c. Sheep hairs
d. Cocoon of silkworms
14 The process of obtaining wool from sheep is called.
a. Ginning
b. Spinning
c. Weaving
d. Shearing
15 We get jute fibers from the process of.
a. Barking Process
b. Stems Process
c. Boiling Process
d. Retting Process
16 The single unit of a polymer is known as:
a. Monomer
b. Co-polymer
c. Graft copolymer
d. None of the above
17 Which is the inter-polymer forces of attraction?
a. Amide Group
b. Benzene Ring
c. Ether Linkage
d. Salt Linkages
18 Which fiber is resistant in an alkaline medium?
a. Silk
b. Nylon
c. Cotton
d. Polyester
19 Which dyes are best suited for Acetate fiber?
a. Acid Dye
b. Disperse Dye
c. Basic Dye
d. Vat Dye
20 Retting is ____________ rotting done for bast fibers.
a. fungal
b. enzymatic
c. bacterial
d. chemical
21 Identify Y in the given Venn diagram?
a. Silk
b. Rubber
c. Cotton
d. Nylon

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22 Substance used to make the wicks of oil lamps and also for filling quilts and
pillows.
a. Cotton wool
b. Cotton ball
c. Both (a) & (b)
d. None of the above
23 Which of the following completes the given sequence?
Shearing→ ? →Sorting
a. Separating
b. Weaving
c. Knitting
d. Scouring
24 Which of the following is formed as the small fluffy fibres of wool?
a. Bolls
b. Burrs
c. Reels
d. Combs
25 Silk moth feeds on which plant leaves?
a. Eucalyptus leaves
b. Grape leaves
c. Mulberry leaves
d. Neem leaves
26 Which component is present in silk fibre?
a. Carbohydrates
b. Lipids
c. Proteins
d. Fats
27 In which of the following processes threads are taken out from the cocoons?
a. Scorching
b. Shearing
c. Reeling
d. Spinning
28 Which of the following are animal fibres?
a. Silk and rayon
b. Wool and cotton
c. Silk and wool
d. Cotton and nylon
29 We can get wool from which of the following animals?
a. Goat
b. Yak
c. Sheep
d. All of these
30 Which of the following fibres have the physical properties given below?
(i) Smooth to touch
(ii) High tensile strength
(ii) Absorbs 1/3 of Its weight of water
a. Cotton
b. Silk
c. Woollen
d. Rayon
31 Viscose Rayon is a
a. Natural Fibre
b. Regenerated fibre
c. Synthetic fibre
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 d. Chemically modified fibre
32 Nylon 6 is a polymer of
a. Adipic acid
b. Hexamethylene diamine
c. Caprolactum
d. None of the above
33 Hemp is a -----------------------
a. 34Seed fibre
b. Bast fibre
c. Hair fibre
d. Leaf fibre
3 Protein in wool is known as
a. Serecin
b. Fibroin
c. Keratin
d. None of the above
35 Spandex is a
a. Polyacrylonitrile fibre
b. Polypropylene fibre
c. Polyurethane fibre
d. Polyethylene fibre
36 Following is a filament fibre?
a. Cotton
b. Wool
c. Silk
d. Jute

Answer in brief

1 Name 5 wool yielding animals?

2 How does the hair of certain animals help in keeping the bodies warm?
3 Define the term selective breeding in context with fibres.
4 Below is the life history of silk moth.
Egg – Larva/Larvae – Pupa – Silk Moth. At which stage does it make the silk fibre?
5 What is the difference between Natural and Artificial Silk?
6 Mention the physical properties of wool fiber.
7 Briefly explain the process of reeling silk.
8 What are the different stages of production and processing of Jute fiber?
9 What are the advantages and disadvantages of wet spinning?
10 Explain the process of processing wool to yarn.
11 Why heat setting is done?
12 What is dry spinning process?
13 What is bi-component fiber?
14 What is ginning?
15 What is wet spinning?
16 What do you mean by condensation polymerization?
17 Bring out the differences of Wool and Silk.
18 ‘Fiber polymers should be hydrophilic’. Explain the statement
19 What happens to the cotton polymer when treat when acids?
20 Explain Directional friction effect.
21 Name the different cells of cotton
22 Name a fibre which floats on water and why?
23 What kind of solvent is used in dry spinning?
24 Cement sacs are made of which material and is a threat to which natural fibre
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25 Which fibre has higher resistance to alkalies: Cellulosic or protein fibres
26 Which fibre has higher resistance to acids: Cellulosic or protein fibres
27 Why some synthetic fibres are used in baby diapers and sanitary napkins inspite of
being hydrophobic?

ANSWER KEY

One-word questions

1 Wool
2 Fibers
3 Ginning
4 Stem
5 Kevlar
6 Knife edge crimping
7 Fibrion
8 Felting
9 Texturing
10 Jute
11 Stem
12 Blow room process
13 - Cuticle
- Primary cell
- Secondary cell
- Lumen
14 Leaves
15 Lumen
16 Polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, polybutadiene, polyacrylonitrile,
polypropylene
17 Nulon66, Polyester.
18 Singeing
19 Banana
20 Orlon
21 Cellulose
22 Acrylic
23 Leaves
24 Polyethylene terephthalate
25 Triangular
26 Viscose Rayon
27 Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA)
28 Kevlar
29 Nomex
30 DuPont

MCQ’s

1 Fiber
2 Acrylic
3 Ester
4 Weaving
5 Husk, Bones
6 Boll
7 Triangular
8 Crimps
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9 Retting
10 Taglocks
11 Cocoon
12 sericulture
13 Coconut plant
14 Shearing
15 Retting Process
16 Monomer
17 Salt Linkages
18 Silk
19 Disperse Dye
20 Bacterial
21 Rubber
22 Cotton wool
23 Scouring
24 Burrs
25 Mulberry leaves
26 Proteins
27 Reeling
28 Silk and wool
29 All of these
30 Wool
31 Regenerated fibre
32 Caprolactum
33 Bast fibre
34 Keratin
35 Polyurethane fibre
36 Silk

Answer in brief

1 Sheep, Yak, Alpaca, Angora, Camel.

2 Since hair traps a lot of air and is a bad conductor of heat, it helps retain the heat
inside, resulting in keeping the body warm.
3 The process of breeding selective/specific plants for obtaining special characters in
their fibres is called selective breeding.
4 Larva / Larvae
5 The natural silk is the silk that is produced naturally by the silkworm, however,
artificial silk is produced with some artificial techniques where the worm is burned in
the cocoon only.
To identify the difference, burn the silk you have.
If the smell of burning hair comes out then it will be natural silk and if it is a paper
burning smell then it will be artificial silk.
6 a) Tenacity: Wool is a complicated weakfibre
b) Elasticity and resiliency: This is elastic and resilient
c) Hydroscopic nature: It has the very absorbent nature because of the polarity of the
peptide group, the salt linkages and the amorphous nature of the polymer system.
d) Density: It has a comparatively low density and therefore fibres are light with
regard to their visible weight.
e) Conductivity of heat: It has a low conductivity of heat and therefore makes it ideal
for cold weather. The resiliency of the fibre is significant in the warmth properties of
the fabric.
f) Dimensional stability: It has poor dimensional stability and therefore shrinks
easily.
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7 The process of unwinding the filament from the cocoon is called reeling. This
process is carried out in a building called filature or reeling plant. The cocoons are
soaked in boiling water to soften the sericin gum that is holding the filaments in
place. The cocoons are taken out and loose fluffy silk on outside is cleaned off which
is then used in production of spun silk yarn. The cocoons are again placed in hot
water basin and labor use a brush or broom to push cocoons up and down in the
water until some loose end of filament becomes attached to broom. The filament is
drawn out gently; the cocoons tumbles around in water and gradually unreels itself.
8 The stages of jute processing are as follows:
1) Cultivation Process Sowing of jute starts with the showers in March or April and
continues till early June. Phosphorus, Potash & Nitrogen fertilizers are used for this
crop.
2) Harvesting Process Jute is harvested any time between 120 days to 150 days when
the flowers have been shed, early harvesting gives good healthy fibers. The harvested
plants are left in the field for 3 days for the leaves to shed (means leaves got dried up)
3) Retting Process Retting is a process in which fibers get loosened due to
decomposition of hard cell walls by the action of bacteria. The bundles are steeped in
water at least 60cm to 90cm depth.
4) Stripping Process (Fiber Extraction) Stripping is the process of removing the
fibers from the stalk after the completion of retting. Fibers are removed from the
stalk by any one of the following methods: 1. Single plants are taken and their fibers
are taken off. 2. Taken off a handful of stalks, breaking it in a to and fro motion in
water.
5) Washing Process Extracted fibers are washed in clean water. The dark color of
fibers can be removed by dipping them in tamarind water for 15 to 20 minutes and
again washed in clean water.
6) Drying Process The fibers are hung on bamboo railings for sun drying for 2-3
days. After drying, the fibers are ready to be sold in the market.
7) Bailing & Packing Process The bailing of jute fiber is done according to grading
system. The fiber is graded into Top, Middle and Bottoms. Packing into Kutcha bales
about 250 pounds for use in mills or jute market.
9 The advantages and disadvantages of wet spinning process can be summarized below
Advantages:
(a) It can be used for any polymer. Even polyethylene, polypropylene and nylon can
be converted from polymer to their fiber by wet spinning technique
(b) Fiber can attain maximum strength, which can be comparable with maximum
theoretical strength, particularly for flexible polymers. Comparatively melt spinning
process can not result in maximum theoretical strength
(c) The process can be continuous.
Disadvantages:
(a) The production rate is low
(b) One or more than one bath is required for completely removal of the solvent from
the polymer
(c) Post-spinning operations are morel length
(d) Because of lengthier process, it is more costly
(e) The formation of exact fiber cross section is difficult to control because of inward
and outward mass transfer process
10 Step 1: Shearing: In this process, fleece of the sheep is removed along with a thin
layer of skin. Nowadays it is done by machines which are used by barbers to shave
off hair. Shaving off the hair happens in the hot weather so that sheep can live
without their protective coating.
Step 2: Scouring: After removing the fleece from the body of sheep, it is washed to
separate dirt and grease from the fleece.
Step 3: Sorting: After the process of scouring, fleece is separated according to their
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 texture. Hair of similar texture are kept at one side and the another type of texture in
the other.
Step 4: Picking: After sorting the fleece, a fiber that is called burr is picked out from
the hair.
Step 5: Carding: It is a mechanical process that disentangles, cleans fibers to produce
a continuous web or sliver suitable for subsequent processing.
Step 6: Dyeing: After carding and separating burrs, they are dyed in the required
colour.
Step 7: Spinning: After dyeing wools, the fibers are then combed, straightened and
rolled into yarns.
11 Heat-setting or thermosetting is a heat treatment applied to fabrics made of
thermoplastic fibers such as polyester or Nylon to impart dimensional stability.
Usually it decreases its dye-ability, and therefore when performed before dyeing it is
extremely important to apply the heat- setting uniformly.
12 A process used to create polymer fibers. Polymer dissolved in a solvent is forced
through a spinneret (a multi-pored device similar to a shower head) and the solvent is
removed from the polymer fibers by evaporation.
13 Bi-component fibers are synthetic fibers which fibers filament contains two types of
polymer.
14 The process of removing cotton seeds from pods is called ginning. Ginning was
traditionally done by hand. Now-a-days, machines are used in ginning.
15 This process is used for polymers that need to be dissolved in a solvent to be spun.
The spinneret is submerged in a chemical bath that causes the fiber to precipitate, and
then solidify, as it emerges. The process gets its name from this "wet" bath.
16 Condensation polymerization polymers are formed due to the condensation of two
different monomers resulting in the formation of a by product
17 Origin:
Silk: Silk is produced from cocoons of silkworms.
Wool: Wool is produced from fur of animals.
Fabrics:
Silk: Fabrics such as taffeta, chiffon, charmeuse and crepe de chine are made from
silk.
Wool: Flannel, challis, jersey, etc. are made from wool.
Luster:
Silk: Silk has a shiny, shimmery appearance.
Wool: Wool doesn’t have a shine.
Insulating Properties:
Silk: Silk is not as good as wool in retaining warmth.
Wool: Wool has good insulating properties.
Special Uses:
Silk: Silk is often used for formal dresses.
Wool: Wool is specially used for winter clothing.
18 Fibers should be hydrophilic so that they can take up dyes and finishing chemicals
and also are comfortable to wear.
19 Cotton will dissolve
20 The friction of the wool fibre depends on the direction in which it is pulled. The
resistance is greater when it is pulled against the scales than when it is pulled with the
scales. This is known as the directional frictional effect
21 Cuticle, Primary cell, Secondary cell, Lumen
22 Polypropylene floats on water because its density in less than density of water. Its
specific gravity is 0.92 and that of water is1.
23 Volatile solvent, which evaporates when in contact with warm air is used.
24 White cement sacs are made of Polypropylene which is a great threat to the jute fibre
industry
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25 Cellulosic
26 protein fibres
27 Because they exhibit property of wicking by which moisture travels along the outside
of the fibres thus creating a dry surface next to the skin

