PE335: Mini Project Report
On
“Well Test Analysis for Gas Condensate reservoir”
Submitted
To
School of Petroleum Engineering
Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune
Academic Year 2021– 22, Trimester: IX
By
Yash S. Chavan
T.Y. B. Tech. Petroleum Engineering
Certificate
Title of the Mini Project: Well test analysis for Gas condensate reservoir
This is to certify that, mini project report entitled “ Well Test analysis
for Gas condensate reservoir ” submitted by Mr. Yash S. Chavan
PRN:1032171181 , T.Y. B. Tech. Petroleum Engineering, is a record of
bonafide work carried out by him /her under my supervision, in partial
fulfillment for Third Year Course requirement of Dr. Vishwanath Karad
MIT World Peace University, Pune
Prof Dr. Rahul Joshi .
Head, School of Petroleum Engineering
Name of Faculty Supervisor: Prof. Amey
Dashputre .
Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace
University Pune ,
124, Paud Road, Pune -411038
Date: 02 /06/2020
Acknowledgement
Title of the Mini Project : Well test analysis for Gas condensate reservoir Page ii
I am grateful to Prof. Amey Dashputre for guiding me tirelessly for this
project. My deepest gratitude to Professor for his kind cooperation and
encouragement which helped me in completion of this project. For his
unwavering support and encouragement in writing of this report. I would
like to thank the staff of Department of Petroleum engineering for all
their support during submission of this report. Other friends and
colleagues were also crucial in problem solving and in the development
phase of this report. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of
the above.
Name of the Student: Yash S. Chavan .
T.Y. B. Tech. Petroleum Engineering
School of Petroleum Engineering
Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University,
124, Paud Road, Pune -411038
Content
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Serial No Content Page No
1 List of Figures/Abbreviation 5-6
2 Introduction 7-10
3 Objective 11
4 Methodology 12-19
5 Result 20-22
6 References 23
LIST OF FIGURES
No. Figure name Page no.
1. Phase diagram 9
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2. Gas condensate reservoir 10
3. Sample Horner plot 14
4. Pressure v/s liquid drop out 16
5. Pseudo pressure v/s Draw down 16
pressure
6. Build up using semi log 17
ABBREVATION
CO2 – Abbreviation for carbon dioxide.
GOR, Gas Oil Ratio – Number of cubic feet of gas produced per barrel
of oil.
MMcf – One million cubic feet; a measurement of gas volume only.
Permeability: k
Porosity: ϕ
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Pr = Reservoir Pressure
Pwf = Bottom hole flowing pressure
P1hr = Pressure after 1 hour
Pseudo reduced Pressure = Ppr
Pseudo Reduced Temperature = Tpr
Flow rate = Q
Ht = Horner Time
Z = Compressibility Factor
Tp = Producing Time
Viscosity = μ.
Slope = m
Introduction
GAS CONDENSATE RESERVOIR
A reservoir in which the reservoir pressure drops below the dew
point during production resulting in condensate changing from gas to
liquid is known as gas condensate reservoir. Gas condensate
reservoirs are gas systems that reside in reservoirs with the original
temperatures lying between the critical temperature, TC, and the
Title of the Mini Project : Well test analysis for Gas condensate reservoir Page vi
cricondentherm. If the original reservoir pressure is greater than the
dew-point pressure, then a single-phase gas system will occur in the
reservoir as in
In this figure, the reservoir is initially a single-phase gas, but as we
deplete the pressure due to gas production the pressure-temperature path
of the system enters the two-phase region of the phase envelope and
liquid hydrocarbons condense from the gas in the reservoir (thus the
name gas condensate reservoir)
We are actually very familiar with this process in our everyday lives.
Think of a four-component mixture of oxygen, carbon-dioxide, nitrogen,
and water vapor (a mixture of air) and its phase envelope. If we started
at a point in the single-phase gas region with a pressure below the
cricondenbar (pmax in Figure 2.11) and reduced the temperature under
constant pressure conditions (isobaric conditions), then we would cross
the dew point locus of the phase envelope. This would be the pressure
and temperature where we would see the first dew forming on plants and
the first water condensation forming on glass and metal. If we were to
continue reducing the temperature, then the percent volume of liquid
(water) would increase and it would begin to rain. What is happening in
this simple example is that the heaviest component in our system (water
vapor) is condensing out of the gas phase (air mixture) and forming a
second phase (liquid water) in the two-phase region.
