ASSIGNMENT

ON
DEVELOP NURSING STANDARDS
AND
PROTOCOLS FOR ICU UNITS

SUBMITTED TO :- SUBMITTED BY :-
MS. NANDINI BHUMIJ MR. MOHIT KUMAR GUPTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR M.Sc NURSING 2ND YEAR
DEPT. OF MHN NNC, GNSU, ROHTAS
NNC, JAMUHAR
GNSU, ROHTAS

SUBMISSION ON :- 07/07/2021
 ICU Planning and Designing in India – Guidelines 2010

ICU is highly specified and sophisticated area of a hospital which is specifically designed,
staffed, located, furnished and equipped, dedicated to management of critically sick patient,
injuries or complications. It is a department with dedicated medical, nursing and allied staff.
It operates with defined policies; protocols and procedures should have its own quality
control, education, training and research programmes. It is emerging as a separate specialty
and can no longer be regarded purely as part of anesthesia, Medicine, surgery or any other
speciality. It has to have its own separate team in terms of doctors, nursing personnel and
other staff who are tuned to the requirement of the speciality.

In India the scenario of ICU development is fast catching up and after initiatives, promotion,
education and training programmes of ISCCM during last 15 yrs, there has been stupendous
growth in this area but much needs to be done in area of infrastructure, human resource
development, protocol, guidelines formation and research which are relevant to Indian
circumstances. An acceptable and logistically feasible no compromise can be made on quality
and health care delivery to critically sick, yet an acceptable guidelines can be adopted for
making ICU designing guidelines which may be good for both rural and urban areas as also
for smaller and tertiary centers which may include teaching and non teaching institutes .

There are pre-existing guidelines on the website of ISCCM, made in 2003. There has
been a sea change since then and therefore need for new guidelines. The existing
guidelines have been taken as base line for the present recommendations.

Following areas are covered.

1 Initial Planning
Team Formation and Leader/Coordinator
Data Collection and analysis
Beginning of the Process and decide about Budget allocation , aims and
objectives

2 Decision About ICU Level, Number of beds, Design and Future

Thoughts Planning level of ICU like I, Level II or Level III or
Tertiary Unit Number of beds and number of ICUs as needed for the
institution Designing each bed lay out and providing optimum space
for the same Modulation according to various types of space
availability
Free hanging power columns Vs head end panel facilities

3 Central Nursing Station designing and planning

- Location, space, Facilities
4 Equipmentation
Will depend on number of beds, target level of the ICU
Most important decisions will be No of Ventilated beds and Invasive
monitoring
ICU Vs HDU
Collecting information about various equipments available with specifications

5 Support System Recommendations

Storage
Communication
Computerisation
Meeting needs of Nursing and Doctors
Meeting needs of relatives and Attendants
Relationship and Coordination with other areas like ER and other super
speciality ICUs

6 Environmental Planning
Effective steps and planning to control nosocomial infections
Flooring, walls, pillars and ceilings
Lighting
Surroundings
Noise
Heating/ AC/Ventilation
Waste disposal and pollution control
Protocol about allowing visitors, shoes etc inside ICU

7 Human Resource development

Doctors , Nurses , Respiratory Therapist , Computer Programmer , and support staff
like Clerks ,X-ray technician, Lab technicians , Cleaning staff who are trained to the
needs of ICUs . This is a very Critical area and turnover is very high because of big
gap between demand and supply and can put a lot of stress on the team and patient
outcome.

8 Other areas like

Research
Data Collection
Documentation
Record keeping

Team Formation
Team may consist of following -
Intensivist
Administrator
Finance officer
Architect and Engineers
Nurse
Any other person if is relevant
Who should Co-ordinate/lead the team ?
Coordinator is the most important person who coordinates with everyone involved.
Intensivist/In-charge is best suited to be the Co-ordinator because –
He has technical skill and knowledge to plan and guide
He will prevent mistakes to bare minimum
He can suggest changes during the development phase itself if finds problems
However, in some countries or some set ups particularly public sector hospitals
administrators are usually the coordinators of such project implementation process
since they can coordinate with all the major individuals and groups whose inputs/help
are needed in achieving the target in time and quality, It may be difficult for
Intensivist to spare so much of time needed and coordinate with others.

Aims and Objectives, Budget allocation and other target settings

It is important to decide about priorities based on inputs from Team members and should
answer following questions –
Budget available
Level of ICU needed
Location
Number of Beds needed
Designs
Human Resource Development
Engineering and designing constraints
What type of Case mix the ICU team is likely to deal with and therefore help in
priorities equipment type
In Case of existing facility being upgraded or relocated, then the review of past
mistakes
Patient safety and prevention of infection programme
Transition in case of relocation during reconstruction of the existing ICU

Following thoughts may help in making decisions and implementation easier

Features that must be adopted
Features that should be adopted
Features that can be adopted
Features that should not be adopted
Features that must not be adopted.

When everything has been put in writing and approved by the whole team, the process must
be began in the earnest and a time frame work should be fixed and all efforts must be made to
accomplish the implementation within the stipulated time unless there are unforeseen
circumstances.

Budget and Human Resource (Residents and Nurses) are the most important limiting factors.
Engineering related problems like drainage systems, leaks, slopes etc are easily overlooked. It
is advised that engineering work be done in a manner so that repairing when ever needed
should be easily possible without jeopardizing patient care. Therefore, least concealed or
over-the-false roof pipelines, wires should be avoided.

