BIG BROTHER NAIJA AND ITS IMPACT ON CULTURAL BEHAVIOUR

OF
NIGERIA UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
PAPER FOR THE JPTS VISUAL/ONLINE SEMINAR
By Ilufoye Saheed T.
Abstract
Culture is often used to explain behaviour, we have little understanding of why some culture traits
have impacts on behaviour while other do not. Culture traits can lead to maladaptive as well as to
adaptive behaviours, gene-culture coevolution should have led predispositions that help us make
good choices about which culture traits to act on and which to neglect. It is the culture of an
individual which decides the way he/she behaves. In simpler words, culture is nothing but values
of an individual. What an individual learns from his parents and relatives in society.

One such category of culture trait is social coordination conventions, that is, culture traits that help
us reap the benefits of cooperation by helping us coordinating our behaviours with those of others.

The influence of other kind of culture traits on human behaviour may be less predictable.
Television is one of the tools that help in establishing the adolescent behaviour and their opinions
and social interaction (Bryant, 2011). Television allows student to gain awareness to the liberal
social world.

Student watch television to describe effective roles and cultural behaviour of people in the society.
Big brother Africa (BBA) came as a reality show and drew large audience across Africa and
beyond with several critics that hold much negative opinions about it. Considering the mixed
feelings that the audience has about BBA, this paper examines its impact on cultural behaviour on
Nigeria University students but focus on those opinions obtained from the students of Joint
Professional Training and Support International Institute of Science, Management and
Technology, Ile Ife, study centre, Osun State, using purposive sampling technique and its surveyed
is 75 valid respondents from Nigeria students. The T-test was used to test hypotheses and it was
found that there is negative impact of BBA Naija on cultural behaviour of Nigeria university
students. Cultural factors have a significant effect on an individual’s buying decision. Every
individual has different sets of habits, beliefs and principles from his family status and background.

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What they see from childhood becomes their culture. Therefore, BBA Naija programme organized
on television combined different individuals with different cultural background. The participants
cultural behaviour affect one another in both negative and positive direction. It is advisable that
script writer and film producers should embrace the habit of developing writing quality films that
will add values to the culture of viewer and teaches moral and also, preaching the fearing of God
to the heart of the students of Nigeria universities.

The message should not only be reasonable but also positive and portray the medium for cultural
exchange and good moral attraction.

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 Chapter 1

Introduction

The amount of time the students spend watching video and television is being challenged and
extended in ways and at a speed that is inaccessible to their parents and lecturals.

The cultural behaviour of students in Nigeria, disrespect for adults, promiscuity and other social
misbehaviours among students of tertiary institution attracted the attention of the researcher and
interactions seems to suggest that student watch Nigeria films and Big Brothers Television practice
what they view.

The mass media, mostly television have gradually become a part of daily lives, and sources of
information, education and entertainment have been seen as the primary functions of media.
Folarin (2005) assigned three functions to the media: Surveillance of Environment (the news
function), correlation of the different parts of Environment (the editorial function), and
transmission of cultural heritage from one generation to the other (the cultural transmission
function).

On the 12th of August,1903, the first motion picture was shown in Nigeria at the Glover Memorial
hall in Lagos by Mr. Balboa of Barcelona, Spain, under the management of a Nigerian, Herbert
Macaulay, who closed his exhibition in Lagos and left to continue showing films on the west
African countries. The moment the departure of Herbert Macaulay, European merchant
enterprising rose and began to show films in the same Glover Memorial Hall, and he showcase his
first films in November (1989) titled ‘Mgbejume’ and became popular in 1960’s. The advent of
Nigeria Movie industry began from there.

Been developing as a childhood can mostly be alarming and frustrating even worrying for the
young people.

Let put aside the changes that have taken place in their interest and social interaction, looking at
their position by defining and describing them in the changing world, these changes increase their
self-awareness, self-identity and social recognition apprehension, (Block and Robins,2009).

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Childhood development stages are noticeable by relentless psychological and emotional stresses

(Armett, 2008). As they develop from childhood to adulthood they tend to explore more and new
ideas.

These changes normally occur in both boys and girls; however, Randy (2011) found that more
difficult experiences in transition are seen by girls and boys. This implies that television is one of
the tools that help in establishing the adolescent behaviour and their opinions and social interaction
(Bryant, 2011). Television enables students to gain perspective to the liberal social world. Student
watch television to describe effective roles and behaviour of people in the society. Robert (1982)
observed that television portrays girls as more passive than boys. In most cases, they are mostly
concern with grooming and dating.

Television programs such as soap operas reveal woman as being mostly acted upon compare to
men (Caplovitz, 2002).

In addition to the author’s personal experience and as a result of the research conducted produced
some insightful to the negative impact Big Brothers Television show have brought to affect
cultural behaviour of Nigeria University students.

Virtually since the dawn of television, parent’s teachers, legislators and mental health
professionals who wanted to be cleared about the impact of television programs, particularly on
students. As a result of 15 years of consistently disturbing finds about the violent content of
children’s programs, the surgeon General Scientific Adversary Committee on Television and
social behaviour was found in 1969 to assess the impact of violence on the attitude, values, and
behaviour of viewers. According to Onokome (2004) stated that violence is one of the effects of
big brother. Student who watch a lot of violent films are prone to violent acts. There is this belief
that people often relied and accept the fictional representation in the media for their vivid and
demonstrative relay of pictures.

Special concerns have emerged about adolescent’s access to information on the video and
television. Adults marvelled at the dexterity of young people in our Nigeria universities as they

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manipulate the keyboard. They spend hours in front of television watching films without in most
cases parent control.

These may pose serious challenge to their academic performance and their behaviour in the
society.

There are two extremes views about the impact of big brother naija on social behaviour of
adolescents. At one extreme they are seen to motivate them to learn and become more explanatory
in solving problem (singer, 1993). At the other hand they are blamed as a source of all
contemporary ills as most information on television are not well organized or regulate (llo, 2004).

In Nigeria, it was affirmed by National Foundation for Family Research (NFFR) (Awake, 2002)
that adolescents engage in unprofitable cyber relationship.

They were exposed to pornography and violence materials. Messages sent out on the television by
many entertainment industries reflect values that one alien to our local culture and often promote
materialism, crime, violence, immorality, student are exposed to Indecent dressing, models and
video game.

Another observation is that today’s Nigeria university students use video and television to
communicate the way their parents use pens, postages stamps and telephone. The new information
society still relies on some basic non-technological competences that student need to develop good
communication skills, as the ability to solve problems, thinking deeply and having positive
attitudes.

