Abstract
The study established Second Order Controls System (GPS) starting from Ago-Are to Saki,
Atisbo and Saki West Local Government Areas respectively in Oyo State Nigeria the
Project covered a distance of 9.801Km.The study is necessary due to development
activities; and also the problem of insufficient controls within the area. These factors
necessitated the need to establish Second Order Control so as to provide the relevant
controls in which subsequent lower order jobs can be tied around the area and also for
proper mapping of the area. The study was carried out by adopting the specifications for
Second Order Control extension using GPS. The field data were downloaded from HI
target GNSS GPS instrument into computer system using Trimble data transfer software.
The data from reference and the rover were downloaded. After downloading, Hi-Target
Geomatic Office software was used for processing of downloaded data. The results were
obtained and sorting out for data transformation from Geodetic Coordinates to Universal
Traverse Mercator (UTM). The downloaded data were converted to Rinex Format such
that it can be handled by Hi-Target Geomatic Office for further processing. The result of
data obtained from the adjusted data was analyzed and the result proved reliable as the
unit variance and standard error values fall within allowable limits. Back computation was
done from the final adjusted coordinates in order to obtain corrected bearings and
distances in-between successive controls. . The results obtained from the Excel program
and HI-Target Geomatics Office software were compared and the discrepancies were
negligible. With the various results generated in the course of the study, it is an indication
that the linear accuracy was reliable.
1
INTRODUCTION
According to kufoniyi,(2003) he defined surveying as the science and technology of taking
measurements on, above and/or under the surface of the Earth and the representation of same on
plan or map using appropriate scale. However, because of the availability of modern Geo-ICT
tools and space technology, and to emphasize the need for a service-oriented professional
practice, Kufoniyi while quoting NIS, 1997, defined a surveyor as “ a professional person with
the academic qualification and technical expertise to practice the science of measurement to
assemble, assess land and geographic related information, to use that information for the purpose
of planning and implementing the efficient administration of the advancement and development
of such practices”.
For surveying to operate effectively, there is need to have reference framework that will be used
for orientation. Control station is a small mark set immovably into the ground, such that an
instrument ( e.g a total station or GPS receiver) or optical target can be set up above it, to an
accuracy of about 1mm in the horizontal plane Aylmer, (2004).
Control densification is an important concept of surveying, because every survey practiced either
in large or small area requires a set of control framework to fit into, i.e vertical and horizontal
controls.
Global positioning System (GPS), which was originally set up as a military navigation aid by the
USA in the mid – 1980s, but which has now become a significant tool for civilian use in general
and surveyors in particular. Using differential GPS (DGPS), in which data recorded by a receiver
at a ‘known’ station are combined with data recorded simultaneously by a second receiver at a
new station which might be 30km away, it is possible to find the position of the second receiver
to within about 5mm. the advantage of GPS compared to all earlier method of surveying is that
the two stations do not need to have a line of sight between them. This means that national
networks of ‘known’ stations no longer need to be located on high hilltops or towers but can, for
instance, be positioned on the verges of quiet roads Alymer, (2004).
Nowadays, several hundred geodetic satellites are in orbit, supplemented by a large number of
remote sensing satellites and navigation systems like GPS and GLONASS, which will be
followed by European Galilieo satellites to 2013. While these developments have made satellites
based geodetic network surveying more flexible and cost effective data is terrestrial equivalent,
the continued existence of fixed point networks is still needed for administrative and legal
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purposes or local and regional scales. Global geodetic networks cannot be defined to fixed, since
geodynamic are continuously changing the position of all continents by 2 to 20cm per year.
Therefore modern global networks like ETRF or ITRF show not only coordinates of their “ fixed
point”, but also their annual velocities Caspary, ( 1987).
Geodetic Network Densification
Network densification has, until recently, been the only way of making the positions of surveyed
points both technically and economically accessible to the users. It is a prerequisite for
establishing an integrated survey system ( Brown, et al 1979). The requirements imposed on
points of the integrated survey system by the wide range of users include various position
information and point locations, monumentation and spacing. Accuracy requirements include
various position information and point locations, monumentation and spacing. Accuracy
requirements include the stringent 5cm and 1cm ( with 499m spacing or less ) for 1:500 large
scale mapping and relocation surveys 1 urban areas, respectively, and the much lower 9.19m
requirement for medium scale mapping at 1:50000 scale ( Lebedev, et al 1974 ).
