NATURAL POWDERED DURIAN (DURIO) PEEL AS OIL ABSORBENT OF OIL

DISCHARGE IN COASTAL WATERS

A Research Presented to Senior High School

Mindanao State University
General Santos City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand

by

JASON DAVID CONCOLES

REIKO KELSEY DEVERA
HANNAH GABRIELLE FLORDELIZ
MARK JAYSON GUEVARRA
LIZNEY SAGANA
JUDAH EPHRAIM TAMPAC

February 2021
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Oil Spills are rampant micro pollutants of the ocean. Oil spills may happen surrounding

us. Since oil items incorporate a ton of basic energizes, clearly oil spills may occur at high rates

and in numerous areas, including local locations. Surface oil spills are anything but difficult to

distinguish and will leave noticeable follows, for example, oil stains, just as other trademark

signs, for example, scents because of the fumes discharged by the spilled oil. The underground

oil spills are harder to get but then might be more hazardous (oil may reach groundwater all the

more effectively and travel with it). Both surface and underground oil spills can possibly taint

soils, silt, water (groundwater and surface water bodies), and air (because of numerous unstable

mixes transmitted by the spilled oil into the air). Worst still, some global health issues are

credited to enormous and hazardous chemical contents of Oil Spills. The most reported global

health effects are People who lives in the affected areas whereas are more at risk. Problems could

include skin and eye irritation, neurologic and breathing problems, and stress.

The sort of oil spilled matters in light of the fact that various kinds of oil act distinctively

in the climate, and creatures and winged animals are influenced diversely by various kinds of oil.

Be that as it may, it's not all that simple to state which kind is most exceedingly terrible. To

begin with, we ought to recognize "light" and "hefty" oils. Fuel oils, for example, gas and diesel

fuel, are "light" oils. Light oils are exceptionally unstable (they dissipate moderately rapidly), so

they ordinarily do not stay for long in the oceanic or marine climate (commonly no longer than a

couple of days). In the event that they spread out on the water, as they do when they are
inadvertently spilled, they will dissipate moderately rapidly particles dominate the surfaces of the

oceans and damaging marine lives in variety of ways.

In the early 1500s, the Portuguese-born explorer Juan Cabrillo sailed into what is now

Santa Barbara, California, and remarked on the oil he saw bubbling out from a natural seep, in

1859, the first oil well in United States was near in Titusville, Pennsylvania, and it's possible the

first oil spill occurred while the crude oil was transported from this well, around 1889 or 1890,

the steamer Albatross reported a massive oil slick extending from L.A. south to northern San

Diego County though the source of the slick is unknown. On Dec. 13, 1907, the Thomas W.

Lawson, a seven-masted steel schooner bound for London and loaded with oil was caught in a

storm and stranded on the Scilly Islands, England, in 1929, a 600-barrel oil spill covered 9 miles

(14 km) off Ventura County Beach in California. By 1930, spills from ships were considered a

greater menace than shoreline leakage, according to NOAA (According to “The Science and

History of Oil Spills” by Andrea Thompson). These are just a few examples of oil spills and a

manifestation that oil spill has been a long-term problem and a major disturbance to our marine

wildlife ecosystem.

Currently we, humans, have invented and invented/found some solutions in removing oil

spills from our ocean, using oil booms and skimmers where booms help to concentrate oil in

thicker surface layers so that skimmers, vacuums, or other collection methods can be used more

effectively, a skimmer is a device that collects and removes oil from the surface of the water.

Skimmers can be towed, self-propelled, moored in river currents, or even used from shore

(Ohmsett). Another way to remove oil spill was In-situ burning is burning the oil where it was

spilled. The oil can be contained by fire-resistant booms at the spill site, then set on fire and

burned away. This works well with light oils, since they give off more vapors that burn
(Ohmsett). These are just one of the few examples of our ways of removing oil spill in the ocean,

although these methods have reached and so far helped in removing oil spills, these methods

have also their own disadvantages, for example in oil booms and skimmers, their absorption of

oils is very unlikely because they usually suck debris and ice, that they need require constant

skilled observation, they do not do very well in rough or choppy water because the wave action

will force more water than oil into the skimmer. (Webb, 2005). Another disadvantage of one of

the methods mentions is in-situ burning, the small amounts of residue of oil on water can cause

environmental concerns. This is particularly true if the residue sinks. Results of laboratory tests

suggest the possibility that burn residues may sink for about 40 to 60% of crude oils worldwide.