The social and cultural behaviour of students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria, disrespect for
adults, promiscuity and other social misbehaviours among students which is the main focus of this
paper and interactions tended to suggest that student watch Nigeria films and practice what they
view. Feeling the need to find answers to their questions, students are by nature wanting to know
so begging to explore on their own. Friends, printed magazines and other media sources especially
Nigeria movies. Thus these then become their main source of information on various philosophical
and various issues. These students conveniently turn to the internet and movies as research tools
while exploring their own cultural, religious and spiritual beliefs. The movie provides them a new
set of heroes and heroines whose thought and insights they feel offer them better answers to
questions that they feel uncomfortable discussing with parents or adults.

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The extension of Nollywood (Nigeria movie industry) and the alarming rate at which they produce
calls for attention, Nigeria movies as a source of information and formation will likely become
even more significant as availability increases. The impact of television on these students may be
complex and too complicated to study thoroughly and then to specify cause effect relationship.

It is very popular that film makers take time warn the end users of such explicit content
recommending it for different age groups but these videos are watched by everybody irrespective
of the age restriction. Nigeria Nollywood movies have been accused of been portrayal of violence,
and its adverse effect on the behaviours of Nigeria university students may be devastating. Some
of these scenes are immoral scenes such as nudity, obscenity, use of vulgar languages courses,
indecent dresses, killings, murder, rape, smoking, rape and molestation including sexual
harassment among others.

The Nigeria university student do not stop their exploits on Nigeria movies alone but spend more
the greatest part of their time watching video and movies from outside the country. The world has
becoming a global a global village exposing the students to various explicit cantered. The main
concern is that these movies rather than ameliorating violent acts in the society tend to aggravate
them. The way students of Nigeria university dress, talk and interact socially; there is a sharp
decline from the normal social norms expected of student in Nigeria universities.

Therefore, whether big brother Naija has impacted on Nigeria university students I have begun an
informal study concerning the IMPACT OF BIG BROTHER PROGRAMMES ON THE
CULTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF NIGERIA UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. As I was conducting my
research I heard stories from students of their experiences of watching big brother television show.
I asked the students to describe the categories of behaviours they have derived from the big brother
television show and the following is a list compiled from these informal and formal discussions
with students as well as my personal experiences. After describing the ways of which big brother
Naija have impacted the cultural behaviour of the Nigeria university students, I will describe ways
in which I was surprised my behaviour fell into many of these categories.

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 Chapter 2

Big Television show

Big television programme like Big Brother Naija change culture and induce new habits in people.
Our habit change when we have to survive in an extraordinary situation, we human adapt to it
quickly to survive. Like that of big brother Niger promote this following enumerated behaviours:

1. Nudity dressing
2. Indecent dressing
3. Killings
4. Murder
5. Rape
6. Smoking
7. Molestation/Sex abuse
8. Use of vulgar languages courses
9. Obscenity
10. Violence

A. Nudity dressing

According to century Dictionary, a nude or naked state; nakedness; bareness; exposedness; lack of
covering or disguise. In a simple sense, nude is a representation of a nude figure; anything freely
exposed or laid bare, it is well understandable that some of the participants in BB Naija most
especially women, usually dress to exposed part of their bodies and this have negative impact on
the viewers as they practice most of the things they watch on television. Sex appeals in TV
advertising, such as male and female characters’ nudity, have a long tradition in advertising practice and
research. Nudity is used to help advertisements stand out in a cluttered media environment or to make
messages more appealing to the audience (Manceau & Tissier-Desbordes, 2006). There are many different
indicators of sexual appeal in today’s advertisements. Among them, nudity—or, the degree of dress—of
the primary characters is the characteristic most likely to give a sexual connotation to an advertisement.

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Several content analytical studies in the United States have investigated nudity as a main variable in
advertising (e.g., Reichert et al., 2012; Soley & Kurzbard, 1986; Soley & Reid, 1988), whereas a few studie
have investigated countries beyond the United States (Hetsroni, 2007) or have used cross-cultural data
(Nelson & Paek, 2005, 2008; Paek & Nelson, 2007). Results consistently showed that women are more
likely to be suggestively dressed or partially dressed, whereas men are more likely to be fully dressed.
Previous research also indicated that higher levels of nudity were especially common for congruent
products, that is, products for which nudity has a perceived relevance, such as clothing and beauty products
(Nelson & Paek, 2008; Paek & Nelson, 2007) and that culture might play some role for the degree of nudity
(Nelson & Paek, 2008). It is especially important to examine the role of culture when analyzing ad content
because the depiction of gender is clearly culture driven (Nelson & Paek, 2008). If, for instance, nudity is
culturally accepted in a country, advertisers should be more likely to use nudity for a product compared
with a country where nudity is less established.

The indecent way our Nigeria university students dress today was learn from what they watch on
television programs like big brother Niger that promote nudity dressings in the society. Indecent
dressing has negative effects on individuals, the country, and the educational process. This strange
way of dressing can result in sexual harassment of the wearer, abortion, and contraction of sexually
transmitted diseases, poor academic performances and even the desire to steal.

It was also discovered that films producer does encourage artists and actresses to dress indecency
while acting, they belief that if they didn’t dress in a way of today’s civilization they might not
have market for their movie.

B. Indecent dressing

Education is considered to be the bed-rock of development of any nation; hence the call by governments
for “education for all”. However, certain developments over the past years seem to be militating against
this vision. Notable among them is the craze for the so-called fashion which has resulted in nudity among
the teaming student on Nigeria university campus that big brother television program promotes. Indecent
dressing destructs the attention of both students and lecturers during lectures. Also, some leakages of
examination questions on Nigeria university campus can be attributed to sexual favours from lecturers as a
result of indecent dressing. It is increasingly becoming obvious that indecent dressing has gradually taken
over the dress pattern of students in higher institutions of learning in Nigeria, and Jpts Institution is no
exception. It has become like an epidemic spreading so fast and the earlier something is done about it, the
better for the future of our desperate and vulnerable youth. Indecent dressing on the other hand is the

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improper and provocative way of dressing relative to the society or culture in which it is being perpetrated.
This is to say that indecent dressing cannot be properly defined in isolation of the societal norms or religious
boundaries. What is indecent to you in say Nigeria is decent elsewhere. This brings to the fore the assertion
of some school of thoughts that indecent dressing is mainly due to “foreign culture.” Meaning this way of
dressing is alien to the Ghanaian culture and is therefore an affront to our very existence and identity.
Egwim (2010), referred to indecent dressing in a more specific term as the attitude of someone, male or
female that dresses to showoff parts of the body such as the breasts, buttocks or even the underwear
particularly those of the ladies that need to be covered. In addition, there are those who believe that indecent
dressing bothers so much on morality hence they ascribe some religious meanings to it. They say “indecent
dressing is any type of dressing that the almighty father (the creator of the universe) abhors.” According to
Olori (2003), this form of dressing is provocative, improper and morally unacceptable. These dress patterns
are morally offensive and reveal the high rate of moral decadence in the society of our time. With all these
explanations, one is now clear about the type of dressing that is considered indecent in the Ghanaian context.
Not a day passes without some complaint or the other by colleague students, visitors, lecturers, non-teaching
staff or some other persons about the provocative dressing of Ho Polytechnic students, most especially the
girls. They wear skimpy skirts, only about one inch longer than their pants to lectures and other social
gatherings in and outside campus. Quite apart from the skimpy and tight fitting nature of these dresses, their
transparent nature also helps in exposing their thighs and other vital parts of their body for public view.