The Nigerian ( Minna B) Geodetic Network
Nigeria is covered with first –order triangulation chains and traverse control networks. These
networks were computed on the Nigerian geodetic datum which was established by astrogeodetic
method with its origin located at station L40 ( the northern terminal of the minna base of the
Nigerian Primary Triangulation Network ). Hence the datum is a local geodetic datum “ Minna
B” datum ( the Minna datum applied in the west of the Republic of Cameroun is called “ Minna
A”). The Minna B datum is based on the Clarke 1880 ellipsoid ( Semi- major axis, a =
6378249.145m; Flattening, f = 1/293.465).
The L40 origin has the following adopted geodetic co-ordinates ( Uzodinma and Ezenwere,
1993):
Latitude φ = 09° 38’ 09”
Longitude λ = 06° 30’ 59”
Height H = 279.6m above the geoid. Details of the establishment of Nigerian Datum can be
found in ( Omoigui et al , 1980)
Project Specification
The following are the specifications for Second Order control establishment from the SURCON
pamphlet on specification for the GPS establishment:
3
i. Dual frequency GPS receiver (optional)
ii. Minimum of two (2) GPS receiver required for simultaneous observations.
iii. Spacing between any adjacent stations not less than 0.1km.
iv. Size of survey beacon = 40cm x 40cm x 150cm (L x B x H).
v. GDOP at the beginning of observation not more than 5 and not more than 6 at the end of
observation.
vi. Period of observation with visibility to minimum of four (4) satellites – 30 minutes.
vii. Date sampling (Epoch) – maximum time interval between observation 30 seconds.
viii. Minimum number of quadrants from which signal are observed 3.
ix. Maximum angle above horizon for observation (cut off angle) in degree - 30
x. Minimally constrained adjustment should be carried out on all admissible baseline
network vectors.
xi. Poor baseline vector should be discarded from participating in further adjustment.
xii. Constraint adjustment should be carried out finally.
Statement of the Problem
It has been observed that construction of roads, culverts, dams, building of commercial centers
etc. are the recent development in Oyo and there is need for second order GPS control
densification to enable engineers and land surveyors easy access to controls near their area of
concentration so has to enable them effectively carryout their third order jobs.
Scope of the Project
The project covers the whole of Oyo town and its environment. It includes the following
Aim and Objectives
The aim of this project is to carry out second order control densification along the Ago-
Are Saki Road as a contribution to the development of Surveying practice which will serve as
Reference Framework for Lower Order Surveys and other Survey Jobs.
Objectives
To achieve the above mentioned aim, the research has been divided into the following
five objectives that shall be addressed in this study
i. Carrying out preliminary planning required fro successful control densification
ii. Acquired Geometric data over the controls established
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The Study Area
The project site is located along Ago-Are and Saki Road, Atisbo and Saki West Local
Government Areas of Oyo State respectively
The length of the route covered was 9.801km. The nature of the terrain is relatively undulated
with tarred road and a lot of scattered cultivations could be seen along the Road.
Methodology
This deals with all field operations involved in the execution of the project in order to obtain
Coordinate values of each point and height (X,Y ,and Z) using Global Positioning System(GPS).
It also explains the various method used on the field from reconnaissance stage to the data
capturing state and necessary adjustments taken to get the best result.
Reconnaissance
This was carried out in two Stages. They are: Office Planning and Field Recce.
Office Planning
The information about the existing Primary Control Pillar at Community Secondary School, Saki
was collected from Office of Surveyor-General of Oyo State Secretariat Ibadan.
Field Reconnaissance
This involved selection and marking of the suitable Positions for the Pillars considering the
intervisibility between two or more consecutive Pillars. The Recce Diagram was also drawn after
which the visitation was made to the Primary Control located at Community Secondary School,
Saki.