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This is essentially what is occurring in the reservoir of a gas condensate
system but under isothermal conditions. As we pass through the dew
point pressure, the heaviest hydrocarbon components in the system
begin to drop out and form a second, liquid hydrocarbon phase in the
two-phase region of the phase envelope inside the reservoir.
There is one interesting characteristic of gas condensate reservoirs that is
worth further discussing and that is the retrograde behavior of these
systems. This is illustrated in. In this figure, if we were to follow the
isothermal Path A-A’-A’’, then we would go below through the dew-
point pressure, increase the volume percentage of the liquid hydrocarbon
phase until it reached a maximum at Point A’ with further reductions in
pressure resulting in a lower volume percentage of the liquid
hydrocarbon phase. We could also continue the isothermal pressure
reduction, reenter the single-phase gas region, and stop at Point A’’.
We can see from and that for a pure (single-component) system, the
liquid phase occurs at higher pressures than the gas phase. Thus, if we
were to start in the single-phase liquid region of a pure system, we
would need to reduce the pressure isothermally to create a gas phase.
The analogy for our multi-component system is that if we start at the
point of maximum liquid volume (Point A’ in reduced the pressure
isothermally, then we would get the conventional behavior for a pure
system along Path A’-A’’. Conversely, if we were to start at Point
A’ and increased the pressure isothermally to Point A in the single-phase
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gas region, then we would get the behavior opposite of that for a pure
system along Path A’-A. This behavior, opposite to a pure system, is
referred to as retrograde behavior. This behavior occurs in the green
shaded region in. This region, formed by connecting all of the points of
maximum temperature on the quality lines, is referred to as
the retrograde region of the fluid.
Fig no.1
Phase diagram
Fig no.2
Gas condensate
reservoir
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OBJECTIVE
The objective of our Mini Project is to find the well test analysis of a gas
condensate reservoir using MS Excel. This will help to understand the
pressure transient response of the given data. Then combining the result will
help us to find permeability (k) and skin (s) for the given reservoir. For this
we are going to use different available models. We will use the Excel
formulas and plots to extrapolate and calculate the results required.
Title of the Mini Project: Well test analysis for Gas condensate reservoir
METHODOLOGY
The Principle of Well Test is to get a information about a well and its
reservoir. To get this information, the well flow rate is varied and the
variation disturbs the existing pressure in the reservoir which further helps in
reservoir evaluation studies. Measuring the variation in the Pressure Vs Time
and interpreting them gives the data of the reservoir.
Following method was persuaded during the well test analysis of Gas
Condensate Reservoir.
1. For calculation of Compressibility factor, we used the Brill-Begs
Correlation. In this correlation we calculated pseudo pressure, pseudo
temperature, pseudo reduced pressure and pseudo reduced temperature.
Then using the correlation of all the above terms we calculated the
compressibility factor (Z)
2. Further we calculated the Viscosity of the gas, we used the Lee
Gonzalez Eakin Correlation.
3. Moving ahead we calculated the Pseudo Pressure using the above
variables i.e. Viscosity and Compressibility factor as this factors are
Pressure dependent and vary according to Pressure in the gas reservoir.
Pseudo Pressure is the result of the diffusivity equation solution.
Diffusivity Equation: A fundamental differential equation
obtained by combining the continuity equation, flow law and
equation of state. Most of the mathematics of well testing were
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derived from solutions of this equation, which was originally
developed for the study of heat transfer. Fluid flow
through porous media is directly analogous to flow of heat
through solids. Solutions used in well testing usually assume
radial flow and homogenous, isotropic formations.
