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 MEDICINE

● HLA associated with Myasthenia Gravis: HLA B8.

● Acetylcholine receptors are affected in Myasthenia
Gravis.
● Bleeding in pons causes Coma and pinpoint pupil.
● The commonest cause of stroke in the elderly is
Thrombosis.
● Todd’s paralysis is mostly seen after Grand mal
epilepsy.
● Neck rigidity without fever is seen in Subarachnoid
haemorrhage.
● Enzyme-deficient in Parkinsonism: tyrosine
hydroxylase.
● Drug of choice for trigeminal neuralgia: Carbamazepine.
● Acetylcholine deficiency in the cortex is seen
in Alzheimer’s disease.
● The lateral medullary syndrome is most commonly due
to the involvement of the vertebral artery.
● Dysmetria is due to a lesion of the cerebellum.
● Hippocampus lesion affects memory transformation
from short term to long term.
● Diazepam poisoning is treated by Flumazenil.
● Nervous system is primarily affected in Tetanus.
● Part of brain involved in Narcolepsy: Hypothalamus.
● The commonest site for Hypertensive bleed: Putamen.
● Facial nerve involvement in Geniculate ganglion causes
Ramsay Hunt syndrome.
● Ramsay Hunt syndrome involves commonly 7th and 8th
cranial nerves together.
● The earliest feature of Multiple sclerosis: Optic neuritis.
● Useful bedside test for Myasthenia gravis: Ice pack test.

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● CSF PROTEIN 14-3-3 is elevated in Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease.
● Increased muscle tone is a feature of Extrapyramidal
tract involvement.
● Most common cause of Intracranial haemorrhage:
Intracerebral haemorrhage.
● Osmotic diarrhea is seen in Lactase deficiency.
● Gastric ulcer is caused by Helicobacter pylori.
● Vitamin deficiency seen in Tropical sprue: Vitamin B12.
● Splenomegaly is characteristic of Hairy cell leukaemia.
● Most common cause of Peritonitis in a patient with
cirrhosis:
● Gluten-sensitive enteropathy is most associated with
HLA DQ2.
● Wilson’s disease is diagnosed with increased urinary
copper.
● Antiendomysial antibodies are seen in coeliac disease.
● Alpha – I antitrypsin deficiency is associated with
Chronic liver disease.
● Most common site of Chronic gastric ulcer: Pyloric
Antrum.
● Respiratory acidosis is seen in Emphysema.
● Pneumatocele is commonest in Staphylococcal
Pneumonia.
● Deficiency of surfactant leads to Hyaline
membrane disease:
● ACTH producing Lung carcinoma is Oat cell carcinoma.
● Minimum air required to produce Air embolism: 50 Ml.
● Most sensitive investigation for Bronchiectasis: HRCT.
● The monoclonal antibody used in asthma: Omalizumab.
● Earliest change in high altitude: increased 2, 3 BPG.
● Shock lung is also known as ARDS.
● Caplan’s syndrome is Pneumoconiosis with
Rheumatoid.
● Most common cause of pulmonary abscess in Cystic
fibrosis – Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
● Paradoxical breathing is seen in Diaphragmatic palsy.
● Parameter almost the same at apex and base of the lung
– Oxygen concentration in blood.
● Occupational exposure which is yet NOT confirmed on
causing a lung problem: Lead.
● ECG pattern in Pulmonary embolism is S1 Q3T3.
● Investigation of choice for diagnosing lung
sequestration: Angiography.
● Palpatory thud and auscultatory slap are seen in
Tracheal foreign body.
● Isolation period in TB: 2 Weeks.
● Predisposing factor to Buerger’s disease is Smoking.
● Samter’s triad refers to the association between Aspirin-
sensitive asthma and Nasal block.
● Treatment of Acute cardic tamponade: Emergency
paracentesis.
● Atherosclerosis is inversely related to HDL.
● The best indicator of Myocardial infarction after 48
hours: Troponin T.
● Dressler’s syndrome is characterized by Pericardial
effusion
● P waves are absent in Atrial fibrillation.
● Notching of ribs is seen in Coarctation of aorta.
● The earliest diagnosis of Myocardial infarction is by
CPK MB.
● Most common cause of infective endocarditis –
Stretococcus viridans.
● Atherosclerosis associated Infection: Chlamydia
pneumonia.
● Osler’s nodes are associated with – Subacute bacterial
endocarditis.
● Normal axis of heart: - 30 to + 90
● Roth’s spots – Infective endocarditis.
● Drug of choice of Anaphylactic shock is
intravenous adrenaline.
● Cannon ‘a’ waves in JVP represents Complete heart
block.
● Auenbrugger’s sign is seen in Pericardinal effusion.
● Epsilon wave is seen in: Arrhythmogenic
right ventricular dysplasia.
● Duroziez’s sign is seen in: Aortic regurgitation.
● Urinary Ph >8 indicates urinary tract infection.
● Hyperkalemia is a prominent feature of Type 4 Renal
tubular acidosis.
● Diabetes insipidus is characterized by decreased urine
and increased plasma osmolality.
● Restless leg syndrome is caused by Chronic renal
failure.
● Cancer-causing Polycythemia: Renal cell carcinoma.
● HIV associated nephropathy is a type of Collapsing
glomerulopathy.
● Most common cause of nephritic syndrome in adults is
Membranous Glomerulonephritis.
● Chronic renal failure anemia due to – Erythropoietin
deficiency.
● Most common cause of secondary hypertension –
Renovascular disease.
● Microalbuminuria is urinary albumin excretion rate of
30-300 mg/day.
● Earliest sensitive test to diagnose Diabetic
Nephropathy: Microalbuminuria.
● Chronic kidney disease is defined as GFR LESS THAN –
ml/min/1.73m2.
● Nodular glomerulosclerosis is pathognomonic for
Diabetic Nephropathy.
● Pathological finding in Benign nephrosclerosis: Hyaline
arteriolosclerosis.
● ANURIA is defined as Urine output less than 100 ml/hr.
● BARTER’S SYNDROME is caused by a defect in Thick
Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle.
● Photosensitivity is seen in Congenital erythropoietic
porphyria.
● Vit. K dependent clotting factors are 2, 7, 9, 10.
● Splenectomy is best indicated in Hereditary
spherocytosis.
● Pure red cell aplasia is associated with – Thymoma.
● Low erythropoietin level is seen in Renal failure.
● Increased thrombin time is seen in
Fibrinogen deficiency.
● Initial investigation of choice in DVT: Duplex USG.
● Gold standard investigation in DVT:
Contrast venography.
● The gold standard test for the diagnosis of Paroxysmal
nocturnal hemoglobinuria is Flow cytometry.
● Shrinking lung syndrome is seen in SLE.
● Libman – Sacks endocarditis is seen in SLE.
● Bilateral upper limb pulsesless disease is : Takayasu
arteritis.
● Anion gap is NOT increased in Renal tubular acidosis.
● Hypokalemia is seen with Metabolic Alkalosis.
● Cheyne – Stokes breathing associated with – Metabolic
Alkalosis.
● Hypochloremia, hypokalemia and alkalosis are
features of Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
● Granulomatous condition with Hypercalcemia
– Sarcoidosis.
● Chronic renal failure is associated with: Metabolic
acidosis.
● Definitive treatment of Hypermagnesemia:
Hemodialysis.
● Hypokalemic metabolic Acidosis with Hypertension
occurs in Liddle’s Syndrome.
● Drug used for Giardiasis and Amoebiasis:
Metronidazole.
● Disease-causing orchitis: Mumps.
● Most common primary site for Congnential tuberculosis
is : Liver.
● Fulminant Hepatitis E is seen in: Pregnant women.
● Treatment of choice for HIV and TB along with
Rifampicin is Ritonavir.
● Window period in HIV infection is 3 months.
● Drug of choice for Diarrhea in AIDS: Octreotide.
● Hep.B can be transmitted through all routes except
stool.
● Only serological marker present during window period
in Hep.B infection is Anti –HBc.
● Conn’s syndrome – Hyperaldosteronism with
Hypokalemia.
● The commonest cause of Paroxysmal hypertension:
Pheochromocytoma.
● Growth hormone secretion is inhibited by
Hyperglycemia.
● Acromegaly is mediated by Somatomedin.
● Female to male ratio for Microprolactioma is 20:1
● Iron used in Insulin storage: Zine.
● Metal required in the synthesis of Retinol is Zine.
● Drug of choice of Malignant melanoma is Dacarbazine.
● Treatment of choice for Acute Sarcoidosis is
Prednisolone.
● Drugs given for painful Diabetic neuropathy:
Gabapentin, Duloxetine, Pregabalin.
● INR in warfarin therapy is 2.5.
● Henoch – Schonlein in purpura is due to IgA deposition.
● Artery responsible for bleeding in Hemoptysis:
Bronchial artery.
● Spontaneous bleeding is seen in Hemophilia.
● Most virulent form of medullary Carcinoma Thyroid
in associated with: MEN 2B.
● Drug of choice of Chronic myeloid leukaemia: Imatinib.
● Lynch syndrome is associated With MLH 1/2,
MSH6, PSM2 genes.
● Superior and Inferior Rib Notching can both be seen in
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM.
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 SURGERY
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 SURGERY
● Catgut is made from the intestine of sheep.
● Isograft is a graft between monozygotic twins.
● The best fluid for resuscitation during shock
is crystalloid.
● The best fluid for burns in the first 24 hours is ringer
lactate.
● Ideal gas for laparoscopy is carbon dioxide.
● Most common CNS tumor to undergo calcification
is oligodendroglioma.
● Most common cyst of a jaw is a radicular cyst.
● Tooth is fixed in its socket by periodontal membrane.
● Swelling of deep parotid gland presents as a swelling of
the temporal region.
● Commonest parotid tumor is pleomorphic adenoma.
● The nerve in Frey syndrome is auriculotemporal nerve.
● Most common site of salivary calculi is submandibular
gland.
● Most common malignant tumour of parotid is
mucoepidermoid calcium.
● Frey syndrome is associated with surgery of parotid.
● T3N1M1 stage of calcium larynx is stage 4.
● The probable cause of sudden death in case of
superficial injury is neck is air embolism through the
external jugular vein.
● In neck dissection surgery, the structure preserved is
phrenic nerve.
● Most common medullary carcinoma thyroid is seen in
MEN 2B.
● Hyoid bone is related to the thyroglossal cyst.
● Orphan Annie eye nuclei papillary carcinoma thyroid.
● Thyroid calcium with good prognosis is papillary.
● Most common site of thyroglossal cyst is subhyoid.
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● TNM staging of oesophagal carcinoma is done by CT
scan.
● Barett’s oesophagus is an example of metaplasia.
● The bleeding tendency in case of oesophagal varices
depends upon size and site of varices.
● Heller’s operation is done for achalasia cardia.
● Most common complication of hiatal hernia is
esophagitis.
● Most common site of Iatrogenic oesophagal perforation
Killian's triangle.
● Achalasia cardia is due to loss of peristalsis of the
oesophagus.
● Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis occurs after 1 month of
birth.
● Hourglass deformity of the stomach is seen in gastric
ulcer.
● Vitamin deficiency in gastric cancer patients is vitamin
B12.
● Fistula leading to highest electrolyte imbalance is a
gastric fistula.
● Dieulafoy’s disease is aberrant tortuous arteriole in the
lesser curvature with potential for torrential bleed.
● Vagotomy causes gastric atony.
● Bishop loop operation is done for uncomplicated
meconium ileus.
● 14C xylose test is used bacterial overgrowth.
● The most common type of intussusceptions is ileocolic.
● The commonest complication of diverticulosis of the
sigmoid colon is bleeding per rectal.
● Granulomas with abscess formation is ulcerative
colitis/TB/ Crohn's s disease.
● Commonest site of volvulus is sigmoid colon.
● Least malignant potential for colorectal calcium is seen
in polyps associated with peutz jegher’s syndrome.
● Anomaly associated with duodenal atresia is Down's
syndrome.
● Pseudopolyposis is seen in ulcerative colitis.
● Double bubble sign is seen in duodenal atresia.
● Vitamin deficiency seen in short bowel syndrome
is vitamin B12.
● Colon cancer is seen in people taking high-fat diet.
● Increase the risk of colorectal cancer is associated with
low fibre diet.
● Burst abdomen is seen how many days after surgery is
7-10 days.
● Appendicular stump is obtained by ligation
and inversion.
● A hydrocele is a type of exudation cyst.
● Hirschsprung’s disease is confirmed by rectal biopsy.
● Treatment of choice of squamous cell carcinoma of
anus is chemoradiation.
● Direct inguinal hernia with a femoral hernia is best
managed by bassini’s repair.
● Howship Romberg sign is associated with obturator
hernia.
● Strangulation without obstruction is seen in Richter’s
hernia.
● Richter’s hernia is seen most commonly with a
femoral hernia.
● Hernia with the highest rate of strangulation is femoral
odema.
● Spigelian hernia is hernia occurring at the level of
arcuate line.
● Treatment of choice in inguinal hernia in infants is
herniotomy.
● Most common type of hernia in the young is indirect
inguinal.
● Treatment of congenital hydrocele is herniotomy.
● An inguinal hernia with acute appendicitis occurring in a
sac is known as amyand’s hernia.
● Nerve mostly likely to be injured during hernia surgery
is lateral femoral cutaneous nerve.
● Most common primary tumor of the liver is a
hemangioma.
● Size of common bile duct is 7.5mm long.
● Commonest secondary liver tumor is secondaries.
● Child criteria is used in calories.
● Most common cause of hemobilia is trauma.
● Mirizzi’s syndrome is gall bladder stone is cholesterol.
● First treatment in asymptomatic gall bladder stone is
wait and watch.
● Murphy’s sign is seen in acute cholecystitis.
● Cullen’s sign is seen acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis.
● Number of liver lobes as per couinaud’s classification.
● Investigation of choice in gall bladder stone is
ultrasound.
● Treatment of choice for congenital biliary atresia is
Kasai's procedure.
● Commonest complication of pseudopancreatic cyst is
an infection.
● Commonest complication of pseudopancreatic cyst is
infection.
● Common cause of death due to acute pancreatitis is
shock.
● Commonest pancreatic tumour is insulinoma.
● Most common complication of ERCP is post ERCP
pancreatitis.
● Cut off score for acute pancreatitis is defined as apache
11 score> 8
● Best investigation for carcinoma head of the pancreas is
guided biopsy.
● Excessive intake of vitamin C causes oxalate stones.
● Most common predisposing factor for pyelonephritis.
● Staghorn calculus is made up of phosphate.
● Cold ischaemic time of kidney is 6 hours.
● Treatment of blunt trauma of kidney is conservative.
● Acute papillary tip necrosis occurs in diabetes mellitus.
● Renal imaging of choice in a patient with allergy is USG.
● Renal transplant is an example of allograft.
● Most common carcinoma after renal transplant
is carcinoma of skin and lips.
● Floor of a tuberculous ulcer contains apple
jelly granulations.
● Most common cause of cellulitis streptococcus.
● Most common site of felon is thumb.
● Decubitus ulcer is best classified as pressure ulcer.
● Most common site for a venous ulcer to develop medial
aspect of ankle above malleoli.
● Raynaud's phenomenon is associated with systemic
sclerosis.
● Deep vein thrombosis is best diagnosed by Doppler.
● Tredelenburg’s operation is seen in varicose veins.
● Best way to control external haemorrhage is
direct pressure.
● Buerger’s disease involves artery, vein and nerve.
● Best method to treat large port wine hemangioma is
pulsed dye laser.
● Raynaud's phenomena is not seen in JRA.
● Most common common complication of central venous
line is sepsis.
● Commonest site of peripheral arterial aneurysm is
popliteal.
● Cricoid aneurysms of the scalp are derived superficial
temporal artery.
● MC bacterial infection with lymphedema
is streptococcus.
● Commonest site of meningomyelocele is lumbosacral.
● Most common site of brain metastasis is cerebral
cortex.
● Lucid interval is seen in EDH.
● Commonest functional tumor of pituitary is
prolactinoma.
● Enlargement of pituitary tumor after adrenalectomy
is called nelson’s syndrome.
● MC cause of hypersecreating pituitary tumor is pituitary
adenoma.
● Blood transfusion is indicated in 50% burns.
● Splitting is the treatment of burns of hand.
● Sunburns are first degree burns.
● Curling ulcer is associated with burns.
● Blisters are seen superficial second-degree burns.
● Alexander wallace proposed the rule of nines.
● Commonest secondaries of carcinoma of breast is in
bone.
● Breast carcinoma with best prognosis is colloid
carcinoma if tubular calcium is not in choice.
● Acute mastoiditis occurs during lactation.
● Maximum risk of invasive breast calcium seen in
atypical ducal hyperplasia.
● Breast cancer is related with early menarche.
● Treatment of choice of cytosarcoma phyllodes is wide
local.
● Commonest mode of spread of carcinoma prostate is is
blood vessel breast.
● MC site of carcinoma prostate is peripheral.
● Gleason’s scoring is done for prostate calcium.
● Most common infection in post splenectomy patients is
pneumococcal.
● Popcorn calcification is pathognomonic of hamartoma.
● Marker of small cell cancer of lung ids chromagnin.
● Most common primary of metastatic bone tumor is made
in lung.
● Lung injury with bad prognosis is tension
pneumothorax.
● Commonest type of hypospadias is glandular.
● Most common tumor undescended testis is seminoma.
● Treatment of hydrocele in children is herinotomy.
● Testcular teratoma in adults is malignant.
● Narrowest part of male urethra is external
urethral meatus.
● Hutch diverticulum is seen in bladder.
● Non irritant fluid to peritoneum is blood.
● Rectus cutting incision is Maryland reaction.
● Seen in tumor lysis syndrome is hypocalcemia.
● Most common neuroperitoneal sarcoma is liposarcoma.
● Most common site of rabhdomyosarcoma is orbit.
● MC soft tissue tumor of adults is malignant
fibrous histiocytoma.
● Skin grafts stored at 4 degrees Celsius can survive upto
two weeks.
● Management of desmoid tumor is wide excision.
 ● Phantom limb is based upon law of projection.
Lahshal classification is for cleft lip and palate.
Most common presentation of desmoid tumor is abdominal
lump.
Layers cut during fasciotomy is skin, subcutaneous tissue,
superficial and deep fascia.
Common cause of pancreatic use is alcohol use.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad
Team,wishes you all luck for
your coming mci exam.

