PETROFIN® Patented Closure Separated Head Closure 1

THE HOLLAND PETROFIN CLOSURE

1. The Holland Petrofin closure has fewer parts, is the simplest THE HOLLAND SEPARATED HEAD CLOSURE
to install and disassemble, and is the most efficient seal on 1. The Holland Separated Head Closure has separate flanges
the market. Only two flanges are needed to secure both and bolting for each sealing surface.
shell and tube seals. No other manufacturer does this with 2. With one expendable seal for the shell side, one expenda-
comparable results. ble seal for the tube side, separate fla
flanged and bolted
2. With one expendable seal al for the shell side and one expend- joints for each sealing surface, this cl
closure can handle all
able seal for the tube side,
de, there is an absolute guarantee applications in severe service.
against interstream leakage.
age. 3. This closure is recommended for prespressures above 2000
3. There is only one reusable
ble locking split ring which is in full psig, cyclic services, low temperature service, extreme
view and is the simplestt of all to remove and install. temperature differentials and hard to hold fluids.
4. Closures flanges on low w pressure units up to 6” 4. Tube bundles are easily removed and do not require dis-
shell size area a square, 4 bolt design. Larger assembly of either the shell piping or mountings. Only
units and high pressure smaller five standard interchangeable replacement
replace parts are re-
units have circular closure
ure flanges quired for reassembly after routine clean-
with additional bolting. Through-bolted ing and maintenance.
mainten These are the
closures are not standardd on 6” and smaller units, but rear cover
cove gasket, sealing
are available upon request.
est. rings and tube gaskets.
5. Tube bundles are easily removed and do not require disas- Most sizes are stocked for
sembly of either the shellll piping or mountings. Only five immediate
imme replacement.
standard interchangeablee replacement parts are required for
reassembly after routinee cleaning and maintenance. These
are the rear cover gasket,
t, sealing rings, and tube gaskets.
Most sizes are stocked for immediate replacement.
6. Our unique closure allows for f more tubes
t b in i a given
i shell
h ll ADVANTAGES OF THE HAIRPIN H
HEAT EXCHANGER
size resulting in more heat exchange for the same competi- 1. There are two types of hairpin heat exchangers.
tive price. a. Double pipe section with one tube, either finned or
bare, within the shell pipe.
b. Multi-tube section with smaller tubes, either finned
or bare, within the shell pipe.
2 Hairpin heat exchangers operate in true counter current flow
permitting extreme temperature crossing. The full log mean
THE HOLLAND HAIRPIN HEAT EXCHANGER temperature difference can be utilized without reducing
1. All Holland hairpin heat exchangers are ASME inspected, correction factors generally necessary in shell and tube ex-
code stamped and National board registered. changers. The larger temperature difference decreases sur-
2. Multiple sections can be shipped completely assembled face requirements and cost.
and ready for one inlet and outlet process piping connec- 3. Due to their modular concept, hairpin heat exchangers are
tion. economically adaptable to service changes. Changing du-
3. Our longitudinal fintubes are produced by an electric re- ties are met by merely rearranging, adding, or subtracting
sistance welding method, which assures high heat transfer sections. Shell and tube exchangers frequently have to be
efficiency throughout the life of the equipment. scrapped and new exchangers ordered when duties change.
4. Holland hairpin heat exchangers are available in a wide 4. The hairpin exchanger is ideal for wide temperature ranges
range of sizes to meet most process requirements. See pag- and differentials. Because of the U-tube construction, ex-
es 4 and 5 for the many standard design double pipe and pensive expansion joints are not required. Hairpin heat ex-
multi-tube hairpin exchangers which are available. changers are not susceptible to tube-to-tubesheet weld
5. R.W. Holland’s standard designs reduce costs of engineer- cracks due to thermal stress. The thermal gradient of a
ing, thermal design, drafting, and shop fabrication. Alt- tubesheet on a hairpin heat exchanger is through the thick-
hough we offer standardized designs whenever possible, ness of the tubesheet as apposed to across the tubesheet
we custom engineer equipment to meet process or piping face, as in multi-pass shell & tube exchangers.
requirements. A few of our customers modifications are 5. Hairpin deliveries are shorter than shell and tube due to the
shown in this brochure. standardization of design and construction.
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 DESIGN YOUR OWN EXCHANGER 4
The purpose of the following article is to describe the basic heat transfer laws, and a simple method to thermally estimate hairpin heat
exchangers. But first the advantages of each type should be mentioned .
1. BARE DOUBLE PIPE & BARE MULTITUBE HAIRPIN C. Heating a Viscous Fluid on the Shell Side:
(Table 2 & 4) x High shell side viscosity results in low heat transfer
coefficient, requiring more heat transfer surface
A. High Pressure: x Holland’s finned Hairpins are designed with these
x Capable of carrying the maximum pressure problems in mind
allowed by ASME Code per given wall thickness D. Heating and Cooling Gases:
(Up to 14600 psi with no corrosion allowance) x Low transfer rate of gases makes finned hairpin
x Higher pressure ratings are possible using an attractive selection
materials with higher stress values
THERMAL DESIGN PROCEDURE
B. Low and Moderate Surface Requirement:
x Doublepipe (surface ൑ 60 ft²) Heat Transfer: The basic heat transfer law for the exchange of
x Multitube (surface 60 to 1000 ft²) heat between two fluids is best described by the equation:
Eq. 1 Q= U x A x DT
C. Excessive Fouling: Q = Heat exchanged, BTU/hr
x Bare tube for processes that require frequent U = Overall heat transfer rate, BTU/hr-ft²-°F
mechanical cleaning A = Effective heat transfer surface, ft²
x Ease of cleaning and accessibility DT = Log mean temperature difference, °F