(Office of Response and Restoration, 2019).

Food irradiation is a processing and preservation technique with similar results to

freezing or pasteurization. During this procedure, the food is exposed to doses of ionizing

energy, or radiation. At low doses, irradiation extends a product’s shelf life. At higher doses, this

process kills insects, molds, bacteria and other potentially harmful micro-organisms. The benefits

of irradiation of food include the benefits of this food processing technique include extended

shelf life of some products, less food spoilage, reduced risk of food-borne diseases caused by

micro-organisms such as Campylobacter, Salmonella, E. coli and Listeria (especially in meat,

poultry and fish), less need for pesticides (BetterHealth, 2012). Therefore, we can conclude that

irradiation of food can help in extending the shelf life of the powdered Durian (Durio).

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to identify the effectivity of powdered durian (durio) peel as an

absorbent to coastal oil spillage.

 Specifically, this study will have the following objectives:

1. Determine the amount needed of powdered durian (durio) peel to absorb a certain amount

of oil discharge.

2. Determine the type of oil the powdered durian (durio) peel can absorb in coastal waters.

3. Determine the different effectivity of powdered durian (durio) peel compared to

commercial products as an absorbent in oil discharge in coastal waters.

Hypothesis

Ho: The powdered durian (durio) peel did not absorb any of the oil discharge.

H1: The powdered durian (durio) peel absorbed the oil discharge effectively.

Significance of the Study

The researchers will investigate the effectivity of the powdered durian (durio) peel as an

absorbent of oil discharge in coastal waters. This study will greatly help the environment and the

community. Furthermore, the success of this study will benefit the following:

For the environment¸ the resulting product of this study can be used by local residents

near the coastal areas where the living things are being affected by the oil discharge. This will

help the sea creatures maintain the balance and life underwater.

For the community, this study will help the community, especially those who live near

coastal areas and has marine life as their way of business and survival. The resulting product can

be used to lessen the toxins affected by oil discharge in coastal areas and this will help those who

have marine life as source of income have a better coastal water.

 For Mindanao State University – General Santos City, this study is conducted near the

institution. Thus, the institution may use this study as a guide and may contribute for the

development of the chosen are and field of study.

For the future researchers, this study will be beneficial to those who have the same

interest as the current researchers. They may use this study as a guide and reference for the future

studies that will conducted related to this.

Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on the effectivity of the powdered durian (durio) peel as an absorbent

to coastal oil discharges. The durian (durio) peel will be collected around General Santos City.

The process of the durian (durio) peel to powderize will be conducted possibly at home and/or at

the Mindanao State University – General Santos City Nutraceutical Laboratory. The resulting

product will be then tested first through home experiment using used cooking oil, diesel gasoline,

and lubricant oil. Then, the product will be tested by collecting a sample of coastal waters of

General Santos City and used oil from motorcycles, since there is a limitation to the areas of

samples due to the pandemic. General Santos City has been free from oil discharges for years

now. The alternative to testing the resulting product will be by home and/or laboratory

experiments. Absorption rate will be calculated in this study.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined operationally as how they were used in this study:

Food Irradiation. It is expounded as the application of technology with regards to

extending shelf life of food by ionizing radiation by way of eliminating microorganisms and
insects. There is no significant change with food that undergoes irradiation considering the

nutritional value, texture, taste of appearance.

Hazardous Chemicals. Are substances that can cause adverse health effects (if not
managed correctly) such as poisoning, breathing problems, skin rashes, allergic reactions,
allergic sensitization, cancer, and other health problems from exposure.

In Situ Burning. It is determined to be a technique that responds towards the oil that has
been spilled at an area at sea. ISB is done through burning the location of the oil spill to reduce
the volume of spill.

Marine Ecosystems. are aquatic environments with high levels of dissolved salt. These
include the open ocean, the deep-sea ocean, and coastal marine ecosystems, each of which have
different physical and biological characteristics.

