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Shakhzod Oltiboev 6400 Applied Informatics Referat: Peripheral

There are three main types of computer peripherals: input devices, which allow information to enter the computer; output devices, which allow information to exit the computer; and storage devices, which store data processed by the computer. Common examples of each type are described, including keyboards, mice, and printers as input/output devices; monitors as output devices; and hard drives as storage devices. Peripherals can be either external devices that connect to ports on the computer case or internal devices located inside the computer case.

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79 views

Shakhzod Oltiboev 6400 Applied Informatics Referat: Peripheral

There are three main types of computer peripherals: input devices, which allow information to enter the computer; output devices, which allow information to exit the computer; and storage devices, which store data processed by the computer. Common examples of each type are described, including keyboards, mice, and printers as input/output devices; monitors as output devices; and hard drives as storage devices. Peripherals can be either external devices that connect to ports on the computer case or internal devices located inside the computer case.

Uploaded by

Shahzod Oltiboyev
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Shakhzod Oltiboev 6400

Applied Informatics
Referat

Peripheral
A peripheral is a “device that is used to put information into or get
information out of the computer.”[1]

There are three different types of peripherals:

 Input, used to interact with, or send data to the computer


(mouse, keyboards, etc.)
 Output, which provides output to the user from the computer
(monitors, printers, etc.)
 Storage, which stores data processed by the computer (hard
drives, flash drives, etc.)
A peripheral device is generally defined as any auxiliary device such
as a computer mouse or keyboard, that connects to and works with the
computer in some way. Other examples of peripherals are expansion
cards, graphics cards, image scanners, tape drives, microphones,
loudspeakers, webcams, and digital cameras. RAM—random access
memory—straddles the line between peripheral and primary
component; it is technically a storage peripheral, but is required for
every major function of a modern computer and removing the RAM
will effectively disable any modern machine. Many new devices such
as digital watches, smartphones and tablet computers have interfaces
which allow them to be used as a peripheral by a full computer,
though they are not host-dependent as other peripheral devices are.
According to the most technical definition, the only pieces of a
computer notconsidered to be peripherals are the central processing
unit, power supply, motherboard, and computer case.

Usually, the word peripheral is used to refer to a device external to the


computer case, like a scanner, but the devices located inside the
computer case are also technically peripherals. Devices that exist
outside the computer case are called external peripherals, or auxiliary
components, Examples are: “Many of the external peripherals I own,
such as my scanner and printer, connect to the peripheral ports on the
back of my computer.”[2] Devices that are inside the case such as
internal hard drives or CD-ROM drives are also peripherals in
technical terms and are called internal peripherals, but may not be
recognized as peripherals by laypeople.

In a system on a chip, peripherals are incorporated into the same


integrated circuit as the central processing unit. They are still referred
to as “peripherals” despite being permanently attached to (and in
some sense part of) their host processor.

Common Peripherals
Input
 Keyboard
 Computer mouse
 Graphic tablet
 Touchscreen
 Barcode reader
 Image scanner
 Microphone
 Webcam
 Game controller
 Light pen
 Scanner
 Digital camera
Output
 Computer display
 Printer
 Projector
 Speaker
Storage devices
 Floppy disk drive
 Flash drive
 Disk drive
 Smartphone or Tablet computer storage interface
 CD/DVD drive
Input/Output
 Modem
 Network interface controller (NIC)
Input Devices
In computing, an input device is a peripheral (piece of computer
hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an
information processing system such as a computer or other
information appliance. Examples of input devices include keyboards,
mice, scanners, digital cameras and joysticks.

Many input devices can be classified according to:

 modality of input (e.g. mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.)


 the input is discrete (e.g. key presses) or continuous (e.g. a
mouse’s position, though digitized into a discrete quantity, is
fast enough to be considered continuous)

Pointing devices, which are input devices used to specify a position in


space, can further be classified according to:

 Whether the input is direct or indirect. With direct input, the


input space coincides with the display space, i.e. pointing is
done in the space where visual feedback or the pointer appears.
Touchscreens and light pens involve direct input. Examples
involving indirect input include the mouse and trackball.
 Whether the positional information is absolute (e.g. on a touch
screen) or relative (e.g. with a mouse that can be lifted and
repositioned)
Direct input is almost necessarily absolute, but indirect input may be
either absolute or relative. For example, digitizing graphics tablets
that do not have an embedded screen involve indirect input and sense
absolute positions and are often run in an absolute input mode, but
they may also be set up to simulate a relative input mode like that of a
touchpad, where the stylus or puck can be lifted and repositioned.