D. Low Pressure Drop: The heat load or heat exchanged may also be expressed as the
x Bare tube exchangers offer least pressure drop product of mass flowrate, specific heat, and temperature
among most exchangers change in each stream.
Eq. 2 Q = m x Cp x (T₂-T₁)
E. Adopting New Application: Q = Heat exchanged, BTU/hr
x Hairpin for process that might be modified or m = Mass flow rate, lb/hr
completely changed Cp = Specific heat, BTU/lb-°F
x Accommodate these changes simply by T₁ = Inlet temperature, °F
rearranging the sections. T₂ = Outlet temperature, °F
x One or more sections might be added or removed

F. Cooling Viscous Fluid on Shell Side: U istotaltheresistance

overall heat transfer rate which is the sum of the
to heat transfer *U is best described by:
.
x Bare tube good for cooling viscous fluids ૚ ૚ ૚
x Viscosity on fin wall is higher than bulk average Eq 3. ൌ ൅ ൅ ࡾ࢓
ࢁ ࢎ࢕ ࢎ࢏࢕
viscosity, producing a lower film coefficient on fin, ho = Shellside heat transfer coef., BTU/hr-ft²-°F
thus impeding heat transfer and causing excessive hio = Tubeside heat transfer coef. Based on outside
fouling. surface, BTU/hr- ft²-°F
்
Rm = Tubewall metal resistance,
Please note that unlimited numbers of bare tube sections ௄
could be arranged in parallel and series to fit a specific T = Tubewall thickness, ft.
application. K = Thermal conductivity, BTU/hr- ft²-°F/ft

2. FINNED DOUBLE PIPE & FINNED MULTITUBE *Table 1 shows the approximate U limits that have been
(Table 3 & 5) calculated under different conditions. Please note that
A. High Pressure: these values are based on 4 ft/sec shellside and 6 ft/sec
x Offers same advantages for high pressure as bare tubeside velocity. An overall fouling factor of 0.004 and 5-
tube Hairpin 10 psi pressure drop on each stream has been assumed .