This makes them find it difficulty in climbing machines, crossing a gutter and even bending down to pick
something. As if this is not enough, the girls again wear very tight trousers called ‘shinnies’, thereby
showing the contours of their body ostensibly to entice the opposite sex. They also wear very short and
transparent tops called ‘show your stomach’ which exposes their abdomen and breasts. Some of the boys
are also guilty of indecent dressing. However, their dress pattern is different from that of the girls. Their
dressing makes them look dirty and very unattractive with unkempt hairs and dirty jeans having pockets of
holes deliberately created around the knees and lower parts of the trousers. The waist of their trousers is
lowered at the middle of their two bottom lobes, revealing their pant which is called “Otto Fistta” (named
after Otto Fistta, an expatriate coach of the Ghana Black Stars who was noted for this type of dressing).
This type of dressing makes them walk by dragging their feet on the ground which is very embarrassing for
any gentleman. All the above stated qualities are found on Big Brother Naija television program and is
affecting the cultural behavior of students on Nigeria campus.

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 C. Killings

Killings is becoming so frequent in our society today and this can be as a result of what people view on
television programs like big brother naija every day. The development in media play both negative and
positive roles in the life of people living in society and the functions of television are meant to promote
good cultural behavior among people, and also promotes programs that teaches good moral.

Official statistics indicate that there has been an increase in the number of missing persons all over the
country in recent times. Some are found, while others are not. There is speculation that the majority of those
who disappear perpetually without a trace are often victims of ritual killings.

Incidents of ritual killings have assumed an alarming rate in Nigeria. There seems to be little or no effort
by concerned government agencies to checkmate the trend. We expect that such cruel and barbaric acts
would no longer exist in our society given our level of exposure, enlightenment, and civilization. Ironically,
as our communities seem to be getting more religious given the proliferation of churches and mosques in
all nooks and crannies of the country, it seems these heinous acts are increasing as the quest for filthy lucre
pervades our society.

It is disheartening to point out that as developed societies invest in science and technology to keep abreast
with a dynamic world, ours are still stuck in the mistaken belief that sacrificing human blood is the surest
route to wealth, safety, and protection.

No doubt, ritual killings are performed to obtain human body parts for rituals, potions, and charms.
Ritualists search for ‘human parts’ at the request of herbalists, who require these to make sacrifices or
prepare various magical potions to give power and wealth to an individual. Some people engage in ritual
killings to obtain charms that would make them invincible and protect them from business failure, illness,
accidents, and spiritual attacks. Whether they succeed or not is open to debate. However, it is not easy to
prove a link between such sacrifices and financial success or any type of success empirically.

Amongst a large group of Nigerians, including the well-educated and people from different faiths and social
backgrounds, there is a strong belief in the supernatural and the effectiveness of rituals. This belief has a
direct correlation to the prevalence of ritual killings. It is a well-known fact that some elite in society
indulges in ritual killings. Some people apprehended for ritual killings and witch doctors who perform the
sacrifices accused politicians, government officials, and wealthy businessmen as their sponsors. They are
said to use human beings for rituals to sustain their affluence and remain in positions of power as part of
what television program like BB Naija is promoting on their show.

Therefore, it is not surprising that there are usually increased cases of mysterious disappearances
and ritual killings during elections. Some desperate, fetish, and superstitious politicians always
consult herbalists and native doctors during elections to help them overcome their opponents.
These spiritualists usually demand human heads and other body parts to perform hedonistic rituals.

Given the rate of increase of ritual killings, no one is immune from becoming a victim.

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But some people are at greater risk. People with mental illnesses and virgins are unique targets as
the ritualists allegedly believe that their eccentrics and purity make for a more viable sacrifice.
Also, people living with albinism have equally become victims of ritual killings, fueled by the
belief that their ‘body parts’ could allegedly make one wealthy or prolong one’s life as part of what
BB Naija program are teaching in their play.

The terrorists in the country of Nigeria today emulate some of the basis of their terrorism on television
programs like big brother Naija and I think it is high time the Nigeria government develop law that will
regulate programs showcasing on television and radio so that program like big brother naija can be well
monitor and control. Sometimes, it is difficult to understand the mind of the ritual killer. How can someone
take another person’s life in the quest for wealth, protection, and power? More worrisome is that sometimes
it is not just an issue of a depraved mind but also a depraved group of minds.

Sometime in 2017, Lagos State, the country’s commercial hub, was gripped by Badoo ritual killings.
According to news reports, over 50 people were killed by the Badoo Boys group, who moved about with
an air of invincibility until the Nigeria Police routed them.

Vanguard reported about the activities of the group thus: “Before the raid and subsequent arrest of over 200
suspected members of the cult group by the Police with the support of the Oodua Peoples’ Congress, OPC,
local vigilante, and the Neighborhood Watch Corps, Badoo Boys had been unleashing an orgy of killings,
during which they crush the skulls of their victims. Their modus operandi included storming victims’
residences while they are asleep” all are part of what television program like BB Naija is teaching the
Nigeria university student as culture.

People suspected that they usually hypnotise their victims, as none of them had ever been conscious of their
presence. After that, they would smash the heads of their victims with a grinding stone and use a
handkerchief to clean the blood and brain before leaving the scene, all this are being thought in Nigeria
television program like BB Naija today on television.

During interrogation, one of the suspects confirmed that “they sold each handkerchief stained with blood
for N500,000. He further revealed that they were mere errand boys for rich politicians within and outside
Lagos State. But in their case, the blood and semen-stained handkerchief were used to prepare the spiritual
defense for some wealthy Nigerians.”

What are the root causes of ritual killings? How can society tackle this menace? What role should
government and relevant agencies play in ameliorating the negative impact of these dastardly acts that
program like big brother niger caused in our society.

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 D. Murder

Murder case is also becoming so frequent in our society today, and findings has make us understand that
program showing on television like BB Naija contributed immensely to it. The rate at which the Nigeria
university students watch BB Naija is very high and what the program teaches them as culture is very bad.

We could see that murder case is one of the tantamount cases among the students today in Nigeria
universities and most of this could be as a result of what they have thought as culture on television
programme like BB Naija they watch. I have witnessed many cases like that in which student practice what
he learns on television. it is unfortunate that the negative side of this television programs are being embraced
than the positive side of it.

Nigeria recorded high murder cases every day, and it is discovered that most of this cases are carried out
by the students and youth in the society.