Micro Pollutants. Can be defined as anthropogenic chemicals that occur in the aquatic
environment above a potential natural background level due to human activities but with
concentrations remaining at trace levels.

Oil Booms. It is an equipment, also known as containment boom, designed to

temporarily subdue oil spills in the form of a floating barrier. Calm waters such as streams or
slow moving rivers are much more effectual places of preventing pollution through the use of oil
booms.

Oil Spill. Is the accidental or intentional discharge of oil onto a surface of a large body of
water as a discrete mass and is carried by wind, currents and tides. It often presents hazard to the
marine life and to the environment.

Skimmers. It is defined as a device that segregates oil and grease from liquid. The
effectivity of the device is dependent among the conditions of the water given that it acts by its
own or operated by its carrier.
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

Related Literature

Pollution

Contamination can be depicted as the presence in or brought into the climate of a

substance which has hurtful or toxic. A portion of the contamination incorporate water, soil and

climate. Water contamination can be introduced as a toxin of water, which can make it ill-suited

for use. Water contamination ordinarily brought about by mechanical waste, agricultural and oil

spills. Urbanization is constantly delivering waste and wastewater to the climate and at last

harmful to living creature. This factor can cause water contamination. The water contamination

essentially brought about by weighty metal, color and oil delivered. Notwithstanding, the natural

contamination from oil has been paid attention to since most recent couple of many years. This is

on the grounds that the expanding popular for oil as one of the common hotspots for the

development of the nation. The wonder of oil spill additionally made poisonousness marine life

due to framing of drifting film on water. The oil spilled chaotic, yet it additionally unsafe and in

the end will treat the life. The most well-known advances for oil expulsion incorporate

compound treatment, gravity partition, equal plate coalescers, gas buoyancy, twister division,

granular media filtration and cartridge filtration. The event of oil spill will make harmfulness

marine life due to shaping of skimming film in water. In addition, enormous urbanization is

consistently delivering waste and wastewater to the biological system and making contamination

climate and in the end destructiveness to environment. Thusly, they are numerous techniques for

eliminating oil are presented included gravity detachment, disintegrated air buoyancy, compound
coagulation, filtration, film measure and organic cycle. Every one of these advances are

extravagant. Subsequently, a straightforward apparatus adsorbent methodology which is from

fruit peel was utilized in eliminating oil from the fluid arrangement in this examination. The oil

spilled chaotic, yet it additionally unsafe and in the end will treat the life. The most well-known

advances for oil expulsion incorporate compound treatment, gravity partition, equal plate

coalescers, gas buoyancy, twister division, granular media filtration and cartridge filtration. The

event of oil spill will make harmfulness marine life due to shaping of skimming film in water. In

addition, enormous urbanization is consistently delivering waste and wastewater to the biological

system and making contamination climate and in the end destructiveness to environment. Thusly,

they are numerous techniques for eliminating oil are presented included gravity detachment,

disintegrated air buoyancy, compound coagulation, filtration, film measure and organic cycle.

Every one of these advances are extravagant. Subsequently, a straightforward apparatus

adsorbent methodology which is from natural product strip was utilized in eliminating oil from

the fluid arrangement in this examination.

Organic Pollutants

The successive event of organics/oils spillage occurrences has caused a chain of genuine

negative effect on nearby water climate and natural climate in the previous few decades. The

quick improvement of seaward oil misuse and current compound industry, seaward oil spill and

natural synthetic reagent spillage mishap happened oftentimes consistently, making genuine

harm the neighborhood water climate and biological climate. In this manner, the poisons should

be eliminated from water. It was a superior method to isolate the contaminations from the water

contrasted and the past direct ignition of poisons on the water surface, as it could reuse the

spilled oils and compound reagents, while not prompting other natural contamination.
 Natural Organic Absorbents

The utilization of regular natural adsorbents was generally utilized due to their more

prominent adsorption limits, most eco-accommodating and practical. Regular adsorbents are

biodegradable when arranged, yet more effective than compound adsorbent as they indicated a

more noteworthy adsorption limit. Common sorbent like natural product strands can be utilized

as oil sorbents because of its hydrophobic properties that can help in oil adsorption. Accordingly,

regular spongy can be popularized for cleaning reason in oil homegrown spill for kitchen,

production lines and workshops. As a result of the variables over, this investigation was directed

to decide the capability of organic product strips/fruit peels as an adsorbent in eliminating oil.