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FABRIC MANUFACTURE
One word questions

1 A fabric is made of --------------------.

2 The process of making yarn from fibres is called -----------------------.
3 In ----------------- a single yarn is used to make a piece of fabric.
4 Weaving of fabric is done on ----------------------.
5 The process of arranging two sets of yarns together to make a fabric is called---------
---------------.
6 How many sets of yarn are used in weaving.?
7 In --------------------Knitting fabric is produced by single yarn.
8 -------------------is the act of dividing the warp threads according to design into two
parts, to allow the passage of shuttle/weft inserting element from one side of the
loom to the other.
9 ----------------------is the maximum numbers of heald frame controlling capacity in
tapped shedding mechanism.
10 On the loom the plain weave requires only---------------- harnesses.
11 Name 3 basic weaves.
12 Which type of fabrics are directly made from fibres
13 Velvet fabric is made using which ----------------------weave.
14 Name 3 types of weft knitted fabrics
15 Name the different types of warp knitted fabric
16 What are secondary motions?
17 What is GSM?
18 Which is the simplest weave?
19 Name 4 designs which are variation of Twill weave. .
20 Categories of woven fabric structure.
21 Mention some types of fancy fabric.
22 What is construction of fabric?
23 Fabric texture depends on which mater?
24 The point where a yarn of one system of threads changes its position in relation to
other system is ---------------------------.
25 No of warp & weft yarns in a fabric is -------------------.
26 --------------- is the drawing process of warp yarn through heald eye according to the
plan or design.
27 Process of inserting warp yarn through reed is ----------------------
28 -------------------- draft is generally used to construct the fabric with high density of
warp yarn.
29 A ----------------------- weave in which the float of is the same in the warp & weft
direction.
30 ------------------ is the roller at the back of a loom over which the warp threads from
the beam pass.

MCQ’s

1. The most popular fabric manufacturing technology is:

a. Weaving
b. Non woven
c. Braiding
d. Knitting
2. Primary motions of weaving are:
a. Shedding, picking, warp stop

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b. Shedding, pick finding, beat up
c. Shedding, picking, beat up
d. Shedding, picking, take up
3. The areal density of a woven fabric will be least influenced by:
a. EPI
b. PPI
c. Yarn Count
d. None
4. Flatbed knitting machine can have:
a. Only one bed
b. Only two beds
c. One or two beds
d. Three or more beds
5. The major application of warp knitted fabric is:
a. Apparel
b. Filters
c. Industrial textiles
d. Wipes
6. The most popular fabric manufacturing technology is
a. Knitting
b. Weaving
c. Non-Woven
d. Braiding
7. Twill weave requires a minimum of _____ warp and weft threads each:
a. 2
b. 4
c. 3
d. 5
8. Single thread of weft is:
a. Warp
b. Weft
c. End
d. Pick
9. Which of the following fabric is not same on both sides?
a. Rib
b. Single jersey
c. Interlock
d. None
10. Which is not a basic weaving motion?
a. Shedding
b. Beating up
c. Warp let off
d. Combing
11. Denim is made of which weave?
a. Satin weave
b. Twill Weave
c. Dobby Weave
d. Pile Weave
12. Which of the following is not a weft knitted structure
a. Single jersey
b. Interlock
c. Underlap
d. Rib
13. Knitting fabric produce by_____________ of yarns
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a. Interlacement
b. Interlooping
c. Interlocking
d. None
14. In which knitting, a fabric is produce by single yarn?
a. Warp
b. Weft
c. Both
d. None
15. Which weaving comprises of compressed air?
a. Non-Woven
b. Water Jet Weaving
c. Air Jet Weaving
d. Knitting
16. Which is the most commonly used knitting needle?
a. Latch needle
b. Bearded needle
c. Compound needle
d. None of the above
17. Name a variation of Plain Weave?
a. Basket Weave
b. Broken Twill Weave
c. Tapestry Weave
d. Pile Weave
18. A woven, patterned fabric using multi-colored threads
a. Brocade
b. Damask
c. Voile
d. Velvet
19. ----------------- is the selection of healds to be lifted or lowered.
a. Peg Plan
b. Design Plan
c. Denting plan
d. Drafting plan
20. A ----------------- is a shedding device placed on the peak of a loom in order to
produce a pattern by using a big number of healds than the ability of a tappet.
a. Jacquard
b. Dobby
c. Shuttle
d. Draw loom
21. A -----------------is a tool designed to neatly and compactly store a holder that
carries the thread of the weft yarn while weaving with a loom.
a. Shuttle
b. Reed
c. Harness
d. Lease Rod
22. ---------------------- weave is largely used for cotton towel and linen cloth. It has
longer floats in two quadrants ad is a combination of longer floats of symmetric
weaves in two quadrants and plain weaves in the remaining two quadrants.
a. Honeycomb
b. Huck-a Back
c. Double cloth
d. Pique
23. In the ----------------------- process a determined number of parallel ends are
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 controlled in a sheet form from cones which is wound on a beam.
a. Sizing
b. Warping
c. Winding
d. Drawing-in
24. The function of --------------------- is to squeeze out the excess amount of the size
paste from the warp sheet during sizing.
a. Mangle roller
b. Doctor roller
c. Lint roller
d. Squeeze roller
25. In ----------------------------- weaves the threads from ridges and furrows which
give a cell like appearance to the fabric.
a. Leno
b. Honeycomb
c. Pile
d. Gauze
26. ------------------------ warping is an indirect warping system.
a. Sectional
b. Beam
c. Multiple shuttle
d. Drop box
27. Stockport is a ------------------------- system
a. Heald
b. Reed
c. Shuttle
a. Beam
28. Fast Reed is the example of --------------------------mechanism.
b. Weft Protector
c. Weft Stop
d. Warp Protector
a. None of these
29. Individual warp ends are controlled in ----------------------------- shedding.
b. Dobby
c. Tappet
d. Jacquard
d. None of these
30. Beat up on loom is controlled by--------------------------------
a. Shaft
b. Shuttle
c. Lease
d. Reed

Answer in brief

1 What Is Drafting Plan?

2 What Is Effect Thread?
3 What Is Marled/Mottled Yarn?
4 What Is Weft Knits?
5 How non-woven fabrics are made?
6 What is a harness on a weaving loom?
7 What is weaving? Mention the three basic weaves.
8 What are the various jacquard Mechanisms.
9 What is warping?
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10 What is a straight draft?
11 What is the role of sinker in a knitting needle?
12 What is Damask?
13 What do you mean stockport system?
14 Name some fabric defects at the time of weaving.
15 Mention some of the derivatives of twill weave
16 What is the basic structure of weft knitted fabric?
17 What are the main features of single jersey plain fabric?
18 Define temple?
19 What is rewound weft?
20 Why we need a warp protecting motion?
21 What is drawing-in process?
22 What is under-pick mechanism?
23 Give some features of Ordinary Honeycomb weave.
24 What is Drop box motion?
25 Define reed count?
26 Give some features of brighton Honeycomb weave.
27 What is Denting
28 What is heald count?
29 What is over-pick mechanism?
30 What is a wale and float in twill weave?