4. We plot the Pseudo Pressure Vs Pressure Graph which basically
indicate the Linearity between them. We plot the graph for the
Drawdown Section, where the final Pressure just before the shut- down
is considered Constant. Ref :Fig 2
5. Moving ahead, we calculated the Semi log plot for Pseudo Pressure Vs
Horner time, on the Drawdown section of the well, Horner time (Ht)
basically refer to dimensionless time obtained from the superposition
principle. Ref : Fig 3
6. Now, we plot the Log-Log and Semi-Log Build-up plot for Pseudo
Pressure Vs Horner Time. The significance of this plot lies in the region
between the axis. As this area helps us in identifying the different
regions i.e ETR (Early time region) MTR (Middle time region) LTR
(Late time region).The log-log plot also helps us in determining the
Liquid Drop-out rate in the near wellbore region. Ref : Fig 4, Fig 5
ETR : Pressure Transient caused by shutting in the well for the
build-up test moves through the region of altered permeability
MTR : When the radius of investigation has moved beyond the
influence of altered zone near the tested well, we ideally observe
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a straight line whose slope is equivalent to formation
permeability
LTR: The Radius of investigation will eventually reach the
drainage boundaries of a well. In this late time region pressure
behavior is influenced by boundary configuration, reservoir
heterogeneities and fluid\fluid contacts.
Fig no.3
Sample Horner
plot
7. A tangent is drawn to the semi log plot to determine the slope.
8. To determine, when the pressure transient reaches a steady state in the
reservoir, we took the derivative of [dp\dt] at each pressure interval
throughout the duration of the well.
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9. We followed up by calculating the Pressure Vs Liquid Drop plot which
basically verifies the Assumed Dew point Pressure in the reservoir with
Actual Dew point Pressure. Ref : Fig 1
10. Finally, using all the above calculated variable, we calculate the
Permeability (k) and Skin (s) of our given Gas Condensate reservoir.
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Result
Pressure Vs Liquid Drop Out
6000
5000
4000
Fig no.4
PRESSURE
3000 Pressure Vs
Liquid Drop Out
2000
1000
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Liquid Drop Out
Initial reservoir pressure was 5290.38 psi. Liquid production began at
4737.313 psi indicating dew point pressure.
Drawdown pressure v/s Pseudo pressure
120000000000
100000000000
Pseudo pressure
80000000000 Fig no.5
60000000000 Drawdown
pressure v/s
40000000000 Pseudo pressure
20000000000
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
pressure
45o line verifies relationship between pseudo pressure and drawdown
pressure.
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Fig no.6
Build up using
semi log plot
Horner plot using build up pseudo pressure to identify slope of middle
time region (MTR) for calculation of permeability and skin.
(From Buildup Semi log
Coordinates Plot)
SLOPE y1 1.8*10^11
y2 1
X1 10^6
X2 0
Slope (m) 180000
Permeability(k) Given
Q 28.998*10^6 (Given)
B 0.01863 (From The Vasquez and Beggs Corelation)
Viscosity 0.014298587 (Calculated)
Slope (m) 18*10^4 (Calculated)
h 180 (Given)
Permeability(k) 0.038 mD
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Skin (s) Given
P1hr 4643 (Given)
Pwf 969.853 (Given)
Slope (m) 18*10^4 (Calculated)
k 0.038 (Calculated)
Porosity 0.16 (Given)
Viscosity 0.014298 (Calculated)
Ct 3.64*10^-6 (Given)
Rw 0.25 (Given)
Skin (s) -7.81
For the given set of data we calculated the permeability and skin using
different correlation.
o Permeability = 0.038 mD
o Skin = -7.81
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References
o AMANAT CHAUDHRY. 2003 Gas Well Testing Handbook - Chaudhry, U. Gas
well testing handbook U. Chaudhry. P.cm. includes bibliographical references
and index. ISBN 0-7506-7705-8 Gas wells—Testing—Handbooks, manuals
o JOHN LEE – 1982.Well Testing – SPE TEXTBOOK SERIES
o GEORGE STEWART.2011 - WELL TEST DESIGN AND ANALYSIS Stewart,
George, 1940- Well test design and analysis / George Stewart. p. cm. includes
bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59370-231-1.
o Ahmed, T. 2006. Reservoir Engineering Handbook, third edition. Burlington,
Massachusetts: Gulf Professional Publishing/Elsevier.
o Calculation of relative permeability Using Well test Data in Gas Condensate
Reservoir Heriott-Watt University ,Imperial College and Mahmoud
Jamiolahmady – SPE -190878- MS
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