Senior High School
General Chemistry II
Quarter 2 - Module 1
Entropy
and The Second Law of Thermodynamics
SLM
SELF -LEARNING MODULE
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General Chemistry II
Quarter 2 – Module 1
Entropy
and The Second Law of Thermodynamics
ii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the General Chemistry II 12 Self-Learning Module on Entropy and The
Second Law of Thermodynamics.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the
learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the
module:
Notes to the Teacher
This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help
you in guiding the learners.
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You
also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
Welcome to the General Chemistry II 12 Self-Learning Module on the Entropy and
The Second Law of Thermodynamics.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
iii
CONTENT STANDARD
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
1. Spontaneous change, entropy, and free energy
2. Chemical equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle.
PERFORMANCE STANDARD
Prepare a poster on a specific application of one of the following:
A. Acid-base equilibrium
B. Electrochemistry
Include in the poster the concepts, principles, and chemical reactions involved, and
diagrams of processes and other relevant materials.
LEARNING COMPETENCY
• Explain the second law of thermodynamics and its significance.
(STEM_GC11CTIVa-b-142)
• Predict the spontaneity of process based on entropy
(STEM_GC11CTIVa-b-140)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. Explain the second law of thermodynamics and its significance
2. Explain the meaning of entropy
3. Determine the relationship between the second law of
thermodynamics and entropy.
4. Differentiate spontaneous from nonspontaneous process
INTRODUCTION
Scientists discuss thermodynamic values in reference to a system and its
surroundings. Everything that is not part of the system constitutes its surroundings.
The system and surroundings are separated by a boundary. For example, if the
system is one mole of a gas in a container, then the boundary is simply the inner wall
of the container itself. Everything outside of the boundary is considered the
surroundings, which include the container itself.
1
PRE-TEST
Multiple Choice. Read each item carefully and identify what is asked. Encircle the
letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following describe any change from a more constrained phase to a
less constrained phase increased?
A. Entropy
B. Enthalpy
C. Gibbs free energy
D. Force and energy
2. Describe the direction of heat flow and the kinetic energy of particles to explain
what happens to ice in a glass of water over time.
A. spontaneous heat flow from higher temperature to lower temperature
B. from lower temperature to higher temperature
C. from lower temperature to lower temperature
D. from higher temperature to higher temperature
3. The second law of thermodynamics deals with the concept of
A. The conservation of matter and energy
B. The transformation of matter and energy
C. Entropy
D. Enthalpy
4.The second law of thermodynamics implies that the cycle of efficiency of
thermodynamic process must be
A. greater than unity
B. less than unity
C. equal to unity
D. none of these
5. For any irreversible process, the net entropy change is
A. positive
B. zero
C. negative
D. infinite
6. A system in which there may exchange energy but not mass is called
A. Open system
B. Close system
C. Insulated system
D. Isolated system
2
7. The entropy will usually increase when
I. a molecule is broken into two or more smaller molecules
II. a reaction occurs that results in an increase in the number of moles of gas
III. a solid changes to liquid
IV. a liquid changes to a gas
A. I only
B. II only
C. III and IV
D. I, II, III and IV
8. Which of the following thermodynamics quantities is not a state function
A. Gibbs free energy
B. Enthalpy
C. Entropy
D. work
9. Which of the following is an example of entropy?
A. Campfire
B. ice melting
C. boiling water for tea
D. all of the above
10. What is entropy in simple words?
A. measure of molecular disorder
B. disorder in the universe
C. arrangement of atoms
D. spreading of ions
11. Why is entropy so important?
A. because it applies to every part of our lives
B. because it makes our life easy
C. because it connect human to universe
D. because it allows us to balance the economy
12. What is meant by thermal equilibrium?
A. the state of maximum entropy of the system
B. the state of lowest entropy of the system
C. the state of reverse entropy
D. the state of high and low energy
3
13. What happens to the entropy of the universe being the ultimate isolated system?
A. it does not change at all
B. it increases and never decrease
C. it decreases
D. it fluctuates
14. Low entropy means the energy is
A. diffused
B. concentrated
C. compact
D. visible
15. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards ____
A. equal amount of coldness
B. thermal equilibrium
C. net flow of energy
D. none of these
REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS MODULE
In the previous module, you learned the different types of catalyst. You were
able to explain also the activation energy and how the catalyst affects the reaction
rate.
PRESENTATION OF THE NEW MODULE
You’ve learned within the previous module the different types of catalyst and
how it affects the reaction rate.
There’s concept that is crucial to chemistry and physics. It helps explain why
physical processes go one way and not the other. Why ice melts? Why cream
spreads in coffee? Why air leaks out of a punctured tire? Its entropy.
For this module, you will find out the importance of second law of
thermodynamics and its relationship to entropy. You’re expected to try the daily task
and finish it on Day 5.
4
ACTIVITY NO. 1
How’s My Coffee?
Consider the hot coffee placed on top of the table.
Write your comments in a paragraph form on the space provided based on the guide
questions.