ANSWER KEY

One word questions

1 Yarns/Fibres
2 Spinning
3 Knitting
4 Loom
5 Weaving
6 Two (warp & weft)
7 Weft
8 Shedding
9 14
10 2
11 Plain, Twill Satin
12 Non woven
13 Cut Pile Weave
14 Knit, Purl, Rib, Interlock
15 Milanese, Raschel, Tricot
16 Take-up & Let Off
17 Grams per Square Meter
18 Palin weave
19 Zig-zag, Herring bone, Diamond, Broken, Rearrange, Stepped, Elongated, Shadded,
Combined twill etc.
20 Simple structure, Complex structure.
21 Mock leno, Hucka back, Honey comb, Crepe weave, Bed cord, Pique.
22 Warp count X Weft count/EPI X PPI X Fabric width
23 Yarn count, EPI, PPI, Yarn twist, Interlacement etc
24 Interlacing field
25 Repeat number
26 Drafting plan
27 Denting plan
15
28 Skip
29 Balanced
30 Back beam/back rest

MCQ’s

1 Weaving
2 Shedding, picking, beat up
3 Yarn Count
4 One or two beds
5 Industrial textiles
6 Weaving
7 3
8 Pick
9 Single jersey
10 Combing
11 Twill Weave
12 Underlap
13 Interlocking
14 Weft
15 Air Jet Weaving
16 Latch needle
17 Basket Weave
18 Brocade
19 Peg Plan
20 Dobby
21 Shuttle
22 Huck-a Back
23 Warping
24 Squeeze roller
25 Honeycomb
26 Sectional
27 Reed
28 Warp Protector
29 Jacquard
30 Reed

Answer in brief

1 The process of drawing the warp yarn into the heald eye according to the weave plan
or design is called drafting plan.
2 Yarns inserted into a fabric that are sufficiently different to the surrounding yarns, to
form or enhance a pattern.
3 Two single yarns of different colors twisted together. You see this mottled effect most
often in sweaters. The yarn is produced by combining two single roving/stubbling
(lightly twisted) yarns of different colors or lusters together into a single yarn that has
the appearance of a two-toned candy-cane or mottled effect. Marled or mottled
effect yarns are most often used in scarves and sweaters.
4 Weft is a type of knitting in which yarns run horizontally, from side to side, across the
width of the fabric
5 The non-woven fabrics are made by interlocking or bonding of fibers through
mechanical, chemical, thermal or solvent means.
6 The shaft or harness is the frame of the loom that holds the warp threads. These shafts
can be moved up or down by “treadles” to allow the weft to cross through and create
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 the desired pattern. The more the number of harnesses, the more patterns you can
create
Weaving is a method of fabric production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads
are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. he majority of woven products
are created with one of three basic weaves: plain weave, satin weave, or twill
7 The three basic mechanism are: Drive, selection, lifting
8 The parallel winding of a set of warp yarns from many yarn packages (cone/cheese) on
a flanged bobbin (warping beam) at uniform spacing, tension and length is called
warping.
9 This draft is the simplest types of draft and from the basis of many others drafts. There
each successive thread is down on each successive shafts. The first thread is down
through the first heald shaft and the second through the second heald shafts and so on.
So the no. of heald shafts equals the no. of warp threads in a repeat.
10 The function of sinkers are to control the fabric movement during needle movement,
they hold the fabric down as the needle rises and pushes the fabric away after a new
loop is formed.
11 A woven, patterned fabric, using all one color. It is a reversible
figured fabric of silk, wool, linen, cotton, or synthetic fibers, with a pattern formed
by weaving. Damasks are woven with one warp yarn and one weft yarn, usually with
the pattern in warp-faced satin weave and the ground in weft-faced
or sateen weave. Twill damasks include a twill-woven ground or pattern.
12 Reeds are generally counted using STOCKPORT system, which is based on the
number of ends in two inches. Ex. A 72s stockport reed means 72 dents on 2 inches or
36 dents per inch.
13 Some fabric defects at the time of weaving are:
 Warp streaks.
 Reediness.
 Weft bar.
 Weft crack.
 Thick and thin places.
 Weft loops.
 Box marks.
 High incidence of warp breaks.
14 Some of the derivatives of twill weave are:
 Broken twill.
 Combined twill.
 Diamond design.
 Diaper design.
 Diagonal design.
 Elongated design.
 Hearing bone twill.
 Shaded twill.
 Stepped twill.
 Zigzag/waved/pointed twill weave.
15 Plain or single jersey, rib structure, 1*1 purl structure, 1*1 interlock structure .
16 The main features of single jersey plain fabric are:
 technical face is smooth & v-shape is found & technical back is rough
 produce by single set of needle
 tendency of curling yarn .
17 A device used in weaving to hold the fabric at the fell as near as possible to the width
of the warp in the reed.
18 A temple is an adjustable stretcher used on a loom to maintain the width and improve
17
 the edges of the woven fabric.
19 The yarn that is directly spun on the spinning frame is called direct weft yarn.
Whereas rewound weft is is a process of rewinding tube yarn, bobbin yarn or skein
into a package suitable for filling the shuttle chamber.
When winding, yarn tension should be uniform, winding tightly and forming well, so
as to avoid weft breakage and weft shrinkage during weaving and increase weft
breakage and loom stop time, which will affect the production efficiency of looms.
20 To protect the warp yarn/reed/shuttle in case of trapping the shuttle in the shed is the
function of warp protector motion. In order to prevent this from occurring a device is
necessary to stop the loom whenever the shuttle fails to reach the shuttle box.
21 The drawing-in process primarily consists of drawing ends from the weaver's beam
through heald eyes of different harnesses and then through the dents of a reed in the
order that is determined by the design of the fabric
22 In under picking mechanism, a picking arm fulcrum and picking stick is located below
the shuttle box. Under picking is controlled by picking cam which is fixed on the
bottom shaft.
23 a. Cell like appearance with ridges and hollows.
b. A single line crossing single line or double line crossing a double diagonal line.
c. Constructed with pointed drafts.
d. Reversible fabric
e. Surface of produced fabric is rough.
f. Repeat size is a multiple of two, smallest repeat size = 6x4
g. Forms only one cell per repeat
24 a box for holding shuttles on a loom, as a box loom, used on either side of the race
plate in weaving cloth having a variety of colors in the filling. (checks, plaids etc.)
25 The number of dents per two inches is called reed count in stock port system. This
system is extensively used in weaving industry.
26 a. Non-reversible
b. Constructed on straight drafts only
c. Repeat size is a multiple of 4 ( Length of longest float is N/2 – 1, where N is
the repeat size) A single diagonal line crosses a double diagonal line
d. Formation of 4 cells per repeat i.e., two large and two small cells.
e. Surface of produced fabric is rough.
27 The process of inserting warp yarn through red is called denting and the plan that
indicate the order in which denting is done is called denting plan. This is done for
keeping uniform spacing between yarns of warp sheets. Usually two yarns are passed
through each dent.
28 When a set contains 4 shafts/healds, it is called a plain set. The number of heald eyes
per inch across the healds in a set expresses the count of the heald. If heald count is
40s then no. of heald eye in one inc of one shaft will be 40/4= 10.
29 In overr picking mechanism, a picking arm fulcrum and picking stick is located above
the shuttle box. Over picking is controlled by picking cam which is fixed on the top
shaft.
30 This diagonal pattern in twill weave is also known as a wale. A float is the portion of a
yarn that crosses over two or more perpendicular yarns.

18
TRADITIONAL TEXTILES
One-word questions

1 __________is a type of hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile, produced in

Isfahan and Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
2 ________ Embroidery is signature art form of tribal community of Kutch and
Kathiawar (Gujarat)
3 __________ is a sacred canvas, an expression of folk art by nomadic 'Vaghari'
4 Kasuti embroidery is an auspicious craft practised in the state of _____________
5 _________ is a double ikkat saree. They are hand-woven silk sarees that are created
in Patan, Gujarat.
6 Popular bandhani textile produced in Gujarat is called _______ or _______.
7 _______________is beautiful reddish coloured glazed pottery with multiple designs.
8 The ________________ are the religious scrolls found hung in monasteries and
houses of Buddhists. These are basically life sketches
9 _____________ is an even thread traditionally made of fine gold or silver used in
traditional Indian, Pakistani and Persian garments.
10 _____________________ act as an alternative to wood which takes more time to
grow and is costlier. It is largely used for furniture making or for making jewellery
and decorative utility items like lamp-stand, umbrella handles, partition, screen,
flower pots, baskets, walking sticks, tool handles, fishing rods, tent poles, ladders,
toys, fans, cups, mugs, mats etc.
11 What are the four silks found in Assam?
12 Which state of India does Bagru belongs to?
13 KosaPudava belongs from which state?
14 Phanek belongs from which state?
15 Tanchoi belongs from which state?

MCQ’s

1 Which of the traditional textile motif is related to the French naut open work and
Herringbone stitch techniques?
a. Chikankari of Lucknow
b. Kantha of West Bengal
c. Pipli Applique Work
d. Rajasthani Embroidery
2 Which of the following traditional textile motif is named after the village?
a. Chikankari of Lucknow
b. Pipli applique work
c. Kantha
d. Rajasthani embroidery
3 In Patola saree the designs are limited to
a. Floral
b.Human figure
c.Geometric
d. None of these
4 Pattachitra or Patachitra is a general term for traditional, cloth-based scroll
painting, based in the eastern Indian states of
a. Himachal Pradesh
b. Gujarat
c. Odisha
d.Karnataka
19
5 Bagh Kashidakari is a famous art from which region?
a. Karnataka
b. Punjab
c. Odhisa
d. Gujarat
6 Which of the traditional textile motif is related to the French naught open work
and Herringbone stitch techniques?
a. Chikankari of Lucknow
b. Kantha of West Bengal
c. Pipli Applique Work
d. Rajasthani Embroidery
7 Which of the traditional textile motif having the basic meaning ‘throat’ is
associated with Lord Shiva?
a. Ikatt of Andhra Prdesh
b. Kantha of West Bengal
c. Applique work of Orissa
d. Gujarat Embroidery
8 Which of the following traditional textile motif is named after the village?
a. Kashida
b. Brocade of Uttar Pradesh
c. Pipli Applique Work
d. Moti bharat Embroidery
9 Which of the following is very popular art form of Himachal Pradesh?
a. Chamba Handkerchief
b. Banni and Heer Bharat
c. Kutch and Kathiawar Embroidery
d. Bagh Kashidakari
10 What is Ikkat?
a. Weaving technique
b. Dyeing technique
c. Knitting technique
d. None of the above
11 Which state of India does Chanderi belongs to?
a. Uttar Pradesh
b. Sikkim
c. Madhya Pradesh
d. Jaipur
12 Which state of India does Pochampalli belongs to?
a. Andhra Pradesh
b. Tamil Nadu
c. Madhya Pradesh
d. Jaipur
13 Which state of India does Pattachitra belongs to?
a. Andhra Pradesh
b. Tamil Nadu
c. Madhya Pradesh
d. Odisha
14 Which state of India does Telia Rumals belongs to?
a. Andhra Pradesh
b. Tamil Nadu
c. Madhya Pradesh
d. Jaipur
15 Which of the following traditional textile motif is closely related to the embroidery
art form of Gujarat and Sindh?
20
 a. Chikankari of Lucknow
b. Kantha of West Bengal
c. Pipli Applique Work
d. Rajasthani Embroidery
16 Which of the following is very popular art form is practiced by the Lohana
Community?
a. Chamba Handkerchief
b. Banni and Heer Bharat
c. Kutch and Kathiawar Embroidery
d. Bagh Kashidakari
17 Which of the following is signature art form of tribal community of Gujarat?
a. Chamba Handkerchief
b. Banni and Heer Bharat
c. Kutch and Kathiawar Embroidery
d. Bagh Kashidakari
18 Which of the following is famous art form of Punjab region?
a. Chamba Handkerchief
b. Banni and Heer Bharat
c. Kutch and Kathiawar Embroidery
b. Bagh Kashidakari
19 Which of the following art form is believed to be auspicious, a symbol of happiness,
prosperity and Suhag of a married woman?
a. Phulkari of Punjab
b. Bagh Kashidakari
c. Kashida
b. Banni and Heer Bharat
20 Which of the following is the correct definition of the ‘Motif’?
a. It refers to creative activity, such as painting, music, literature, and dance.
b. It refers to a design or figure that consists of recurring shapes or colours, as in
architecture or decoration.
c. It is visual art form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated
primarily for their beauty or emotional power.
d. None of the above