According to This Day, ritual murders are "a common practice" in Nigeria (26 Sept. 2010). This statement
is partially corroborated by the Sahara Reporters article, which states that ritual murder is common in
southern Nigeria (3 July 2012). The Daily Trust writes that ritual killings continue to be practiced in Nigeria
and have become more prevalent since 1999 (21 June 2010). Similarly, a 2012 Daily Independent article
states that "in recent times, the number of … brutal murders, mostly for ritual purposes and other
circumstances, involving couples and their partners has been on a steady progression" (30 July 2012). In
contrast, a research associate at the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London who
has researched and written on Nigerian religions stated in correspondence with the Research Directorate
that, while ritual murder does occur in Nigeria, it is not a "systematic practice" (31 Oct. 2012).

According to a report published in Leadership, ritual murder is not limited to any specific part of the country
and "every region, tribe and state has its own share of the scourge" (30 Apr. 2012). However, in 2009, This
Day reported that a confidential memo from the Nigerian police to registered security service providers
indicated that ritual killings were particularly prevalent in the states of Lagos, Ogun, Kaduna, Abia, Kwara,
Abuja, Rivers, and Kogi (26 Oct. 2009). Corroborating information could not be found by the Research
Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

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In 2010, one newspaper reported that dead bodies with missing organs were being discovered on a daily
basis on a road close to Lagos State University that was described as a "hot spot for ritual killers" (This Day
26 Sept. 2010). A second newspaper reported in February 2011 that, in the same area, ten people had been
killed in suspected ritual murders in the preceding two months (Daily Times 11 Feb. 2011). A 2009 article
published by Agence France-Presse reported that, according to a state government official, the kidnapping
of children for ritual murder was on the rise in Kano (4 July 2009).

In 2012, in Osun State, a young man was found dead with his head and genitals severed from his body; a
close friend of the man was reportedly arrested in connection with the murder (Leadership 30 Apr. 2012;
Nigerian Tribune 22 Apr. 2012). One source indicates that an herbalist who reportedly performs money
rituals and two other individuals were also arrested as suspects (ibid.).

In 2012, in Abia State, two men kidnapped and killed two children, aged four and six, removed their vital
organs and buried them, before being arrested (The Sun 18 June 2012; Nigeria Newspoint [2012a]).

In June 2012, in Nasawara State, a man and a "witch doctor" were arrested for their involvement in what
police suspected to be a ritual murder of the man's wife, whose body was found with some body parts
missing (The Nation 26 June 2012; Daily Trust 26 June 2012).

Rape

The term rape originates from the Latin word “rapere” (supine stem raptum), “to snatch, grab, carry off”.
Since the 14th century, the term has come to mean “to seize and take away by force”. Health organizations
and agencies have also expanded rape beyond traditional definitions. The World Health Organization
(WHO) defines rape as a form of sexual assault, while the Center for Diseases Control and Prevention
(CDCP) include rape in their definition of sexual assault; they see rape, as a form of sexual violence. (G. &
et al., 2002

Rape is severely under-reported in many parts of the world, rape is rarely reported, due to the extreme social
stigma, cast on those who have been raped or the fear of being disowned by them families, or subjected to
violence. Furthermore, in countries where adultery or premarital sex are illegal, victims of rape can face
prosecution under these laws, where there is no sufficient evidence to prove a rape in the court. Even if they
can prove their rape case, evidences during investigation may surface showing that they were not virgins
as at the time of the rape. United Nations statistics on incidences of rape compiled from government sources
showed that more than 250,000 cases of rape or attempted rape were recorded by the police annually. There
ported data covered 65 countries, Nigeria inclusive. Rape in the society can be clearly seen as a crime not
only to the victims but the entire society.

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It traumatized and overwhelmed the victim with great psychological pains and other likely venereal
infections like STD. This could lead to fear, panic, nightmares on the victims. The consequence is complex
in that the society is prior to economic development and social wellbeing will be demoralized. For clarity,
rape is seen as a common phenomenon against the female gender, as they are the most vulnerable. It should
be noted here without any reservation that rape is an assault and a criminal offence because if not properly
counselled such a victim might be mentally and psychological down. We need to understand that television
program like big brothers Naija promotes such cultural acts among the Nigeria University Students.

Conceptual Clarification

Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration,
perpetrated against a person without that person’s consent. The act may be carried out by physical force,
coercion, abuse of authority or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent, such as one who
is unconscious, incapacitated, has an intellectual disability or below the legal age of consent. The term rape
is sometimes used interchangeably with the term sexual assault. (wikipedia, 2016). The television program
like big brother Naija contribute to the frequent happenings of rape among the Nigeria University Students
in Nigeria.

Rape is categorized as follow

A. Date rape: this type of rape refers to a rape in which there has been some sort of romantic
or potentially sexual relationship between the two parties.
B. Gang rape: it occurs when a group of people participate in the rape of a single victim.
C. Marital rape: this is a non-consensual sex in which the perpetrator is the victim’s spouse,
it can also be referred to as domestic violence on a partner.
D. Incestual rape: This is a sexual activity between the same family members or close relatives.
E. Child rape / abuse: This is a sexual activity in which an adult use a child for sexual stimulation.
F. Prison rape: it refers to rape occurring in prison, it has come into common usage to refer to
rape of an inmate by other inmates.
G. Acquaintance rape: is a rape that is perpetrated by a person who is known to the victim.
H. War rape: this is a form of rape or sexual violence committed by combatants during armed
conflict or war military occupation often as spoils of war.
I. Statutory rape: is a sexual activity in which one of the individuals is below the age
required to legally consent to the behavior, although it usually refers to adults engaging in
sex with minors under the age of consent. (Neumann, 2007)

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Factor’s Responsible for Rape
Television program like BB NAIJA can contributed to one of the following factors stated bellow
as people practice what they usually watch on television.
1. Drug / Alcohol Addiction
Drug facilitated sexual assault also known as predator rape, is sexual assault carried out after the
victim has become incapacitated, due to having consumed alcoholic beverages or other drugs.
Alcohol has been shown to play a disinhibiting role in certain types of sexual assault, as have some
other drugs, notable cocaine. (Barbaree, H.E, Marshall, W.L.; Lanthier, R.D., 1979
2.Psychological factors
It must be stated here that; research has shown that some of the rapists are not aware of the
psychological havoc or trauma they have inflicted on their victims; some are not even
knowledgeable about the impact of rape on victims. (Higdon, 2008)
3. Peer and family factors
National policies relating to gender equality in general and to sexual violence more specifically,
as well as norms relating to the use of violence, while the various factors operate largely at local
level, within families, schools, workplaces and communities, there are also influences from the
laws and norms working at national and even international level.
4. Poverty
Poverty may be linked to both the perpetration of sexual violence and the risk of being a victim
of it. Several authors have argued that the relationship between poverty and perpetration of
sexual violence is mediated through forms of crisis of masculine identity. Some other factors
include pornography, indecent dressing and gang members who may likely advice their friend to
commit the act of sexual assault on someone proving difficult.