For Students,

Who Are Appearing MCI Exam In December,

Our FMGE Coaching Admissions Are Starting From
July10th to July 31st

See You In Hyderabad.

Thank You Very Much!

FMGE SOLUTIONS HYDERABAD HelpLine :+91

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 ANAESTHESIA
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 ANAESTHESIA
● Increased intracranial tension is seen in Ketamine.
● Anaesthesia of choice in a child with cyanotic
heart disease - Ketamine
● Anaesthesia of choice in Status asthmaticus: Ketamine.
● Anaesthesia agent Associated with Hallucination
is Ketamine.
● Dissociative anaesthesia is associated with Ketamine.
● Ketamine is the preferred anaesthetic agent in Bronchial
asthma.
● Ketamine acts primarily at NMDA receptor.
● The agent that is the most suitable for daycare surgery -
Propofol.
● Malignant hyperthermia is most commonly precipitated
by succinylcholine.
● Muscle relaxant which increases intracranial pressure:
Suxamethonium.
● Succinylcholine is the muscle relaxant associated with
Masseter spasm.
● Most cardiotoxic local anaesthetic is Bupivacaine.
● Anaesthetic agent of choice as epidural anaesthesia in
labour is Bupivacaine.
● Hoffman degradation is seen in Atracurium.
● Skeletal muscle relaxant of choice in the liver and renal
disease is Atracurium.
● Effect of cocaine on blood vessels: Vasoconstriction.
● Anaesthesia of choice in induction in the daycare
surgery in children is Sevoflurane.
● The agent which has a rapid onset and rapid recovery
and in most desirable for daycare surgical procedures is
Desflurane.
● High output renal failure is caused by Methoxyflurane.
● Contraindicated in renal failure: Gallamine.

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● The gas formed in liquid form is N2O.
● Bone marrow depression is caused by N2O.
● True regarding Nitrous Oxide: Blunts
Ventilatory/Pulmonary response to Hypoxia.
● Pin Index of Nitrous Oxide is 3:5.
● Inhalational anaesthetic with second gas effect: Nitrous
Oxide.
● Colour of Oxygen cylinder is Black with
white shoulders.
● Colour of Ethylene cylinder is Red.
● Fixed oxygen delivery device is Venturi mask.
● Maximum O2 concentration attained in Venturi mask is:
60%
● Mapleson circuit used in children: ayres T Tube.
(Mapleson E)
● Mallampatti classification is for Inspection of the oral
cavity before intubation.
● The most important and decisive factor in CPR is
Defibrillation.
● The ratio of chest compression to manual ventilation for
a single rescuer in CRP is 30:2.
● For foreign body causing sudden choking, the most
appropriate first line of management is Heimlich
Manoeuvre.
● An early and reliable indication of air embolism during
anaesthesia can be obtained by continued monitoring of
End Tidal CO2.
● Pudendal nerve block involves S2/S3/S4.
● Pulse oximetry gives an estimate of systemic arterial
oxygen saturation.
● Proper technique of Endotracheal intubation
involves Flexion of Neck and extension of
Atlantooccipital Joint.
● Contraindicated during Endotracheal intubation:
Neck Flexion at Atlanto-occipital Joint.
● Pressure on Thyroid cartilage during Intubation is given
as BURP (Backwards, Upward and Rightward Pressure)
● Most common postoperative complication related to
Intubation: Sore Throat.
● Most common nerve used for monitoring during
Anesthesia: Ulnar Nerve.
● The most common muscle used for Neuromuscular
monitoring in Anesthesia: Adductor Pollicis.
● Method to establish a safer airway in a patient with neck
trauma, cricoid fracture with the possibility of a difficult
airway: Emergency Tracheostomy.
● Site for External Cardiac Massage in Adults: the Lower
third of Sternum.
● Depth of chest compression during CPR: 2 Inches.
● During CRP in adult, chest compressions are given at a
rate of 100 compressions/min.
● The ratio of chest compression to breathing during CPR
of a newborn patient admitted to ICU is 3:1.
● ASA classification is done for Fitness, Status of
the patient.
● The endotracheal concentration of Adrenaline in
CPR for the pediatric population is 1:1000.
● Pin Index of Oxygen is 2:5.
● World Anesthesia Day: October 16.
● Rapid onset of action of an inhalational agent depends
on Low blood gas partition coefficient.
● Colour of Nitrous Oxide cylinders in India is Blue.
● The dose of lignocaine for spinal anaesthesia is: 5%
● In spinal anaesthesia, the drug is deposited between Pia
and Arachnoid.
● Receptor responsible for malignant hyperthermia is
Ryanodine receptor.
● The muscle is most resistant to neuromuscular
blockage - Diaphragm.
● The concentration of adrenaline used with lidocaine is 1
in 2’00’000.
● Mendelson’s syndrome is due to pulmonary aspiration
of gastric contents.
● Methemoglobinemia is caused by Prilocaine.
● A drug used to reverse the effect of D tubocurarine -
Neostigmine.
● Mechanism of local anaesthetic action is stabilisation of
membranes.
● Safest Local Anaesthetic: Prilocaine.
● Fastest route of absorption of local anaesthetic is
Intercostal.
● Most stable Local Anaesthetic: Dibucaine.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad
Team,wishes you all luck for
your coming mci exam.

For Students,

Who Are Appearing MCI Exam In December,

Our FMGE Coaching Admissions Are Starting From
July10th to July 31st

See You In Hyderabad.

Thank You Very Much!

FMGE SOLUTIONS HYDERABAD HelpLine :+91

90526688886
 ANATOMY
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 ANATOMY

● Pharyngeal pouches/Arches:
➢ 1st pouch - Tongue
➢ 2nd pouch - Tonsil
➢ 3rd pouch - Thymus, Inferior parathyroid gland
➢ 4th pouch - Superior parathyroid gland

➔ 1st arch - Mandibular nerve, Maxillary artery, Meckel's

cartilage, Mastication muscles
➔ 2nd arch - Seventh nerve, Stapedial artery, Stapes,
Stapedius, and Stylohyoid muscle and Posterior belly of
digastric.
➔ 3rd arch - 9th nerve and anterior belly of digastric
➔ 4th arch - Cricothyroid muscle and Superior laryngeal
nerve.
➔ 6th arch - Recurrent laryngeal nerve
● Ureter develops from Mesonephric duct
● Gartner’s cyst arises from remnant of Mesonephric duct
● Excretory portion of kidney is formed by: Mesonephric
duct
● Lower 1/3rd of vagina is developed from Sinovaginal
bulb.
● Vestibule of the vagina develops from Urogenital sinus.
● Appendix of testis is derived from Paramesonephric
duct.
● Spermatogenesis begins at - birth
● Development of sperm from spermatogenesis takes - 70-
75 days.
● Sperm acquire motility in Epididymis.
● Primary oocyte is formed after Mitotic division.
● First polar body is formed after first meiosis.