Answer in brief

1 Explain the fabric flow process of Kalamkari.

2 What are the colours used for kalamkari?
3 What is kasuti embroidery?
4 What are designs used for brocade saree?
5 What are the different embroidery used while doing chikankari?
6 Define Handloom Mark?
7 Name atleast two (2) Special Schemes for Handloom Sector in India.
8 What are the various (name minimum 4) challenges faced by Handicraft & Handloom
Sector.
9 What is Phulkari?
10 Define a Motif?
11 What is Matta-ne-pachedi?
12 What is dabu?
13 What is Mundum Neriyathum?
14 What is patto?
15 What is weaving technique of Nagaland?

21
ANSWER KEY

One word questions

1 Kalamkari
2 Kutch and Kathiawar
3 Mata niPachedi
4 Karnataka
5 Patola saree
6 Tie & dye or Lehariya
7 Terracotta
8 Thankas
9 Zari
10 Cane and bamboo
11 Muga, Eri and Pat
12 Rajasthan
13 Kerala.
14 Manipur
15 Uttar Pradesh

MCQ’S

1 Chikankari of Lucknow
2 Pipli applique work
3 Geometric
4 Odisha
5 Punjab
6 Chikankari of lucknow
7 Kantha of West Bengal
8 Pipli Applique Work
9 Chamba Handkerchief
10 Andhra Pradesh
11 Dyeing technique
12 Madhya Pradesh
13 Andhra Pradesh
14 Odisha
15 Rajasthani Embroidery
16 Banni and Heer Bharat
17 Kutch and Kathiawar Embroidery
18 Bagh Kashidakari
19 Phulkari of Punjab
20 It refers to a design or figure that consists of recurring shapes or colours, as in
architecture or decoration.

Answer in brief

1 Kalamkari fabric is first treated with a solution of cow dung and bleach. After
keeping the fabric in this solution, it gets a uniform off-white color. To avoid
smudging of dyes on the Kalamkari fabric, it is also dipped in a mixture of buffalo
milk and mylobalans. Kalamkari fabric is then washed twenty times and sun dried.
After this, the fabric is ready for printing. Kalamkari designs are then painted on the
fabric, by hand
2 Traditionally, red is the main colour of the paintings, the sacred red that punctuates
every auspicious occasion in the life of a Hindu. White and black form the backdrop
22
 for the brilliant red. Using just these three colours, the imaginative artists
depict entire stories laden with numerous characters and motifs.
5 Chikankari is a long running or darning stitch worked with six strands on the right
side of the fabric taken over four threads and picking up one. Other styles of
embroidery are backstitch, chain stitch, jail work.
6 Handloom Mark is a logo that can be stitched on every handloom product. It’ll serve
as a guarantee for the buyer that given product genuinely hand woven and not
produced using machinery /power-loom. National Institute of Design (NID),
Ahmedabad created this logo.
7 • Technology Up gradation Fund (TUF)
• Integrated Handlooms Development Scheme (IHDS)
• Mill Gate Price Scheme
• Marketing Promotion Programme
8 • The raw material is not available at a reasonable price.
• Government schemes work on paper only, due to infrastructural problems.
• Cannot compete with machine-made products because of they lack marketing,
management and sales expertise.
• There is no synergy between Government agencies responsible for handlooms,
handicrafts, khadi and the cottage industry sectors
• Women's role in the handloom industry is largely unacknowledged
9 Phulkari of Punjab is one of the famous embroidery traditions of Punjab. It is believed
to be auspicious, a symbol of happiness, prosperity and Suhag of a married woman.
10 The term ‘Motif’ refers to a design or figure that consists of recurring shapes or
colours, used in architecture or for decoration purpose with various techniques
11 Mata nipachedi literally means “behind the mother goddess”, and is a cloth that
constitutes a temple of the goddess. When people of the nomadic Vaghari community
of Gujarat were barred from entering temples, they made their own shrines with
depictions of the Mother Goddess on cloth.
12 Dabu or daboo is an ancient mud resist hand block printing technique from Rajasthan.
13 Mundum Neriyathum is a traditional dress worn by women in Kerala. The traditional
piece is Mund that is the lower cloth, the upper part of the garment is Neriyathu which
is worn over the blouse. Its ends are instead inside the Mundu. It is worn like a sari in
a diagonal manner.
14 Pattoo is the traditional dress of local women folk of district Kullu. It looks like a
shawl but is thicker, heavier and longer. Pattoo is worn over the clothes (suit, which
consists of shirt up to knees and salwar / pyjami) and is draped like a saree.
15 The Naga loom is often called the Indonesian tension loom and is comprised of a back
strap with a continuous warp that contains six sticks which function like the warp
beam, stick, lease rod, beating sword and extra warp beam.

23
TEXTILE PROCESSING & FINISHING
One-word questions

1 Silk is mainly composed of _________

2 ________generally means smearing or staining of a large surface of the fabric with
dust or dirt and oil or grease or both.
3 _________ of textiles is a finishing process used to smooth, coat, or thin a material.
With textiles, fabric is passed between calender rollers at high temperatures and
pressures.
4 ___________ is a coating added to fabrics at the factory to make them hydrophobic
5 _________by means of this process a hairy surface can be given to both face and
back of the cloth providing several modifications of the fabric appearance, softer and
fuller hand and bulk increase
6 Which process is used for fixation of pigment colour?
7 Dyes or pigment; Which one can be used for coloration of any types of fiber?
8 Which process is used for fixation of dye colours?
9 For removing hairiness from woven fabric which process is used?
10 Which agent is used in scoring?
11 Which two most important parameters will you consider for carry out any enzymatic
process?
12 Name any finish which will affect the hand and appearance of the Fabric.
13 Embossing is done on the surface of the fabric to get?
14 What are absorbent finish?
15 What do you mean by infra-red rays?
16 Give the name of two bleaching agents.
17 Which process is used for fixation of color dyeing?
18 For removing hairiness from woven fabric which process is used?
19 Which Agent Used In Scoring?
20 How fixation of dye controlled?

MCQ’s

1 Mercerization of cotton is carried out for improvement a of

a. Strength &Lustre
b. Wetting
c. Whiteness
d. increase performance after dyeing
2 Crabbing finish is given on a cloth so that
a. Better dyeing
b. It does not shrink during garment making
c. Fabric softness
d. Anti-bacterial finish
3 Who proposed “lock and key” model to study enzyme
a. Koshland (1959)
b.Wilhelm Kuhne (1878)
c. Emil Fischer (1894)
d.None of these
4 Degumming is carried out at what temperature?
a. 600
b. 500
c. Boil
24
 d.1300
5 Alkali resistance is highest in case of
a. Silk
b. Cotton
c. Wool
d. Polyester
6 Finishing a textile fabric does what?
a. Turns yarn into fabric
b. Turns fibres into yarn
c. Recycles or repurposes a fabric or yarn that has already been heavily used
d. Changes some quality of the yarn or fabric after it's been manufactured
7 If you are categorizing finishes by the way they impact the aesthetic of the
textile, you are also sorting them by what major category?
a. Function
b. Performance
c. Machine
d. Chemical
8 What is the fibre used to create linen?
a. Flax
b. Cotton
c. Jute
d. Hemp
9 Substances with an attraction to oil
a. Oleophilic
b. Fluorocarbon
c. Calendaring
d. Waterproof
10 Chemical finishes that permit relatively easy removal of soils (especially oily
soils) with ordinary laundering.
a. Pre-treatment processes
b. Soil-release finishes
c. Softener finishes
d. Textile wet processing
11 Which chemical is used in the process of Sizing?
a.Hydrochloric Acid
b. Sodium Carbonate
c. Sodium Hydroxide
d. None of the above
12 On which fabric Napping is done?
a.Cotton
b. Silk
c. Polyester
d. All of the above
13 Which chemical gives higher cross linking to give the best crease resistant
finish?
a.DMU
b. DMDHEU
c. Metallic Salts
d. Catalyst
14 What are the factors on which water repellent finish depends?
a.Construction of Fabric
b. Type of Fibers
c. Cover Factor of the Factor
d. All of the above
25
15 Silk is composed of which two proteins?
a.Amino acid and Glucose
b. Glucose and Celloluse
c. Sericin and Fibroin
d. Sericin and Starch
16 Caustic soda mercerization of cotton is carried out for improvement of a-
a. Strength and luster
b. Whiteness
c. Wetting
17 The processes for sanforization is used for-
a. Improvement in strength
b. Dimensional stability
c. Improvement in crease recovery
18 Permanent bleaching agent is-
a. Sulphur dioxide
b. Sodium Hypochlorite
c. Potassium Permanganate
d. None
19 Calendaring is a mechanical finishing process which used to
(1) Smooth the surface.
(2) Provide various surface effects.
(3) Lift the fibres from the fabric to form a soft fibrous surface.
a. (1) and (2) only
b. (1) and (3) only
c. (2) and (3) only
d. (1), (2) and (3)
20 Luster of fibers can be reduce through the addition of
a. sodium hydroxide
b. Titanium Dioxide
c. diphosphate
d. potassium dichromate

Answer in brief

1 What is the objective of a preparatory process?

2 What is an emulsion?
3 State the objectives of scouring.
4 What is Wrinkle-resistant finish?
5 What is the wavelength range of ultraviolet radiation?
6 What is the purpose of bleaching?
7 What is a pigment?
8 Define shade?
9 What is colour fastness?
10 What is effluent?
11 What are the objectives of a preparatory process?
12 What are the end purpose of giving a water repellent finish to a fabric?
13 What is the role of Singeing?
14 What is the need of giving cellulosic fibers an anti-microbial finish?
15 What are the advantages of mercerization?
16 What is calendering process?
17 What is fabric embossing?
18 What do you mean by Mercerization?
19 What are the objectives of sizing process in textile?
26
20 What is scouring process?