Effects of rape to the victim

The consequences of rape to the woman or man can be classified either as physically, mentally
or emotionally traumatic. Among the physical effects include unwanted pregnancies, diseases or health
problems, and certain disruptions on the woman’s natural bodily functions. On the other hand,
psychological effects range from self-pity to the more striking suicidal tendencies.

15
Unwanted pregnancy. Of course, the most immediate physical effect of rape is the risk for the victim of
getting pregnant. Dependent on the age of the victim, she may conceive a child even if she is just reached
puberty. In most instances, rape victims who do become pregnant opt to abort the child that is considered
the result of the crime committed against them. In some cases, the situation is further complicated due to
abortions not being a legal option for the victim.

Exposure or transmission of certain diseases. Without their knowledge, the rape victims are also at risk
of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS that could affect their health in the short and
long term even leading to death.

Damage or disruption of body organs or functions. Since rape is a form of forced intercourse, the
victim’s body usually suffers physical injury particularly to the vagina, uterus, and other parts of the
reproductive system. The risks are greater if the rape victim is a child or a very young teen. In addition, the
rape victims are often beaten up and tortured during and after the rape, which might even lead to losing
their life in some cases.

Trauma and paranoia. The foremost psychological effect of rape will be emotional trauma and paranoia.
At times, the victim will exhibit symptoms of mental and emotional trauma through solitude and exclusion.
They also develop fear in mingling and socializing with strangers and other people especially men. These
effects can last for the duration of the victim’s lifetime.

Self-pity or self-blame. Apart from making her aloof and isolated, rape can also lead the victim to pity or
blame herself for the crime. This effect is partly caused by the social stigma or shame that societies or
communities wrongly attribute to the victim. She is often deprived of the care she should receive from
families and society at large, who in turn can accuse her of callous and provoking behavior. This worsens
her mental state and she is left emotionally devastated.

Suicidal tendencies. The most striking effect that rape can produce in a victim is the thoughts or tendencies
of committing suicide. Because of trauma, self-pity, and seclusion, rape victims often feel that there is no
longer hope and they could no longer recover and that they are not worthy of living.
The effects of rape to a community or society will essentially revolve around the response the
community makes. In the “First World” or more highly developed countries, community response
will commonly be positive and encouraging for the victim. Communities provide emotional
support for the victim and help her get over the trauma she has faced.

16
But the scenario is notably different in certain societies like Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and other poor
countries where rape victims are neglected or the crime itself is not prioritized, community response would
often be in a negative way. It could be either in the form of neglect, absence of social and legal justice, and
putting the blame on the victim herself. She is often considered as an outcast in the society and is left alone
to battle with the aftermath of the rape.

India being a conservative country, many Indians look down upon girls who are outgoing and prefer to
wear western clothes. People often blame the girl for sending out wrong signals to men, thus making her
vulnerable to rape. In cases where a woman is raped, she is always in fear of being marked a ‘whore’ or a
woman of bad character, which ultimately prevents her from reporting the crime. In some cases, they don’t
disclose these attacks to anyone and keep all their sufferings to themselves – an immense emotional
upheaval which only the sufferer can describe.

The situation is not much different in Africa and the Caribbean where the number of rape crimes committed
on women, have soared radically since three decades ago. Being male chauvinistic to a great extent, the
Caribbean society often accuses the raped woman of immoral behavior, tries to force her to forget
everything (failing to understand that it’s impossible for a rape victim to do so) putting her in the position
of culprit rather than that of the victim.

Smoking

Smoking is initially a habit leading to physical and psychological dependence. An important role in the
smoking-related phenomenon is a number of repeated movements in the smoking act of the hand and oral
muscles, cigarette outbreaks, lighting a cigarette, blowing smoke, holding, and extinguishing the cigarette
butt. All these movements are repeated a few hundred times a day and become a ritual that is repeated. A
smoker thus makes about 500–600 kisses daily by activating their oral muscles. The smell of smoke, fire,
or lighter, and the way cigarette is lit also affect dependence. Cigarettes are like magic wands that are used
to relax, calm down, relieve stress, or as a substitute for enhanced food enjoyment. The act of smoking
contributes toward self-destruction and pollution of the environment. Therefore, smoking is not just the
problem of the person who smokes, but it creates problems for the entire community and society where the
smoker lives and works. People who smoke cigarettes can be divided into four groups: permanent smoker,
occasional smoker, former smoker, and non-smoker. The consequences of smoking can affect non-smokers,
who we call passive smokers. The largest group of victims is children whose parent(s) smoke because
cigarette smoke remains in the air for the next 8 hours after a person has finished the task of smoking, and
is called environmental tobacco smoke or Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke (SHS) .

17
here are several reasons behind smoking though the young people know the bad impacts of
smoking habit. The reasons are peer pressure, desire to look mature, help to relax, help to break
up working time, to do something when bored, helps to cope with stress, enjoyment, to do with
friends, look stylish etc. According to our study 20.56% young people smoke for peer pressure or
request, 10% smoke to look matured and 35% smokers believe that smoking helps to relax. Also
17.78% young people treat smoking as something to do when bored and 25.56% believe that
smoking helps to cope with stress. A large amount of young people around 29.44% smoke cigarette
as an enjoyment.

Television program like BB NAIJA can also contribute to smoking habit in the society most
especially among Nigeria university students. This program showcase this as part of what its
viewing to the audience and can be embrace by the viewers indirectly to their cultural behavior.

Molestation/ Sexual abuse

one of the major things big brother Naija program promote is Sex abuse has it also showcases such practice
has on its show on television.

The majority of sexual abuse happens in childhood, with incest being the most common form (Courtois,
1996, as cited in Maltz, 2002). The impact of childhood sexual abuse varies from person to person and from
case to case. A study compared the experiences of women who experienced familial sexual abuse with
women who experienced non-familial abuse. They found that women who experienced familial abuse
reported higher current levels of depression and anxiety when thinking about the abuse. Other variables
they found to increase the levels of reported distress were abuse experiences that involved more extensive
sexual abuse, a higher number of sexual abuse experiences, and a younger age during the first sexual abuse
experience (Hartman, Finn, & Leon, 1987). While the nature and severity of the sexual act may cause more
serious impact, many other factors may influence the degree of damage the victim experiences. Other
factors may include the perspective of the individual, the individual’s internal resources, and the
individual’s level of support (Courtois, 1988, as cited in Ratican, 1992). Although not all forms of childhood
sexual abuse include direct touch, it isimportant for therapists to understand that childhood sexual abuse
can take on many different forms that still exploit the victim sexually and cause harm. The perpetrator may
exploit the child by introducing them to pornography prematurely, assaulting them through the internet, or
manipulating them into taking pornographic photos.Childhood sexual abuse infringes on the basic rights of
human beings. Children should be able to have sexual experiences at the appropriate developmental time
and within their control and choice. The nature and dynamics of sexual abuse and sexually abusive

18
relationships are often traumatic. When sexual abuse occurs in childhood it can hinder normal social growth
and be a cause of many different psychosocial problems (Maltz, 2002). The next section of this paper will
review literature and research concerning these long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse.