Monumentation
All the Control stations were beaconed prior to the observation and according to
specification. The pillars used were made of mixed concrete in the ratio of 3:2:1 i.e
Gravel, Sand and Cement respectively. All the pillars were buried in-situ. At this point it
is important to emphasize the input of the Representative of Office of the Surveyor-
General of Oyo State in ensuring that the dimension of each pillar is 40cm x 40cm x
5
150cm (l x b x h) and reinforced by galvanized iron pipe sunk at the centre to define the
point. The identification number YCK
40cm 257 for the first Pillar was also engraved on the
YCK
40cm
pillar using both the alphabet and
. Iron Pipe
257numeric stencil. This is shown in fig 1.1 The pillar was
40cm GROUND LEVEL
made with 150cm buried 110 below the ground level.
40cm
110cm
YCK
40cm
.
257
Iron Pipe
40cm GROUND LEVEL
110cm
A typical Second Order Control Pillar
Pillar Numbering
The pillars were numbered serially according to the pillar prefixes and numbers issued to
my Supervisor (on my behalf) from Office of the Surveyor-General of Oyo State, at State
Secretariat, Ibadan. The numbers given were YCK 257 – YCK 268.
Pillar Description
For easy description, each Pillar was properly described using Compass and Linen tape.
The offset were taken from each Station to the prominent feature of permanent nature
within the vicinity of the location where the station was emplaced such as Building
corners, Electric poles and edge of Culverts. The Station numbers were boldly written on
the beacons.
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Instrument Test
Before the execution of any Survey work, the equipment to be used must be properly
tested in order to ascertain the state of the equipment and its accuracy. In order to ensure
that instruments to be used for this survey work perform optimally they were tested
before use. Two major Instruments were tested and configured ready for the project, they
were hand held GPS Garmin 72H, and differential Hi-Target GPS. The Hi-Target GPS
were tested by using it to acquire Coordinates of a known point and compared it with the
known coordinates. XSN 57 was used for this exercise while setting on XSN 36. After
all the parameters (Station Name, Antenna height, Interval and Elevation Mask) were set
through the Controller and the Instrument was taken to XSN 57 and the coordinate
observed on it and were compared to its real value and it was found to be tolerable.
XSN 57 Original value = 567433.756mE, 954043.665mN, 349.308height
XSN 57 Hi-Target GPS value = 567433.762mE, 954043.661mN, 349.303height
XSN 57 Garmin Handheld GPS value = 567432mE 954045Mn
Control Check
Before any Survey work can be carried out, the status of the control to be used must be
confirmed and this is what is termed Control check. For this project, the Control Pillars
used were XSN 36, XSN 57 and XSO 86. The Control Pillars were found to be stable,
reliable and had not been tampered with.
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Table 1.1 The coordinates of the controls
STATION NORTHING(m) EASTING(m) HEIGHT(m REMARK
)
XSN 57 954043.665 567433.756 349.308 ORIGINAL
XSN 57 954043.661 567433.762 349.303 OBSERVED
DISCREPANC -0.004 +0.006 -0.005 GOOD
Y
XSO 86 985602.879 546092.524 398.649 ORIGINAL
XSO 86 985602.882 546092.522 398.642 OBSERVED
DISCREPANC +0.003 -0.002 -0.007 GOOD
Y
Table 1.2 Control check
Having examined the results of the above observations, the discrepancies shown that the
allowable limit of accuracy was met.
Data Acquisition
Observation Procedures
The procedure for all observations in Survey practice must follow the six (6) main
principles of Surveying
i. Control (working from whole to part).
ii. Principle of accuracy (avoiding errors as much as possible.)
iii. Consistency (coordination of different orders of accuracy and specification.)
iv. Independent check (repeatability of observation, more than one observer
checker e.tc.)
v. Revision (carrying out of a survey for the possibility of further use.)
vi. The Principle of Safeguarding which ensures that work done must be
understood by another Surveyor, recoverability of stations and preservationand
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duplication of Survey documents. These basic principles are applied to angular,
distance, gravity and satellite observations.
Precautions Taken During Observation
Good satellites geometry was maintained i.e satellites were tracked in all
quadrants.
GPS time was kept constant.
A minimum of more than four (4) satellites were always observed.
Dates of observations were recorded.
The distance from Reference Station (Master) to the Rover Station was not
more than 15km.