ANSWER KEY

One-word questions

1 Fibroin
2 Soiling
3 Calendering
4 Water- Repellent
5 Napping
6 Curing
7 pigment
8 steaming
9 singeing
10 NaOH
11 Temperature and pH
12 Stiffening
Softening
Glazing
Moireing
Embossing
Crabbing
Beelting
Raising
Napping
Sueding
Gigging
Tigering
Shearing
Acid finishes
Basic finishes
Optical Finishes
13 Raised Surface or 3D designs.
14 Absorbent Finishes increase the moisture holding Characteristics of the fiber.
15 Infra-red rays are an electromagnetic radiation this has wavelength higher than
700nm and is invisible to the human eye.
16 Sulphur dioxide and Hydrogen peroxide.
17 Steaming.
18 Singing.
19 NaOH.
20 By maintaining proper PH by adding alkali.

MCQ’s

1 Strength &Lustre
2 It does not shrink during garment making
3 Emil Fischer (1894)
4 Boil
5 Cotton
6 Changes some quality of the yarn or fabric after it's been manufactured
7 Performance
8 Flax
9 Oleophilic
27
10 Soil-release finishes
11 None of the above
12 Cotton
13 DMDHEU
14 All of the above
15 Sericin and Fibroin
16 strength and luster
17 Dimensional stability
18 Sodium Hypochlorite
19 (1) and (2) only
20 Titanium Dioxide

Answer in brief

1 1.Necessity to remove impurities;

2. Basic principle of preparatory processes;
3. Cleaning processes for cotton yarn and fabrics; and
4. Bleaching of products made from fibres other than cotton.
2 An emulsion is a special type of mixture made by combining two liquids that
normally don't mix. The word emulsion comes from the Latin word meaning "to
milk" (milk is one example of an emulsion of fat and water). The process of turning
a liquid mixture into an emulsion is called emulsification.
3 1. To remove natural as well as added impurities of essentially hydrophobic character
as completely as possible.
2. To increase absorbency of textile material.
3. To leave the fabric in a highly hydrophilic condition without undergoing chemical
or physical damage significantly.
4 Wrinkle-resistant Finish describes a fabric or garment that has been treated, so that
it retains its smooth appearance, shape, creases, and/or pleats after laundering. In
such garments, little or no ironing is required; particularly if the garment is tumble
dried. Also known as durable press finish
5 Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from
10 nm (with a corresponding frequency of approximately 30 PHz) to 400 nm (750
THz), shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays
6 To make the fibres/yarns/fabrics whiter.
7 Pigment is a colouring substance which stays on the tope later of fabric and doesn’t
not penetrate into fibres.
8 Shade is a depth of a colour.
9 Fastness is the capacity of fiber to contain colour in its own structure and not bleed out
when washed.
10 The waste water with chemicals present, which is drained after the process dyeing.
11 To remove protruding fibers giving the fabric a smooth surface.
To remove natural impurities.
To make the fabric more absorbent so that it can be used for further processes.
To remove the self colour of the material.
12 Water repellent finish is given to a fabric which should repel water and doesn’t get
absorbed by the fabric.
Umbrella fabric, rain coat and wind sheeter to repel rain water
Tent and weather protective clothing
Sailing outfits
Filter fabrics and also skin outfits.
13 Singeing removes the protruding ends of the fibres in order to produce a clear, smooth
and smooth surface.
14 The cellulosic like cotton and rayon are affected by various micro-organisms like
28
 mainly bacteria and mildew. Moreover due to body sweat the fiber catches a
unpleasant odour which can enhance the attack of micro-organisms so a treatment of
anti-microbial finish is important to inhibit the growth the micro-organisms on the
surface of the fabric.
15 Improve Lustre of the cotton fiber
To enhance dyeability
To removes creases
To remove neps
For obtaining a crimped yarn
16 Calendering of textiles is a finishing process used to smooth, coat, or thin a material.
With textiles, the fabric is passed between calender rollers at high temperatures and
pressures.
17 Embossing involves making reliefs on surfaces of fabric, so that the image is
imprinted in either a raised or lowered design. In commercial fabric production
Stamps made of metals, rubber or engraved rollers are usually used for embossing.
18 Mercerization is a process in which textiles (typically cotton) are treated with a caustic
(NaOH) solution to improve properties such as fiber strength, shrinkage resistance,
luster, and dye affinity. The caustic actually rearranges the cellulose molecules in the
fiber to produce these changes.
19 Objectives of Sizing:
 To protect the yarn from abrasion
 To improve the breaking strength of the yarn
 To increase smoothness of yarn
 To increase yarn elasticity
 To decrease hairiness
 To decrease the generation of static electricity
20 The term 'scouring' applies to the removal of impurities such as oils, wax, gums,
soluble impurities and dirt commonly found in textile material and produce a
hydrophilic and clean cloth.

29
TEXTILE DYEING AND PRINTING
One word questions

1. Acid dyes are mainly use for dyeing _______ fibers.

2. _____ dyeing or _______ dyeing is favored in treating worsteds.
3. State the different methods of textile printing.
4. What are the stages of textile dyeing?
5. ____ _____ is a process in which wax is used to design on the fabric and then immersed
into a dye and excluding wax parts the fabric will absorb the color.
6. A wool/acrylic blended fabric can be dyed to solid shade using a combination of?
7. Dyeing of Silk is carried out by using _______.
8. Peach finish is done to improve which property?
9. Name any synthetic thickener used in Textile Printing?
10. Umbrella is dyed black usually using _______ dyes.
11. Name a dye suitable to dye Acrylic.
12. Batik is a _______ style of printing.
13. What are the defects of sulphur dye?
14. _______ purple dye was also known as Cleopetra's purple.
15. What is substantivity?
16. Which printing method is useful for printing knitted fabrics?
17. Give any one example of direct printing method.
18. Which dye is best for cotton?
19. Which dyes are known as cold dyes?
20. What are the types of screen printing?
21. Who invented synthetic dyes?
22. The most suitable thickener for reactive dye printing on cotton is _________.
23. Which type of textile printing method involves a clear ink with an activator in it?
24. Recent environment friendly methods in dyeing and printing include
25. Singeing of polyester is carried out to:
26. The reactive dyes are applied to a cellulosic fiber in an alkaline dye bath; they form
which bond, with hydroxyl group of the fiber by chemically reacting with fiber-
27. The application of colour to the whole body of a textile material with some degree of
fastness is called?
28. Name any one is a water insoluble dye.
29. What is added to improve colour fastness of direct dyes?
30. Colour imparting component of dye is known as-
31. Disperse dyes is mainly used for dyeing _____.
32. What is the best dye for silk?
33. Name any one water soluble dye.
34. Which printing is usually done on dark backgrounds?
35. It is a method of printing whereby the color is applied by what is essentially a stenciling
process but with the help of frame _____ _____.
36. Two components of Azo dye-
37. Blue wool standard are used in which method of colour fastness?
38. Which dyeing machine uses lowest MLR?
39. In which printing binders are used-
40. Oldest method of Printing-
41. Soluble form of vat dye is known as-
42. Gel Permeation Chromatography is used to measure Molecular Weight and ____?
43. The process of burning protruding fibres to deliver a smooth fabric to the surface is
called?
44. Give one example of resist method of dyeing?
45. Which dyes are known as cold dyes?
30
46. What are the types of screen printing?

MCQs

1 The most suitable thickener for reactive dye printing on cotton is

a. Starch
b. Car boxy methyl cellulose
c. Sodium alginate
d. Gum Arabic
2. Which type of textile printing method involves a clear ink with an activator in it?
a. Direct printing
b. Discharge printing
c. Resist
d. Batik
3. ------------------------ is used in textile printing which is a main part of high
molecular weight compound giving viscose paste in water.
a. Pigment Emulsion
b. Binder
c. Thickener
d. Pigment
4. Recent environment friendly methods in dyeing and printing include
i. Digital printing
ii. Waterless dyeing
iii. Plasma technology
iv. Flatbed screen printing
Choose from below:
a. ii, iii, iv
b. i, ii, iv
c. i, ii, iii
d. i, iii, iv
5. The function of dispersing agent is
a. To wet the fabric uniformly
b. To allow formation of foam
c. To prevent formation of mass
d. To increase the rate of Dyeing
6. Singeing of polyester is carried out to
a. Increase strength
b. Reduce Pilling
c. Improve dye uptake
d. Improve dimensional stability
7. The application of further colorant not necessarily of the same hue or class to a
dyed substance in order to adjust the latter to the desired final color is -------------
a. Stripping
b. Topping
c. Printing
d. Cross Dyeing
8. The reactive dyes are applied to a cellulosic fiber in an alkaline dye bath; they
form which bond, with hydroxyl group of the fiber by chemically reacting with
fiber.
a. Covalent bond
b. Salt Linkage
c. Hydrogen bond

31
 d. None
9. The application of colour to the whole body of a textile material with some
degree of fastness is called?
a. Dyeing
b. Printing
c. Discharge style
d. None
10. Following is a water insoluble dye
a. Direct dye
b. Acid dye
c. Vat dye
d. Reactive dye
11. Which one is not a direct style of printing:
a. Stencil printing
b. Block printing
c. Tie and dye
d. Screen printing
12. Which one is not a natural dye
a. Indigo
b. Madder
c. Bixa
d. Cochineal
13. What is added to improve colour fastness of direct dyes?
a. Sodium Chloride
b. Sodium Bi carbonate
c. Potassium Sulphate
d. Aluminium sulphate
14. Colour imparting component of dye is known as:
a. Auxochrome
b. Substrate
c. Chromophores
d. Chromosome
15. Disperse dyes is mainly used for dyeing ……?
a. Cotton
b. Silk
c. Polyester
d. Wool
16. What is the best dye for silk?
a. Vat
b. Azoic
c. Acid
d. Direct
17. Which printing is usually done on dark backgrounds?
a. Resist
b. discharge
c. block
d. screen
18. It is a method of printing whereby the color is applied by what is essentially a
stencilling process.
a. Block Printing
b. Tie and dye
c. Flock printing
d. Screen printing

32
Answer in brief

1. What do you mean by style of printing?

2. What is wet processing?
3. What is blotch print?
4. What are mordants?
5. What are thickeners?
6. What is flocking?
7. What Is Ageing?
8. What is batik dyeing process?
9. What do you mean by Method of Printing?
10. What are pigments?
11. Why is colour fastness of reactive dyes excellent?
12. Why are carriers used in dyeing polyester with disperse dyes?
13. Why are direct dyes also known as substantive dyes?
14. Difference between methods and styles of printing.
15. What are carriers?
16. Why sulphur dyes are so called?
17. How azoic dyes are produced- by reaction between two components?
18. What are printing ingredients-
19. Why steaming is required?
20. Why sodium chloride is used in dyeing process?
21. Why wetting agent is used in dyeing process?
22. Why sequestering agent is used?
23. What is affinity?
24. What is thickener?
25. What are the different techniques of printing?
26. What do you mean by hardness of water?
27. What is water softening?
28. What is soap?
29. Briefly explain the steps for preparing printing paste.
30. State the difference between dyeing & printing
31. Briefly explain the forms in which textiles are dyed.
32. What is wet processing? Explain any one process.
33. Explain the process of dyeing with reactive dyes.