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● Persistent primitive streak leads to - Sacrococcygeal
teratoma.
● Umbilical vein becomes Ligamentum teres.
● The supporting cells of the testis are - Sertoli cells.
● Implantation occurs after 7-9 days after Ovulation.
● Intrinsic laryngeal muscles are supplied by Recurrent
laryngeal nerve.
● Taste sensation of anterior 2/3rd of tongue are carried
by facial nerve.
● Skin over angle of mandible is supplied by C2/C3.
● Subcutaneous tissue is the vascular layer of the scalp.
● Position of the Thyroid isthmus is C6-C7 level.
● Tensor of the vocal cord is - Cricothyroid.
● Closure of neural tube begins at Cervical end.
● Posterior communicating artery is a branch of the
Middle cerebral artery.
● The chorda tympani nerve arises from the facial nerve.
● Taste fibres are relayed in tractus solitarius.
● Broca’s area is located in inferior frontal gyrus.
● Ophthalmic artery is a branch of - Intracranial internal
carotid artery.
● Protractor of scapula is Serratus anterior.
● Winging of scapula is due to injury to nerve to serratus
anterior.
● Lower angle of scapula lies at the level of T7.
● Lateral border of cubital fossa is bounded by the
Brachioradialis
● Porter’s tip deformity is seen in Erb’s paralysis.
● Erb’s point is C5-C6.
● Klumpke’s paralysis involves C8/T1.
● First bone to ossify in the body is Clavicle.
● Wrist drop is seen in the damage of radial nerve.
● Median nerve supplies all except adductor pollicis.
● Ape hand deformity is due to damage of median nerve.
● Carpal tunnel syndrome involves the Median nerve.
● Foramen of Morgagni refers to an opening in
the diaphragm.
● Oesophagus crosses diaphragm at the level of T10.
● Root valve of phrenic nerve is C3-C5.
● Fundus of gallbladder lies at - L1 vertebral level.
● Pyramidalis is supplied by - subcostal nerve.
● Cremasteric muscle is supplied by - genital branch of
genitofemoral nerve.
● Ovarian artery is a branch of - abdominal aorta.
● Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of -
gastroduodenal artery.
● Hepatic vein drains directly into IVC.
● Right suprarenal vein drains into IVC.
● Foramen of winslow is between the Greater sac and the
lateral sac
● Midgut is supplied by superior mesenteric artery.
● Length of inguinal canal is 4 cm.
● Deep inguinal ring is a deficiency in the - Transversalis
fascia.
● Content of deep inguinal ring - Spermatic cord.
● Nerve of inguinal canal - ilioinguinal nerve.
● Inguinal ligament forms the boundaries of - femoral
triangle and hesselbach’s triangle.
● Left testicular vein drains into left renal vein.
● Testes completely descend into scrotum by the age of
end of 9th month of intrauterine life.
● Urinary bladder is supplied by L1 and L2 branches of
the Lumbar plexus.
● Uterine artery is a branch of internal iliac artery.
● Weakest support of uterus is broad ligament.
● Pudendal nerve - root valve S2, S3, S4.
● Blood supply to femoral head is mostly by - Profunda
femoris.
● Lower end of femur is ossified from - 1st ossification
center.
● Secondary ossification center for lower end of femur
appears at 9th month of IUL.
● Trendelenburg sign is due to paralysis of - Gluteus
medius.
● Blood supply of anterior cruciate ligament is middle
genicular artery.
● Locking of knee joint occurs due to - medial rotation of
femur during last degree of extension.
● Physiological unlocking of knee is caused by popliteus.
● Inversion is sole of foot inward.
● Ossification center which appears first is lower end of
femur.
● Sectioning of fibular nerve leads to Foot drop.
● Abduction of toes is by - Dorsal interossei.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad Team ,

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 BIOCHEMISTRY
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 BIOCHEMISTRY

● The primary role of chaperones is to help in Protein

folding.
● Folding & unfolding of DNA is done by Topoisomerases.
● LDL reuptake in the liver is associated with - Apo B100
& Apo E.
● Micro RNA is gene silencing RNA.
● Vitamin B12 is absorbed in - Ileum.
● Insulin secretion is associated with Zinc.
● Activated Pantothenic acid found in Coenzyme A.
● Absorption of iron is increased by - Vitamin C.
● The site at which 1,25 hydroxylation of Vitamin D takes
place in the kidneys is Proximal convoluted tubules.
● Test to diagnose Thiamine deficiency is - RBC
Transketolase.
● Haemoglobin synthesis starts with - Glycine.
● Embryonic Hemoglobin is Alpha 2, epsilon 2.
● The major role of 2,3 BPG in RBC is - Release of oxygen.
● Hemolysis on oxidation is seen in - G6PD Deficiency.
● Iron in haemoglobin binds with - Histidine
● Chylomicrons core is formed by - Triglycerides &
Cholesterol.
● Inheritance of Familial Hypercholesterolemia is -
Autosomal dominant.
● Principle apoprotein in Chylomicrons is Apo B 48.
● Carrier of cholesterol is - LDL.
● Maximum electrophoretic mobility and least LIPID
content is - HDL.
● Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is by - GLUT4.
● The normal renal threshold for glucose excretion is - 180
gm%.

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● A most sensitive method for glucose estimation is -
Glucose Oxidase Method.
● Substrate level phosphorylation in the TCA cycle is in
step - Succinate thiokinase.
● Lactose produced by glycolysis is used by - Cori cycle
& TCA cycle.
● Number of ATP produced per turn of the TCA cycle is -
10.
● Muscle glycogen stores cannot be used to provide
glucose into the circulation because of lack of - Glucose 6
Phosphatase.
● Hormone-sensitive lipase is inhibited by Insulin.
● Arachidonic Acid is synthesised from - Linoleic Acid.
● Fatty liver is due to the accumulation of Triglycerides.
● Acetoacetate is the primary ketone body.
● Niemann Pick Disease is due to deficiency of enzyme -
Sphingomyelinase.
● Alpha oxidation of fatty acids takes place -
Peroxisomes.
● The urea cycle is linked to Kreb’s cycle by Fumarate.
● Brain utilises urea in the form of Glutamine.
● Boiled cabbage or rancid butter smelling urine is seen in
- Tyrosinemia.
● Source of norepinephrine is - Tyrosine
● The end product of purine metabolism is - Uric Acid.
● Amino acid used in Carnitine synthesis is - Lysine.
● Hormone synthesised from Tyrosine is Thyroxine.
● Amino acid involved in urea synthesis is Aspartic acid.
● Enzyme defect in Krabbe’s Diseases is Beta-
Galactosidase.
● Enzyme-deficient in Hers Disease is - Liver
Phosphorylase.
● Hartnup disease is due to defective transport of -
Tryptophan.
● Hunter syndrome is due to deficiency of - Iduronate
Sulfatase.
● Enzyme-deficient in Tay Sach’s disease is -
Hexosaminidase A.
● Enzyme-deficient in M
● The earliest symptom of Tay Sach’s disease is -
Exaggerated startle response.
● Accumulation of Homogentisic acid causes Ochronosis.
● The precursor of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline is -
Tyrosine.
● Norepinephrine to epinephrine conversion requires
enzyme - Phenylethanolamine N methyltransferase.
● Enzyme deficiency in McArdle’s disease is - Muscle
Phosphorylase Deficiency.
● Galactosemia is due to the deficiency of - Galactose 1
Phosphate Uridyltransferase.
● Serotonin is also known as - 5 Hydroxy Tryptamine.
● HIAA is secreted in Urine in - Carcinoid.
● Rate limiting enzymes:
➔ Cholesterol synthesis - HMG CoA reductase.
➔ Ketone body synthesis - HMG CoA synthase.
➔ Krebs cycle - Isocitrate dehydrogenase.
➔ Catecholamine synthesis - Tyrosine hydroxylase.
➔ Glycolysis - Phosphofructokinase.
➔ Gluconeogenesis - Pyruvate carboxylase.
➔ Bile acid synthesis - 7 alpha hydroxylase.
➔ Fatty acid synthesis - Acetyl CoA carboxylase.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad
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 DERMATOLOGY
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 DERMATOLOGY
● Psoriasis is not a premalignant condition of the skin.
● Pseudomorphic phenomenon is seen in warts.
● Koebner’s phenomenon is seen in Lichen
planus/Psoriasis/Molluscum Contagiosum.
● Most common site affected by psoriasis is - Extensor
surface.
● Nail lesion in Psoriasis is due to lesion in - Proxima Nail
Matrix.
● Tiny bleeding spots after removal of deep scales in
Plaque Psoriasis is Auspitz sign.
● Dapsone is used in the treatment & therapeutic
diagnosis of Dermatitis Herpatiformis.
● Epidermal bullae are seen in Pemphigus vulgaris.
● Tzanck test is positive in Pemphigus Vulgaris,
Pemphigus Vegetans, Pemphigus Foliaceus, &
Pemphigus Erythematosus.
● Bullae spread sign is seen in Pemphigus Vulgaris.
● Most common type of Pemphigus in India is Pemphigus
Vulgaris
● Histological feature of Pemphigus is Acantholysis.
● Earliest feature of Tuberous Sclerosis is Ash leaf spot.
● Most infective stage of Leprosy is Lepromatous
● Type-2 Lepra reaction is found in Lepromatous Leprosy.
● Drug used in Lepra reaction is -
Thalidomide/Clofazimine/Chloroquine.
● Lepromin Test is strongly positive in - Tuberculoid
Leprosy.
● Oral retinoid is used in the treatment of Acne vulgaris.
● Acid that is increased in acne comedones is
Palmitic acid.
● Pityriasis versicolor is caused by Malassezia furfur.

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● Hanging curtains sign is seen in Pityriasis rosea.
● Christmas Tree arrangement of skin lesions is seen in -
Pityrisis Rosea.
● Vitamin D is synthesised by Keratinocytes.
● Fox Fordyce disease is a disorder of Apocrine glands
● Follicular hyperkeratosis is due to the deficiency of
Vitamin A.
● Groton’s sign is seen in Dermatomyositis.
● Chancroid is caused by Haemophilus ducreyi.
● Heliotrope rash is seen in Dermatomyositis.
● Urticaria pigmentosa is a feature of Mast cell.
● Echtyma gangrenosum is caused by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
● Pathergy test is positive in Behcet’s disease.
● Commonest veneral disease in India is Gonorrhoea.
● Increased level of IgE is seen in - Atopy.
● Mycosis Fungoides is a T-cell lymphoma.
● Photosensitive rash is common in Erythropoietic
Protoporphyria
● Frei’s test is diagnostic of - Lymphogranuloma
venereum.
● Leukonychia is known as Gift Spots.
● Acanthosis nigricans is due to carcinoma of Colon.
● Pitting of nails can be seen in Alopecia Areata.
● Furuncle is caused by Staphylococcus
● Hepar Lobatum is seen in Congenital Syphilis.
● Bullous Impetigo is caused by - Staphylococcus Aureus.
● Dennie Morgan Fold is characteristic of - Atopic
Dermatitis.
● Antibiotics with the risk of Contact
Dermatitis: Neomycin, Bacitracin.
● Mucocutaneous Pemphigus Vulgaris is characterised by
antibodies against Desmoglobin 1 & Desmoglobin 3
● Carpet track sign is seen in - DLE
● Shingles is caused by - Herpes Zoster.
● Antenna sign is seen in - Keratosis Pilaris.
● Salt & Pepper skin is seen in - Scleroderma.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad Team ,

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 ENT
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 ENT
● Maximum audible tolerance is 85 DB for 8 hours.
● Hennebert’s sign is a false positive fistula is seen in
congenital syphilis.
● Otolith organs are concerned with the function of linear
acceleration.
● Earliest symptom of acoustic neuroma id deafness.
● Length of external auditory canal is 24mm.
● Most common site of perforation of tympanic membrane
in myringotomy is anteriorinferior.
● Semicircular canal perceives as angular acceleration.
● Noise-induced hearing loss involves damage to outer
hair cells.
● Adenoidectomy with grommet insertion is the
treatment of choice for serous otitis media in children.
● Movement of stapes causes vibration in scala vestibuli.
● Rinne’s test is positive in normal.
● Ear pinna develops from ectoderm.
● Triad of tinnitus, progressive deafness and vertigo
along with facial weakness is seen acoustic neuroma.
● Investigation of choice of audiometric evaluation of an
infant is: Bera.
● SADE classification is used for pars tensa retraction.
● Frequency range in normal hearing is 20-20000Hz
● Normal frequency of adult male voice is 160-150Hz
● Normal frequency of adult female voice is 160-250Hz.
● Tuning fork ideal for clinical practice is 512Hz.
● The preferred method to remove insect from the ear
canal is oil.
● Facial palsy as a result of herpes infection affecting
genicular ganglion is known as Ramsay hunt syndrome.