Designing ICU/Level/No of ICUs/No of Beds and Individual Bed

Following ICU Levels are proposed
Level I
It is recommended for small district hospital, small private Nursing homes, Rural
centers
Ideally 6 to 8 Beds
Provides resuscitation and short-term Cardio respiratory support including
Defibrillation.
ABG Desirable.
It should be able to Ventilate a patient for at least 24 to 48 hrs and Non invasive
Monitoring like - SPO2, H R and rhythm (ECG), NIBP, Temperature etc
Able to have arrangements for safe transport of the patients to secondary or tertiary
centers
The staff should be encouraged to do short training courses like FCCS or BASIC ICU
Course.
In charge should be preferably a trained doctor in ICU technology and knowledge
Blood Bank support
Should have basic clinical Lab (CBC, BS, Electrolyte, LFT and RFT) and Imaging
back up (X-ray and USG), ECG
Some Microbiology may be desirable
At least one book on Critical Care Medicine as ready reckoner

Level II (Recommendations of Level I Plus)

Recommended for larger General Hospitals
Bed strength 6 to 12
Director be a trained/qualified Intensivist
Multisystem life support
Invasive and Non invasive Ventilation
Invasive Monitoring
Long term ventilation ability
TC Pacing
Access to ABG, Electrolytes and other routine diagnostic support 24 hrs
Strong Microbiology support with facility for Fungal Identification desirable
Nurses and duty doctors trained in Critical Care
CT must & MRI is desirable
Protocols and policies for ICUs are observed
Research will be highly recommended
Should be supported ideally by Cardiology and other super specialities of Medicine
and Surgery
HDU facility will be desirable
Should fulfill all requirements for IDCC Course
Resident doctors must be exposed to FCCS course/BASIC course/Ventilation
workshops and other updates
Blood banking either own or outsourced

Level III (All recommendations of Level II Plus)

Recommended for tertiary level hospitals
Bed strength 10 to 16 with one or multiple ICUS as per requirement of the institution
Headed by Intensivist
Preferably Closed ICU
 Protocols and policies are observed
Have all recent methods of monitoring, invasive and non invasive including
continuous cardiac output, SCvO2 monitoring etc
Long term acute care of highest standards
Intra and inter-hospital transport facilities available
Multisystem care and referral available round 24 hrs
Should become lead centers for IDCC and Fellowship courses
Bedside x-ray, USG, 2D-Echo available
Own or outsourced CT Scan and MRI facilities should be there
Bedside Broncoscopy
Bedside dialysis and other forms of RRT available
Adequately supported by Blood banks and Blood component therapy
Optimum patient/Nurse ratio is maintained with 1/1 pt/Nurse ratio in ventilated
patients.
Protocols observed about prevention of infection
Provision for research and participation in National and International research
programmes
Patient area should not be less than 100 sq ft per patient (>125 sq ft will be ideal). In
addition there is optimum additional space for storage, nursing station and relatives
The unit is assisted by an Ethical Committee which formulates policies about DNAR,
Organ donation, EOLS etc
Doctors, Nurses and other support staff be continuously updated in newer
technologies and knowledge in critical Care

There is regular sharing of knowledge, mishaps, incidents, symposia and seminars etc related
closely to the department and in association with other specialties

Human Resource for ICU

Human resource development is one of the most important task and component of the whole
programme. Dedicated, highly motivated, ready to work in stress situations for long periods
of time are the type of personal needed. They include
Intensivist/s
Resident doctors
Nurses,
Respiratory Therapists,
Nutritionist
Physiotherapist
Technicians, Computer programmer,
Biomedical Engineer, and
Clinical Pharmacist
Other support staff. Like cleaning staff, guards and Class IV.

Not only they have to be qualified but have to be trained and have to be a team person Scarce
availability of these qualities all in one has made their availability extremely difficult and the
turnover is high.
Team Leader

It is important to have a good team led by an Intensivist (who spends >50% of his time in
ICU). He should be a full timer particularly for tertiary centers. He should be qualified and
trained and able to lead the team. Experience is absolutely essential to lead the ICU team .

Resident Doctors (only MCI endorsed)

Post graduates from Anesthesia, Medicine or Respiratory Medicine or other allied
branches even surgical specialties. Other residents may be graduates depending upon
total Bed strength of ICU.
Though need of resident doctors per number of patient has not been prescribed in
literature, however, it is understood and recommended that one doctor cannot take
care of more than five patients who are critically sick on ventilator and/or undergoing
invasive monitoring with MOFS.
Therefore, it is suggested that one PG resident with one graduate resident may be
good for an ICU of 10 to 14 beds with 1/3 of the pts may be falling into above
category. Total no of residents should include who will relieve those going on leave
or have to take sudden offs.

Nursing staff ( only NCI Endorsed)

Nursing – 1/1 nursing for Ventilated or MOFS patients is desirable but in no
circumstance the ratio should be < 2 /3 (Two nurses for 3 such patients).
This will affect the outcome immensely.
1/2 to 1/3 nurse patient ratio is acceptable for less seriously sick patients who do not
require above modalities.