B. High Surface Requirements: A is the effective heat transfer surface; which is found from
x More advantageous when shell side heat transfer Table 2, 3, 4 and 5 for different types of Hairpin
coefficient is low exchangers. To estimate surface for lengths that are not
x Finned Hairpin has two to five times heat transfer listed, simply use the following formula:
surface than bare tube Hairpin ͳͲᇱ ܵ‫݂݁ܿܽݎݑ‬
ܵ‫ ݂݁ܿܽݎݑ‬ൌ ‫݄ݐ݈݃݊݁݀݁ݎ݅ݑݍ݁ݎݔ‬ሺ݂‫ݐ‬ሻ
ͳͲ
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Example: Using Table 3 to find the 10’ surface, an 8” shell with
44 U-tubes, 3/4” OD, 23’ nominal length has a surface of: CHART A
ͳ͹ʹǤͻ݂‫ ݐ‬ଶ APPROXIMATE FRICTION FACTOR
ܵ‫ ݂݁ܿܽݎݑ‬ൌ ‫͵ʹݔ‬ሺ݂‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ͵ͻ͹Ǥ͸ሺ݂‫ ݐ‬ଶ ሻ Reynolds f f
ͳͲ݂‫ݐ‬
Number Commercial Commercial
Re pipe tubes
ΔT isbiggest
the log mean temperature difference. One of the
advantages of Hairpin exchangers is the ability
0.2
0.3
0.35
0.23
0.35
0.23
to have a true counter-current flow of streams. This
0.4 0.17 0.17
allows the hottest portion of the hot stream to be in
0.8 0.082 0.082
contact with the hottest portion of the cold stream at
1.0 0.07 0.07
any given time. This eliminates the need for any
2.0 0.04 0.04
temperature correction factor.
3.0 0.029 0.029
6.0 0.011 0.011
Example: Let’s assume that fluid A enters the shellside at 300°F .
10.0 0.0068 0.0068
Fluid B enters the tubeside at 450°F and is to be cooled
20.0 0.0056 0.0053
down to 350°F.
Hot Fluid Cold Fluid Diff.
40.0 0.005 0.0047
B A 100.0 0.0042 0.0038
450 High Temp 310 140 DT₂ 200.0 0.0038 0.0033
350 Low Temp 300 50 DT₁ 400.0 0.0034 0.0029
90 DT₂-DT₁ 1000.0 0.0029 0.0025
2000.0 0.0026 0.0021
ઢࢀ૛ ିઢࢀ૚ 10,000.0 0.002 0.002
Eq. 4 DT = ઢࢀ૛ 100,000.0 0.002 0.002
ࡵ࢔
ઢࢀ૚

ଽ଴ ଽ଴ ࡸ
Using Eq. (4) ΔT = భరబ = = 87.4 ࢌሺࡳƮሻ૛ ሺ ሻ
ூ௡
ఱబ
ଵǤ଴ଶଽ Eq. 5 DP =  ૚૙૙
ࡰࢋ࣋ࣘ
Where DP is pressure drop, psi
Now that all the parameters of Eq. (1) have been defined, a ஽௘௫ீƮ
concept called UA analysis should also be defined . Let’s refer to Re’ = Reynolds No. =
௓஺௩௚
Eq. (1): f = Friction Factor
(1) Q = U x A x DT G’ = Mass velocity, lb/sec-ft²
ொ Z = viscosity, cP
Solving for UA, UA = L = total travel path, ft
Δ்
De = equivalent diameter, in.
ߩ = density, lb/ft³
Q is easily found by using Eq. (2), DT is calculated using Eq. (4)
௓௔௩௚ ଴Ǥଵସ
Please refer to the guidelines in the selection of bare vs. fin ߶ = viscosity correction factor, ቀ ቁ
௓௪௔௟௟
tube. For average viscosity less than
1 cP Use a correction of 1.0
IF UA < 10,000
doublepipe or multitube 4” shell or under

IF 10,000 < UA < 50,000

4”, 5” or 8” multi-tube shells or several doublepipe in series
and/or parallel.