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● Boxer’s ear refers to crumpled pinna also called
cauliflower ear.
● Bill ear in internal auditory meatus is a vertical ridge
separating in facial nerve and superior vestibular nerve.
● Roomy nasal cavity with thick crust formation and the
woody hard external nose is seen in rhinoscleroma.
● Treatment of septal hematoma is incision and drainage.
●Most common site of osteomas among the paranasal
sinuses is frontal.
●Young’s syndrome is nasal polyp, bronchiectasis,
azoospermia.
● Sphenoid sinus drains into the sphenoethmoidal sinus.
●Drainage of nasal mucus is by ciliary action of the
mucosa.
● Caldwell – Luc's operation is for maxillary sinus.
● Nasal bone fracture is corrected by Walsham's forceps.
● Aspirin use is associated with nasal polyps.
● Nerve coming of the stylomastoid foramen is facial.
● Most common site of CSF rhinorrhea is cribriform plate.
●Kiesselbach’s plexus is located on the anteroinferior
part of the nasal cavity.
●Commonest presentation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
is radiotherapy.
●Treatment of choice of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is
radiotherapy.
● Crooked nose is due to deviated dorsum and septum.
● Saddle nose is due to depression of dorsum.
● Young’s operation is performed by atrophic rhinitis.
●Rhinoscleroma is caused by Klebsiella
rhinoscleromatis.
●Water’s view is used for visualization of maxillary
sinuses.
● Caldwell’s view is used for the visualization of frontal
sinuses.
● Abductor of the vocal cord is posterior cricoarytenoid.
● Dangerous area of face is so called because infection
can lead to cavernous sinus thrombosis and can be life-
threatening.
● Omega-shaped epiglottitis seen in laryngomalacia.
● Most common cause of acute epiglottitis is Hemophilus
influenza.
● Tonsillectomy is contraindicated in poliomyelitis
epidemic.
● Laryngeal never paralysis is seen in anaplastic thyroid
cancer
● Taste sensation from posterior 1/3rd is carried by the
glossopharyngeal nerve.
● Heimlich’s manoeuver is for relieving airway
obstruction.
● Most common causes of fungal oesophagitis is candida.
● Thumb sign is seen in acute epiglottitis.
● The narrowest part of the larynx is rima glottides.
● When a patient is unable to vocalize, it is called aphonia.
Indication for tracheostomy is foreign body obstructing
the airway
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad Team ,

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 FORENSIC
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 FORENSIC MEDICINE
● Section for rash and negligent driving 304 IPC.
● Dowry death is covered under the section: 304 IPC
● Grievous hurt comes under the IPC section 322
● Dying declaration comes under section 32 Indian Evidence
act.
● Declaration of Oslo is related to therapeutic abortion.
● If the death of a married woman occurs within 7 years of
marriage, the inquest is done by the magistrate.
● The death sentence can be awarded by Sessions Court
Magistrate.
● Impotence of quad hoc means impotence towards a
particular woman.
● The minimum age for organ donation in India is 18 years.
before 18 years, the consent of a parent is needed.
● Under IPC 82, a person under 7years is not criminally
responsible.
● Transplantation of human organs act (HOTA act)
was passed by the government of India in the year
1994.
● The death sentence can be given by sessions court.
● Dowry death IPC is section 304B
● Mcnaughen rule comes under section 84IPC.
● The drug given in organophosphorus poisoning is
Atropine Cholinesterase poisoning.
● Prolonged administration of sodium nitroprusside can
cause cyanide poisoning.
● The antidote for cyanide poisoning is Sodium
Thiosulphate.
● Putrefaction is delayed in arsenic poisoning.
● Acute Arsenic poisoning is confused with Acute Gastric
Enteritis/ Cholera.
● MEE’S LINES ARE SEEN WITH ARSENIC POISONING.
● Nails and Hair are commonly preserved in chronic arsenic
poisoning.
● Most effective management of Acute Lead Toxicity is
chelation therapy.

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 FORENSIC MEDICINE
● Saturnism is associated with lead poisoning.

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● Atropine is not an antidote for datura poisoning.
● The antidote for Acetaminophen poisoning is N Acetyl
Cysteine.
● Post mortem blue discolouration is seen in Aniline
Poisoning.
● Post mortem staining of carbon monoxide poisoning is
Cheryl red.
● Gastric lavage is contraindicated in Sulphuric acid
poisoning.
● Copper sulphate poisoning manifests with Acute
Hemolysis.
● Vineyard poisoning is caused due to methyl bromide
● FALANGA is defined as the severe beating of soles.
● Telefona is beating on both sides.
● The sin of Gomorrah is the other name for oral coitus.
● Duret haemorrhages are seen in the brain.
● Thanatology deals with death.
● Mcnaughten was an accused
● Paltauf’s Hemorrhages are Drowning.
● Kunkel’s test is used for the detection of carbon dioxide in
the blood.
● Ewing’s postulates refer to a relationship between trauma
and malignancy.
● Mc Ewen's sign is seen in alcoholism.
● Defloration is loss of virginity.
● Boxer’s attitude is seen in burn’s death.
● The active agent in sodomy when the agent is a child is
called paederast,
● Corpus delicti deals with the body of offence.
● Cold turkey: withdrawal symptoms of opioid withdrawal.
● Casper dictum is the calculation of the time of death.
● A fraudulent child is not the real heir of the father.
● A posthumous child is a child born after the death of his /
her father.
● Atavism is the resemblance of the child to his grandfather.
● Lynching is a homicidal hanging.
● Throttling is compression of neck by human hand.
● Putrefaction is retarded by phenol.
● Florence test is done for seminal stains.
● Virchow method of dissection is the removal and
dissection of the individual organ.
● Blackening around the entry wound of firearm injury
is due to smoke.
● Tissue bridging is characteristic of lacerations.
● Tentative cuts are seen in suicide.
● Fish-tailing of margins in stab wound is seen with a
single- edged knife.
● A split laceration is seen with blunt perpendicular impact.
● Dirt collar is seen in fire entry wound.
● The tail of the wound tells us the direction of the wound.
● True for contrecoup brain injury: occurs more in moving
head.
● First structure open/ dissected 9in autopsy of air
embolism case is a thoracic cavity.
● The cephalic index is used the determination of race.
● Cutis anserine is seen in drowning.
● Postmortem rigidity first starts in eyelids.
● The order of onset of rigor mortis is eyelids- thorax-lower
limbs.
● The first organ to putrefy is the body is Brain.
● Rigor mortis appears last in toes.
● Disease-causing modification of fingerprints is leprosy.
● Xiphoid process fuses to the body of the sternum by 40
years.
● Sex can be established by examining hair root cells for the
presence of Barr body.
● The most common type of finger impressions is the loop.
● Spermin in serum is detected by Barberio's test.
● General moral principles in medical practice is medical
ethics.
● Diatoms are suggestive of death due to antemortem
drowning.
● Burking Is a type of smothering.
● constriction pressure required to block trachea is 15 kg
● Fingerprinting or dactylography uses Galton system.
● Study of dental changes for identification utilizes the
gustaff method.
● Ponderal index is for determination of IUGR.
● Most reliable test for identification of blood stains is
spectroscopy.
● Preservative for blood grouping is 25% formalin
and sodium citrate.
● Composition of gun-powder: 15% charcoal +10% sulphur
+75% potassium nitrate.
● Least injured in blast injury is liver
● Bevelling of the skull is seen in firearm injury.
● Adipocere or saponification occurs in a warm water
environment.
● Mummification occurs in a dry sandy environment
where rapid evaporation takes place.
● Rigor mortis is delayed in Apoplexy, pneumonia and
asphyxia.
● Run amok is a feature of cannabis intoxication.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad Team ,

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 MICROBIOLOGY

● Major component of complement system – C3.

● Surgical blade is sterilized by Hot air oven.
● Human anatomical waste is disposed of by incineration.
● Mantoux Test is an example of Type 4 Hypersensitivity
● Type 1 hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE
● IgM activates the classical complement pathway.
● Widal test is an example of the agglutination test.
● Wheal and Flare reaction is Type 1 hypersensitivity
reaction.
● Secretions are rich in Ig A.
● Father of Microbiology: Antoni Van Leuwenhoek.
● Father of Modern Microbiology: Louis Pasteur.
● Disinfectant which works by plasma
membrane damage= quaternary ammonium
compounds.
● Blood agar is an example of enriched media.
● Germ theory was given by Louis Pasteur.
● The thickness of a bacterial cell wall is 20-80mm.
● The concentration of glutaraldehyde used for
sterilization: 2%
● Glassware sterilization is done by: Hot air oven.
● Sterilization of heat liable media is done by:
Tyndallization.
● Glutaraldehyde is used to sterilize: Endoscopes,
Corrugated rubber anaesthetic tubes, plastic endotracheal
tubes.
● Nosocomial infection occurs in the hospital in more
than 48 hours.
● True about polio Man is the only reservoir.
● Yellow fever virus is Flavivirus.
● Most sensitive diagnostic test for dengue: IgM ELISA.

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● Acute HIV infection is diagnosed by p24 Ag capture
assay.
● HIV can be detected and confirmed by
reverse transcriptase PCR.
● HIV primarily replicates in CD4 HELPER T cells.
● Epstein Barr virus CAUSES Burkitt lymphoma,
Hodgkin's lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal Ca, NOT
Verrucous lymphoma.
● Paul- Bunnell test- EBV
● Oral hairy leukoplakia is associated with EBV.
● Chronic Hepatitis is seen in infection with hepatitis C.
● Route of transmission of Hepatitis E virus is Faeco-oral.
● Treatment of Varicella is immunocompetent host is the
prevention of complications.
● Cause of acute laryngeal bronchitis Parainfluenza virus.
● Kaposi sarcoma is related to HHV8
● Viral inclusion bodies – Negri, molluscum, Bollinger
NOT PSAMMOMA BODY.
● Hemorrhagic fever is caused by viruses yellow fever,
dengue, kyasanur forest.
● Northern blotting is used for separation of RNA.
● Not an RNA virus: Siman virus 40.
● HIV most prevalent in India : Type C
● Chance that a health worker gets HIV from an
accidental needle prick:0.3%
● Most common cause of cervical cancer: HPV 16
● Most important cause of severe diarrhea is : Rota virus
A.
● Intranuclear basophilic inclusion body with halo is
seen in: CMV
● Most common viral infection after kidney
transplantation: Cytomegaloviorius.
● Common warts arte caused by: HPV 2,7.
● Dane particles are seen in : Hepatitis B
● Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is associated
with Entrerovirus 70.
● Shingles is caused by: Varicella Zoster.
● Cryptococcus diagnostic test- Indian Ink.
● Aflatoxin is secreted by Aspergillus.
● Dimorphic fungi: Histoplasma, Blastomycosis,
paracoccoidosis, Coccydiodes, Sporotrichosis.
● Schizonts are not seen in peripheral smear in
plasmodium falciparum malaria.
● Parasite which can enter through intact skin:
Strongyloides.
● Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.
● Skin test is useful in hyatid disease.
● Sabin Feldman test is useful for Toxoplasmosis.
● Casoni’s test is positive in Echinococcus.
● Leishman Donovan bodies are seen in spleen.
● Giardiasis is best diagnosed by presence of both cysts
and trophozoites in stools.
● Duffy blood group antigen confers protection from
infections by plasmodium vivax.
● Cat acts as a reservoir for toxoplasma gondii.
● Aldehyde test is used for Leishmania.
● Cerebral Malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum.
● Ascaris Lumbricoides causes deficiency of Vit A.
● Food poisoning in canned food is caused by
Clostridium Botulinum.
● Food poisoning that does not present within 6 hours is
due to salmonella.
● E.coli causes food poisoning that occurs late after 6
hours.
● Shortest incubation period food poisoning:
Staphylococcus aureus.
● Nagler reaction is positive for Clostridium perfringes.
● Bacteria causing vomiting and diarrhea within6 hours of
food intake: Staphylococcus aureus.
● Best test for diagnosis of typhoid in the first week-
Blood culture.
● Vibrio cholera characteristic feature: growth in alkaline
medium.
● Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholera 01, vibrio cholera
0139.
● Transport medium for vibrio cholera: Venkataraman
Medium.
● Monsur’s Medium is used for isolation OF VIBRIO
CHOLERA.
● Elek’s test is used in diphtheria.
● Pleomorphism is most commonly seen in
Cornybacterium Diptheriae.
● Legionella pneumonia can be isolated from lung biopsy.
● Pontiac fever is caused by: Legionella.
● Anti-rabies vaccine is prepared by fixed virus.
● Pasteur developed trhe vaccine for anthrax and rabies.
● Intracytoplamic inclusion bodies are diagnostic of
Rabies.
● Negri bodies are commonly found in hippocampus.
● MCC dystentry in Adults: Entamoeba.
● Most common extra intestinal manifestation of
Amoebiasis.
● Diagnostic test for rickettsial infection is Weil-Felix
reaction.
● Causative agent of Lyme’s disease:
Borrelia burgdorferi.
● Q fever is caused by Coxiella burnetii.
● Rickettsiae is resistant to which antibiotics Pencillin.
● Causative agent YAWS: Treponema pertenue.
● Weil’s disease – caused by Leptospria.
● Lyme’s disease : Borrelia Burgdorferi.
● TSS is caused by: Staphylococcus aureus.
● Ritter’ss disease is caused by: Staph. Aureus.
● Pike’s medium is used for transport of Streptococci.
● Subacute Bacterial E ndocarditis is caused by
Streptococcus viridians.
● Draughtsman concentric rings on culture are produces
by Pneumococci.
● MC streptococcus in nheonatal meningitis- Lancefield
Group B.
● DOC for Listeria Ampicillin.
● Tumbling motility is shown by Listeria.
● Clostridium tetani is Gram positive spore formation.
● A dead end infection TETANUS.
● Botulinum toxin acts by inhibiting acetyl choline
release.
● E157 strain of e.coli can be grown in Sorbitol Mc
Conkey Agar.
● Gonorrhea can be identified by fermentation of glucose.
● Differentiating feature of Neisseria Meningitidis from
Neisseria gonorrhea it ferments maltose.
● Eaton agent is Mycoplasma.
● Fried egg colony is seen in culture of Mycoplasma.
● BREAD CRUMB COLONY appearance is seen in:
Actinomyces israelii.
● Satellitism is seen in culture of Hemophilus.
● Ito’s test is used for diagnosis of Chancroid.
● Typhoid incubation period – 3- 21 days.
 ● Urea breath test is positive for: Heliobacter Pylori.
Chancroid is caused by : Haemophilus ducreyi.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad Team ,