Other staff
Respiratory Therapist looks after the patients being ventilated respiratory
physiotherapy, this takes away lot of load off the duty doctor and the nurses
Physiotherapist help in mobilization, and Technicians who can perform simple
procedures like taking samples and sending them to proper place in proper manner
makes the task easy and less stressful.
Computer person can prepare reports, enter data and bring out print outs as and
when needed. He can also maintain library, Internet and protocols practiced in ICU.
Biomedical engineer within the campus makes the job of ICU less frustrating when
snags creep in within sensitive ICU equipment. He can be correct them fast.
Nutritionist is also a very important professional who can contribute to outcome of
patient. They have to be trained in desired practices and should be more inclined
towards enteral feeding than TPN.
Cleaning, class IV and Guards are also important to ICU particularly when they
understand needs of ICU and its patients. They have a huge role to play in prevention
of Nosocomial infection, keeping ICU clean and protect from overcrowding.
One person should be responsible for observing protocols of Pollution and Infection
control. Such person should act in close collaboration of Microbiology personnel
In addition the ICU should be ably supported by clinical Lab staff, Microbiology and
Imaging staff who can understand the protocols of ICU and act within discipline of
ICU protocols.
 Having professionals from Clinical Lab, Microbiology, Imaging, Pharmacy for
support whenever needed will be desirable.
How many ICUS and Beds are needed
Brain storming sessions should be held as to decide how many ICU beds are needed
and how many ICUs should be made which may include Advanced ICU, HDU, PICU
and Speciality related ICU like Neurointensive care, Cardiac Intensive Care and
Trauma.
The number of Intensive Care beds will depend on the data available from the hospital
and current/future requirements of the hospital.
Some ICUs particularly in Private set ups in our country may be main speciality in the
hospital and they should be very careful in deciding about the number of beds and
budgetary provisions and viability issues are very important in such cases.
Numbers of ICU Beds recommended in a hospital are usually 1 to 4 per 100 hospital
beds
ICUs having <6 beds are not cost effective and also they may not provide enough
clinical experience and exposure to skilled HR of the ICU. At the same ICU with bed
strength of >24 are difficult to manage and major problems may be encountered in
management and outcome.
Recommendations suggest that efficiency may be compromised once total number of
beds crosses 12 in ICU.
The Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare has developed a formula
for calculating the number of ICU beds required based on the average census in the
existing unit and the desired probability of having an ICU bed immediately available
for a new admission.
Therefore, it is recommended that total bed strength in ICU should be between 8 to 12
and not <6 or not >14 in any case
Location/entry/exit points of ICU in Hospital
Safe, easy, fast transport of a critically sick patient should be priority in planning its
location, therefore, ICU should be located in close proximity of ER, Operating rooms,
trauma ward.
Corridors, lifts & ramps should be spacious enough to provide easy movement of bed/
trolley of a critically sick patient.
Close/easy proximity is also desirable to diagnostic facilities, blood bank, pharmacy
etc.
No thoroughfare can be provided through ICU.
There should be single entry/exit point to ICU, which should be manned.
However, it is required to have emergency exit points in case of emergencies and
disasters.

ICU Bed Designing and Space Issues

Space per bed has been recommended from 125 to 150 sq ft area per bed in the patient
care area or the room of the patient. Some recommendation has placed it even higher
up to 250 sq ft per bed. In addition there should be 100 to 150% extra space to
accommodate nursing station, storage, patient movement area, equipment area,
doctors and nurses rooms and toilet.
However in Indian circumstances after reviewing and feedback from various ICUs in
our country it may be satisfactory to suggest an area of 100 to 125 sq ft be provided in
patient care area for comfortable working with a critically sick patient where all the
paraphernalia including monitoring systems, Ventilators & other machines like
bedside X-ray will have to be placed around the patient. Bedside procedures like
Central lines, Intubation, Tracheostomy, ICD insertion and RRT are common.
It may be prudent to make one or two bigger rooms or area which may be utilised for
patients who may undergo big bedside procedures like ECMO, RRT etc and has large
number Gadgets attached to them.
10 % (one to two) rooms may be designated isolation rooms where immuno-
compromised patients may be kept, these rooms may have 20% extra space than other
rooms.
The planners may think about, if they are thinking of introducing newer technologies
in their ICU like ECMO, Nitric Oxide and Xenon clearance etc. Do they need
Lamellar flow for specific patient population in their ICUs. This will be highly
specific for High end up ICUs and is not recommended in routine Provisions may be
kept open for such options in future.

Partition between two room and maintaining privacy of patients

It is recommended that there should be a partition/separation between rooms when
patient privacy is desired which is not unusual.
Standard curtains soften the look and can be placed between two patients which is
very common in most Indian ICUs, however they are displaced and become unclean
easily and patients privacy is disturbed
Therefore, two rooms may be separated by unbreakable fixed or removable partisans,
which may be aluminium, wood or fiber. However permanent partitions takes away
the flexibility of increasing floor space temporarily (In Special circumstances) for a
particular patient even when the adjoining bed/room may not be in use.
 There are also electronic windows which are transparent when the switch is off and
are opaque when the switch is on, Although expensive now, the cost of this option
may come down over time,

Pendant vs. Head End Panel

One of the most important decisions is to how to plan bedside design
Two approaches are usually practiced
1 Head wall Panel
2 Free standing systems (power columns) usually from the ceiling Each can be fixed or
moveable and flexible can be on one or both sides of the patient.
Flexibility is usually desirable,
Panels on head wall systems allow for free movements
Adaptable power columns can move side to side or rotate,
Mounts on power columns are also usually adjustable,
Flexible systems are expensive and counterproductive if the staff never move
or adjust them,
Head wall systems can be oriented to one side of the patient or to both sides,
Some units use two power columns, one on each side of the patient,
Other units use a power column on one side in combination with some fixed
side wall options on the opposite side,
Ceiling mounted moveable rotary systems may reduce clutter on the floor and
make a lot of working space available, However, this may not be possible if
the weight cannot be structurally supported
Power columns may not be possible in smaller rooms or units.
Each room should be designed to accommodate portable bedside x-ray,
Ultrasound and other equipment such as ventilators and IA Balloon pumps; in
addition, the patient's window view (If available) to the outside should be
preserved.

