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CE101-1 - 3. Distance Measurement

This document discusses various methods for measuring distances in surveying: 1. Pacing, odometers, rangefinders, tacheometry (stadia), subtense bars, taping, electronic distance measurement, and satellite systems are discussed as distance measurement methods. 2. Pacing involves counting steps, tacheometry uses stadia rods and telescopes to determine distance and elevation, and subtense bars employ trigonometry to calculate distance from angle measurements. 3. Examples of solving distance calculations using stadia, subtense bars, and pace factor are provided.

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Nick Robinsons
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504 views

CE101-1 - 3. Distance Measurement

This document discusses various methods for measuring distances in surveying: 1. Pacing, odometers, rangefinders, tacheometry (stadia), subtense bars, taping, electronic distance measurement, and satellite systems are discussed as distance measurement methods. 2. Pacing involves counting steps, tacheometry uses stadia rods and telescopes to determine distance and elevation, and subtense bars employ trigonometry to calculate distance from angle measurements. 3. Examples of solving distance calculations using stadia, subtense bars, and pace factor are provided.

Uploaded by

Nick Robinsons
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Prepared by: Engr. Jan Nathan A.

Anastacio

▪ Distance measurement is regarded as the most fundamental of all surveying


observations.
▪ Distances are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur in the spherical earth.
▪ For relatively small distances, we can consider straight line as one existing in the
Euclidean (geometric) space.
▪ These include:
1. Pacing
2. Odometer Readings
3. Optical Rangefinders
4. Tacheometry (Stadia)
5. Subtense Bars
6. Taping
7. Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)
8. Satellite Systems
▪ Pacing is a practical measure of distance.

▪ Pacing consists of counting the number of steps, or


paces, in a required distance.
▪ No equipment is needed for pacing.
▪ Pacing offers relatively low accuracy.
▪ Pace
▪ Length of a step in walking
▪ May be measured from heel to heel or toe to toe

▪ Pace Factor
▪ Pace factor is the ratio of the measured distance
to the number of paces made by a individual to
cover the measured distance. measured
distance
PF =
number of paces
▪ An odometer converts the number of revolutions of a wheel of known circumference to
a distance.
▪ An optical rangefinder is operated by looking through the lens, adjusting the focus until
a distant object viewed is focused, whereupon the distance to that object is obtained.
▪ Sometimes called Tachymetry which means swift measurements.
▪ This is a surveying method used to quickly determine the horizontal distance to, and
elevation of, a point.
▪ Stadia observations are obtained by sighting
through a telescope with two or more
horizontal cross wires at a known spacing.
▪ Stadia was introduced in 1771 by James Watt.
▪ Its precision depends upon the
following factors:
▪ Refinement of the instrument
▪ Skill of the observer
▪ Length of the measurement
▪ Effect of refraction

▪ This method employs the use of the


following instruments:
▪ Stadia rod / Leveling rod
▪ Telescope / Theodolite
▪ Distance formula:

D = Kscosθ + c

where: K = stadia interval factor


s = stadia interval C =
stadia constant
▪ Distance formula: ▪ From the
previous figure:
f d f
= → d = scosθ
i scosθ iD=
Kscosθ + c D=d+f+c
f
D = scosθ + f + c
i
where: K = stadia interval factor
f
s = stadia interval By definition: K=i C=f+c

C = stadia constant D = Kscosθ + C


interval C = stadia
▪ Distance formula: constant
▪ Additional Notes:
K = 100 if not given
D = Kscosθ + c
S = upper hair reading – lower hair
reading
where: K = stadia interval C = 0.3m for externally focusing
factor s = stadia instrument & 0m for internally
focusing instrument
Assume internal focusing if not given.
▪ This indirect distance measuring procedure involves using a theodolite to read the
horizontal angle subtended by two targets precisely spaced at a fixed distance.
▪ The length between the two targets is commonly 2 meters.
▪ By using trigonometry, the following formula can be derived:

1m
θ/2
θ/2
1m

HD
▪ This indirect distance measuring procedure involves using a theodolite to read
the horizontal angle subtended by two targets precisely spaced at a fixed
distance.
▪ The length between the two targets is commonly 2 meters.
▪ By using trigonometry, the following formula can be derived:

1
HD =
θ
tan
2
▪ Taping or chaining is a method of
measurement utilizing a steel tape or
synthetic tape.
▪ It is fairly quick, easy and cheap, and
hence is the most common form of
distance measurement.
▪ Taping accessories:
1. Range poles
2. Chaining pins
3. Plumb bobs
▪ Taping may be done on:

1. Level or even ground 2. Sloping or uneven ground


▪ Breaking Tape
▪ On steeper slopes where the length of the tape cannot be held horizontally,
shorter distances are measured and
accumulated to total of a full tape length.
This procedure is known as breaking tape.
▪ A line 100m long was paced four times by a surveyor with the following data: 143,
146.5, 142.5, and 144. Another line was paced four times by the same surveyor with the
following data: 894.5, 892, 891.5, and 895.
1. Determine the length of the line.
2. If the corrected length of the line is 621.6m, determine the relative precision.
▪ Solution:
xഥ1= xഥ2=
x ഥ 1 = 144paces x ഥ 2 = 893.25paces
100m L = PF(x ഥ 2)
PF =
144paces L = (0.6944444m/pace)(893.25paces)
PF = 0.6944444m/pace
L = 620.3125m
▪ Solution:
TL − ML
RP = RP =

TL
RP =

RP =
▪ A stadia rod, held at a distant point B, is sighted by an instrument set up at A. The upper
and lower stadia hair readings were observed as 1.506m and 0.743m, respectively. If
the stadia interval factor (K) is 100, and the instrument is external focusing, determine
the length of the line AB.
▪ Solution:
D = Kscosθ + C
D = 100 1.506−0.743 cos 0 + 0.3
D = 76.6m
▪ A stadia intercept of 3.60m was measured on a stadia rod by a transit with stadia
constant and stadia interval factor of 0.3m and 100, respectively. If the line of sight was
inclined at an angle of 3°30’ with the horizonal, determine the horizontal distance from
the transit to the rod.
▪ Solution:
D = Kscosθ + C
′
D = 100 3.6 cos 3°30 + 0.3
D = 359.6285m
HD = Dcosθ
′
HD = 359.6285 cos 3°30
HD = 358.9577m
▪ The following subtended angles were read on a 2m long subtense bar using a
theodolite: 0°24’17’’, 0°53’26’’, 0°18’25’’, and 0°10’49’’. Compute the horizontal
distance from the theodolite to each position of the bar.
▪ Solution:
1 1 1 1
HD1= = HD3= =
tan θ1 tan 0°24′17′′ tan θ23 tan 0°182′25′′
2 2
HD1= 283.1351m HD3= 373.3291m
1 1 1 1
HD2= = HD4= =
tan θ2 tan 0°53′26′′ tan θ24 tan 0°102′49′′
2 2
HD2= 128.6716m HD4= 635.6383m

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