Global Positioning System (GPS) Observation
HI-Target GPS receivers with their accessories were used for this project.
The HI-Target GPS receivers are designed to perform GPS Survey using static, stop and
go and kinematic mode of GPS data collection. However static mode of operation was
used in this project. The instrument has three buttons namely:
1. Power button (indicate red when it is on)
2. F1 button (indicate green when the instrument is on)
3. F2 button (indicate yellow when the instrument is tracking)
1.4.4 The Steps Taken in Operating the Instrument are as Stated Below:
1. At each set-up of the instrument, after all the necessary temporary adjustment (i.e.
centering and leveling) as well as the Antenna height using the tracking rod already
graduated with different height interval (the Antenna height used for this Project
varies from point to point).
2. The GPS Receiver was put on alongside with the Controller, then it was allow to
boot, the signal was received from the Receiver that notified the tracking of the
Satellites.
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3. Observation began by clicking MENU on the Controller, GOTO Hi-static and
select GPS, all necessary Parameters were set and CONNECT was clicked, then the
Station Name, Antenna height, Interval and Elevation Mask were inputted from the
Static Menu. Set was clicked after that followed by Start to start Observation.
4. Minimum of Thirty (30) minutes was used for all Rover Stations while the Master
remained throughout the observation.
5. At the exact stop time, the Instrument would automatically save the recording made
in it.
6. This procedure was carried out on the remaining Stations. At the end of the Field
Observation, the next stage was the downloading of the data and it was processed.
1.4.5 Data Downloading Procedure
STEPS TO BE TAKEN
1. Both the Instrument and Computer System on.
2. The cord of the Instrument was connected to the computer.
3. New Folder was created and was given desire name (HASSAN)
4. The data was copied from the Instrument to the newly created on the system.
5. The data has been downloaded for further processes.
1.4.6 DATA PROCESSING PROCEDURE:
STEP 1:
The software, (HGO) was launched and the diagram below was displayed on the screen
of the Computer
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From File on the Menu new project, the f diagram below was displayed
1. From new project dialog box, the project title was renamed i.e. Project: WAHAB.
Then OK was clicked.
2. With this, The Project Properties Dialog Box appeared, it was edited and OK
clicked.
Next to set the propety of the project following the wizard or by clicking on button in
the navigation field, the Project Properties dialog appeared; the detail info of the project
was set and OK was clicked.
To set up Coordinate System
It is necessary to set up the coordinate system parameters for the new Project. The button
was clicked in the navigation field, and dialog below appeared.
11
Generally, Setting Coordinates just means to set transformation items.
Ellipsoid, to WGS 1984 in Source Ellipsoid and Minna Datum on Target Ellipsoid,
Projection, Method- Transverse Mercator
12
We have central meridian to be 03:00:00.000E,
False North to be 0,
False East to be 500000,
Central Latitude is 0N,
Scale Factor at Origin, KO 0.9996,
Zone True,
X-North True,
Y-East True and
Conversion, Model- Molodensky
DX 92
DY 93
DZ -122
This ended the first stage. I got the field book ready for the next stage of processing
because reference would be made to it.
STEP 2:
From file on the menu bar IMPORT was selected.
13
The import dialog box came on
ZHD and GNS were selected and ok, open dialog box then appeared.
After importing the data, HGO software automatically generated baselines, repeat
baseline, sync loop, asynchronous loop and so on as shown below
STEP 3:
Baseline loading
After I loaded all the data, system shows all the GPS baseline vectors and the plan view
shows all the information about the GPS network.
14
Then the baseline was processed by click on Process Baseline -> button in the
navigation field to process baselines, the system processed all the baselines
according to the default settings
I found the processing information about each baseline processing in the list of
Baselines.
The time of baseline solution depends on the number of the baseline, the time of the
observation, the baseline processing setting, and the speed of the Computer, the
baseline solution result displays in the baseline list window. The colour of the
previous unsolved baseline in the map changed from light to dark green.
15
STEP4:
Adjustment Setting
After the baseline processing, it was necessary to check the adjustment result. But for this
simple section, I supposed all the baselines were good. Since the observation condition
was good, I processed all the baselines once successfully.