ANSWER KEY

One word questions

1. protein
2. Top,Cheese
3. Block, roller, screen, heat transfer
4. Top dyeing, Dope dyeing, Stock Dyeing, Yarn, Fabric, Garment dyeing
5. Resist dyeing
6. Acid and basic dyes
7. Acid dye
8. Handle and feel
9. Sodium Alginate, Guar Gum
10. Sulphur
11. Basic Dye
12. Resist
13. Bronziness & Tendering
33
14. Tyrian
15. Attraction between a substrate and a dye molecule
16. Rotary Screen Printing
17. Block, Screen Stencil
18. Reactive Dye
19. Naphthol dye/Azoic Dye
20. Flat-bed, cylinder, and rotary
21. William Perkin
22. Sodium alginate
23. Discharge printing
24. Waterless dyeing , Plasma technology, Digital printing
25. Reduce pilling
26. Covalent bond
27. Dyeing
28. Vat dye, Sulphur dye, Disperse Dye
29. Sodium Chloride
30. Chromophore
31. Polyester
32. Acid
33. Acid, Direct, Basic, Reactive
34. Discharge
35. Screen printing
36. Naphthol Component , Diazo Component
37. Light Fastness
38. Padding Mangle
39. Pigment Printing
40. Block
41. Leuco Vat
42. Molecular weight distribution
43. Singeing
44. Tie and dye
45. Naphthol dyes
46. Flat-bed, cylinder, and rotary

MCQs

1 Sodium alginate
2. Discharge printing
3. Thickener
4. i, ii, iii
5. To prevent formation of mass
6. Reduce Pilling
7. Topping
8. Covalent bond
9. Dyeing
10. Vat dye
11. Tie and dye
12. Cochineal
13. Sodium Chloride
14. Chromophores
15. Polyester
16. Acid
17. discharge
34
18. Screen printing

Answer in brief

1. Manner in which the printed effect is achieved.

2. Textile wet processing is the process that use in any finishing treatment. Where, this
process is applied on textile in form of liquid with involves some for chemical action on
the textile. Examples: desizing, printing, dyeing
3. Prints where both the background and motif colour are printed into the fabric using a
direct printing process.
4. A substance typically an inorganic oxide that combines with a dye & thereby fixes it in
a textile material
5. It used in textile printing which is a main part of high molecular weight compound
giving viscose paste in water. Thickener imparts stickiness and plasticity to the printing
paste so that it can be applied to a fabric surface without color spreading.
6. The application of short fibers to a base fabric by the direct printing of adhesive onto the
fabric in the desired areas and then sticking the fibers to these areas.
7. It is consisting of exposing printing goods to more or less prolonged action of steam at
atmospheric pressure to assist in the diffusion and fixation of the dyes.
8. Batik Dyeing process based on the principle of resisting dyeing process. In this
technique, wax is used to design on the fabric and then immersed into a dye, and
excluding wax parts the fabric will absorb the color.
9. Means or appliances through which the printed effect s achieved is known as method of
printing.
10. Pigments are the special type of dyeing or printing materials for wet processing
technology. Generally pigment is use for printing. Pigments can be define as a water
insoluble coloring material mostly mineral origin have been used for coloration of
metal, wood, stone and textile materials.
11. Colour fastness of reactive dyes are excellent because the reactive group reacts
chemically with fibre polymer molecules and form covalent bond.
12. The extreme crystalline nature of polyester fibers creates problems in obtaining dark
shades by conventional dyeing methods even at high temperature. The carriers are found
to assist the disperse dyes to enter the polyester polymer, enabling dark shades to be
produced.
13. Direct dyes have excellent Substantivity for cotton so the name substantive dyes.
14. Means or appliances through which the printed effect s achieved is known as method of
printing for eg- block, screen, stencil whereas the manner in which the printed effect is
achieved is style of printing for eg-Direct, Discharge & Resist Style.
15. are dyeing assistants which alter the dispersing properties of the dyes and physical
characteristics of the fiber.
16. they contain sulphur linkage in their molecular structure.
17. diazo and naphthol resulting in Coupling reaction
18. Dyes/pigment
Wetting agent
Thickener
Dispersing agent
Defoaming agent
Oxidising/reducing agent
Catalyst
Acids & Alkalis
Carriers & Swelling agents
19. Required after dyeing reactive dye fixation
20. It is used as electrolyte for penetration of dye from dye bath to fabric
35
21. To remove surface tension
22. To remove hardness of water
23. It is the dye absorbing capacity of textile
24. It used in textile printing which is a main part of high molecular weight compound
giving viscose paste in water. Thickener imparts stickiness and plasticity to the printing
paste so that it can be applied to a fabric surface without color spreading.
25. Different techniques of printing are as follows
1. Stencil
2. Roller
3. Screen
4. Rotary screen
5. Transfer
6. Flock
26. The property of the textile water for which it does not form foam easily without a lot of
soap is known hardness of water. It has two types named temporary hardness and
permanent hardness.
27. To remove the impurities of hard water by some desirable process is known as water
softening.
28. Soap is a metallic salt of saturated or unsaturated higher fatty acid. There may be Pb,
Mg, Ca or other metallic salt.
29. Pigmented emulsions are suitable for all fiber types, they are able to dry by
evaporation at room temperature and are able to be cured at 320 degrees F for 2 – 3
minutes, which achieves washing and drycleaning fastness. A typical formulation of
a pigment emulsion printing paste is:
COMPONENTS RATIO
Water 10%
Emulsifier 1%
Thickener 4%
White spirit 62%
Catalyst solution 3%
Binder 15%
Pigment dispersion 5%
30. 1. For dyeing, dyes are applied on the whole fabric equally. For printing, dyes are
applied on the fabric localizedly to produce desired design.
2. Fabrics, yarn and fiber can be colored by dyeing while printing can only dye fabric.
3. Dyes are applied on the both sides of fabric while dyes are applied on only one side
of the fabric during printing.
4. Dyeing requires precise design.
5. Only one dye is used for dyeing while one or more dyes are used for printing.
6. Precise temperature should be maintained during dyeing. But it is unnecessary to
maintain precise temperature during printing.
7. The density of dye solution is less than the density of printing paste.
8. Dyeing needs a large amount of water while printing only needs small amount of
water.
9. Dyeing does not need thickener.
10. Steaming or curing is not necessary for dyeing.
11. The cost of dyeing is less than printing.
12.Dyed fabrics are soft while printed fabrics are hard
31 1) Bale Dyeing: This is a low cost method to dye cotton cloth. The material is sent
without scouring or singeing, through a cold water bath where the sized warp has
affinity for the dye. Imitation chambray and comparable fabrics are often dyed this way.
2) Batik Dyeing: This is one of the oldest forms known to man. It originated in Java.
Portions of the fabric are coated with wax so that only un-waxed areas will take on the
36
 dye matter. The operation may be repeated several times and several colours may be
used for the bizarre effects. Motifs show a melange, mottled or streaked effect, imitated
in machine printing.
3) Beam Dyeing: In this method the warp is dyed prior to weaving. It is wound onto a
perforated beam and the dye is forced through the perforations thereby saturating the
yarn with colour.
4) Burl or speck Dyeing: This is done mostly on woollens or worsteds, colored specks
and blemishes are covered by the use of special colored links which come in many
colours and shades. It is a hand operation.
5) Chain Dyeing: This is used when yarns and cloth are low in tensile strength. Several
cuts or pieces of cloth are tacked end-to-end and run through in a continuous chain in
the dye colour. This method affords high production.
6) Cross Dyeing: This is a very popular method in which varied colour effects are
obtained in the one dye bath for a cloth which contains fibers with varying affinities for
the dye used. For example, a blue dyestuff might give nylon 6 a dark blue shade, nylon
6, 6 a light blue shade, and have no affinity for polyester area unscathed or white.
7) Jig Dyeing: This is done in a jig, kier, vat, beck or vessel in an open formation of the
goods. The fabric goes from one roller to another through a deep dye bath until the
desired shade is achieved.
8) Piece Dyeing: The dyeing of fabrics in the cut, bolt or piece form is called piece
dyeing. It follows the weaving of the goods and provides a single colour for the
material, such as blue serge, a green organdy.
9) Raw Stock Dyeing: Dyeing of fiber stock precedes spinning of the yarn. Dyeing
follows the degreasing of wool fibers and drying of the stock.
10) Solution Dyeing: This is also called dope dyeing or spun dyeing; the pigment colour
is bonded-in in the solution and is picked up as the filaments are being formed in the
liquor. Cellulosic and non-cellulosic fibers are dyed to perfection by this method. The
colours are bright, clear, clean and fast.
12) Yarn dyed: Yarn which has been dyed prior to the weaving of the goods; follows
spinning of the yarn. It may be done in either partial immersion or total immersion of
the yarn.
32. Textile wet processing is the process that use in any finishing treatment. Where, this
process is applied on textile in form of liquid with involves some for chemical action on
the textile. Examples: desizing, printing, dyeing
Printing- Textile printing is the process of applying colour to fabric in
definite patterns or designs
Dyeing- Dyeing is the process of give colour to fibers, yarn, or fabrics by using natural
or synthetic dye
Desizing- Desizing is the process or removing the starch or size the covering the warp
yarn using enzyme
33. Different methods of reactive dye application • Pad-batch method. • Pad batch processes
are of two types- – Pad (alkali)-batch (cold) process. – Pad (alkali)-batch (warm or hot)
process. • Pad dry method • Pad steam method.