Source: shorturl.at/gnKO4
ANALYSIS
Guide Questions:
1. Is the coffee hot or cold?
2. What will happen to the temperature of the coffee after some time?
3. Is there any change in temperature?
4. Is the process spontaneous or nonspontaneous? Why?
Write your paragraph here:
ABSTRACTION
WHAT DOES THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS STATES?
• The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of any isolated
system always increases. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards
thermal equilibrium-the state of maximum entropy of the system.
• Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium-the
state of maximum entropy of the system. Let us consider the universe as
the ultimate isolated system, the entropy only increases and never
decreases.
• For some systems, a spontaneous change is accompanied by increase in
entropy while other spontaneousnsystems occur with a decrease in entropy.
5
However, if both the system and the surroundings are considered, it can be
seen that “all naturally occurring processes occur spontaneously toward the
direction of the process that increases entropy of the universe (system +
surroundings)” It is mathematically stated as,
ΔSuniverse = ΔSsystem + ΔSsurroundings ≥ 0
• The equation means that entropy change of the universe determined from
the sum of the entropy change of the system and the surroundings must be
positive value which corresponds to an increase in entropy. This means that
the a process is considered spontaneous only if it the total change in
entropy of the universe is an increase in entropy.
WHY IS THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS IMPORTANT?
• The second law of thermodynamics is very important because it talks about
entropy, which dictates whether or not a process or a reaction is going to be
spontaneous.
• There are processes that occur naturally. Consider the flow of water from a
higher level to a lower level. There is no need to use energy to make this
process occur. This type of process which does no need the application of
energy to take place is said to be spontaneous. But to make water go up to
water tank, a pump must be used to make the process take place. This type
of process which needs the use of energy to make it happen is said to
nonspontaneous. Spontaneity of a process can be determined from the
change in entropy and change in free energy of a system.
• To see why entropy is useful for explaining spontaneous processes,like hot
objects cooling down, we need to look at a dynamic system where the
energy moves. In reality, energy doesn’t stay put. It continuously moves
between neighboring bonds.
• A simple way to think of the second law of thermodynamics is that a room, if
not cleaned and tidied, will invariably become more messy and disorderly
with time – regardless of how careful one is to keep it clean. When the room
is cleaned, its entropy decreases, but the effort to clean it has resulted in an
increase in entropy outside the room that exceeds the entropy lost.
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYMICS AND ENTROPY?
• As we all know, entropy is the loss of energy available to do work. It is a
measure of disorder in a system. All systems gain energy over time. The total
entropy of any system plus that of its environment increases as a result of all
natural processes. Natural processes tend to move towards a state of greater
disorder. Another form of the second law of thermodymics states that the total
entropy of the system either increases or remains constant, it never decreases.
Entropy is zero in a reversible process; it increases in an irreversible process.
• By definition, entropy (S) refers to the number of ways the energy of a system
Can be dispersed through motions of its particles. It is therefore a measure of
the degree of disorderliness of a system. Hence, if we will compare the
entropies of 1 mole of a substance in the three physical states based on the
6
kinetic molecular theory, molar ventropy of the gaseous state will be highest,
molar entropy of the liquid state will be intermediate, and molar entropy of the
solid state will be lowest.
Entropy is a state function, which means that its value depends on the present
state of the system and not on the manner by which the state was reached.
Therefore, the change in entropy of a system must be equal to the difference in
entropies of the two states or conditions described by the equation:
ΔS = S(final state) – S(initial state)
A system is any part of the universe we wish to stuidy. A system may be
separated from the rest of the universe by a boundary that can be real or
imaginary. For example when we say the human body is a system, we have a
real boundary- the skin that separates the body from everything outside the
body. If we want to study the vaporization of a liquid, the boundary is partially
real(beaker) and partially imaginary(the mouth of the beaker). Everything
outside the system is referred to as surroundings and the entirety of the
system and the surroundings is referred to as the universe.
Just like ΔH and ΔU, is a positive value of ΔS means an increase in entropy
while a negative value means a decrease in entropy.
For example, for the vaporization of water, H2O(l) → H2O(g)
ΔS = SH2O(g) – SH2O(l)
The particles in the gas phase are more disorderly compared to those of the liquid
phase, Sgas > Sliq giving a positive ΔS. This means that the process leads to an
increase in entropy.
• For example, which is more disordered? A cup of crushed ice? Or a glass or
room temperature water? Most people would say the ice, but that actually has
lower entropy. Entropy can be thought of as a measurement of the energy
spread. Low entropy means the energy is concentrated. High energy means it’s
spread out.
• That is why if you put a hot object next to a cold one, the cold one will warm up
and the hot one will cool down
• Entropy in an isolated system that is not in equilibrium will tend to increase over
time until it reaches a maximum equilibrium level. For example, if you keep the
door open between two adjoining rooms of different temperature the cooler
room will become warmer and the warmer room will cool down until they both
reach the same final temperature.
7
Energy Entropy the second Law of Thermodynamics
Source:https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/energy-entropy-second-law-thermodynamics-
1177291549
Entropy vector illustration. Diagram with potential measurement of disorder.