Related Studies

The study of Synthesis of Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Acidic

Environment by Ogunleye et al. (2019), showed the inhibitive potential of Mondia whittei roots

extract on corrosion of mild steel coupons in 0.5 M hydrochloric solution. The study used weight

loss, depth of attack and surface analysis. Effect of various parameters, such as the concentration

of Mondia whittei roots extract, immersion time and temperature on inhibition efficiency were

studied. The identification of the constituents of Mondia whittei roots extract and characteristics

of the test solution and adsorbed film on the test coupon were evaluated by gas chromatography

or mass spectrophotometer and Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometer. The surface

morphology and topographical features of the corroded mild steels were done by the scanning

electron microscope. A maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 89.47% was obtained with

1.0 g/L in 0.5M hydrochloric solution at 60°C after 9 h and volume – area ratio of 40 mL/cm2.

Polarization curves showed that the inhibition efficiency according to the depth of attack
increased with increasing inhibitor concentration, temperature, time and volume – area ratio. The

same with the related study presented, the researchers would like to determine the corrosion

inhibition potential of Kamantigi (Impatiens balsamina) flower extract. Both studies will use

weight loss measurement, however, the researchers will not use gas chromatography and Fourier

Transform Infrared spectrophotometer to evaluate the constituents of the Kamantigi (Impatiens

balsamina) flower extract. Instead, the researchers will make use of the phytochemical screening

to determine the bioactive compounds present in Kamantigi (Impatiens balsamina) flower

extract.

In January 27, 2019, El-Katori and Al-Mhyawi studied “Assessment of the Bassia

muricata Extract as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Aluminum in Acidic Solution” in which the

inhibiting behavior of aluminum by the Bassia muricata extract was examined in 1.0 M sulfuric

acid solution as a green corrosion inhibitor by using weight loss measurement, potentiodynamic

polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and electrochemical frequency

modulation techniques as the standard measurements. It revealed that the addition of the extract

reduces the corrosion rate of aluminum alloy. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing

extract concentration and reached 90% at 300 ppm. The inhibitive effect of the tested extract was

discussed in view of the adsorption of its components on the aluminum surface. The effect of the

temperature on the corrosion behavior with the addition of different concentrations of Bassia

muricata extract was studied in the temperature range of 298 and 318 K. The activation and

adsorption parameters were computed and discussed. The surface morphology was examined via

scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy which confirmed the existence of a

protective film of inhibitor molecule on the aluminum surface. The results showed that the

Bassia muricata extract was an effective inhibitor. This study may serve as a guide for the
researchers’ current study for the reason that the plant extract, which in this case is Kamantigi

(Impatiens balsamina), will also be used to determine its efficacy as corrosion inhibitor. The

researchers will also use weight loss measurement, the same way as the study conducted by El-

Katori and Al-Mhyawi. Just like the results achieved in the given study, the researchers presume

to achieve positive results.

Another study on Mitigation of Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Acidic Solutions Using an

Aqueous Extract of Tilia cordata as Green Corrosion Inhibitor by Abousalem et al. (2017),

showed that Tilia cordata has corrosion inhibition potential property with corrosion inhibition

efficiency of 96% as the concentration of Tilia cordata increased. This study used weight loss

measurement. The surface of the carbon steel was abraded using different grades of emery paper

starting with coarser type 80 to finer one 1200, degreased with acetone, rinsed with distilled

water and dried using filter papers. The mass of the carbon steel was measured precisely to

0.0001 digits by using an electronic balance and was immersed to 100 mL of 1M hydrochloric

acid solution in the absence and presence of different concentrations of Tilia cordata extract at

30˚C. For the weight loss measurement, the immersion time intervals were 30 minutes to 180

minutes. Then, the carbon steel was taken out of the hydrochloric acid solution and rinsed with

distilled water and was dried. The weights of carbon steel after immersion were recorded. The

corrosion rate was calculated from the value of the weight loss divided by the total surface area

and immersion time. In comparison, the related study and the researchers’ study used the same

kind of metal which contains carbon, but instead of the carbon steel, the researchers used mild

steel, which has low carbon content. Both studies used plant extract as corrosion inhibitor, but of

different kind. Other than that, the two studies used hydrochloric acid solution for the immersion
of metals and the same standard measurement will be used by the researchers which is the weight

loss measurement. Also, in both studies, corrosion rates of the steels will be calculated.