37
GARMENT MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
One-word questions

1 Steam is used in the ---------------------- section of the Garment Industry.

2 GPT stands for ------------------------------------------------------------------
3 The label indicating the method of washing, ironing & other instructions is called as
-------------
4 AQL stands for ----------------------------------------------------------------
5 A -------------- is a stitch that join two cut parts.
6 ---------------- in patterns refers to change the pattern according to the specification of
the garments for different sizes.
7 Woven fabrics are inspected with ---------------- point system or ---------------- point
system.
8 The --------------------------machine is used where a lapped seam has to be closed in
such a way that the garment part becomes a tube
9 4 thread o/lock machines are------------------------- class of stitch.
10 ------------------ is the percentage of fabric utilization.
11 Cutting devices controlled by electronic microchips-----------------------
12 ---------------- operators can perform complex and critical operations like sleeve
setting
13 --------------------- class of seam is formed by two or more pieces of fabric joined by
overlapping at the needle.
14 ------------------------ is a device for holding the lower thread supply in lockstitch
machines
15 Expand PBS ---------------------
16 ------------------ planning translates customer orders into cutting order
17 A ----------------- is a stock of fabric plies that have been prepared for cutting
18 -------------- SPI means short stitches.
19 Class 300 ----------------
20 ----------------- is measured from the cut edge of fabric to the main line of stitches.
21 ------------- is the thick upper portion of the sewing machine needle that fits into the
needle bar.
22 ------------------------- is the rippling of a seam that occurs just after sewing or after
laundry

MCQ’s
1 ------------------ planning translates customer orders into cutting order
a. Purchase order
b. Supply order
c. Cut order
d. Work order
2 A ----------------- is a stock of fabric plies that have been prepared for cutting
a. Bundle
b. Marker
c. Fabric
d. Lay
3 Markers made with half pattern pieces for laying along the folds of the tube are
called--------------- markers
a. rolled
b. open
c. closed
d. half
38
4 Expand F/O/W --------------------------
a. face opposite way
b. face –one- way
c. face outwards
d. face-on-wrong
5 -------------- contractors supply operators, machines and thread and make
garments
a. Speciality
b. CMT
c. FPP
d. FOB
6 The most commonly used bed typed are flat, cylinder, post and ,----------------
a. Cloth plate
b. Raised bed
c. High bed
d. Casted bed
7 Seam performance relates to the elasticity, flexibility and -------------- of a seam.
a. Length
b. Width
c. Strength
d. Weight
8 The --------------------------machine is used where a lapped seam has to be closed
in such a way that the garment part becomes a tube
a. Lapped seam
b. Feed-off-arm
c. Bound seam
d. Plain seam
9 -------------------------is the name given to the feed system in which the needle itself
mover forward and backward
a. Unison feed
b. Needle feed
c. Puller feed
d. Drop Feed
10 Class 600--------------------------
a. Chain stitch
b. Lock stitch
c. Over edge
d. Cover stitch
11 Fusing commonly takes place at around-----------
a. 180° C
b. 150° C
c. 90 ° C
d. 100 ° C
12 The machine that sew a number of stitches across the point to be reinforced and
then sew covering stitches over again
a. Bar tack machines
b. Button sew machines
c. Zigzag machines
d. Embroidery machines
13 New production would require a leaving period ---------------------
a. Running – in
b. Product run
c. Run in
d. Pilot run
39
14 --------------------- class is formed by two or more pieces of fabric joined by
overlapping at the needle.
a. Superimposed seam
b. Lapped seam
c. Bound seam
d. Flat Seam
15 SAM ----------------------------
a. Standard allotted machine
b. Standard allowed minutes
c. Stitches advanced mechanism
d. Strategic arrangement of management
16 Stitch 401 ----------------
a. Two thread chain stitch
b. Three thread chain stitch
c. Two thread lock stitch
d. Over edge stitch
17 Thread lubrication has two purposes: to reduce the amount of friction & ---------
a. To provide protection from needle heat
b. Breakage
c. Cohesiveness
d. Consistency
18 The odd number over edge stitch 501,503,505and 521 are known as ----------------
a. Break open stitches
b. Open end
c. Grin through
d. Serging
19 The means of pressing are heat,-----------------, and pressure
a. Moisture
b. Heat
c. Temperature
d. Time
20 Standard presses foot for sewing zippers
a. Half zip foot
b. Special presser feet
c. Piping foot
d. Narrow toed
21 Boilers, steam generated and vacuum systems are part of ------------------
a. Vacuum cutting
b. Garber machine
c. Pressing system
d. Laundry

Answer in brief

1 What are pop fashions?

2 Mention the different types of markers.
3 Mention the different types of stationary cutters?
4 What is spreading mode?
5 Name any three Superimposed Seams.
6 Compare stitch type 301 and 304.
7 What are the different points in a sewing needle?
8 Which feed system is most suitable for stitching leather fabrics?
9 What are Loopers?
10 What are interfacings?
40
11 What is Yarn Severance?
12 What is Compound feed?
13 What is a Sewing machine needle?
14 What is Inter-looping?
15 Which is the thick upper portion of sewing needle that fits into the needle bar?
16 What is cutting pitch?
17 What is Nap?
18 Mention the preproduction operations.
19 What is Seam dimension?
20 Name some automatic cutting devices.
21 What is TOP & GPT sample?
22 Mention the different types of portable cutters?
23 Mention any three types of lapped seams.
24 Define Throughput and Throughput time
25 Give the different parts of a presser foot & tell one important function of each.
26 What is Seam Grin?
27 What is Intra-looping?
28 What are the different types operations for the production of new style in the garment
production unit?
29 What is Seam heading?
30 What is the utility of a labor saving device?
32 What is Differential feed?
33 What is marker and marker efficiency?
34 What are fusible interlinings?
35 What is in- process pressing and off –pressing?
36 What is Seam Performance?
37 Give the classification of seam as per US Federal Std. No.751a.
38 What is PP sample?

ANSWER KEY

One-word questions

1 Finishing
2 Garment Performance Test
3 Care Labels
4 Acceptable Quality Level
5 Seam
6 Grading
7 4 & 10
8 Feed-off-arm
9 500
10 Marker Efficiency
11 Automated cutting
12 Highly Skilled
13 Lapped seam
14 Bobbin
15 Progressive bundle system
16 Cut Order
17 Lay
18 High
19 Lock Stitch
20 Seam Allowance
41
21 Shank
22 Seam Pucker
23 Break open stitches
24 Time
25 Half zip foot
26 Pressing system

MCQ’s

1 Cut order
2 Lay
3 Closed
4 Face –One- Way
5 CMT
6 Raised bed
7 Strength
8 Feed-off-arm
9 Needle feed
10 Cover stitch
11 150° C
12 Bar tack machines
13 Running – in
14 Lapped seam
15 Standard allowed minutes
16 Two thread chain stitch
17 To provide protection from needle heat

Answer in brief

1 Type of factory which produces and sells instant ‘pop’ fashions for young men and
women. These are usually smaller factories and turn their hands to the market
demands at any particular moment. The production runs in are very short, with
radically different garments being produced one after the other or sometimes
simultaneously.
2 1. Sectioned Markers
2. Continuous Markers
3 1. Band knife cutting machine
2. Fabric die cutting machine
4 A spreading mode is the manner in which fabric plies are laid out for cutting.
Two fabric characteristics that determine the spreading mode are the direction of
fabric and the direction of the fabric nap
5 Plain Seam
French Seam
Mock French Seam
6 301-Straight lock stitch-seaming
304- The zigzag version of lock stitch
7 Round point needle – set or cloth points
Cutting or leather point needle.
8 Unison Feed
9 Looper is a dull pointed metal piece synchronised with the needle motion and feed
dog to pick up the needle thread and aids to form stitches. It may hold lower threads
to interlock with needle threads or with other looper threads.
Two kinds of loopers:

42
  Eye loopers
 & Blind loopers
10 Interfacing is a textile used on the unseen or "wrong" side of fabrics to make an area
of a garment more rigid.
Interfacings can be used to: strengthen a certain area of the fabric, for instance where
buttonholes will be sewn. keep fabrics from stretching out of shape, particularly
knit fabrics.
Different types of Interfacings are:
• Fusible
• Sew In
• Woven
• Nonwoven
• Knit
11 Also called needle cutting index . It is the proportion of fabric yarns cut by the
needle. Frayed yarns will result in reduces seam strength, poor seam appearance or
both
12 Often called a compound feed, needle feed or triple feed, this is a two-part system
where the needle moves in tandem with the inner presser foot to pull the fabric
through the machine.
13 A sewing machine needle is a specialized needle for use in a sewing machine.
A sewing machine needle consists of: shank - clamped by the sewing machine's
needle holder. A groove - cut in the front of the shaft to allow the thread to lie more
closely to the needle as it passes through the fabric..
14 Inter-looping is passing of a loop of thread through another loop formed by a
different thread, example stitch type 401.
15 Shank
16 It is the angle at which the cutting device contacts the spread.
Maintaining the cutting device at vertical position with pitch of 90° create
uniformity.
17 Primarily, nap is the raised (fuzzy) surface on certain kinds of cloth, such as velvet or
moleskin. The term nap is to indicate the fabric is directional
18 1. Marker Making
2. Spreading
3. Cutting
4. Preparation of Cut parts for Sewing Room
19 Seam Length
Seam Width
Seam Depth
20 1. Computer Controlled Knife Cutting Machine.
2. Laser Cutting Machine.
3. Water Jet Cutting Machine.
4. Rib Cutting Machine
5. Air jet Cutting Machine.
6. Ultrasonic Cutting Machine.
7. Plasma Torch Cutting Machine
21 TOP Sample: These samples are called Top of production or TOP samples and they
are evaluated to ensure that the bulk production is of the same quality as the
PP sample. TOP samples are also checked for their packaging
GPT sample: These are production sample that is given for Garment Performance
Test. These samples are used for a series of tests that a brand would like to evaluate
before running the styles for production.
22 Vertical Reciprocating straight Knives
Round Knives