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 OBG

● Hypertension in pregnancy causes Korotkoff’s sound:

phase.
● The cardiac output returns to the pre-pregnancy state in
4 weeks.
● A sure sign of labour: Breakage of Bag of waters.
● LH surge occurs how many hours before ovulation? 24-
48 hrs.
● Cervix dilatation suggestive of the onset of labor is 3-5
cm.
● Palmer sign seen in pregnancy is the rhythmic
contraction of the uterus.
● Peak HCG levels are seen by what intrauterine age? 8-10
weeks.
● Tubectomy done during 7-14 days would cause a sharp
drop in milk output.
● The most common side effect of Progesterone only
pills is irregular bleeding.
● Legally MTP is defined up to 140 days.
● Lower 1/3rd of the vagina is formed by urogenital sinus.
● Milfepristone is contraindicated in Ectopic pregnancy.
● The ratio of fetal weight and placental weight at term is
6:1.
● Placenta develops from deciduas basalis and chorion
frondosum.
● Weight gain in normal pregnancy is 10-12 kgs.
● Total iron requirements during pregnancy is 1000 mg.
● Percentage of breech presentation is 3%.
● Amniocentesis is done at what intrauterine age? 8-10
weeks.
● Peak levels of HCG are by what intrauterine age? 8-10
weeks.

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● Longest diameter of the fetal skull: Mentovsertical.
● Most common fungal infection in 3rd trimester of
pregnancy is Candida Albicans.
● Most consistent sign in disturbed ectopic pregnancy:
Pain.
● Shortest diameter is obstetric conjugate.
● Commonest type of ectopic pregnancy with rupture:
Isthmic.
● Alpha-fetoprotein is decreased in Down’s syndrome.
● MTP was passed in the year 1971.
● Naegele’s Obliquity is anterior Asynclitism.
● At term, the amniotic fluid volume is 800 ML.
● Oligohydramnios is associated with Renal Agenesis.
● Immune rejection of fetus prevented by: HCG.
● Frog eye appearance is seen in Anencephaly.
● Drug contraindicated in pregnancy: Enalapril.
● HELLP syndrome recurrence rate: 2%
● MgSO4 TO Prevent seizure: 4 to 7 mg/ML.
● An earliest fetal anomaly to be detected by USG:
Anencephaly.
● Glycosylated Hemoglobin in a pregnant lady should be
less than 6%.
● Weight gain during pregnancy is 12 kg.
● Weight of placenta at term: 550 gms.
● In pregnancy, the calculation of EDD considers the: First
day of last menstruation.
● Amniotic fluid turnover occurs in: 1 day.
● Worst prognosis among valvular disease in pregnancy
is for Aortic stenosis.
● The earliest sign of Intrauterine death: Gas in Blood
vessels.
● The ph of the vagina in pregnancy: 4
● Increase in plasma volume seen in pregnancy is 40-50%.
● Plasma level of HCG in pregnancy doubles every: 2
days.
● During pregnancy, the maximum level of HCG is
reached in 70 days.
● Fetal adrenals secrete which hormone predominantly:
Cortisone.
● McAfee Johnson Regime: is used for Placenta Previa.
● Weight gain during the second stage of pregnancy is 5-7
kg.
● The dose of Progesterone released by MIRENA per day:
20 micrograms.
● Most common reason for discontinuation of IUCD use:
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding.
● Ideal contraceptive after Molar Pregnancy:
Oral Contraceptive pills.
● MTP is allowed till 140 days as per the MTP Act.
● Most common cause of BREECH presentation:
Prematurity.
● Softening of lower uterine Examination on Bimanual
examination is known as HEGAR’S SIGN.
● The drug used for enhancement of foetal lung maturity:
Dexamethasone.
● Recommended Daily Allowance of Iodine in pregnant
women in micrograms: 250 micrograms/day.
● The ph of the adult vagina is 4.5.
● The ph of vagina after Ovariectomy: 7-7.5
● Weight of nulliparous uterus is 40-60 gm.
● Size of the uterus in inches is 3*2*1.
● Cornification index or Eosinophilic index indicates
Estrogenic effect.
● Corpus Luteum of menstruation presents for 14 days.
● B lyncH suture is applied on Uterus.
● The commonest site of metastasis of a Hydatidiform
mole is Lung.
● Karyotype of the complete mole is 46XX.
● Chorionic Villi are absent in Choriocarcioma.
● Hcg is a tumor marker for Choriocarcinoma.
● A risk factor for choriocarcinoma: After full-term
pregnancy.
● Most common site of Endometriosis: Ovary.
● Retention of urine is seen in Anterior type of
cervical fibroid.
● Tuberculosis is most commonly affects Fallopian tubes.
● Bartholin’s cyst adenitis is caused by Gonococcus.
● Treatment of choice for Bartholin ’is Marsupialization.
● Whiff test is done for Bacterial Vaginosis.
● Bodies found in Granulosa cell tumour: Call-Exner
bodies.
● Schiller Duval bodies are seen in Endodermal
Sinus Tumor.
● In a 25-yr-old female, cystitis is best treated by
Nitrofurantoin.
● Absolute contraindication of Hormone Replacement
Therapy: Breast cancer.
● Most commonly associated Human Papillomavirus
associated with Cancer cervix is HPV 16.
● Agent implicated in Caracinoma cervix: Human
Papiloma virus.
● Most common symptom of Uterine Tuberculosis is
Infertility.
● Drug of choice for chemotherapy of Cervical Cancer:
Cisplatin.
● Marker of Endodermal Sinus Tumor: Alpha-Fetoprotein.
 ● Karyotype of Incomplete Mole: 69 XXY.
● Most common complication of Intrauterine Device:
Bleeding.
● The lifespan of Cu T 380 A is 10 years.
● Contraceptive supplied by Government of India free of
cost: MALA-N.
● Oral contraceptives prevent the development of Ovarian
Malignancy.
● Normal blood loss during Menstruation: 30-40 Ml.
● Most common cause of vulval discharge in an 8-yr-old
prepubertal girl: Non-specific Vulvovaginitis.
● Investigation of primary Amenorrhea in a girl with the
full development of secondary sexual characteristics
should be performed by 16 yrs.
● FSH LH levels in TURNER’S SYNDROME High FSH, High
LH.
● Most common presenting symptoms of Carcinoma
Cervix is Vaginal Bleeding.
● MEIGS SYNDROME is associated with which
ovarian tumour isFIBROMA.
● SWISS CHEESE pattern Endometrium is seen in
Metropathia Hemorrhagic.
● Most common site of origin of Carcinoma Cervix is :
Endocervical or Transitional zone.
● Most common site of origin of Sarcoma Botryoides:
Head and Neck> Vagina.
● Most common indication of a Posterior Colpotomy:
Drainage of Pelvic Abscess.
Indication for hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women:
Hot Flushes.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad Team ,

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 OPHTHALMOLOGY
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 OPHTHALMOLOGY
● Squint can be corrected by spectacles by
Accommodation.
● Alkali injury to the eye causes symblepharon.
● Mitotic are used in convergent squints.
● Patient having difficulty in going downstairs. Muscle
likely to be involved is superior oblique palsy.
● Lateral rectus supplied by abducens nerve.
● The secondary function of superior rectus is adduction,
intrusion.
● Retractors of the upper eyelid is levator palpebrae
superioris, muller’s muscle.
● Plication of the lower eyelid is done for senile entropion.
● Most common primary orbital malignant neoplasm in
children in rhabdomyosarcoma.
● Normal intraocular pressure is 16mm.
● Yoke muscle of right lateral rectus is left medial rectus.
● Horner tarantas spot is seen in vernal
keratoconjunctivitis.
● Content of cobblestone ion vernal conjunctivitis is
bilateral and recurrent.
● Percentage of atropine seen in atropine drops is 1%.
● Herbert pits are seen in trachoma.
● Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is caused by is enterovirus
70.
● Arlt’s line is seen in trachoma.
● The sclera is thinnest at the insertion of rectus muscles.
● Blue sclera is characteristic of osteogenesis imperfecta.
● Angular conjunctivitis is caused by Moraxella.
● Treatment of phlyctenular conjunctivitis is topical
steroids.
● The physiological blue sclera is seen in premature
newborn.
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● Most common condition is associated with uveitis is
ankylosing spondylitis.
● Refractive power of the cornea is 30.
● Corticosteroids are contraindicated in a corneal ulcer.
● Keratoconus is not associated with hypermetropia.
● Kayser Fleisher ring is seen in Wilson's disease.
● The satilite lesion is seen in which corneal ulcer is
fungal.
● Gonococcus is the only organism that can penetrate the
intact cornea.
● Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is caused by adenovirus
type 8.
● Vitamin deficiency a secondary sign is bitot sign.
● Herpes infection of a corneal ulcer is called dendritic
ulcer.
● Lisch nodules on the iris is a FEATURE OF
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS.
● Argyll Robertson pupil is seen in neutrophils.
● Junction between ciliary body and choroid is ora
serrata. thickest part of the lens is pre equator.
● The thinnest part of the lens capsule is a posterior part.
● Marfan’s syndrome is associated with ectopia lentis.
● After cataract refers to opacity following extravascular
lens extraction.
● Sunflower is due to chalcosis.
● Lens of eye develops from surface ectoderm.
● Typical appearance of diabetic cataract is snowflake
appearance.
● Site of bleeding after cataract surgery is posterior ciliary
vessels.
● The lens is divided from surface ectoderm.
● Eale’s disease is recurrent vitreous haemorrhage.
● The macula lies from a disc at a distance of 3mm.
● Cotton wool spots in diabetic retinopathy are due to
retinal nerve fibre infarct.
● Diabetic retinopathy is related to the duration of
disease.
● Salt and pepper fundus occurs in rubella.
● Parsplantis visual loss due to cystoid macular edema.
● Earliest feature of diabetic retinopathy is
microaneurysms.
● Retinal detachment occurs in the sensory retina layer.
● Cattle track appearance on fundoscopy is due to CRAO.
● In retinitis pigmentosa, there is early ROD involvement
and CONES are involved later
● Second common malignancy in patients of
retinoblastoma is osteoclastoma.
● Candle wax drippings on retinoscopy is sarcoidosis.
● Roth spots are seen in acute leukaemia.
● Anterior ischaemic optic neuritis is seen in the case of
giant cell arteritis.
● Most dangerous injury for vision is fracture optic nerve
canal
● The derivative of the optic cup is retina.
● Site of lesion of crocodile tear syndrome is geniculate
ganglion.
● Methyl alcohol causes blindness by acting on
ganglion cells.
● Photopthalmia is caused by ultraviolet rays.
● Ultraviolet rays with a wavelength of 31 1-290 microns
usually cause photopthalmia.
● For tonometry is used in 4% xylocaine.
● Campimetry is used to access the central part of the
visual field.
● Vossius ring occurs in concussion injury.
● Earliest occur sign in acoustic neuroma is loss of
corneal sensation.
● Definition of blindness according to WHO is 300.
● Structure associated with horizontal movement of the
eye is pons.
● Visual acuity of 6/60 is classified as low vision.
● Horner’s syndrome component is anhidrosis.
● The ciliary muscle is derived from mesoderm.
● The wavelength of dioxide laser is 9400 to 10600
nanometer.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad
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 ORTHOPEDICS
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 ORTHOPEDICS
● FIRST SIGN OF TUBERCULOUSARTHRITIS IS REDUCED
JOINT SPACE.
● MOST COMMON SPINE OF TUBERCULOUS SPINE IS T12/l1.
● Pott’s spine is commonest at thoracolumbar spine.
● Poncet’s disease is polyarthralgia is associated with TB.
● Injury to the ulnar nerve at the wrist causes paralysis of
adduction of the thumb.
● Tardy ulnar clear palsy is seen in malunited lateral condylar
fracture.
● Most common complication of Colle's fracture is stiffness of
fingers
● Cubitus varus is the most common complication os supra
condylar fracture.
● Jones fracture is avulsion fracture of base of the fifth metatarsal.
● Diaphysis fracture involves long bones.
● Stress fracture of 2nd metatarsal is known as march fracture.
● Most common site of march fracture is shaft of 2nd and 3rd
metatarsals.
● Attitude of the lower limb fracture of neck of femur is external
rotation and adduction.
● Commonest cause of anterior compartment syndrome is a
fracture.
● Best way to treat a fractured neck of femur in a child is
hip spica in the abduction and internal rotation.
● Fracture of humerus causes damage to radial nerve.
● Avascular necrosis occurs commonly in intracapsular fracture of
neck of femur.
● Tension band wiring is used for olecranon fracture.
● Motor cyclist’s fracture is skull base breaks into two
anterior and posterior.

