Module 5 & 6: Inner Product Space & its Application
1. Let 𝑢 = (1,3, −4,2), 𝑣 = (4, −2,2,1), 𝑤 = (5, −1, −2,6) in ℝ4 . Show that〈3𝑢 − 2𝑣, 𝑤〉 =
3〈𝑢, 𝑤〉 − 2〈𝑣, 𝑤〉. Also, normalize 𝑢 and 𝑣.
2. Consider 𝑓(𝑡) = 3𝑡 − 5 and 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 in the polynomial space 𝑃(𝑡) with inner
1
product ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡. Find 〈𝑓, 𝑔〉, ‖𝑓‖ and ‖𝑔‖. Also find angle between 𝑓 and 𝑔.
3. Consider vectors 𝑢 = (2,3,5) and 𝑣 = (1, −4,3) in ℝ3 . Find the angle between them.
4. Consider vectors 𝑢 = (1,1,1) and 𝑣 = (1,2, −3), 𝑤 = (1, −4,3) in ℝ3 . Which of the pairs are
orthogonal?
5. Find a nonzero vector 𝑤 that is orthogonal to 𝑢 = (1,2,1) and 𝑣 = (2,5,4) in ℝ3 .
6. Fin a basis for the subspace 𝑢⊥ of ℝ3 , where 𝑢 = (1,3, −4).
7. Let 𝑆 consists of three vectors 𝑢 = (1,2,1), 𝑣 = (2,1, −4), 𝑤 = (3, −2,1) in ℝ3 . Verify that 𝑆
is an orthogonal basis of ℝ3 .
8. Apply the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process to find an orthogonal basis and then
orthonormal basis for the subspace 𝑈 of ℝ4 spanned by 𝑢 = (1,1,1,1), 𝑣 = (1,2,4,5), 𝑤 =
(1, −3, −4, −2).
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9. Let 𝑉 be the vector space of polynomials 𝑓(𝑡) with inner product ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡. Apply the
Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process to {1, 𝑡, 𝑡 2 , 𝑡 3 } to find an orthogonal
basis {𝑓0 , 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , 𝑓3 } with integer coefficients for 𝑃3 (𝑡).
10. The vectors 𝑢 = (1,1,0), 𝑣 = (1,2,3), 𝑤 = (1,3,5) form a basis 𝑆 for Euclidean space ℝ3 . Find
the matrix 𝐴 that represents the inner product space in ℝ3 relative to this basis 𝑆.
1 1 2
1 2 2
11. Let [ ]. Find an orthonormal basis for the column space 𝐶(𝐴) of 𝐴.
1 0 4
1 1 0
12. Find an orthonormal basis for the subspace 𝑊 of the Euclidean space ℝ3 given by 𝑥 + 2𝑦 −
𝑧 = 0.
1
13. Let 𝑉 = 𝐶[0,1]. With the inner product〈𝑓, 𝑔〉 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 for any 𝑓 and 𝑔 in 𝑉. Find an
orthonormal basis for the subspace spanned by {1, 𝑥, 𝑥 2 }.
14. Find an orthonormal basis for the Euclidean 3-space ℝ3 by applying Gram-Schmidt
orthogonalization to the three vectors 𝑥1 = (1,0,1), 𝑥2 = (1,0, −1), 𝑥3 = (0,3,4).
15. Find a point on the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 that is closer to 𝑃 = (1,2,0) using orthonal projection.
16. Let 𝑈 ⊂ ℝ4 be the subspace of the Euclidean space ℝ4 spanned by the vectors (1,1,0,0)
and (1,0,1,0) and 𝑊 be the subspace spanned by (0,1,0,1) and (0,0,1,1). Find basis and
dimension of 𝑈 + 𝑊, 𝑈 ∩ 𝑊, 𝑈 ⊥ , 𝑈 ⊥ + 𝑊 ⊥ .
17. Find all the least square solutions of 𝐴𝑥 = 𝑏 and then determine the orthogonal projection 𝑏𝑐
1 −2 1 1
2 −3 −1
of 𝑏 onto the column space, where 𝐴 = [ −1 1 2 ] and 𝑏 = [0].
1
3 −5 0 0
18. Find all least square solutions 𝑥 in ℝ3 of 𝐴𝑥 = 𝑏, where
1 0 2 3
1 2 4
0 2 2
(i) [−1 1 −1] and 𝑏 = [−3]. (ii) [1 5] and 𝑏 = [3].
0
−1 2 0 0 0 9
−3
19. Find a straight line 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 that fits least the experimental data (1,0), (2,3), (3,4) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (4,4).
20. Find the projection matrix 𝑃 on the plane 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0 in the space ℝ3 and calculate 𝑃𝑏
for 𝑏 = (1,0,1).
21. Find the 𝑄𝑅 factorization 𝐴 = 𝑄𝑅 and the orthogonal projection matrix 𝑃 = [Proj𝐶(𝐴) ]
𝛼
1 1 0
for 𝐴 = [𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , 𝑐3 ] = [1 0 1].
0 1 1
0 0 1
22. Let 𝑊 be the subspace of the Euclidean space ℝ3 spanned by the vectors 𝑣1 = (1,1,2), 𝑣2 =
(1,1, −1). Find ProjW (𝑏) for 𝑏 = (1,3, −2).