Childhood sexual abuse has been correlated with higher levels of depression, guilt, shame, self-blame,
eating disorders, somatic concerns, anxiety, dissociative patterns, repression, denial, sexual problems, and
relationship problems. Depression has been found to be the most common long-term symptom among
survivors. Survivors may have difficulty in externalizing the abuse, thus thinking negatively about
themselves (Hartmanet al., 1987). After years of negative self-thoughts, survivors have feelings of
worthlessness and avoid others because they believe they have nothing to offer (Longet al., 2006). Ratican
(1992) describes the symptoms of child sexual abuse survivors’ depression to be feeling down much of the
time, having suicidal ideation, having disturbed sleeping patterns, and having disturbed eating patterns
Survivors often experience guilt, shame, and self-blame. It has been shown that survivors frequently take
personal responsibility for the abuse. When the sexual abuse is done by an esteemed trusted adult it may be
hard for the children to view the perpetrator in a negative light, thus leaving them incapable of seeing what
happened as not their fault. Survivors often blame themselves and internalize negative messages about
themselves. Survivors tend to display more self-destructive behaviors and experience more suicidal ideation
than those who have not been abused (Browne & Finkelhor, 1986). Body issues and eating disorders have
also been cited as a long-term effect of childhood sexual abuse. Ratican (1992) describes the symptoms of
child sexual abuse survivors’ body image problems to be related to feeling dirty or ugly, dissatisfaction
with body or appearance, eating disorders, and obesity. Survivors’ distress may also result in somatic
concerns. A study found that women survivors reported significantly more medical concerns than did
people who have not experienced sexual abuse. The most frequent medial complaint was pelvic pain
(Cunningham, Pearce, & Pearce, 1988). Somatization symptoms among survivors are often related to pelvic
pain, gastrointestinal problems, headaches, and difficulty swallowing (Ratican, 1992). Stress and anxiety
are often long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse. Childhood sexual abuse can be frightening and cause
stress long after the experience or experiences have ceased. Many times survivors experience chronic
anxiety, tension, anxiety attacks, and phobias (Briere & Runtz, 1988, as cited in Ratican, 1992). A study
compared the posttraumatic stress symptoms in Vietnam veterans and adult survivors of childhood sexual
abuse. The study revealed that childhood sexual abuse is traumatizing and can result in symptoms
comparable to symptoms from war-related trauma (McNew & Abell, 1995). Some survivors may have
dissociated to protect themselves from experiencing the sexual abuse. As adults they may still use this
coping mechanism when they feel unsafe or threatened (King, 2009). Dissociation for survivors of
childhood sexual abuse may include feelings of confusion, feelings of disorientation, nightmares,
flashbacks, and difficulty experiencing feelings. Denial and repression of sexual abuse is believed by some

19
to be a long-term effect of childhood sexual abuse. Symptoms may include experiencing amnesia
concerning parts of their childhood, negating the effects and impact of sexual abuse, and feeling that they
should forget about the abuse (Ratican, 1992). Whether or not survivors can forget past childhood sexual
abuse experiences and later recover those memories is a controversial topic. Some therapists believe that
sexual abuse can cause enough trauma that the victim forgets or represses the experience as a coping
mechanism. Others believe that recovered memories are false or that the client is led to create them (King,
2009) Survivors of sexual abuse may experience difficulty in establishing interpersonal relationships.

Definition of Vulgar Language According to Ljung(2011),“vulgarity is a social construct determined by

the views of polite society concerning what can and cannot be said. These views are linked to the notion of
social class, in particular the idea that speakers belonging to the lower classes also use a ‘lower’ kind of
language including swearing” (Ljung, 2011:7). This definition emphasizes the distinction between social
classes and the language used among them. It also points out that the vulgar language is generally used by
the people from lower social classes. These definitions reveal the basic features of the vulgar language,
such as coarseness, rudeness and commonness. Therefore, it becomes clear that the vulgar language is a
branch of informal language, which might be crude, impolite, offensive and ignorant. It is also described
as pertaining to common people, thus defining the speakers who use such language.

Jay (1992) defines vulgar as “generally used, applied, or accepted: having an understanding in the ordinary
sense: of or relating to common people: lacking in cultivation, perception, or taste: coarse: morally crude,
underdeveloped, or unregenerate: gross. Vulgarity means the language of the common person, “the person
in the street”, or the unsophisticated, unfocalized, or under-educated” (Jay, 1992:6). The definition of Jay
(1992) adds more peculiarities of vulgar language and defines that this language is commonly used in
streets. Similarly, as Ljung, Jay (1992) provides the definition which refers to the lower classes and under-
educated people who are the main users of the vulgar language. The following subsection will provide the
definitions of vulgar language and other non-standard varieties.

Use of vulgar languages courses

One of the negative cultural habits that our Nigeria University Student embrace as cultural
behaviour on television program is Vulgar languages because this language is used
interchangeably on programs showcasing on television like big brother Niger television program.

Vulgar language has many similar features with some other non-standard varieties; therefore, it might be
difficult to distinguish between them. First of all, the vulgar language might be confused with slang, as both
types of language are non-standard varieties and both might be crude and offensive.

20
According to Jay (1992), slang is “an informal nonstandard vocabulary composed typically of coinages,
arbitrary changed words, and extravagant, forced, or facetious figures of speech” (Jay, 1992:6). Another
definition of slang found in the Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics (1996) defines slang as
a “British or American variant of carelessly used colloquial language with explicitly social and regional
variants. Slang is characterized by the innovative use of common vocabulary as well as newly coined
words” (Bussmannet al., 1996:437). Referring to Jay’s definition, Doyle (2006) describes slang as “very
informal and sometimes offensive words that is used by a sub-groups of people, such as young people, drug
dealers, baseball players, etc.” (Doyle, 2006:3). Therefore, the main difference between vulgar language
and slang is that slang is an informal language, newly coined words, which are used to speak on various
topics, while vulgar language is considered Tobe ruder and coarse; it is usually used in scatological, related
to a human body or sexual themes. In addition, vulgar language may also be compared with swearing or
cursing because these types of bad language might be offensive. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary
English (2005) provides a definition of the word curse which defines it as“a swear word or words that you
say because you are very angry” or “a word or sentence used to ask God or a magical power to do something
bad to someone or something”(Summers, 2005:385).Illustrated Oxford Dictionary(2001)provides a
definition of a swear word which is a “profane or indecent word, esp. uttered as an expletive”(Metcalf,
2001:838). According to Ljung(2011), “swearing often involves the use of four-letter words like English
fuck, shitand the corresponding terms in other languages, and on account of this it is regarded by many as
disrespectful, vulgar and offensive” (Ljung, 2011: viii). Crystal (1997) proposes the definition of cursing
and swearing, stating that they can be found both in formal contexts and in the daily speech. He claims that
a daily taboo speech might “express such emotions as hatred, antagonism, frustration and surprise” (cited
in Ljung, 2011: 5-6). Hughes (1991) claims that “swearing shows a curious convergence of the high and
the low, the sacred and the profane” (cited in Ljung, 2011:6). According to Doyle (2006), to curses “to call
upon divine or supernatural power to send injury upon someone” (Doyle, 2006: 2). Vulgar language and
swearing or cursing have many similar features: both include four-letter words, both are offensive, crude,
disrespectful, harsh and both may express emotions. But the difference is that swearing and cursing are
usually used to express the anger, whereas the vulgar language may be used to express both the positive
and negative feelings. Also it might beusedto make jokes or as a specific speech of cliques.
9Notwithstanding the fact that jargon is a spoiled language, mainly used by particular groups, it slightly
differs from the vulgar language. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(2005) defines jargon as
“words and expressions used in a particular profession or by a particular group of people, which are difficult
for other people to understand–often used to show disapproval”(Summers, 2005: 867).Another definition
found in the Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics(1996)says that “jargon entails an extended
and terminologically normalized vocabulary, and correspondingly different uses of morphological rules,