Height of Monitoring System

Excessive height may be a drawback to the way monitoring screens are typically well above
eye level and display more parameters. Doctors and nurses may have chronic head tilting
leading to cervical neck discomfort and disorders, Therefore, the levels of monitors should be
at comfortable height for doctors and nurses

Keep Bed 2 ft away from Head Wall

A usual problem observed in ICU is getting access to the head of the bed in times of
emergency and weaving through various tangled lines. And at the same time patient
also should not feel enclosed and surrounded by equipment and induced uncalled for
fear
About 6 inches high and 2 ft deep step(Made of wood) usually temporary/removable
(which would otherwise would stay there only) is placed between the headwall and
the bed lt will keep the bed away from the wall and automatically gives caregivers a
place to stand in emergencies without too much of problems.

9
Lines may be routed through a fixed band of lines tied together.

9
Provision for RRT
Two beds should be specially designated for RRT (HD/CRRT) where outlets should be
available for RO/de-iodinated water supply for HD machines. Self-contained HD machines
are also available (Cost may be high)

Isolation Rooms
10% of beds ( 1 or 2 ) rooms may be used exclusively as isolation cases like for burns ,
serious contagious infected patients .

Alarms . music . phone etc

Each group should decide if they want to provide the patient access to music (audio),
telephone etc.
However an alarm bell which has both indicators by sound and light must be provided
to each patient and he be taught about it, how to use it when needed

Oxygen/Vacuum/ Compressed air outlets and No of Electric female Plugs

Fot tertiary center
Summary of key Recommendation for Minimal standards in ICU
Standards AIA/AAH (1) IEEE SCCM (2)
O2 outlets 2 to 3 2 2 to 3
Vacuum outlets 2 to 4 3 2 to 3
Compressed air outlets 1 to 3 1 1 to 2
Electric outlets 7 8 11 to 12
Room size (sq ft) 132 - 150 to 250
Isolation room 150 - 250
Anteroom 20 - 20
Unit size - - 12 beds

Adopted from Don Axon DCA FAIA Losangeles

Recommendations for Indian ICUs

We recommend following for Level I and Level II Indian ICUs Unit size 6 to 12 beds
Bed space- minimum 100 sq ft (Desirable) >125.
Additional space for the ICU (Storage/Nursing stn/doctors/circulation etc) 100 %
extra of the bed space (Keep the future requirement in mind)
Oxygen outlets 2
Vacuum outlets 2
Compressed air outlets 1
Electric outlets 12 of which 4 may be near the floor 2 on each side of the patient.
Electric outlets/Inlets should be common5/15 amp pins. Should have pins to
accommodate all standard International Electric Pins/Sockets. Adapters should be
discouraged since they tend to become loose.

10
 Utilities per bed as recommended for Level III Indian ICUs
3 oxygen outlets, 2 compressed air, 2 vacuum (adjustable), 12 to 14 electric outlets, a bedside
light one-telephone outlets and one data outlet.
Central Nursing stn.
This is the nerve centre of ICU, despite lots of development, the old standard of a
central station is still holds good and endorsed by most guidelines and regulations
regardless of today's practice needs.
All/near-all monitors and patients must be observable from there, either directly or
through the central monitoring system. Most ICUs use the central station, serving six
to twelve beds arranged in an L or U fashion,
Patients in rooms may be difficult to observe and therefore may be placed on remote
television monitoring, These monitors may satisfy regulatory requirements but do not
really provide adequate patient safety if the clarity of the picture is poor.
Some ICUs have unit pods of about four or five beds, each served by a separate
workstation, Nurses assigned to patients in the pod form a team,
A monitor technician is required,
The unit Nursing clerk and the supervising nurse will usually work together to
oversee the efficient interaction among the staff and with support services,
Careful consideration of what level or type of activity will occur in the central station
will insure adequate space planning, New equipment purchased over the next decade
will probably increase the amount of desk and shelf space required.
At times of high use the number of people in the central station can increase several
fold. Having enough space and chairs to meet needs during such times should be
provided for.
The space should accommodate computer terminals and printers. A large number of
communication cables may be required per bedside to connect computers and faxes to
other departments, as well as to other institutions and offices,
Adequate space for charting on the platform is absolutely important.
Patients must be easily visible from the charting area whether the nurse is sitting or
standing, taller chairs are often necessary.
In case of space constraint, Collapsible desktops or shelves that can flip up off the
wall can be planned
Space allotted for storage of the previous charts of patients currently in the unit
should also be provided
It is also important that a storage space is provided for equipment, linen, instruments,
drugs, medicines, disposables, stationary and other articles to be stored at the Nursing
station must be provided. All these cupboards should be labelled
The latest generation of monitoring systems allows access to patient data from any
bedside; This means that the doctor who is busy caring for one patient can monitor
others without leaving that bedside.
Consoles can be programmed to automatically display critical events from one
bedside at several sites without personnel calling for it. There is need for more
effective alarming system with less noise, which can send signals to CNS as well as
remote pager carried by the caregiver.
Ideally in Indian ICUs, there are over bed tables with each bed. These tables may be
so deigned of stainless steel to have a broad top to accommodate charts and cupboards
enough in number and size to store medicines, disposables investigations and records
of the patient.
 The CNS has in charge nursing, duty doctors/s, clerk/computer guy, machines, store
attached and monitors and spare machines/spares, linen and other ancillaries

List Of Equipment (12 Bedded ICU and 8 Bedded HDU)