IF 50,000 < UA < 100,000

10” or several 6” or 8” multi-tube shells in series and/or
parallel arrangements

IF 100,000 < UA < 150,000

12”, 14” or 16” multitube or several 8” or 10” multi-tube
shells in series and/or parallel arrangement
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EXAMPLE OF THERMAL DESIGN

9700 lb/hr of liquid butane (specific heat of 0 .579 BUT/lb-°F, Now let’s check to see if the above surface is available using
viscosity of 0.14 cP and specific gravity of 0.56 at average only one exchanger in double pipe or small multitubes (4” or
temp.) enters the shellside at 150°F, and to be cooled at smaller). The most economical lengths are 20 feet or smaller
105°F. The cooling medium is 24537 lb/hr of cooling water because standard tubing is always available in 42-48 feet
which enters the tubeside at 87°F and leaves at 97 .3°F. straight lengths (About 20’ U-Tube) in warehouses. A point to
Design an exchanger to fit the above application . Limit remember is the fewer the number of tubes, the less expensive
pressure drops to maximum of 10 psi on each stream. the unit will be (up to 20’ long).

Step 1: Check the heat load of heat exchanged In Table 3, a 4” unit with 12 u-tubes, ¾” OD, 0.083” wall and
Eq. (2): Q=m Cp (T₂-T₁) 20’ nominal length has 94.3 sq. ft surface which would be a
suitable section. The model number is 4B12-20-00-SS.
Shellside Q = 9700 lb/hr x 0.579 BTU/lb-°F x (150-105)
= 252733 BTU/hr Step 6: Pressure Drop Calculation
Tubeside Q = 24537 lb/hr x 1 BTU/lb-°F x (97.3-87) Pressure drop usually is one of the most important
= 252731 BTU/hr controlling factors that influence the size and cost of an
The two heat loads are almost identical . exchanger. The higher the allowable pressure drop, the
Therefore Q = 252733 BTU/hr lower the cost. Now let’s check to see if the pressure drop
remains within the specified limits in the selected
Step 2: Calculate the DT exchanger.
Using counter current flow and Eq. (4) Model No. 4B12-20-00-SS
Hot Fluid Cold Fluid Temp Diff. Using mechanical data listed:
150 High Temp 97.3 52.7 DT₂ 25NFA = 185.6
105 Low Temp 87 18 DT₁
Shellside
De = equivalent diameter = 0.725 in.
34.7 DT₂ - DT₁ 25NFA = 80.3
Tubeside ID = 0.584
Δ்మ ିΔ்భ
Using Eq. (4) DT = Δ೅మ
ூ௡
Δ೅భ
ଷସǤ଻
DT = ఱమǤళ = 32.3
ூ௡
భఴ
Step 3: Calculate UA
Eq. (1) Q = UA DT
ொ ଶହଶ଻ଷଷ஻்௎Ȁ௛௥
UA = = = 7824
Δ் ଷଶǤଷǏி
The UA result is less than 10,000 which suggest the
exchanger will be one or more double pipes or a 4” or
smaller multitube hairpin.

Step 4: Estimate a value for overall heat transfer rate, U

From Table 1: (Since the viscosity is 0.14 cP, it is Light H.C. vs.
Water in the table.)

U = 81 BTU/hr-ft²-°F

Step 5: Estimate the surface

Eq. (1) Q = UADT
ொ ଶହଶ଻ଷଷ஻்௎Ȁ௛௥
A= = ಳ೅ೆ = 96.5 ft²
௎୼் ଼ଵ మ ௫ଷଶǤଷǏி
೓ೝ೑೟ Ǐಷ

Note: Since the shellside fluid is low in viscosity, it will have a

high shellside heat transfer coefficient, thus making the use of
bare tubes more attractive.
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