The study of Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution using

Pomegranate Leaf Extract by Abboud et al. (2016) investigated the corrosion inhibition and

adsorption behavior of pomegranate leaf extract on carbon steel in 1M hydrochloric acid solution

at 293–333 K was tested through weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarization, and

surface analysis methods. The results revealed that the adsorption of pomegranate leaf extract

molecules on the carbon steel surface obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and acted as a

mixed type of inhibitor for carbon steel in 1M hydrochloric solution. The activation energy of

corrosion and other thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy, standard enthalpy

and standard entropy of the adsorption process as well as Fourier - transform infrared

spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction examinations of the electrode surface showed that the

corrosion inhibition of pomegranate leaf extract on carbon steel in 1M hydrochloric acid solution

is controlled by the physical adsorption process. The said study has used the hydrochloric acid

solution in the immersion of carbon steel and included the weight loss measurement in trying the

efficacy of Pomegranate leaf extract. The researchers will use the same acid solution for the

immersion of mild steel and the corrosion inhibition of Kamantigi leaf extract will be measured

also by weight loss measurement.

In a recent study conducted by Hoseinzadeh, Danaee, Maddahy, and Avei (2013), the

inhibition characteristics of Taurine on Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution was

evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy (EIS), chronoamperometry, and observation of surface topography by atomic force

microscopy (AFM), and optical microscope. The conclusions drawn from the data are, 2-
aminoethanesulfonic acid or Taurine has a considerable inhibition effect on the corrosion of

carbon steel in 1M hydrochloric acid solution with an inhibition efficiency that is directly

proportional to the concentration, the high inhibition efficiencies of thiazole derivatives

attributed to adherent adsorption of the inhibitor molecules on the metal surface, taurine inhibits

both cathodic hydrogen evolution reactions and anodic metal dissolution, its adsorption obeyed

the modified Langmuir adsorption isotherm, the adsorption process is spontaneous, the surface

of the sample in solution with inhibitor molecules looks more uniform with lower roughness than

that in the uninhibited solution, and excellent correlations were observed between quantum

chemical parameters and experimental inhibition efficiencies. This related study used carbon

steel which has a higher carbon content compared to the mild steel which will be used by the

researchers. Similarly, the researchers’ study will also use hydrochloric acid solution for the

immersion of metals. But, in determining the corrosion inhibition potential, the two studies used

different standard measurements.

Nevertheless, the study of Ethanol Extract of Ocimum gratissimum as a Green Corrosion

Inhibitor for the Corrosion of Mild Steel in H 2SO4 by Eddy, Odoemelam, Ama, (2010), showed

the potential of Ocimum gratissimum extract as a green inhibitor for the corrosion of mild steel in

sulfuric acid solution. The results obtained, revealed that ethanol extract of Ocimum gratissimum

is an adsorption inhibitor for the corrosion of mild steel. The inhibition efficiency of the inhibitor

was determined to decrease with an increase in the period of contact and with increasing

temperature but increased with an increase in the concentration of the inhibitor. As the observed

trend for the variation of inhibition efficiency with temperature and the range of values obtained

for activation energy (52.24–55.24 kJ mol−1) and free energy of adsorption (−19.15 to −17.06 kJ

mol−1), a physical adsorption mechanism was proposed for the adsorption of the inhibitor on the
surface of mild steel. Additionally, the adsorption is exothermic, spontaneous, and is best

described by Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The study given above, and the researchers’ study

used the same steel, which is mild steel, but used different plant extract and acid solution. The

researchers will also use different concentrations of Kamantigi (Impatiens balsamina) extract to

determine its corrosion inhibition potential.