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● Cozen’s test is tennis elbow.
● Gallon’s traction is used for the fracture shaft of femur.
● Bone that commonly fractures when a person falls with
outstretched hand is the radius.
● Commonest benign bone tumour is osteochondroma.
● Chemotherapeutic agent of choice in Ewing's sarcoma.
● Sunray appearance is suggestive of osteosarcoma.
● Sandstorm appearance of a knee joint with multiple loose
bodies are seen in synovial chondromatosis.
● Most common malignancy of bone is secondary.
● Most common primary malignancy of bone is multiple myeloma.
● Bone tumour which closely resembles osteomyelitis is Ewing's
sarcoma.
● Tumour arising from the epiphysis in children
is chondroblastoma.
● Treatment of choice for postmenopausal osteoporosis
is raloxifene.
● Hill sach lesion is seen in anterior dislocation of the shoulder.
● Allen’s test for integrity of the palmar arch test both radial and
ulnar arteries.
● In forment’s sign, adductor pollicis is treated.
● Thomas test is used for testing hip flexion.
● Card test is for testing the ulnar nerve.
● Type of cell predominantly present in rheumatoid arthritis.
● Mallet finger is avulsion of terminal slip of extensor tendon to
terminal phalanx.
● Volkmann’s ischaemia most commonly involves the flexor
digitorium profundus.
● Duputryen’s contracture most often involves ring finger.
● Nerve closely relayed to shoulder joint capsule is axillary nerve.
● Pseudoflexion deformity in hip is seen in iliopsoas abscess.
● Shepherd crook deformity is seen in fibrous dysplasia.
● Rate of nerve regeneration is 1mm/day.
● Claw hand is seen in ulnar nerve injury.
● Bone cement setting time is 810 minutes.
● Hand knee gait is seen: polio.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad
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 PATHOLOGY
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 PATHOLOGY
● The decrease in cell size refers to atrophy.
● Hypertrophy is an increase in size.
● Replacement of columnar epithelium of the respiratory
tract to the squamous epithelium is metaplasia.
● Anaplasia is lack of differentiation.
● Programmed cell death is called apoptosis
● Example of apoptosis is councilman bodies.
● Pro-apoptotic factor is bax.
● Antiapoptotic gene is BCL2.
● Caspases are involved in apoptosis.
● Defective apoptosis and increased cell survival are seen
in autoimmune diseases.
● Liquefactive necrosis is seen in BRAIN.
● Liquefactive necrosis on necrotic tissue results in
gangrene.
● Coagulative necrosis is due to denaturation of the
protein.
● Fat necrosis is common in the omentum, breast and
retroperitoneal fat.
● Brown atrophy is due to top accumulation of lipofuscin.
● Psammoma bodies show which type of calcification.
● Metastatic calcification is most often seen in the lungs.
● Rubor in inflammation is due to dilation of arterioles.
● All are celsius signs of inflammation except cyanosis.
● The most characteristic feature of acute inflammation-
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
● Increased permeability in acute inflammation is due to
all except lytic enzymes.
● Sequence of events in acute inflammation: Transient
vasoconstriction--> vasodilation-> increased permeability-
>statis.

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● Rolling of leucocytes on the endothelial cell is
mediated by -selectin.
● Vasoconstricting mediator in thromboxane A2.
● Stellate granuloma is seen in the cat – scratch disease.
● The most important source of histamine –mast cell.
● Chediak Higashi syndrome defect is the fusion of
lysosome.
● Oxygen-dependent killing is done through by NADPH
oxidase.
● The increased ability for phagocytosis of the foreign
body is called opsonization
● Oval cells are seen in stem cells of the liver.
● The primary function of Toll-like receptors is the
activation of the immune system.
● The first sign of wound injury is capillary dilatation.
● Delayed-type of hypersensitivity is associated with
memory CD4 cells.
● Interleukin responsible for pyrexia is IL-1.
● Amyloid is stained by congo red.
● Stain for fat cells is Sudan IV.
● Stain for heart failure cells is Prussian blue.
● Colour of hemosiderin is brown
● Auer rods are formed from primary granules.
● The most common feature of death is primary
amyloidosis is cardiac failure.
● Pappenheimer bodies are seen in sarcoidosis.
● Neurofibrillary tangles are seen in Alzheimer's disease.
● Cabot’s ring is seen in RBC is seen after splenectomy.
● Hurtle’s cells are seen in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
● Heart failure cells are found in the lungs.
● Gamma gandy bodies contain hemosiderin and calcium.
● Mallory hyaline is a characteristic feature of alcoholic
liver disease.
● Onion peel appearance of the splenic capsule is seen in
SLE.
● The lardaceous spleen is due to deposition of amyloid in
sinusoids of the red pulp.
● Burkitt’s lymphoma arises from B-cell lymphoma.
● Orphan annie eye nuclei aresaeen in papillary
carcinoma necrosis.
● Burkitt lymphoma shows 8:14 translocation.
● Maker for hairy cell leukaemia: CD 103.
● Mycosis fungoides is T cell lymphoma.
● Spontaneous regression is seen in neuroblastoma.
● Commonest malignant bone tumour is seen in multiple
myeloma.
● Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 11 in Wilm's
tumour.
● Commonest benign tumour of the liver is a
hemangioma.
● Most common primary tumour of the heart is myxoma.
● Cells like reed Sternberg cell are seen in infectious
mononucleosis.
● Ann arbour classification is used for Hodgkin's
lymphoma.
● The inheritance pattern of haemophilia is X-linked
recessive.
● No of Barr bodies in XXY males is 1.
● Barr body first detected in is buccal mucosa.
● In xeroderma pigmentosum, the defect is in nucleoside
excision repair.
● Mutation in Marfan syndrome is fibrillin.
● Wiskott Aldrich syndrome gene is located on the short
arm of the X chromosome.
● Libman sacks endocarditis is associated with SLE.
● PREDISPOSING FACTOR FOR WILM’S TUMOR IS WAGR
SYNDROME.
● Adding glucose is stored blood causes prevention of
hemolysis.
● Autosplenectomy is seen in sickle cell anaemia.
● Blood stored at 4 degrees can be stored for 21 days.
● Bone infarcts are seen in sickle cell anaemia.
● Sickling protects blood cells against malaria.
● The most commonest cause of hereditary spherocytosis
ankyrin.
● Dactylin occurs in sickle cell anaemia.
● Kupffer cells are found in liver shock lungis
characterized by diffuse alveolar damage.
● TRAL1 occurs during /within 6 hours of transfusion
● Cruschmanns spiral is seen in bronchial asthma
● Creola bodies are seen in bronchial asthma.
● Asbestosis is a pre malignant condition.
● Asreroid bodies are seen in sarcoridosis.
● Schaumann bodies are seen in sarcoidosis.
● Alpha one-antitrypsin deficiency causes emphysema.
● The most common cause of an aortic aneurysm is
atherosclerosis.
● Barrett’s oesophagus has columnar epithelium.
● The macrophage in the brain is called microglia.
● Rosenthal fibres are seen in pilocytic astrocytoma.
● Hearing bodies are seen in neurohypophysis.
● A row of tombstone appearance is seen in pemphigus
vulgaris.
● Guardian angel against obesity is a name given to
adiponectin.
● OWL’s eye inclusions are seen inCMV.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad
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 PEDIATRICS
● The dose of Isoniazid in children- 10-15 mg/kg.
● Baby starts speaking sentence of few words at age-
2yrs.
● First sign of puberty in females is Thelarche.
● Earliest indication of sexual maturation in a girl is
Thelarche.
● In females, the growth spurt is maximum in Tanner
stage III, Axillary stage III.
● First set of milk teeth appear at age – 6 months.
● First permanent teeth to erupt are the first molars.
● Foremilk does NOT contain Fat.
● Blood specimen for thyroid screening in a neonate is
obtained on cord blood.
● Hypoglycemia in infants more than 24 hrs of age is
defined as blood glucose levels less than 45 mg/Di.
● Moro’s reflex is abnormal after 12 weeks.
● Newborn baby are prone to hypoglycemia because of
low body glycogen reserve.
● Severe Hypothermia in a neonate is temperature < 32
degree.
th
● SGA baby is one whose body weight is: less than 10
percentile.
● Most common cause of Jaundice in newborn: ABO
Incompatibility.
● Most common cause of Acute
Laryngotracheobronchitis: Parainfluenza 1,2.
● Definition of Neonatal period: from birth to 28 days.
● Meconium is seen in upper small intestine by : 3 months
Intrauterine Life.
th th
● Child crawls by: 7 -8 month.
● Very Low Birth Weight is less than: 1500 gm.
● Anterior fontanelle ossifies by: 18 months.
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● Moro Reflex disappears by: 3 months.
● A 10-year-old child with mental age of 2 yrs will have
an IQ level of: 20.
● First sign of sexual maturity in boys: Testicular
enlargement.
● Average gain of height in first year is: 25 cm.
● Common cause of neonatal hypoglycemia is: Infant of
Diabetic mother.
● Physiological jaundice in a term baby lasts up to: 10
days.
● Most common cause of Neonatal mortality in
India: Prematurity.
● Most common birth defect in North India: Neural Tube
Defects (Spina Bifida).
● Both chest and head in lifted at time – 6 months.
● The child know his gender at 2 ½ to 3 yrs.
● Extremely Low Birth Weight is: Less than 1000g.
● Ideal site for bone marrow aspirate in infants: Upper end
of the tibia.
● Handedness is established by 3 years of age.
● A child with diarrhoea having deep and rapid
respiration. The diagnosis is - Metabolic Acidosis.
● Epiphyseal dyngenesis is a feature of Hypothyroidism.
● Breast milk is deficient in Vitamin D.
● Specific sign of Kwashiorkor is: Pitting oedema.
● Breastfeeding should be initiated within half-an-hour.
● Acute malnutrition in a child is clinically assessed by
Weight for Height (Wasting).
● The best index of chronic malnutrition: Height for Ages (
stunting).
● Waterlow classification of Malnutrition takes into
account: Weight for Height and Height for Age.
● Wide splitting of the second heart sound is
characteristic of ASD.
● Single S2 is a feature of Tetrology of Fallot.
● Pentology of Fallot: TOF + ASD.
● Most common cause of death in PDA is: Cardiac failure.
● Congestive heart failure in children is best diagnosed
by: Tachycardia and tender hepatomegaly.
● Sure sign of cardiac failure in an infant: Liver
enlargement.
● Most common valve associated with Rheumatic Heart
Disease: Mitral valve.
● CVS Anomaly commonly seen in Turner’s syndrome:
Coarctation of Aorta.
● Most common Congenital Heart Disease associated
with Down’s Syndrome: Atrioventricular Septal Defect.
● Tetrology of Fallot, Vaginal Atresia and Polydactyly is
seen together in McKusick Kaufman Syndrome.
● Pott’s Shunt: Shunt from Left Pulmonary Artery to
Descending Aorta.
● In minimal change disease, 90% of cases respond to
short course of steroid therapy.
● Second most common cause of Nephrotic Syndrome in
Child: Focal Segment Glomerulosclerosis (FSCG).
● Berger nephropathy is due to deposition of IgA and C3.
● Most common cause of Hypertension in a child: Chronic
glomerulonephritis.
● Most common cause of renal artery stenosis in India
in children: Takayasu aortoarteritis.
● Urine Osmolality in Pre Term is: 600 mOsm/kg.
● Most common cause of seizure in newborn on day 1 is
Hypoxia.
● Hypsarrhythmia seen in West syndrome (infantile
spasm).
● Commonest cause of Meningitis in the postneonatal
period is Streptococcus Pneumoniae.
● Most common form of intracranial haemorrhage in
preterm neonate is: Subependymal haemorrhage.
● Treatment of febrile convulsions is based on control of
fever.
● Most common cause of acquired Aqueductal Stenosis:
Mumps.
● Best treatment of Bronchial Asthma: Avoidance of
antigen.
● Pathogenetic organism in Bronchiolitis: Respiratory
Syncytial virus.
● Gastric Aspirate Shake Test is used for the bedside test
for Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
● Most common cause of Croup in children:
Parainfluenza.
● Round pneumonia is typically seen with Streptococcal
Pneumonia.
● Treatment of breath holding spells is Iron.
● Most common gastrointestinal malignancy of childhood
is Lymphoma.
● Least common site of volvulus in children is Colon.
● Gas reaches the colonic end in a newborn by 8-10 hrs.
● Most common cause of acute infantile gastroenteritis is
Rotavirus.
● Enzyme deficiency after an attack of severe infectious
enteritis: Lactase.
● Conjugated Bilirubin is increased in Rotor syndrome.
● Vaccine withdrawn because of increased risk of
Intussusception: Japenese Encephalitis(JE).
● Commonest hematological malignancy in children: ALL.
● Vitamin associated with Hemolytic Anemia in Preterm
Babies: Vitamin K.
● Large doses of Vitamin K in a neanewbornuse Hemolytic
Anemia.
● Treatment of choice in Thalassemia Major: Blood
transfusion and Desferrioxamine.
● Iron and folic acid supplementation of 6 months to 10-
year-old children is 20 mg elemental iron and 100 mg folic
acid.
● RBC Lifespan in preterm babies: 35-50 days.
● Mc Cune-Albright syndrome is characterized by: Café au
lait macules.
● Most common cause of death in Klinefelter syndrome is:
Infections.
● Down ‘s syndrome is Trisomy 21.
● Precocious puberty is seen in Mc Cune-Albright
syndrome.
● Most common cardiac anomaly in Turner’s syndrome:
Bicuspid Aortic Valvse.
● Karyotype in Testicular Feminising syndrome is: 46XY.
● Sandifer syndrome due to GERD is confused with:
Seizures.
● Single most common defect in Congenital Rubella
Syndrome is: Deafness.
● GOLDENHAR SYNDROME is associated with the
abnormal development of: 1st and 2nd branchial arches.
● Osteogenesis Imperfecta with normal dentition and
sclera is: OI Type IA.
● Most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
is a deficiency of 21 alpha-hydroxylase.
● BCG is a livse attenuated bacterial vaccine.
● Most common thyroid tumour in children is Papillary
carcinoma.
● Congenital Toxoplasmosis is detected by IgM.
● Most common cause of death in Rett syndrome:
Uncontrolled Seizures.
● Most common cause of Neonatal Blindness:
Neisseria gonorrhoea.
● Vaccine not included in Indradhanush mission:
Japanese Encephalitis.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad
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 PHARMACOLOGY
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 PHARMACOLOGY
● Drug binding to the receptor and causing the opposite
action of the agonist is called inverse agonist.
● First pass metabolism is seen in propranolol.