21
i.e. compounds, special prefixed forms, foreign words, technical terms, metaphor are characteristic of
jargon” (Bussmannet al., 1996: 245). On the basis of the provided definitions, it can be claimed that the
vulgar language differs from the jargon, although both non-standard varieties are used by a particular group
of people. But the difference is that the jargon may be used in some professions, while the vulgar language
is used only in everyday life, mainly as a street language. Moreover, the vulgar language might be confused
with argot or can’t, which have a special vocabulary and, same as vulgar language, might be used in the
conversations of cliques. Illustrated Oxford Dictionary(2001)defines argot as “the jargon of a group or class
formerly esp. of criminals”(Metcalf, 2001: 51).The same dictionary describes cant as “insincere pious or
moral talk”; “ephemeral or fashionable catchwords” or “language peculiar to a class, profession, sect,
etc.”(Metcalf, 2001: 123).In the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(2005)argot is defined as
“written expressions used by a particular group of people”(Summers, 2005: 65).Routledge Dictionary of
Language and Linguistics (1996) describes argot as “a secret language, roughly corresponding to cant, used
by beggars and thieves in medieval France. More broadly, argot may refer to any specialized vocabulary or
set of expressions used by a particular group or class and not widely understood by mainstream society,
e.g. the argot of gamblers or the argot of the underworld” (Bussmannet al., 1996: 33). In the same dictionary,
can’t is described as “the jargon or secret language of a socially isolated and often “asocial” group that
deviates from the standard language, especially in its specific vocabulary. Cants are intentionally meant to
be unintelligible to those who have no command of them” (Bussmannet al., 1996: 33). The same feature of
the vulgar language and the can’t or argotic that they are used by groups of people. The difference is that
argot and can’t are used mainly by specific groups of people, such as criminals, beggars and thieves and
most of this languages are being thought from television program like big brother Naija.

Obscenity
Obscenity refers to a narrow category of pornography that violates contemporary community standards and
has no serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value. For adults at least, most pornography — material
of a sexual nature that arouses many readers and viewers — receives constitutional protection. However,
two types of pornography receive no First Amendment protection: obscenity and child pornography.
Sometimes, material is classified as “harmful to minors” (or obscene as to minors), even though adults can
have access to the same material.

22
The issue of pornography, obscenity, and sexually explicit material has been an area of much contention
for most of civilized history. Religions, for example, have historically taken action to define explicit
sexuality as immoral, and governments, too, have recently begun to take a stance on the issue. However,
the restrictions the United States government puts on the distribution of sexual material seems at odds with
the First Amendment of the Constitution, which guarantees as a basic right freedom of religion, speech,
press, and assembly. This tension has only appeared in courts within the past 80 years and as a relatively
new predicament the courts’ rulings have been inconsistent (O’Neil 4). Pornography is one facet of
obscenity that is debated more frequently and more passionately than most. Aside from controversial
Supreme Court rulings on the topic, there are also arguments for and against the harm pornography does to
individuals and society. In order to judge whether or not the Supreme Court has fairly ruled in historic
cases, one must look at these arguments and decide what obscenity really is, and whether pornography is
actually harmful. In the course of such an analysis, it seems that in the past the Supreme Court’s rulings
against the distribution of pornography have been unconstitutional and ill-informed.

To begin with, one must decide what obscenity means before one can decide whether it is protected
by the First Amendment, and whether pornography is obscene. Haskins, Patzke, and Price wrote that the
“[l]ack of clear definitions, lack of adequate and consistently applied criteria, and lack of uniform
interpretation of the term obscenity appear to plague the issue of obscenity,” (45). Looking to the past and
to the future, their statement still remains true. Investigations into the true definitions of obscenity or
pornography can give no closer approximation of the meanings now than they did in the past. Goodman
writes of a committee comprised of six panelists who endeavored to define pornography. They all had
various opinions of the meaning of the term. Al Goldstein, publisher of Screw magazine, stated, “I don’t
know what pornography is. I haven’t a clue,” whereas Susan Brownmiller, author of Against Our Will,
confidently stated that pornography is, “‘anti-female propaganda’”. Goldstein refuted her conservative and
combative stance with the statement that pornography is fluid; “‘[t]oday’s pornography is tomorrow’s
eroticism’” (Goodman 21C). This confusion over the true definition of pornography is nothing recent; even
Supreme Court justices have trouble defining it. In the 1964 case Jacobellis v. Ohio, Justice Potter Stewart
famously announced that hard-core pornography was hard to define, but he would know it when he saw it.
Such a definition, however, leaves obscenity and pornography open to subjectivity, and therefore easy to
prosecute depending on the whims of the court system. Hawkins and Zimring adequately summarize such
a sentiment by stating, “Even if all know it when they see it and are united in agreeing that it should be
suppressed, how do we know that the agreement is not totally illusory?” (20). In other words, in order to
have fair rulings concerning such a topic, it needs an objective definition.