Example with low cold ice and high hot water quanta energy storage in bonds.
Scheme with microstate options and occurrence.
Source: https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/entropy-vector-illustration-diagram-potential-
measurement-1252358731
8
Heat flow between hot and cold objects. This science diagram shows the second
law of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and temperature.
Source: https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/heat-flow-between-hot-cold-objects-113564212
APPLICATION
Classify the following processes as spontaneous or nonspontaneous.
1. freezing of water at room temperature
2. breakdown of liquid water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas at room
temperature
3. evaporation of liquid water at room temperature
4. rolling a ball downhill
ENRICHMENT
Using a ¼ size of illustration board, make a poster and slogan showing the
application of the relationship of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
9
REFLECTION
On the space below list down your important learnings on this module.
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
POST-TEST
Multiple Choice: Read each item carefully and identify what is asked. Encircle the
letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following thermodynamics quantities is not a state function
A. Gibbs free energy
B. enthalpy
C. entropy
D. work
2. What happens to the entropy of the universe being the ultimate isolated system?
A. it does not change at all
B. it increases and never decrease
C. it decreases
D. it fluctuates
3. Why is entropy so important?
A. because it applies to every part of our lives
B. because it makes our life easy
C. because it connect human to universe
D. because it allows us to balance the economy
4. What is entropy in simple words?
A. measure of molecular disorder
B. disorder in the universe
C. arrangement of atoms
D. spreading of ions
10
5. . What is meant by thermal equilibrium?
A. the state of maximum entropy of the system
B. the state of lowest entropy of the system
C. the state of reverse entropy
D. the state of high and low energy
6. For any irreversible process, the net entropy change is
A. positive
B. zero
C. negative
D. infinite
7. A system in which there may exchange energy but not mass is called
A. Open system
B. Close system
C. Insulated system
D. Isolated system
8. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards ____
A. equal amount of coldness
B. thermal equilibrium
C. net flow of energy
D. none of these
9. The entropy will usually increase when
I. a molecule is broken into two or more smaller molecules
II. a reaction occurs that results in an increase in the number of moles of gas
III. a solid changes to liquid
IV. a liquid changes to a gas
A. I only
B. II only
C. III and IV
D. I, II, III and IV
10. The second law of thermodynamics deals with the concept of
A. The conservation of matter and energy
B. The transformation of matter and energy
C. Entropy
D. Enthalpy
11
11. Describe the direction of heat flow and the kinetic energy of particles to explain
what happens to ice in a glass of water over time.
A. spontaneous heat flow from higher temperature to lower temperature
B. from lower temperature to higher temperature
C. from lower temperature to lower temperature
D. from higher temperature to higher temperature
12. Low entropy means the energy is
A. diffused
B. concentrated
C. compact
D. visible
13. Which of the following is an example of entropy?
A. campfire
B. ice melting
C. boiling water for tea
D. all of the above
14. The second law of thermodynamics deals with the concept of
A.The conservation of matter and energy
B.The transformation of matter and energy
C.Entropy
D.Enthalpy
15. Which of the following describe any change from a more constrained phase to a
less constrained phase increased?
A.Entropy
B.Enthalpy
C.Gibbs free energy
D.Force and energy
GLOSSARY
Entropy- measure of randomness, or disorder.
Thermal equilibrium – the state of maximum entropy of the system
Thermodynamics – describes how thermal energy is converted to and from other
form of energy and how it affects matter.
Spontaneous process- process that occurs without outside intervention.
Isolated System – does not exchange energy or matter with its surroundings.
12
ANSWER KEY
Pre-Test Post Test
1. A 1. D
2. A 2. B
3. C 3. A
4. B 4. A
5. A 5. A
6. B 6. A
7. D 7. B
8. D 8. B
9. D 9. D
10. A 10. C
11. A 11. A
12. A 12. B
13. B 13. D
14. B 14. B
15. B 15. A
Application
1. Nonspontaneous
2. Nonspontaneous
3. Spontaneous
4. Spontaneous
Analysis
1. hot
2. it will cool down
3. yes, because the heat energy of the coffee dissipates in the
surrounding
4. spontaneous, because the coffee cool will cool down naturally without
use of energy.
13
REFERENCES
Book
Ilao L. et al (1st ed 2017) General Chemistry 2. Tabujara G. Jr. (1st ed 2016)
General Chemistry
Images Credits
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/heat-flow-between-hot-cold-objects-
113564212
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/energy-entropy-second-law-
thermodynamics-1177291549
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/entropy-vector-illustration-diagram-
potential-measurement-1252358731
shorturl.at/gnKO4
youtube.com/watch?v=WTtxlaeC9Py
youtube.com/watch?v=mGDJO2M7RBg
14
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Department of Education – Schools Division of Surigao del Norte
Peñaranda St., Surigao City
Surigao del Norte, Philippines 8400
Tel. No: (086) 826-8216
Email Address:
[email protected] 15