In the study of Wolok, et al, 2020, Study of Biomaterials for Removal of the Oil Spill,

assessed that oil is an essential source of energy for diverse industrial applications. As

globalization widens its scope, the world becomes over-reliant on oil as source of energy which

then negatively affects the environment with consistent pollution from various oil spills (2020).

In the year 2010, the world’s biggest spilled oil incident occurred. For about 85 days, there was a

continuous flow of oil engulfing in the Gulf of Mexico whereby crude oil stirred among the

marine ecosystems generating environmental pollution. The proper method of cleaning up oil is

referred through various methods that efficiently cleans up the litter that oil produces. In present

times, clean-up technologies are useful to determine the intensity and location of the spill. The

duration of removal deviates on the type and amount of flow of oil. When oil floats on water, it

becomes easier for removal due to the higher density that water has. Commonly used oil spill

treatment methods to recover oil at the surface of the environment are categorized into three

methods. It is grouped physically/ mechanically, chemically or biologically. Physical and

mechanical treatment methods use mobile floating devices as basis to stop movement among oil

spills. Burning the oil or high temperature booms are methods of a mechanical method of

treatment. Skimmers stationary nature and hydrophobic meshes which allows water to pass while

segregating oil from it. The chemical way of treatment is effective when chemical sprays are

used for minor oil spills. The growth of bacteria and the consummation of biodegrading of oil
spills is the most common biological method used among treatments. Physical and chemical

methods of treatment are not used as often despite what people thinks because of the high cost

and pollution in the surroundings with lesser quality control. As an effect, biodegradable cheap

biomaterials are widely used as an alternative for treatment.

Crude oil is a type of fossil fuel that is defined to be undetermined petroleum comprised

of accumulation of hydrocarbon and organic materials. According to Abdulsalam et al (2013),

crude oil accompanied by water poses health hazards to a human’s health given that they become

main culprits of air and water pollution that can cause injury, physically or biochemically. The

chemical components of spilled oil become poisonous for all living beings. Volatile organic

compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are two principal elements

that pose great danger to the environment and the living. VOCs are toxic cancer-causing

component that evaporates into air pursuing inhalers in the area. It is only produced at the site of

fresh oil spill. Oil that is sustained at the environment for a longer period of time harms

organisms through the component PAHs. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,

USA.gov)

There are divergent health effects that is generated from spilled oils. For humans, when

oil is inhaled, there is a cause for moderate to severe breathing troubles. Eye and skin irritation

when in contact is a common self-reported symptom of people having longer contact with oil

spills. According to Webb (2020), neurological effects such as headache and dizziness is found

to be an impact among humans based on the symptoms shown by local Ecuadorian Amazonian

people near the 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Overall, Webb (2020)

states that the effects of oil spill among humans is grouped into categories of damaged
respiratory system and liver, decreased immunity, high-risk of cancer and high intake of some

toxics.

Being cost-effective, synthetic materials were initially used abundantly for the removal of

oil. Owning to better economic and environmental benefits, the cleanup using sorbents is

considered among the best effective methods to adsorb, concentrate, and transfer spilled oil. An

eco-friendly and sustainable approach towards the environment has introduced many low-cost,

non-toxic and biodegradable materials along with different biomasses to make micro-to nano-

sized materials. The filling materials of booms frequently applied in the case of cleanup includes

inorganic mineral products, organic synthetic products and these products have the highest oil

sorption capacity. Such research attention has been dedicated to evaluating the oil sorption

capacity of organic natural products derived from agricultural waste variety of sorbent materials

were proven to be effective in oil-spill remediation. In adsorption, sorbate molecules accumulate

on the surface of the sorbent. In the case of oil adsorption, the oil molecules need to diffuse onto

the sorbent surface, the oil molecules then entrapped in the sorbent due to capillary effects, and

finally the oil droplets agglomerate in the pores of the sorbent. An ideal sorbent for oil sorption

has high porosity and surface area and is selective to oil. For oil spill treatment applications, the

sorbent should also be mechanically and chemically stable, recyclable, environmentally friendly,

and have low density. The best solution in the case of an oil spill depends on the optimal solution

from environmental and economic points of view. Therefore, instead of classifying oil spill