23
 There have been three separate commissions charged with defining pornography once and for all.
The first such commission was the 1970 Johnson Commission, which found that the word “pornography”
was not used descriptively, had no legal significance, denotes subjectivity, and that the word “obscenity”
was merely a legal word used to refer to something sexually explicit and legally restricted (Hawkins and
Zimring 21-22). The second commission, the Williams Commission of 1979, found that “obscene” was a
word expressing disgust or repulsion, and ruled that the word was no longer useful in court (22-23). The
third and final commission was equally unhelpful; the Meese Commission of 1986 simply stated that
“obscene” material was material which could be prosecuted without offending an authoritative
interpretation of the Constitution (23-24). Each commission had different findings concerning the words
“obscene” and “pornography” and in their various results has proved that the words are indeed well-nigh
impossible to universally define. Hawkins and Zimring also address the ways in which a Western
democracy chooses to handle the issue of pornography, and what the overwhelming concern is that so
represses it:

It seems clear that however a liberal Western democracy may decide to deal with pornography, any modern
secular government will seek to permit sexually explicit communication to adults on the same basis it
permits communication about a wide variety of topics. What seems to be of special concern to governments
and communities is a combination of sexually explicit content and sexual provocation, arousal, or excitation
of an audience, from which it is assumed sexual activity will follow. It is not the content of the literature
that is so disturbing to a community or nation, but the results that content is accused of causing.

Violence

Violence is one of the behavior that students learn on big brother Naija television program as culture,
Although no single theory can describe all causes of violence and abuse, the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention recommends an ecological model as a framework for prevention and intervention. Seeking
to understand factors that shape and create risk for the development of violence and abuse is not intended
to excuse or mitigate personal responsibility for criminal or immoral behaviors. For primary prevention,
however, it is critical to understand individual and social factors related to risk for perpetration of violence
and abuse. Macrosocial factors are likely related to the development of violent behaviors. Power and control
are often described as the underpinnings of violence and abuse. The big brother Naija program can also be
a temple in which violence is learn. The patriarchal social structure can produce a social environment that
supports male domination of women from the feminist perspective. Poverty, lack of economic opportunity,
racism, and discrimination, watching of bad program like BB NAIJA also support power differentials in
society and are key drivers for the development of stress and violence.

24
Stress appears to be related to biologic pathways potentiating increased risk for developing maladaptive
behaviors (e.g., substance abuse). Stress may also serve as a trigger for violent outbursts. The media likely
play a role in the shaping of social norms related to violence and abuse and sustaining a culture of
violence. Although alcohol abuse and substance abuse are strongly associated with violence, debate exists
in the literature regarding the causal relationship between the two. 18,19 A clinically relevant issue for
clinicians is the transgenerational transmission of violence and abuse. Data strongly suggest that childhood
exposures to violence and abuse put individuals at risk for developing perpetration behaviors. 20,21 Many
researchers have developed typologies to categorize perpetrators with common subtypes ranging from
perpetrators who are psychotic with antisocial personality disorders and little hope for remediation to
perpetrators of common-couples violence that occurs in the context of bidirectional relational
dysfunction.22,23 Family physicians should watch for new research and future developments in violence
prevention; in particular, they should look for findings that can be implemented in the primary care setting.

The World Health Organization defines violence as “the intentional use of physical force or power,
threatened or actual, against oneself, against another person or against a group or community, which either
results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal development, or
deprivation.” Violence and abuse may be physical, sexual, or psychological. Three broad subtypes of
violence exist: self-directed, interpersonal, and collective. Self-directed violence includes suicide and self-
abuse. Interpersonal violence is violence among individuals, including violence among related individuals
in the context of a family or extended family, and violence among unrelated individuals who may be friends,
acquaintances, or strangers. Collective violence includes social, political, and economic violence. Self-
directed, interpersonal, and collective violence are overlapping phenomena which occur within a larger
social and cultural context.

Common economic, social, and cultural risk factors influence all three. Vulnerable populations are often at
increased risk of all three forms of violence. All violence is functional, intended to dominate, punish,
control, harm, or eliminate an individual, a group, or a community. Physicians have many opportunities to
identify patients at risk of victimization or perpetration, and to prevent or influence the outcomes associated
with violence for patients.

Violence occurs in the context of a broad range of human relationships. Interpersonal violence within the
family includes child abuse and neglect, sibling violence, intimate partner violence, elder abuse and neglect,
and abuse and neglect of pets and other animals. Beyond the family context, interpersonal violence includes
dating violence (also called adolescent relationships violence), peer violence, bullying, stalking, rape,
community violence, and school violence.

25
Collective violence is composed of many individual acts of interpersonal violence organized within a larger
social and cultural context, and includes gang violence, hate crimes, mob behavior, human trafficking,
sexual exploitation, and slavery. Also included within the scope of collective violence is oppression based
upon gender, race, sexual orientation, social class, national origin or religion, and state-sponsored violence
such as terrorism, genocide, war, and war-associated rape. There is a growing body of evidence linking the
many forms of violence to adverse health effects. Family physicians need to understand this link and work
with patients to minimize the negative health effects associated with violence.

Curbing Indecent Dressing

In order to curb bad cultural behaviours among like indecent dressing, Violence, Sexual Harassment,
Smoking and other indecent behaviours among the Nigeria University Students on campus, very practical
initiatives must be embarked upon to educate the student populace about the potential dangers associated
with watching Television programme like BB Naija. This is necessary to prevent further decline in the
academic performance of Ho Nigeria University students.

Recommendations

Aimed at addressing the cultural behavior the big brother television program has on Nigeria University
Students, e.g indecent dressing, Violence, Sexual Harassment, Smoking and other indecent behaviors
should be directed towards finding a lasting solution to this menace. Since it is evident that indecent dressing
Violence, Sexual Harassment, Smoking and other indecent behaviors bothers so much on morality, it will
be prudent that Ho Nigeria University Students students are taught lessons on morality and the strict
adherence to our cultural norms. The elucidation of the good aspects of the Ghanaian culture by scholars to
students will also go a long way to help in eliminating indecent dressing from Nigeria University Students
on campus, because indecent dressing is partly caused by the infiltration of foreign culture into the country
and such culture were put into physical practice by the Big Brother Naija Television Programme.

26
CONCLUSION

The rate at which big brother television program has affected the cultural behavior of Nigeria University
student by teaching them some behavior like indecent dressing, Violence, Sexual Harassment, Smoking
and other indecent behavior and the way it has affected has infiltrated into the moral fibre and academic
progression of Ho Nigeria University students is alarming. Most female students are now preoccupied by
what to put on to seduce the opposite sex than what to read to become someone responsible in future. Some
of the male students also spend their precious time wearing tattered dresses all in the name of fashion, and
engaged in drugs, smoking, with little consideration for moral uprightness.

All these immoral acts of bad Cultural norms embraced by Nigeria University Student from the big brother
television programme are being perpetrated with impunity without recourse to the fact that universities are
not a “jungle” but an educational institution where knowledge is impacted. In order to be a beneficiary of
quality education or holistic education, one requires to be dedicated, hardworking and serious with their
books. Having divided-attention or loosing concentration during lectures as a result of provocative dressing
is an affront to the vision of quality education. It is therefore necessary that government in Nigeria should
be proactive in coming out with measures to stop bad cultural norms that big brother television programme
has on students in tertiary campuses, especially on University campus. If it could be possible, there must
be a ban on big brother Naija television Programme or if there is a way government can regulate it to prevent
the television Programme from promoting bad cultures among the Nigeria University Student.

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