Sr Name of equipment Number Specification
No
1 Bedside Monitors One per Bed Modular -2 Invasive BP, SPO2,NIBP, ECG, RR, Temp
(For ICU) Probes with trays
2 Monitors for HDU Same Same but without Invasive BP but upgradeable
3 Ventilators 6 With paediatric and adult provisions, graphics and Non-
Invasive Modes (Two Ventilators should be with inbuilt
Compressor. each should have a Fisher and Paykel
Humidifier (These can be bought directly from F &P
4 Non invasive 3 With Provision for CPAP and IPAP
Ventilators
5 Infusion Pumps 2 Per bed in ICU Volumetric with all Recent upgraded drug calculations
1 Per Bed in
HDU
6 Syringe Pumps 2 per bed in ICU With recent up gradation
7 Head End Panel 1 Per bed With 2 O2 Outlets, two vacuum, one compressed air and
12 electric outlets , provision for Music, Alarm, trays for
two monitors, Two Drip stands, One Procedure light
8 Defibrillator Two with TCP Adult and paediatric pads with Trascutaneous pacing
facility (one facility
standby )
10 ICU Beds (Shock One for each bed Electronically Maneuvered with all positions possible with
Proof) mattress. Now beds are available which give lateral
(Fibre) positions also
11 Over Bed Tables One for each ALL SS with 6 to 8 cupboards in each to store Drugs
Bed Medicines, side tray for x-rays, BHT, on wheels
12 ABG Machine One+One facility for ABG and Electrolytes
Second one as stand-bye
13 Crash/ Resuscitation Two for ICU + To hold all resuscitation equipment and Medicines
trolley One for HDU
14 Pulse Oxymeter Two As stand by units
(Small Units)
15 Freeze One + One for With deep freeze facility
use of staff and
doctors
16 Computers 2 (for ICU), One With laning, Internet facility and printer to be connected
for HDU, One with all departments
for In charge
17 HD Machines 2 User friendly so that even a Nurse can Operate
18 CRRT One High flow /Speed Model
19 CO, SVR, ScvO2 One As Described
Monitor
20 Intermittent Leg Two To prevent DVT
Compressing
Machine
21 Airbeds 6 To Prevent Bed sores
22 Intubating Video One To make difficult Intubations easy
scope
23 Glucometer 2 for ICU, one
for HDU
 Sr Name of equipment Number Specification
No
24 ICU Dedicated One With recent advances to look instantly even at odd hours.
Ultrasound and Echo Vascular filling, central lines, etc
machine
25 Bedside X ray One
26 ETO sterilization One To sterilize ICU disposables regularly
27 Spinal Board Two For spine trauma patients
28 Rigid Cervical Spine 4 For stabilizing cervical spine
collars
29 Ambu Mask 10 sets including Silicon, ETO sterilisable
different sizes two for Pediatric
use
30 Pollution control One set for each
buckets Bed
31 Trays for Procedures For putting
central lines,
ICD, catheters
etc
32 I A Balloon Pump One
33 Fibroptic One
Bronchoscope

This is major list of equipment for ICU, More Equipment can be added to meet the
requirements of each unit. Each unit can modify this list as per their needs.

STORAGE
It is important to decide what is to be stored
By the bedside
At the Nursing stn
Nursing stores
Remote central store
Those supplies used repeatedly and in emergencies should be readily available and
easy to find, Storing a large inventory can be costly, but so is wasting personnel time,.
Making supplies more available may increase their use. Some over cautious or clever
staff may decide to hoard or hide them. Cost effective and efficient designs are
needed.
Staff nurses can always give useful ideas about improvement of systems, which they
develop while working with patients. There opinion can be invaluable.
When medications are kept at the bedside, JCAHO currently requires that the storage
be lockable, these stores can store medicines, disposables, records, injections, tabs etc.
Bedside supply carts that are stocked for different subsets of patients can make
storage in the room more efficient, For example, surgical, medical, trauma patients,
cardiac patients where needs are different. Staff nurses may be specifically trained for
such care and work
Determining what supplies are placed near but not at the bedside is based on the size
of the unit, the grouping of patients and the patterns of practice, although many units
organize supplies by the department that restocks them (central services, nutrition,
pharmacy, respiratory therapy, etc,)
it is worth considering grouping supply by activity, like Chest tray, Central line tray,
skin care tray , catheterization tray , Intracranial pressure tray etc. They may be
labeled by name or colour code.
Environmental Requirements
Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning (HVAC) system of ICU
The ICU should be fully air-conditioned which allows control of temperature,
humidity and air change. If this not be possible then one should have windows which
can be opened (‘Tilt and turn' windows are a useful design.).
Suitable and safe air quality must be maintained at all times. Air movement should
always be from clean to dirty areas. It is recommended to have a minimum of six total
air changes per room per hour, with two air changes per hour composed of outside air.
Where air-conditioning is not universal, cubicles should have fifteen air changes per
hour and other patient areas at least three per hour.
The dirty utility, sluice and laboratory need five changes per hour, but two per hour
are sufficient for other staff areas.
Central air-conditioning systems and re-circulated air must pass through appropriate
filters.
It is recommended that all air should be filtered to 99% efficiency down to 5 microns.
Smoking should not be allowed in the ICU complex.
Heating should be provided with an emphasis on the comfort of the patients and the
ICU personnel.
For critical care units having enclosed patient modules, the temperature should be
adjustable within each module to allow a choice of temperatures from 16 to 25
degrees Celsius.
A few cubicles may have a choice of positive or negative operating pressures (relative
to the open area). Cubicles usually act as isolation facilities, and their lobby areas
must be appropriately ventilated in line with the function of an isolation area (i.e.
pressure must lie between that in the multi-bed area and the side ward).
Power back up in ICU is a serious issue. The ICU should have its own power back,
which should start automatically in the event of a power failure. This power should
be sufficient to maintain temperature and run the ICU equipment (even though most
of the essential ICU equipment has a battery backup). Voltage stabilization is also
mandatory. An Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) system is preferred for the ICU