treatment methods based on technical aspects, solution-based classification of oil recovery or oil

biodegradation is proposed. In the case of an oil spill, either the oil must be left in the

environment for biodegradation or it can be recovered from the environment, and to achieve this

there are different technical methods and materials. Existing dispersants/chemical herders are
chemically stable, but non-biodegradable to remain longer in the marine environment. In past

few years, advanced materials such as aerogels, foam membranes, inorganic meshes, and surface

modified fabrics have been used extensively for the separation of oil-water mixtures. For this

reason, the wise way is to use such easily biodegradable bio-waste or biomass to produce low-

cost sorbents with higher oil sorption capacity that are simple to scale up for the cleanup of an oil

spill, rather than hazardous chemicals. This addresses the potential and environmentally friendly

bio-based materials in the form of sorbents, particles, surfactants and separators for oil spill

treatment. These kinds of bio-based materials have recently been the subject of increasing

interest in oil spill treatment applications, and reviews have been published on specific materials

or methods. The different materials and methods for oil spill treatment are suitable for different

kind of conditions. This study was fully discussed in A Review of bio-Based Materials for Oil

Spill Treatment (Doshi, Sillanpaa and Kalliola, 2018).

In the study Oil Spill Sorption Capacity of Raw and Thermally Modified Orange Peel

Waste, major oil spills along the river Nile have been reported and documented in recent years.

Beside their negative long-term effects on the environment, such spills have direct effects on

drinking water stations around the affected location. A variety of sorbent materials were proven

to be effective in oil-spill remediation. Orange peel is a major waste of the food processing

industry in Egypt, one of the six largest orange peel producers of the world. The study was to

investigate the potential use of orange peel as a low cost, easily available and environmentally

friendly oil spill sorbent. The effect of oil type, sorption time, particle size and reusability on the

oil sorption performance of raw dried orange peel was evaluated. In addition, the oil sorption

capacity of thermally modified orange peel at different carbonization durations and carbonization

temperatures was determined. The adsorption capacity of orange peel was compared to other bio-
sorbents. The reusability of orange peel for weathered crude oil was limited to 5 cycles, due to

the decline of the oleophilic nature of the peel surface during the regeneration process. While the

thermal modification of the dry peel enhanced the oil sorption capacity by up to 45%, it

increased the water uptake of the modified orange peel. The thermal modification process

decreases the oil selectivity of orange peel. Based on the data fit result of the desorption model;

the modified orange peel had better oil retention characteristics than the dried orange peel.

According to the results presented, dried orange peel waste is a potentially cheap efficient

oleophilic oil spill sorbent that losses its inherent oil selectivity after carbonization. The oil and

water uptake properties of raw and thermally modified orange peel were compared. (Gheriani et

al, 2020)
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows the research location and duration, method, research design, research

flowchart, research materials and equipment needed to pulverize durian (durio) peel and the

research procedure to absorb the oil discharge in coastal waters through a home experiment using

used cooking oil, diesel gasoline, and lubricant oil for motor engines.

Research Location and Duration

The durian (durio) will be collected in various places that sell durian around General

Santos City and. The sea water will be collected from Gumasa, Glan, Saragangani Province and

Queen Tuna Park (Lion’s Beach) in General Santos City. The used oil will be collected from the

homes of the researchers and motor shops for variety. The drying process and pulverizing

process will be conducted in the home of the researchers since the materials needed, i.e., oven

and food processor, are available within their reach.

This study will be conducted in the month of February 2021.

 NATURAL POWDERED DURIAN (DURIO) PEEL AS OIL ABSORBENT OF
OIL DISCHARGE IN COSTAL WATERS

T1-Trial 1
Glan Seawater
E1- Used Cooking T2-Trial 2
(30 mL)
Oil (10 mL)
T3-Trial 3

QTP Seawater T1-Trial 1

(30 mL)
T2-Trial 2

T3-Trial 3

T1-Trial 1
Glan Seawater
T2-Trial 2
(30 mL)
E2- Gasoline
(10 mL) T3-Trial 3

T1-Trial 1
QTP Seawater
(30 mL) T2-Trial 2

T3-Trial 3

T1-Trial 1
Glan Seawater
T2-Trial 2
(30 mL)
E3- Used Lubricant T3-Trial 3
Oil (10 mL)
QTP Seawater T1-Trial 1
Legend: (30 mL)
T2-Trial 2
T1 = 15 grams
T3-Trial 3
T2 = 25 grams
T3 = 35 grams