43
23 Flat Fell Seam
Welt Seam
Slot Seam
Tuck Seam
Mock Flat Fell Seam
24 Throughput is the number of items produced by a process in a given period of time.
Throughput time or cycle time: It is the amount of time it takes for a manufacturer to
make a product including process time, inspection time, move time, and wait time.
25 1. Shank - attaches to the presser bar
2. Shoe- that rests on the surface of the fabric. It has three parts Sole, Heel, and
Toe.
 Sole - is in direct contact with the fabric & can be smooth, toothed, channeled
& so on.
 Toe - forward portion responsible for holding, guiding & positioning the
unsewn fabric.
 Heel- is the back portion of the shoe responsible for holding fabric &
retaining position for the feeding & stitching action to take place.
26 Seam grin is when two pieces of fabric are pulled at right angles to the seam, and a
gap is revealed between the two pieces of fabric revealing the thread in this gap.
27 Intra-looping is passing of a loop of thread through another loop formed by the same
thread, example stitch type 101.
28 Standard Operations
Transfer Operations and
New Operations
29 It is the distance from the folded edge of the top ply to the first line of stitches
30 Work Aids are labor saving devices used to simplify an operation, reduce handling,
increase productivity, improve work quality, and reduce operator fatigue.
31 It utilizes a two piece feed dog located below the throat plate, one at back & one at
front of the needle.
The front (main) feeder and rear feeder can be set to move the same or different
distances.
 When the rear feeder is set to move farther than the front, the fabric is
stretched.
 When the rear feeder is set to move less than the front, the fabric is gathered
(shirring).
32 A marker is a diagram of a precise arrangement of pattern pieces for the sizes of a
specific style that are to be cut from a single spread.
Marker efficiency is defined as the area occupied by the patterns in
the marker expressed as percentage to total area of the marker plan.
Marker efficiency is a very important term in case of garments production & is
directly related to fabric cutting and how much fabric may wastage during fabric.
33 Fusible interlining is one kind of interlining where the wrong side of the fashion
garment panel is fused with a thermoplastic resin and can be bonded with another
strip of fabric by the proper application of pressure and heat at a specific temperature
and time.
34 In-process pressing, or under-pressing, is done while a garment is under
construction. It is used to crease, shape, and/or smooth components for more accurate
seaming. Sharp edges on garment components increase accuracy in sewing.
Finish pressing, or off-pressing, adds the final shape to seams and garments. Without
finish pressing, even the most well-executed seams will not have a pleasing
appearance.
35 The Seam performance is a multi-dimensional property involving: strength,
elasticity, durability, security and comfort
44
36 1. Superimposed seams (SS)
2. Lapped seams (LS)
3. Bound seams (BS)
4. Flat seams (FS)
Apart from this, there are two additional classes:
1. Ornamental seams (OS)
2. Edge finishing (EF)
37 PP Sample
• These samples are called Pre-production samples and PP sample is considered to
be a contract between the buyer and the factory.
• Made in original fabric and trims with washing, embroidery and printing should
match to actual.
• PP Sample is the standard for production and bulk production garments should
be identical to PP sample.
• The factory can start the production of bulk garment only after the approval of
preproduction sample.

45
TEXTILE ECONOMICS, FASHION MARKETING AND
MERCHANDISING
One-word questions

1 When a consumer's interest for a company's product or service is reflected in their

daily dialogs is known as ________________.
2 From the date of placing an order to the delivery date this period is known as
_______.
3 _________ is the means to communicate a store’s fashion, value, products, and quality
message to prospective customers so as to entice them to buy from the store on a
sustainable basis.
4 ____________floor plan is an excellent store layout for most any type of retail store.
It makes use of the walls and fixtures to create small spaces within the retail store. The
straight floor plan is one of the most economical store designs.
5 _________ is communicating the value of a product, service or brand to customers,
for the purpose of promoting or selling that product, service, or brand.
6 The ______________ refers to the rise, wide popularity or acceptance by masses of
people and then the decline in the acceptance of style.
7 The first date when a seasons’s order can begin to be shipped to detailers is called?
8 Profit expressed as a percentage of the sale price
9 ___________________ date is the merchandisers deadline for having all prototypes
and pricing for a new product line completed.
10 ______________ goods are frequently purchased with very little thought, effort or
attempt for the customers.
11 What is SMV?
12 What is MFA?
13 The price paid by the retailer to the manufacturer for a garment is known as the-
14 What is the term offer used by the industry to describe online retailing vis the internet.
15 What is 4c's of marketing?

MCQ’s

1 A chain of businesses or intermediaries through which a good or service passes

until it reaches the end consumer
a. Multilevel marketing
b. Line balancing
c. Distribution channel
d. Word of mouth
2 A last date till which a shipping line will accept the packed goods for a particular
vessel or ship. Usually it is 5-8 days before actual ship moving date
a. Cut-off-date
b. CIF
c. CFR
d. Lead time
3 A type of marketing in which a business uses purely electronic means to advertise
their products and services
a. Internet marketing
b. Digital marketing
c. Relationship marketing
d. None of these
4 ________ is a plan of balancing the production schedule as per the time and action
calendar.
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 a. Lead time
b. CIF
c. Line balancing
d. Partial shipment
5 ________is an approach to managing a company's interaction with current and
potential customers. It uses data analysis about customers' history with a company
to improve business relationships with customers, specifically focusing on customer
retention and ultimately driving sales growth.
a. Marketing
b. Customer relationship management
c. Fashion retailing
d. None of these
6 A garment is a ............... product
a. Two Dimensional
b. Three Dimensional
c. Four Dimensional
d. None above
7 DKNY is the example of the brand name of ...............
a. Leotards
b. Jeans
c. Womens wear
d. Underwear
8 Marketing concept address the four P’s: Product, Price, Promotion & -------------
a. Place
b. Prestige
c. Presentation
d. Progress
9 A group of garments designed for a specific season.
a. Classic
b. Collection
c. Buying
d. Apparels
10 Any paid message in the media used to increase sales.
a. Advertising
b. Shopping
c. Buying
d. Interview
11 The business of buying fashion merchandise from a variety of resources and
reselling it to ultimate consumers-----------------
a. Wholesalers
b. Fashion retailing
c. Marketing
d. Merchandising
12 What is WOM?
a. Week of Marketing
b. World of Marketing
c. Waste of Money
d. Word of Mouth
13 Making of merchandise visually attractive to the customers is known as-
a. Merchandising
b. Sampling
c. Fashion Merchandising
d. Visual Merchandising
14 Prediction of fashion trend---------------
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 a. Fashion forecasting
b. Marketing
c. Advertisement
d. Sale test
15 A group of garments designed for a specific season.
a. Classic
b. Collection
c. Buying
d. Apparels
16 The business of buying fashion merchandise from a variety of resources and
reselling it to ultimate consumers-----------------
a. Wholesalers
b. Fashion retailing
c. Marketing
d. Merchandising

Answer in brief

1 State the importance of visual merchandising.

2 State the problems faced during customer relationship management.
3 State three types of distribution channels.
4 What are the 4 p’s of marketing?
5 What are the importance of fashion retailing?
6 What are accessories used in garment industry?
7 What is AQL?
8 What is a Buying office?
9 What Is Purchase Order (PO)?
10 Elaborate CM?
11 What is Purchase Order (PO)
12 What is the importance of textile industry in Indian economy?
13 What is distribution channel?
14 What does CRM mean in marketing?
15 What is TOP sample?

ANSWER KEY

One-word questions

1 Word of Mouth
2 Lead time.
3 Visual merchandising
4 The straight floor plan
5 Marketing
6 Fashion Cycle
7 Start ship date
8 Mark down
9 Line preview
10 Convenience
11 SMV means the Standard Minute Value
12 Multi fiber Agreement.
13 Cost Price
14 E- commerce
15 Customer, Cost, Convenience and Communication

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MCQ’s

1 Distribution channel
2 Cut-off-date
3 Digital marketing
4 Line balancing
5 Customer relationship management
6 Three Dimensional
7 Women’s wear
8 Place
9 Collection
10 Advertising
11 Fashion retailing
12 Word of Mouth
13 Visual Merchandising
14 Fashion forecasting
15 Collection
16 Fashion retailing

Answer in brief

1 The importance are as follows:

 Increase sales generation
 Profit
 Expansion of the store
 Corporate image
 Big share in market
2 The problems are as follows:
 Personal contact numbers
 Policy less followed in small towns
 Common policy for reliance fresh & mart
 Delay in processing membership cards
 Long queues at billing counters
3 1. The first channel
2. The second channel
3. The third channel
4 1. Product
2. Price
3. Promotion
4. Place
5 1.Fashion Retailing shapes the lifestyle of the people
2. Retailing contributes to the economy
3. Retailing dominates the supply chain
4. Retailing is interdisciplinary
5. Retailing is acknowledged as a subject area in its own right
6 Accessories are items that need to complete a garment. There are different kinds of
accessories used in garments industry such as thread, zipper, interlining, buttons,
label, pocketing fabric, elastic, etc
7 AQL is connected to the quality of products. In textile industry Acceptance Quality
Level is shortly designated by AQL.
8 Buying office is an independent or store owned office, which is situated at a market
area and buys for one chain or for many stores.
Buying office is also well-known as buying house.
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9 PO is a document of a general description of the types and quantities of merchandise
that a buyer or importer expect to purchase for delivery within a lead time. It is also
known as buying plan.
10 CM stands for Cost of Making. That cost may include trimmings, cutting, making,
trimmings cost, cost of making time etc.
11 PO is a document of a general description of the types and quantities of merchandise
that a buyer or importer expect to purchase for delivery within a lead time. It is also
known as buying plan
12 The textile sector offers huge employment opportunities for Indian people. Textile and
apparel sector contributes 14% to industrial production, 4% to India's Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) and constitutes 15% of the country's export earnings.
13 A distribution channel is a chain of businesses or intermediaries through which a good
or service passes until it reaches the final buyer or the end consumer. Distribution
channels can include wholesalers, retailers, distributors, and even the Internet
14 Customer relationship marketing (CRM) is a business process in which client
relationships, customer loyalty and brand value are built through marketing strategies
and activities. CRM allows businesses to develop long-term relationships with
established and new customers while helping streamline corporate performance.
15 TOP stands for “top of production” and is a set of sample that is taken off the line
during your first production run. Top of production is the final sample stage that
happens during production where you get to see what your line will look like before it
reaches your customers.

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