Negative pressure isolation rooms (Isolation of patients infected/suspected to be

Infected with organisms spread via airborne droplet nuclei <5 µm in diameter) In these rooms
the windows do not open. They have greater exhaust than supply air volume. Pressure
differential of 2.5 Pa. Clean to dirty airflow i.e. direction of the air flow is from the outside
adjacent space (i.e.. corridor, anteroom) into the room. Air from room preferably exhausted to
the outside, but may be re-circulated provided is through HEPA filter NB: re-circulating air
taken from areas intended to isolate a patient with TB is a risk not worth taking and is not
recommended

Positive pressure isolation rooms (To provide protective environment for patients at
Highest risk of infection e.g. Neutopenia, post transplant)

These rooms should have greater supply than exhaust air. Pressure differential of 2.5 – 8 Pa,
preferably 8 Pa. Positive air flow relative to the corridor (i.e. air flows from the room to the
outside adjacent space) . HEPA filtration is required if air is returned.
LIGHTING

Light in room
Natural Light – Access to outside natural light is recommended by regulatory
authorities in USA,
This may improve the Staff Morale and Patient outcome,
Data suggests that synthetic artificial daylight use in work environment may deliver
better results for night time workers
It may be helpful in maintaining the circadian rhythm
Natural lighting in the unit can decrease power consumption and the electrical
bill which is so relevant to Indian circumstances.
Access to natural light also means one may have access to viewing external
environment which may be developed into green and soothing.

Light for Procedures

High illumination and spot lighting is needed for procedures, like putting Central lines
etc.
They can descend from the ceiling, extend from the wall/ Panel, or be carried into the
room.
Recommended Spot lighting should be shadow free l50 foot candles (fc) strength.

Light required for general patient care-

It should be bright enough to ensure adequate vision without eyestrain.
Overhead lighting should be at least 20-foot candles (fc).
Higher frequency fluorescent lights and coated phosphorus lamps may be good for
assessing skin colour and tone
Patients may need rest and quiet surroundings during the day, Blackout curtains or
blinds or Individual eye may be used, These may be helpful when the staff requires a
high level of lighting at the bedside while the patient is resting.
Lights that come on automatically when cupboard doors or drawers are opened are
useful.
Floor lighting may be important for safety at the bedside and in the hallways at night
and should be about l0fc.
Glare created by reflected light should be diffused
Light switches should be strategically located to allow some patient control and
adequate staff convenience.
A second remote control can be turned on/off by the nurses/doctors to observe
patients intermittently at night without entering the room and disturbing the patient.
Hall lights controls should subdivided into smaller independent areas and dimmer
switches may be desirable

The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America published useful guidelines on this
subject.

Noise Control in ICU

The international Noise Council recommends that the noise level in an ICU be under 45 dBA
in the daytime, 40 dBA in the evening. and 20 dBA at night (dBA is a scale that filters out
low frequency sounds and is more like the human hearing range than plain dB)
Standard examples are
A watch ticks at about 20 dBA,
A normal conversation is at about 55 dBA.
A vacuum cleaner produces -about 70 dBA
A garbage disposal-- about 80 dBA.
Noise level monitors are commercially available.
lf the unit noise exceeds that level, a light comes on or flashes to remind the staff to decrease
the noise level.

FURNITURE AND FURNISHINGS –

The counters and furniture should be tough to withstand a lot of heavy use.
Easy to clean and maintain,
Connections should be made of metal—to—metal fasteners
Cabinet-quality wood construction should also be tough and strong
Surfaces for counters should be solid, non-porous and stain resistant,
Fabrics should be durable, colorfast and flame and static resistant if possible
Bedside clocks, calendars and bulletin boards help the conscious patient well oriented
and in better moods
Providing the patient with a place to keep a few small personal items of their own
make the environment more familiar and personalized.
Some finishing touches like some art work/décor/ sculpture may change the ICU
atmosphere a great deal and has been recommended by the SCCM.

Chairs number and types –

Individual units should decide about the number, usually enough number to
accommodate the care giving staff/doctors and Nurses and additional chairs may be
stored and used whenever needed.
Individual Units should decide whether they want to allow the relative to sit by the
side (Short or long time) of the patient in the ICU.
However, a chair/sofa type chair on wheels with safety belt or vault is recommended
for mobilizing the patient. and making him sit during recovery
Provisions must be made to accommodate an obese patient

FLOOR, WALL AND CEILING COVERINGS

Floor –
The ideal floor should be easy to clean, non slippery, able to withstand abuse and
absorb sound while enhancing the overall look and feel of the environment,
Carts and beds equipped with large wheels should roll easily over it.
In Indian context Vitrified non-slippery tiles seem to be the best option which can be
fitted into reasonable budgets, easy to clean and move on and may be stain proof
Vinyl sheeting is another viable option, It can be non-porous, strong and easy to
clean, However, the life of Vinyl flooring is not long and a small damage in one
corner may trigger damage of entire flooring and make it accident prone. It may
require frequent replacement making it to be inconvenient choice.

Walls – Should meet following criteria:

Durability, ability to clean and maintain, flame retardance, mildew resistance, sound
absorption and visual appeal.
It has been very useful to have a height up to 4to5 ft finished with similar tiles as of
floor for similar reasons.
 For rest of the wall soothing paint with glass panels on the head end at the top may be
good choice.
Wooden panelling has also found favour with some architects but costs may go high.
Doorstoppers and handrails should be placed well to reduce abuse and noise to
minimum; it helps patient movement and ambulation.