Figure 1. Research Design

 Phase 1 – Gathering of Durian (Durio), Seawater, and Different Types of Oils

Phase 2 – Durian (Durio) Peel Pulverizing Preparation

Phase 3 – Seawater Preparation

Phase 4 – Oil Preparation

Phase 5 – Application of Dried Durian (Durio) Peel and the Seawater and Used Oil

Mixture

Phase 6 – Observing the Experiment

Phase 7 – Sending the Experiment to Laboratory

Figure 2. Research Flowchart

Research Procedure

Phase 1 – Gathering of Durian (Durio), Seawater, and Different Types of Oils

The researchers will gather the durian (durio) in General Santos City and

Polomolok, South Cotabato for more variation. The seawater will be collected from Glan,

Sarangani Province and Queen Tuna Park, General Santos City. The used oil will be

collected from the homes of the researchers, motor shops, and gasoline stations around

General Santos City.

Phase 2 – Durian (Durio) Peel Pulverizing Preparation

The flesh and skin of the durian (durio) peel will be separated. The peel will then

be cleaned with warm water. The outer part of the peel will be brushed to remove any

unnecessary debris. The peel will be then cut into smaller pieces. In the drying process,

the peel will be air dried under the sun for as long as it can be in the span of three days.

The first day, the peel will be in larger chunks, but when the sun has set, the peel will be

then cut into smaller pieces for further drying. Then second day remains the same, once

the sun has set, the pieces will be then cut into smaller pieces until there are tiny pieces

left. Preferably one to two inches wide and less than a centimeter thick. In the last and

final day, the sample will be air dried once again. The pieces will be then placed in a hot

air oven at 70℃ for 4 hours. The dried sample will be then ground and sieve to get a finer

result.

Phase 3 – Seawater Preparation

 The collected seawater will be sieved to remove any unnecessary debris or

particles. There are two samples which means that it will be divided into eighteen

containers equally with corresponding labels, where the trial of the experiment will be

conducted.

Phase 4 – Oil Preparation

There are three types of oils in this study, namely cooking oil, diesel gasoline, and

used lubricant oil. The samples will be divided equally into the eighteen containers with

the seawater with their corresponding labels, where the trial of the experiment will be

conducted.

Phase 5 – Application of Dried Durian (Durio) Peel and the Seawater and Used Oil

Mixture

Once the oils are in the containers, the mixture will be at rest for at least a day

before applying the sample product. There will be eighteen trials in total. Each sample of

seawater will be having three trials using different types of used oil, and on each trial, the

amount of durian (durio) peel will vary. After a day of letting the oil set in the water, the

experiment will begin. The researchers will be observing the experiment for a week. On

every trial, there will be equal amount of sample product on each trial number.

Phase 6 – Observing the Experiment

For a week, the researchers will observe the experiment under room temperature.

Any change in the experiment will be recorded, from the scent, the color, the formula,

bubble formation, how long the bubbles last.

 Phase 7 – Sending the Experiment to Laboratory

The experiment will be then sent to Mindanao State University – General Santos

City Nutraceutical Laboratory to measure the amount of percentage of oil removal by

using either of the three methods. (1) Gravimetric Analysis (EPA 1664) is a process of

measuring any material that is extracted from an oil in water using solvent sample. This

process is accepted for oil in water analysis. (2) Ultraviolet Fluorescence uses an

ultraviolet lamp or Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) as light source to analyze oil in

water experiments. (3) Quantum Cascade Laser Infrared (QCL-IR) is an infrared method

that measures the content of oil in water.

Materials and Instrumentation

In the general process of observation, the containers that the researchers will be using is a

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE or Polyester) container that can be bought in the supermarket.

For the process of pulverizing the Durian (durio) peel, the researchers will use 3000

grams of durian (durio) peel, knife, industrial oven, and food processor.