Now I began to prepare the network adjustment.
First I set some points as Control points. Switch work field to Points tab, after selecting
one site and I right-click on the selected site. Then Set as Control Point was chosen, the
selected point was added to the list of control points automatically.
16
Switch work field to Points tab, you will find this point which you set as control point
I double clicked on one point name, thereafter edited the point values.
17
I did this for all Control points and click on button in the navigation field
thereafter I entered the adjustment setting window.
After setting adjustment options, I choose Adjust item, then Network Adjustment
tool window appeared as
Auto Adjust button was clicked, and it was done free 3D adjustment, constraint 3D
adjustment under WGS84 ellipsoid, constraint 3D adjustment and 2D adjustment under
local ellipsoid according to the settings above. It also can generate adjustment result list.
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STEP 6:
Report
Output Item and thee Report Format was set by select Adjust Report Option in the
navigation field
Get Report Button was finally clicked and Adjustment Report was display according to
the Default Setting.
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Analysis of Result
The result obtained from the Adjustment Report shows that the errors were
minimal. The standard errors as shown in the appendix, thus indicating that the
observation was good.
The result of the Observation in X, Y, Z is as shown on the Table below.
Table1.3: The Final Coordinates of the Established Points in Rectangular and Ellipsoidal form.
BACK COMPUTATION
NORTHING
STN.FRO BRG. S EASTINGS
M (º ´ ˝) DIST.(m) ΔN ΔE (mN) (mE) STN TO
544489.985 XSN 36
961811.8000 0
XSN 36 175 16 09 21659.52 - 1786.33 546022.643
941198.8644 5 YCK 257
0 21585.731 8
YCK 257 344 16 13 1079.966 545729.863 YCK 258
942238.3966 7
1039.523 -292.778
YCK 258 347 01 31 1173.982 1144.010 -- 943382.4094 545466.281 YCK 259
20
2
263.583
YCK 259 345 27 03 1777.515 545019.754 YCK 260
945102.9272 2
1720.515 -446.529
YCK 260 348 57 52 717.567 544882.395 YCK 261
945807.2272 2
704.298 -137.357
YCK 261 345 28 50 996.786 544632.493 YCK 262
946772.1802 0
964.951 -249.902
YCK 262 348 28 33 959.319 544440.839 YCK 263
947712.1616 1
939.979 -191.653
YCK 263 345 47 14 1222.286 544140.740 YCK 264
948897.0377 1
1184.873 -300.099
YCK 264 352 55 59 189.049 544117.481 YCK 265
949084.6512 7
187.613 -23.258
YCK 265 344 28 51 276.032 544043.625 YCK 266
949350.6198 6
265.968 -73.856
YCK 266 18 47 41 616.714 544242.319 YCK 267
949934.4507 3
583.830 198.693
YCK 267 30 14 51 791.997 544641.276 YCK 268
950618.6224 2
684.173 398.957
YCK 268 544489.977 XSN 36
961811.8079 7
Table 1.4: Back Computation of the Final Coordinates
1.5.3 Application of Result
Accuracy of the established controls depends on the following, as processed by the
software of Hi-Target using least square adjustment
1 No of GPS baseline = 15
2 No of adjusted points =15
3 Confidence level =10.00
4 Significance level for Tau Test =1.00%
5 Ratio of standard Error of unit weight = 0.5185
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6 X2 Test Value = 1.5556
7 X2 Test Range = 0.0717 - 12.8383
8 X2 Test Result = True
And for closing Oservation,
1 No of GPS baseline = 1
2 No of adjusted points =1
3 Confidence level =10.00
4 Significance level for Tau Test =1.00%
5 Ratio of standard Error of unit weight = 0.0000
6 X2 Test Value = 0.0000
7 X2 Test Range = 0.0000 – 0.0000
8 X2 Test Result = True
For the least square adjustment, where observation is less-desired, false is indicated, and
where the test is generally accepted True is indicated, hence, the accuracy achieved was
accepted.
The results obtained are Northing, Easting and Height Coordinates with reference to the
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) zone 31, Minna Datum. These Coordinates will
serve as reference points for any subsidiary transverse. Be it third order control
extensions, profile level and any engineering construction project within the area. The
general public can always rely on the accuracy of these controls in the execution of future
projects.