Ceiling
lt is the ceiling surface patients see most often, sometimes for hours on end, Over
several days or weeks, In addition, bright spotlights or fluorescent lights can cause
eye strain,
Ceiling should be Soiling and break proof due to leaks and condensation.
Tiles may not the most appealing or soothing surface, but for all practical purposes it
is easier to remove individual or few tiles for repairs over ceiling in times of need.
Ceiling design may be enhanced by varying the ceiling height, softening the contours,
griddled lighting surfaces, painting it with a medley of soft colours rather than a plain
back ground colour, or decorating it with mobiles, patterns or murals, to make it more
patient and staff friendly.
It is recommended that no lines or wires be kept or run over ceiling or underground
because damages do occur once in a while and therefore, it should be easy to do
repairs if the lines and pipes are easily explorable without hindering patient care

Waste Disposal and Pollution Control

This is mandatory and a huge safety issue both for the patient and staff/doctors of the
hospital and society at large
It is important that all govt regulations (State Pollution control Board in this particular
case) should strictly be complied with.
It is mandatory to have four covered pans (Yellow, blue, Red, Black) provided for
each patient or may be one set between two patients two save space and funds. This is
needed to dispose of different grades of wastes.

Hand Hygiene and Prevention of Infection

Every bed should have attached alcohol based anti-microbial instant hand wash
solution source, which is used before caregiver (doctor/Nurse/relative/Paramedical)
handles the patient.
Water basin at all bedside has not proven popular and successful because of poor
compliance by one and all and also for reasons of space constraints and maintenance
issues.
An operation room style sink with Elbow or foot operated water supply system with
running hot and cold water supply with antiseptic soap solution source should be there
at a point easily accessible and unavoidable point, where two people can wash hands
at a time.
This sink should have an immaculate drainage system, which usually may become a
point of great irritation and nuisance in later yrs or months.
All entrants (Irrespective of Doctors or nurses should don mask and cap in ICU and
ideally an apron which should be replaced daily)
No dirty/soiled linen/material should be allowed to stay in ICU for long times for fear
of spread of bad odour, infection and should be disposed off as fast as possible. Dirty
linen should be replace regularly at fixed intervals.
 All surroundings of ICU should be kept absolutely clean and green if possible for
obvious reasons

Disaster Preparedness
All ICUs should be designed to handle disasters both within ICU and outside the ICU.
Outside the ICU may include inside the hospital and in the city or state.
Within ICU may be fire, accidents and Infection or unforeseen incidents.
Similarly outside the ICU there may be major or minor disasters like fire, accidents,
Terrorist acts etc.
There must be an emergency exit in ICU to rescue pts in times of internal disaster.
There should be provision for some contingency room within hospital where critically
sick patients may be shifted temporarily.
HDU may be the best place if beds are vacant.
There should be adequate firefighting equipment in side ICU and protection from
Electrical defaults and accidents.
ICU is location for Infection epidemics, therefore, it is imperative that all protocols
and recommendation practices about infection control and prevention are observed
and if there is a break out then adequate steps taken to control this and disinfect the
ICU if indicated.
Meeting the needs of Care givers, other departments and relatives of Pts

Needs of doctors and Nurses

The space and facilities planned for them are often inadequate. Space is usually scarce
and it is tempting to limit the support areas in favour of larger patient rooms.
Multi-purpose rooms may be a solution which may be used for meetings, leisure,
lectures, library, lounge and break areas with food services (microwave, coffeemaker,
refrigerator),
This is especially useful for night shift staff when the cafeteria is closed, Multipurpose
seating, stackable or folding chairs and a wide variety of lighting options can increase
flexibility.
This should be in close proximity to the unit (within the same broader complex) and
can even have windows with curtains, blinds, or one-way glass to allow those inside
to continue to observe unit activity,
Additional space is needed for staff lockers with areas to change clothes and, ideally,
shower.
Separate areas are required for men and women,.
In Indian situation it is advisable to have separate change rooms for nurses and
doctors.
Whether or not lockers are provided, female staff tends to keep purses or bags near
them at the bedside, (This should be discouraged like helmets of male staff cannot be
allowed in main ICU). This can be addressed by providing a secure place for keeping
their belongings in the unit.
A couch with working table and broadband connected computer is quite handy.
Optimum number of journals/books, stationary, view boxes should be provided.
Enough no of restrooms be provided
MEETING THE NEEDS OF FAMILIES AND VISITORS
It is very important to value family members and take care of their needs.
Many features that ease the stress of facing threat of death because of critical illness may not
be necessarily expensive. Identifying these needs by acting as a visitor of a patient in ICU
may be useful. Some of these may be as follows:

Signages--Clearly marked and multilinguistic including English and Hindi + Local Language
guiding them to correct desired location, Once they reach the unit, it should be easy for them
to learn how to gain entry into the unit.