● Elimination of alcohol follows zero order kinetics.

● As per drugs and cosmetic act, prescription drugs are

included in SCHEDULE H.
● The therapeutic index is a measure of safety.

● BIOAVAILABLITY is defined as: AUC (oral)/ AUC(iv)

*100.
● DOC absence seizure: Valproate.

● The drug which is highly albumin-bound: Barbiturate.

● Drugs whose dose need NOT be reduced in renal failure:

Penicillins.
● Prophylaxis of Meningococcal Meningitis: Rifampicin.

● Treatment of nonspecific urethritis is Erythromycin.

● DOC of malaria in pregnancy : Chloroquine.

● Penicillinase-resistant Penicillin is Methicillin.

● Drug of choice of rickettsial infection in pregnancy:

Chloramphenicol.
● Antibiotic with antiplatelet action: Cephalosporin.

● Anti-hepatitis drug with anti-HIV: ENTECAVIR.

● DNA dependent RNA synthesis is inhibited by

rifampicin.
● Antitubercular drug contraindicated IN PREGNANCY:

Streptomycin.
● The antitubercular drug which causes suicidal effect:
ISONIAZID.
● Treatment of choice of tuberculosis in pregnancy: HRE

2 months + HR 7 months.
● Antitubercular drug with highest sterilizing action:

RIFAMPICIN.
● Long-acting insulin is Insulin glargine.

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● The drug used in Diabetic Neuropathy: Pregabalin.
● An antihypertensive agent which decreases libido:
Methyldopa.
● Anterhypersensitive drug contraindicated in pregnancy

is Enapril.
● Beta blockers are indicated in hypertension

● SLE like reaction is caused by Hydralazine.

● Antihypertensive which decreases libido and

impotence: Atenolol.
● Antihypertensive which can be used in gout and

diabetes mellitus is Enalapril.

● ACE inhibitors may aggravate renovascular

hypertension
● Spironolactone should not be given with ACE Inhibitors.

● Antihypertensive contraindicated in pregnancy: ACE

inhibitors.
● DRUG OF CHOICE for hypertension in patients
with metabolic syndrome and no diabetes mellitus:
ACE Inhibitor.
● Anticancer drug causing lung fibrosis: BLEOMYCIN.

● Treatment for chronic phase of CML: imatinib.

● An antineoplastic agent which is also an antifolate drug:

METHOTREXATE.
● The drug used to counteract Methotrexate toxicity:

Folinic Acid.
● Digoxin can accumulate to toxic levels in a patient with
renal insufficiency.
● Dialysis is not indicated in digitalis toxicity.

● Hemodialysis is NOT effective in nifedipine poisoning:

Folinic Acid.
● Digoxin can accumulate to toxic levels in a patient with

renal insufficiency.
● Hemodialysis is not effective in nifedipine poisoning.
● Beta blocker with beta 2 receptor agonism: Celiprolol.

● Pulsus bigeminy is seen in: Digitalis Toxicity.

● CLOPIDOGREL is not to be used in oral anticoagulation

in high risk patients with atrial fibrillation.

● Drug of choice theophylline poisoning: Charcoal

hemoperfusion.
● Neostigmine increases gastrointestinal motility.

● Drug useful in migraine: Propranolol.

● The formula for parenteral iron therapy: 4.4* body

weight* Hemoglobin deficit.

● Thallidomide is not useful in HIV- related neuropathy.

● Rate limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis of dopamine

is tyrosine hydroxylase.
● Treatment of choice of cyanide poisoning is: Sodium

nitrate followed thiosulfate.

● Aspirin is contraindicated for a patient on warfarin.

● Hyperprolactinemia is a side effect of Metoclopramide.

● Drug causing parkinsonism: Metoclopramide

● Corticosteroid given by inhalation route:

Beclomethasone.
● A drug in bronchial asthma which needs monitoring:

Theophylline.
● Corticosteroid which needs the least systemic

monitoring: Budesonide.
● Botulinum acts by inhibiting acetylcholine release.

● Theophylline levels in the blood are increased by

phenylbutazone.
● Uricosuric drug used for gout: Sulfinpyrazone.

● Drug of choice for Addison’s disease: Hydrocortisone.

● Most potent cardiac stimulant is Adrenaline.

● Effect of morphine which has the least tolerance is
Constipation.
● An opioid with antitussive action- Codeine.

● Loop diuretics act on ascending limb of loop of Henle.

● In anaphylactic shock, epinephrine is given by which

route: Intramuscular.
● The drug used in the treatment of obesity are

Sibutramine, Orlistat, Rimonabant.

● The fastest acting antithyroid drug is: Potassium iodide.

● Mechanism of action of Montelukast: leukotriene

antagonist.
● Sulfasalazine is used in Ulcerative colitis

● Aspirin acts via irreversible COX inhibition.

● HAND FOOT MOUTH SYNDROME a variant of Hand foot

mouth disease is a potential side effect of SORAFENIB.
● Niacin therapy is contraindicated in Diabetes because it

increases blood sugar levels.

● PIRENZIPINE is used for Gastric Ulcer.
2
● The physiological dose of hydrocortisone is: 10mg/m

/day.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad
Team,wishes you all luck for
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For Students,

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Our FMGE Coaching Admissions Are Starting From
July10th to July 31st

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 PHYSIOLOGY
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 PHYSIOLOGY
● The hormone which decreases appetite - Leptin
● Time duration required to generate action potential is
Rheobase.
● The band not covered by actin filament is H band.
● The tract which controls skilled voluntary movements is
the lateral corticospinal tract.
● Insulin increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscles.
● Nerve fibre most susceptible to local anaesthetic - C fibre.
● Nerve fibre with slowest conduction velocity - C fibre.
● RMP of the cell is dependent on the permeability of the cell
membrane to K+ being greater to Na+.
● Hemiplegia is most commonly due to occlusion of the
Middle Cerebral Artery.
● Renshaw cells are inhibitory interneurons found in the grey
matter of the spinal cord.
● The specific gravity of CSF - 1.006-1.009.
● Ruffini end organ is associated with the sensation of cold.
● Circadian rhythm is controlled by - Suprachiasmatic
nucleus.
● Seratonin is secreted by - Argentaffin cells.
● Melatonin is secreted by - Pineal gland.
● The resting membrane potential of a neuron is: -90
● Pressure receptors are - Mechanoreceptors.
● Nerve fibres carrying pain: A Delta/C fibres.
● The nucleus for accommodation reflex - Edinger Westphal
Nucleus.
● Ion which helps in Resting Membrane Potential in neurons
is - Pottasium.
● Shivering is controlled by - Posterior hypothalamus.
● Bipolar cells are seen in - Retina.
● The membrane potential of the hair cell is -60 Mv.

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● The resting membrane potential in smooth muscles - -40
Mv.
● Receptors blocked in Myasthenia Gravis is - Acetyl Choline
Receptors.
● The characteristic pattern seen in Brown Sequard
Syndrome is - Contralateral absence of pain sensation.
● Alpha waves are seen in - Relaxed state.
● Prosapagnosia is an inability to - Recognize faces.
● Maximum filling of ventricles is seen in the ventricular
phase of diastole.
● Stroke volume decreases by increases in heart rate.
● In JVP, A wave is due to atrial contraction.
● Pulse pressure is affected by stroke volume and
compliance of aorta.
● Slowest conduction is seen in the AV node.
● Plateau phase of an action potential is due to - Influx of
calcium.
● The predominant site of erythropoiesis during 6th month
of gestation is Liver.
● Hematopoiesis first starts in the Yolk sac.
● Free fatty acid is transported in the blood by Albumin.
● Hypoxia without cyanosis - Anemic hypoxia.
● Clotting factor that is not affected in liver diseases - Factor
8, as it produced by vascular endothelium.
● pH of blood is - 7.35 to 7.45.
● Most important buffer in blood is - Hemoglobin.
● Most abundant buffer in the blood - Bicarbonate.
● Windkessel effect is seen in - Large elastic vessels.
● The life span of RBC is 120 days.
● Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) is increased in - Iron
deficiency anaemia.
● Normal TIBC - 300-360 microgram/day
● TIBC > 400 in Iron deficiency anemia.
● TIBC is an indirect measure of circulating transferrin.
● Least in the extracellular compartment is - Pottasium.
● 100% filtration coefficient is seen in Inulin.
● Organ with maximum blood flow mL/kg/min - Kidney.
● ADH synthesis site is Hypothalamus.
● Mineralocorticoids act on: Collecting duct.
● During underwater diving the main danger is due to Oxygen
& Nitrogen.
● In a person acclimatized for high altitude, oxygen
saturation is maaintained because of more oxygen delivery to
tissues.
● Normal urinary pH is 6.5 to 7
● Physiological dead space is - 150 mL.
● In a normal adult, the ratio of physiological to anatomical
dead space is 1:1
● The surfactant acts on - Alveoli.
● Haldane effect is - CO2 delivery by increases O2.
● Most useful therapy in Carbon Monoxide Poisoning -
Hyperbaric Oxygen.
● Trypsinogen is converted into Trypsin by Enterokinase.
● D cells of the pancreas secrete - Somatostatin.
● Folic acid is absorbed in proximal jejunum by both
active and passive transport.
● Enzyme with highest pH is - Pancreatic juice.
● The enzyme which reduces gastric secretions - Secretin.
● Gastric juice secretion is 20% in cephalic phase.
● Vitamin B12 is mainly absorbed from Ileum.
● Glucose is transported through Sodium cotransport.
● Iron absorption is increased by Vitamin C.
● Best stimulus for secretin secretion is protein and HCL.
● Curdling of milk is caused by Renin.
● Sperm acquires motility in Epidydimis.
● Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) is secreted by
Sertoli cell.
● A fertilized ovum reaches the uterine cavity in 3-4 days.
● The most common site of fertilization is Ampulla.
● Corpus Luteum secretes Progesterone.
● Progesterone peaks on the 21st day of the menstrual cycle.
● Sperms are released during ejaculation from
the epidydimis.
● Estrogen secretion is maximum before ovulation.
● Sperm gets capacitated in Uterus.
● Inhibin inhibits FSH.
● Ambiguous genitalia is seen in - Androgen insensitive
syndrome.
● Vitamin required for Hydroxylation of Proline is - Vitamin C.
● The most potent antioxidant is - Vitamin C.
● The osmolality of plasma in a normal adult is - 280-290
mOsm/kg.
● With glucose, the ion transported is - Sodium.
● Most abundant ion in intracellular fluid is - Pottasium.
● Milk ejection is facilitated by Oxytocin.
● Level of hormone increased in postmenopausal women is -
FSH.
● Calcitonin is secreted by the Thyroid gland.
● The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood away from
the placenta.
● Nernst equation deals with Chloride shift.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad
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July10th to July 31st

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 PSM
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 PSM
● Plastic covers are disposed of in a black bag
● Discarded cytotoxic medicines should be discarded in
the black bag
● Waste sharps should be discarded in a blue bag.
● Red bag should not be incinerated because it contains
cadmium.
● Syringes and glassware are sterilized by hot air oven.
● Indore method is for aerobic decomposing.
● Coimbatore Method: Anaerobic decomposition first,
followed by aerobic fermentation.
● Screening of disease is secondary prevention.
● Most important factor in a good screening test is
sensitivity.
● Screening of cervical cancer in PHC is done by PAP
smear.
● Missing cases are detected by Sentinel Surveillance.
● Prevalence= Incidence Rate x Average duration of
disease.
● Risk among exposed compared to the risk among non
exposed is known as Relative Risk.
● The cyclopropagative life cycle is seen in malaria.
● In a left-skewed curve, Mean< Mode.
● Chi-square test is used for determination of standard
error of the difference between proportions.
● Selection bias can be eliminated by randomization.
● Village Health guide is for population of 5,000.
● Most ineffective way of eliminating standard error is:
Large sample size.
● Study unit for ecological study: population.
● Socioeconomic/ Housing scale developed for rural area:
Kuppuswamy Scale.