PRODUCTION OF PLAN
The Plan of the Established Control Points along the Project Route was plotted
using AutoCAD 2007 Software at the scale of 1: 20,000 and the presentation was made in
22
both hardcopy and softcopy. Also, Microsoft word 2007 was used in presenting the final
write-up.
CONCLUSION
The Establishment of Second Order Control Points had been successfully carried out with
a total numbers of Twelve (12) Control beacons established along Ago-are/Saki Road, in
Atisbo and Saki west Local Government Areas of Oyo State. These will serve as
reference points for projects such as Cadastral Survey, Engineering Survey, Highway
Survey, and Topographic Survey along this Route.
REFERENCES
Surveyors Council of Nigeria SURCON, (2013): Rules and Regulation for the Control of Survey
Practice.
Bannister and Raymond, (1997): Surveying 5th Edition, Pitman Publishing, London p 23 - 45
Shear, S, A. (2002): Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS): Application of Precision
Agriculture, Bio System and Agriculture Engineering, University of Kentucky
Ramsay, J, P. (1997): Land Surveying, London: Pitman Press. P1 and 178.
Moffih, H. F. and Bossler, D, J. (1998): Surveying, New York: Addison – Wesley Longman Inc.
Oratakhai, (2006): Establishment of Second Order Control: An Unpublished HND Report
Subjected to the Department of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Federal School of Surveying,
Oyo.
Uren, J, K. (1977): Surveying for Engineers, 3rd Edition Published in the Macmillan Press
Limited, London, and p. 40 – 41
Surveyor council of Nigeria (SURCON), (2012) Specification for Geodetic Surveys in Nigeria.
Surv. B. O. Ekpete, (mnis): SURCON Exam made easy for Better SURCON Exam Result.
Nigeria Institution of Surveyors NIS (2008) Professional Scale of Fees.
23
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APPENDIX III
PROCESSING REPORT
Name Value
Number of GPS Baselines: 14
Number of Adjusted Points: 15
Confidence level: 10.00σ
Significance Level for Tau Test: 1.00%
Ratio of Standard Error of Unit Weight: 0.8605
x2 Test Value: 80.0295
x2 Test Range: 35.5345 – 91.9517
x2 Test Result: True
1.Baselines Input in WGS84
Baselines Tau DX(m) Std.Dev(mm) DY(m) Std.Dev(mm) DZ(m) Std.Dev(mm)
K264.zsd-K133.zsd Yes 1091.7842 102.4 2196.1056 102.4 -8591.0258 102.4
K264.zsd-K134.zsd Yes 1144.7330 105.2 2210.1245 105.2 -8910.0904 105.2
K264.zsd-K257.zsd Yes 980.9489 93.7 1936.2979 93.7 -7625.5295 93.7
K264.zsd-K258.zsd Yes 864.0106 84.8 1637.0139 84.8 -6593.7948 84.8
K264.zsd-K259.zsd Yes 686.2106 75.6 1363.4709 75.6 -5465.2690 75.6
K264.zsd-K260.zsd Yes 491.3813 63.4 906.1820 63.4 -3757.5210 63.4
K264.zsd-K261.zsd Yes 386.7010 59.3 763.0357 59.3 -3061.8415 59.3
K264.zsd-K262.zsd Yes 266.9651 54.6 506.4768 54.6 -2105.6152 54.6
K264.zsd-K263.zsd Yes 151.7179 51.5 308.5360 51.5 -1173.5126 51.5
XSN36.zsd-K264.zsd Yes 1909.1784 138.6 -250.1677 138.6 -12781.0554 138.6
K264.zsd-K265.zsd Yes -22.3613 50.0 -24.4421 50.0 186.2581 50.0
K264.zsd-K266.zsd Yes -58.9342 50.2 -100.3556 50.2 449.2446 50.2
K264.zsd-K267.zsd Yes -146.5692 51.1 94.1795 51.1 1028.2762 51.1
K264.zsd-K268.zsd Yes -276.2283 53.1 487.0273 53.1 1704.0616 53.1
25