Waiting and seating space

Many guidelines suggest that l-l/2 to 2 seats per patient bed be provided in the waiting
area, Despite using this ratio, many admit that their waiting area is still too small.
In rural and semi-urban India, there are large and extended families, This should be
reflected in the size of waiting rooms of institutions that commonly serve such
populations,
Designers can establish several small areas within a larger space with a variety of
seating and lighting options, Large open rooms may be easier to achieve, but they are
often noisy and lack the capability to provide areas for privacy, intimacy and rest,
Minimally, a separate small room for grieving or private conferences should be
provided near the unit with soothing decor and comfortable seating, This may be used
for counselling the family members in times of need.
One large TV should be provided for them
Family members often go through periods when they spend several long hours in the
waiting room, in such cases, recliners or even hideaway beds are greatly appreciated,
Enough number of restrooms should be provided.
Some institutions have their own hotels, motels, or guesthouses /Dharmshalas.
Lockers be provided to families, that can allow them to bring things they need without
having to drag them all with them whenever they come and go.
Written information about dining facilities inside and outside the hospital should be
available.
Ideally, a café or tea counter with refrigerator, microwave, sink and/or vending
machines can be provided in or near the waiting area,
An information shelf having booklets or videos on diseases relevant to critical care
are helpful.
Pamphlets for the consumer on critical care and on advanced directives may be very
useful.
Trained volunteer or social workers can help families cope and to reduce their
anxiety, keep them updated with compassion about condition, progress, procedures,
expenses about the patient.
SCCM has also recently published a manual in this regard

Communication
A central communication area is also needed for unit, committee and hospital-wide
announcements; newsletters and memos: and announcements of outside events and meetings.
Bulletin boards are necessary but often unsightly. lt is better to plan them because they may
be added after the fact in a less effective or appealing manner
HDU-
It is the area where patient care level is intermediate between ICU and Floors. It is
usually located near the ICU complex or within ICU complex. The staff is also almost
similar to ICU culture. Following type patients may be kept here
Patients recovered from Critical Sickness.
Patient who are less sick like single organ failure not requiring invasive monitoring or
invasive MV
Patients requiring close observation that are strong suspects of getting deteriorated.
Size of such units should be at least 50 % of the main ICU.
Doctor/Pt ratio and Nurse/Pt ratio may be much more relaxed
1/3 of these Beds may be used as palliative unit for patients who are terminally sick
and DNAR is being observed.
There are conflicting reports suggesting usefulness of such units. But in Indian
circumstances and surveys indicate that HDU has helped in our circumstances.
Possibly in following ways
Cutting costs of patients and health service provider requiring close observation and
not needing ICU
Allows close observation of potentially critically sick patients both who are
transferred from and to ICU
Psychological relief to the family and patients that he is being observed meant for
lesser sick patients.
It may be handy to public hospitals where there is always shortage of ICU beds.

Summary
ICU is a highly specialized part of a hospital or Nursing home where very sick
patients are treated.
It should be located near ER and OT and easily accessible to clinical Lab. Imaging
and Operating rooms.
No Thorough fare can be allowed trough it
Ideal Bed strength should be 8 to 14. More than 14 beds may put stress on ICU staff
and may also have a negative bearing on patient outcome. <6 Bed strength will be
neither viable or provide enough training to the staff of ICU
Each patient should have a room size of >100 sq ft , However a space of 125 to 150
sq ft per pt will be desirable .
Additional space equivalent to 100 % of patient room area should be allocated to
accommodate nursing stn, storage etc.
10% beds should be reserved for patients requiring isolation.
Two rooms may be made larger to accommodate more equipment for patients
undergoing multiple procedures like Ventilation, RRT Imaging and other procedures.
There should be at least two barriers to the entry of ICU
There should be only one entry and exit to ICU to allow free access to heavy duty
machines like mobile x-ray, -bed and trolleys on wheels and sometime other repairing
machines.
At the same time it is essential to have an emergency exit for rescue removal of
patients in emergency and disaster situations.
Proper fire fighting /extinguishing machines should be there.
It is desirable to have access to natural light as much as possible to each patient.
 Head end Panels are recommended over Pendants for monitoring, delivery of oxygen,
compressed air and vacuum and electrical points for equipment use for these patients
List of equipment and no of Oxygen, vacuum, compressed air outlets are listed in the
guidelines
Every ICU should have a qualified /trained Intensivist as its leader
One doctor for five patients may be ideal ratio.
1/1 Nurse ideally but < 1/2 nurse –patient ration is recommended for ventilated
patients and patients receiving invasive monitoring and on RRT
Other personnel needed for ICU have been listed.
ICU should practice given protocols on all given clinical conditions.
Requirement of Furniture, storage, light, Noise, flooring, walls, ceiling air-
conditioning, ventilation etc have been described in guidelines in details.
Needs of doctors, Nurses and relatives of patients should be carefully observed
Required standards and equipment for different levels of ICUs have been mentioned.

References
ICU Design Guidelines
1. American Institute of Architects Committee on Architecture for Health and the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services — Guidelines for Construction and
Equipment/Hospital and Medical Facilities. AIA Press, I 996.
2. American College of Critical Care Medicine's Taskforce on Guidelines: Guidelines
for Intensive Care Unit Design. SCCM and AACN. 1993.
3. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations: The Joint
commission Accreditation Manual for Hospitals. JCAHO. Chicago

GUIDEUNES FROM THE SCCM, 8101 E. Kaiser Blvd., Anaheim. CA 92808 (714)
282-6000
4. Recommendations for Services and Personnel for Delivery of Care in Critical Care
Settings. Critical Care Medicine 1988: 16(8):809·8ll
5. Recommendations for ICU Admission and Discharge Criteria. Critical Care Medicine
1988; 16(8):807-808
6. Guidelines for Categorization of Services for the Critically ill Patient. Critical Care
Medicine 1991; 19(21):279-285
7. Guidelines for the Transport of Critically Ill Patients. Critical Care Medicine 1993;
21(6):93 1 -947
8. ICU Design Video: Compilation of 3-5 minute video tours and floor plans from the
top entrants since 1992 for the ICU Design Citation.