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● Kuppusway scale includes: Education/ occupation/
income.
● Father of public health: Cholera.
● Disinfecting action of chlorine is due to hypochlorous
acid and hypochlorous ion.
● The chlorine content of water required after chlorination
is 0.5 mg/L.
● Sterilization And disinfection of blood spills are done by
sodium hypochlorite.
● The concentration of sodium hypochlorite is made in
homemade bleaching powder: 5.256.15%.
● Rural Health Scheme: Srivastava Committee.
● Manpower and planning: Bajaj Committee
● Multipurpose worker concept introduced by Kartar
Singh Committee
● Millennium Development Goals was started in 2000.
● Corpulence index is used in: Obesity.
● Poverty index does not include income.
● The normal range of Body Mass Index( BMI) in Asian
individual is 18.522.9.
● Low BMI -< 18.5
● Overweight – 23 -24.9
● Obese Type 1- 25-30
● Obese Type 2-> 30
● Pearl index is failures of contraception per 100 woman-
years.
● PQLI does not include : Per capita income.
● Man is a dead-end host for Tetanus/ Measles.
● Generation time for leprosy is 1215 days.
● Isolation period for hepatitis A is 2 weeks.
● Epidemic relapsing fever is transmitted by disease.
● Prevalence of leprosy in India per 10,000 is 0.69.
● Chandler’s index is for Ancylostoma duodenale.
● Chickenpox infective period: 1 day before and 4 days
after the appearance of the rash.
● Ty21A is a vaccine for typhoid.
th
● WHO declared global eradication of smallpox on 8 May
1980.
● A vaccine can be stored at subcentre for 1 day.
● Use of yellow fever vaccine is absolutely
contraindicated in pregnancy.
● Smallpox vaccine was discovered by Edward Jenner.
● Yellow fever vaccination is valid for 10 years, beginning
from 6 days of certification.
● MMR vaccine is a type of live attenuated vaccine.
● Mission Indradhanush was founded in December 2014.
● Live attenuated vaccine is indicated in polio.
● An ideal interval between administration of two vaccines
in 4 weeks.
● Triage is used for victims of the disaster.
● The contraceptive method of choice for well-educated
37-year-old woman is intrauterine device.
● The commonest cause of blindness in India is cataract.
● Extended Sickness Benefit is given for 309 days.
● Best parameter for measuring air pollution is sulphur
dioxide.
● Biological value is maximum in the egg.
● Pulse proteins are poor in methionine.
● Daylight factor in the living room: 8%
● Poor man’s iron source is jaggery
● Reference weight of Indian man and women is 60kg and
50 kg respectively.
● Egg protein biological value : 120
● Lactation period extra energy required is 500- 550 kcal.
● World health day is 7th April.
● Pregnant lady with moderate work needs 2600 kcal/day.
● Recommended daily allowance of vitamin D
● Lifestyle modification for children is primordial
prevention.
● Primary prevention is before the onset of the disease.
● Population covered by ASHA is 1000
● Limiting amino acid in wheat: Lysine
● Maximum protein in pulses is found in soybean.
Midday meal includes the provision of 1/3rd calories, ½
protein.
Pasteurization is done at63 degree Celsius for 30 min.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad
Team,wishes you all luck for
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Who Are Appearing MCI Exam In December,

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 PSYCHIATRY
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 PSYCHIATRY
● Drug of choice for schizophrenia in a patient with poor
oral absorption is Olanzapine.
● Schizophrenia is considered as a thought disorder.
● Poor prognostic factor in schizophrenia : Gradual onset.
● Neurotransmitter found in increased amounts in
Schizophrenia: Dopamine.
● Antipsychotic-induced akathisia is characterised by
Motoric restlessness.
● Delusions and Hallucinations are known as Psychotic
symptoms.
● Othello syndrome is a delusion of infidelity.
● Fregoli syndrome: Delusion of hyper identification.
● Most common hallucination in Schizophrenia: Auditory.
● Young patient which Schizophrenia is intolerant to
antipsychotic medications. treatment to be given is
Clozapine.
● Delusion is NOT a disorder of perception.
● Delusional misidentification syndrome is Capgras
syndrome.
● Bleuler’s criteria for Schizophrenia does NOT include
Automatism. Instead, it includes autism.
● The skew theory of abnormal family pattern in
Schizophrenia is more relevant in case male children.
● Patient depressed for 3 years with less social interaction
but normal sleep and appetite is suffering from Dysthymia.
● Cognitive model of depression was given by Aaron Beck.
● Bipolar disorder type 2 is characterised by hypomania and
Major Depressive Episodes.
● Most common psychiatric disorder in India: Depression.
● Drug of choice in Manic depressive psychoses: Lithium.
● Fluoxetine is used in which childhood condition:
Depression.
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● Long term lithium use is associated with Hypothyroidism.
● ECT is a first-line treatment in depression with suicidal
risk.
● Vitamin deficiency associated with depression: Vitamin D.
● A 30 Year – old lady develops acute onset talkativeness to
strangers, remains agitated and moves quickly from one
task to another. Her diagnosis is Mania.
● Most important indication of Bright light treatment is
seasonal affective disorder.
● Mood stabilizer drug with Anti Suicide properties: Lithium.
● Female Male ratio in Anorexia is 10:1.
● Obnoxious hallucinations are commonly seen in temporal
lobe epilepsy.
● Gustatory hallucinations are commonly seen in temporal
lobe epilepsy.
● Hallucinations can happen in PTSD even though PTSD is
considered to be a neurotic disorder.
● Delirium and dementia can be differentiated by altered
sensorium.
● A person laughs to a joke and then suddenly loses muscle
tone. This is called Cataplexy.
● Neurosis: insight is preserved, no reality testing
impairment.
● Psychosis: insight is lost, reality testing is impaired.
● Disease included in disability act: Mental retardation.
● Oniomania is compulsive buying.
● Perseveration is a persistent and inappropriate repetition
of the same thoughts.
● In phobic neurosis, the main defence mechanism used by
the patient is avoidance.
● Drug most useful in the treatment of OCD: SSRI.
● Sundowning is seen in Dementia.
● Area of the brain involved in OCD: Basal ganglia.
● Squeeze technique is a treatment for: premature
Ejaculation.
● Freud’s theory of dreams involve the processes of
condensation, displacement and secondary elaboration.
● Retts syndrome is the neuropsychiatric syndrome seen
ONLY in females
● Cause of death in Rett’s syndrome: Respiratory failure.
● Irresistible urge to drink alcohol is called DIPSOMANIA.
● Main symptoms of Korsakoff psychosis is confabulation.
● Delirium tremens is characteristically seen in Chronic
alcoholism.
● Opioid withdrawal state has sweating, diarrhoea and
vomiting but no polyuria.
● Cannabis is associated with: hypnagogic hallucinations.
● Paranoid psychosis due to cocaine is seen in intoxication
stage of cocaine use.
● A lady washes her hand up to 40 times a day. Cognitive
behavioural therapy for her should include: Response
● NREM sleep is associated with: Night terrors.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad
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 RADIOLOGY
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 RADIOLOGY
● Meckel’s diverticulum is best diagnosed by Tc 99
Pertechnetium scan.
● Most radiosensitive tissue is bone marrow.
● The shield used in radiology Is made up of lead.
● The fetus is most radiosensitive at 3-6 weeks.
● Thimble bladder is seen in chronic tubercular cystitis.
● Half-life of radium is 226 years.
● Cell most sensitive to radiation is lymphocyte.
● Best investigation for diagnosing an abdominal aortic
aneurysm.
● Air and water have Hounsfield units of 1000 air and 0
water.
● Investigation of choice for vestibular schwannoma
gadolinium-enhanced MRI.
● Dawson’s fingers are typically seen in multiple
sclerosis.
● Tiger eye sign on MRI is hallervorden spartz disease .
● Blue colour on Doppler represents deoxygenated blood
flow.
● Sign of hepatobiliary ascariasis on transverse
ultrasound: bull’s eye sign.
● Hounsfield units are used in the CT scan.
● Most sensitive test for ureteric stones is non-contrast
CT scan.
● Investigations of choice for neuro angiofibroma is
contrast-enhanced CT.
● MRI was invented by Raymond Damadian
● CT scan was invented by Geoffrey Hounsfield.
● Best investigations for bronchiectasis is HRCT.
● HU is a measure of CT.

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● Cartwheel appearance /wheel spooke appearance in
USG is seen in hydatid cyst.
● INV of choice for minimal ascites is USG.
● Ground glass ventricular septum is seen in HOCM.
● Gold standard investigation for the diagnosis of cystic
echinococcus: USG.
● Initial investigation of amoebic liver abscess is USG.
● Money bag appearance of the skull is seen in pericardial
effusion.
● Rim sign in IVP: polycystic kidney.
● Gray equals 100 rad.
● Trident hand is seen in achondroplasia.
● The half-life of iodine 131 is 8 days.
● Most commonly used radioisotope for the treatment of
bone cancer is strontium 89.
● String sign of Kantor is seen in Crohn's disease.
● Thumbprint sign is seen in ischemic colitis.
● Finger in glove appearance in chest Xray is seen in
bronchocele.
● Air bronchogram sign in consolidation.
● Eggshell calcification in chest X-ray is seen in silicosis,
sarcoidosis and lymphoma.
● Angiographic finding in Buerger's disease is
corkscrew arteries.
● String of beads appearance of the renal artery is seen in
fibromuscular dysplasia.
● Chains of lake appearance is seen in chronic
pancreatitis
● Figure of eight appearances on Xray supra cardiac
TAPVC.
● View taken for the aortic window is LAO view.
● RADIO OPAQUE STONE IS CYSTEINE.
● Right heart border is not formed by left atrium.
● Colon is identified on Xray by haustra.
● Onion peel appearance is seen in Ewing's sarcoma.
● sunray appearance on X-ray - Osteogenic Sarcoma.
● Investigation of choice for posterior urethral
valve/vesicoureteral reflux id micturating
cystourethrogram.
● Corkscrew appearance are diffuse oesophagal spasm.
● Rat tail appearance carcinoma esophagus.
● Beak shaped distal esophagus in achalasia. Snowman
sign in TAPVC
● Snowman appearance in USG for - Hydatidform mole.
● Double bubble sign in seen in duodenal atresia.
● Single bubble sign is pyloric stenosis.
● Triple bubble sign is jejunal atresia.
● Water lily appearance is with hydatid cyst.
● Bird of prey sign is barium study sigmoid volvulus.
● Salt and pepper appearance in the skull in
hyperparathyroidism.
● Apple core sign in barium enema is seen in carcinoma
colon.
● Bone within a bone appearance is osteoporosis.
● Target element seen in mammography is molybdenum.
● Plain x-ray abdomen ERECT view is the best X-ray for
pneumoperitoneum.
● Most sensitive investigation for pneumoperiotoneum is
the CT scan.
● X-ray abdomen SUPINE VIEW is best X-ray for intestinal
obstruction.
● X-ray for minimal right-sided pleural effusion is done in
right lateral decubitus position.
● The lordotic view is the best view for lung apices and
Lingular abnormalities.
 FMGE Solutions Hyderabad
Team,wishes you all luck for
your coming mci exam.

For Students,

Who Are Appearing MCI Exam In December,

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July10th to July 31st

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