Input and output devices make up the hardware interface between a


computer and a scanner or 6DOF controller.
Keyboards
A keyboard is a human interface device which is represented as a
layout of buttons. Each button, or key, can be used to either input a
linguistic character to a computer, or to call upon a particular function
of the computer. They act as the main text entry interface for most
users. Traditional keyboards use spring-based buttons, though newer
variations employ virtual keys, or even projected keyboards. It is
typewriter like device composed of a matrix of switches.

Examples of types of keyboards include:

 Keyer
 Keyboard
 Lighted Program Function Keyboard ( LPFK)

Pointing Devices

Pointing devices are the most commonly used input devices today. A
pointing device is any human interface device that allows a user to
input spatial data to a computer. In the case of mice and touchpads,
this is usually achieved by detecting movement across a physical
surface. Analog devices, such as 3D mice, joysticks, or pointing
sticks, function by reporting their angle of deflection. Movements of
the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movements of the
pointer, creating a simple, intuitive way to navigate a computer’s
graphical user interface (GUI).

Composite Devices
Input devices, such as buttons and joysticks, can be combined on a
single physical device that could be thought of as a composite device.
Many gaming devices have controllers like this. Technically mice are
composite devices, as they both track movement and provide buttons
for clicking, but composite devices are generally considered to have
more than two different forms of input.

 Game controller
 Gamepad (or joypad)
 Paddle (game controller)
 Jog dial/shuttle (or knob)
 Wii Remote

Imaging and Input Devices

Video input devices are used to digitize images or video from the
outside world into the computer. The information can be stored in a
multitude of formats depending on the user’s requirement.

 Digital camera
 Digital camcorder
 Portable media player
 Webcam
 Microsoft Kinect Sensor
 Image scanner
 Fingerprint scanner
 Barcode reader
 3D scanner
 Laser rangefinder
 Eye gaze tracker

Medical Imaging

 Computed tomography
 Magnetic resonance imaging
 Positron emission tomography
 Medical ultrasonography

Audio Input Devices

Audio input devices are used to capture sound. In some cases, an


audio output device can be used as an input device, in order to capture
produced sound.
 Microphones
 MIDI keyboard or other digital musical instrument

Output Devices

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used


to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an
information processing system (such as a computer) which converts
the electronically generated information into human-readable form.

Display Devices

A display device is an output device that visually conveys text,


graphics, and video information. Information shown on a display
device is called soft copybecause the information exists electronically
and is displayed for a temporary period of time. Display devices
include CRT monitors, LCD monitors and displays, gas plasma
monitors, and televisions.

Input/Output

Inputs are processed and become outputs


Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are
the signals or data sent from it.

There are many input and output devices such as multifunction


printers and computer-based navigation systems that are used for
specialised or unique applications. In computing, input/output refers
to the communication between aninformation processing system (such
as a computer), and the outside world. Inputs are the signals or data
received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from
it.

Examples

These examples of output devices also include input/output devices.


Printers and visual displays are the most common type of output
device for interfacing to people, but voice is becoming increasingly
available.

 Speakers
 Headphones
 Screen (Monitor)
 Printer
 Voice output communication aid
 Automotive navigation system
 Braille embosser
 Projector
 Plotter
 Television
 Radio

Computer Memory

In computing, memory refers to the devices used to store information


for use in a computer. The term primary memory is used for storage
systems which function at high-speed (i.e. RAM), as a distinction
from secondary memory, which provides program and data storage
that is slow to access but offer higher memory capacity. If needed,
primary memory can be stored in secondary memory, through a
memory management technique called “virtual memory.” An archaic
synonym for memory is store.[10]

Volatile Memory

Volatile memory is computer memory that requires power to maintain


the stored information. Most modernsemiconductor volatile memory
is either Static RAM (see SRAM) or dynamic RAM (see DRAM).
SRAM retains its contents as long as the power is connected and is
easy to interface to but uses six transistors per bit. Dynamic RAM is
more complicated to interface to and control and needs regular refresh
cycles to prevent its contents being lost. However, DRAM uses only
one transistor and a capacitor per bit, allowing it to reach much higher
densities and, with more bits on a memory chip, be much cheaper per
bit. SRAM is not worthwhile for desktop system memory, where
DRAM dominates, but is used for their cache memories. SRAM is
commonplace in small embedded systems, which might only need
tens of kilobytes or less. Forthcoming volatile memory technologies
that hope to replace or compete with SRAM and DRAM include Z-
RAM, TTRAM, A-RAM and ETA RAM.

Non-Volatile Memory

Non-volatile memory is computer memory that can retain the stored


information even when not powered. Examples of non-volatile
memory include read-only memory (see ROM), flash memory, most
types of magnetic computer storage devices (e.g. hard disks, floppy
discs and magnetic tape), optical discs, and early computer storage
methods such as paper tape and punched cards. Forthcoming non-
volatile memory technologies include FeRAM, CBRAM,PRAM,
SONOS, RRAM, Racetrack memory, NRAM and Millipede

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