¤2017 RELS ISSN: 0974-4908

http://rels.comxa.com Res. Environ. Life Sci.

[email protected] 10(9) 732-738 (2017)

Role of green energy in sustainable development: A Review

Pooja Singh1, Barkha Vaish1, Bhavisha Sharma1, Vaibhav Srivastava1, Sonu Singh2, Rajeev Pratap Singh1, 3*
1
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
2
Hazardous Substance Management Division, Jal Wing, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change,
Jor Bagh Road,New Delhi -110003, India
3
WARI Fellow, Robert B. Daugherty Water for Food Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
*e-mail: [email protected]
(Received: December 22, 2016; Revised received: May 12, 2017; Accepted: May 18, 2017)
Abstract: Globally, environmental concerns over greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, ozone depletion etc. are related to energy production and its
consumption. These issues must be taken into serious consideration so as to achieve global stability in terms of energy security by reducing the use of fossil
fuels for energy generation. If humans keep on depleting the resources and degrading the environment, the future of human generation will be bleak.
Therefore, to achieve a sustainable future, society must optimally use the resources available for energy generation with no or very little environmental
impact. This shows that energy, environment and sustainable development are correlated. So, it is suggested that adopting green energy technologies at
domestic and industrial sector would be the foremost factor in determining the sustainable future for sustainable economy. In order to achieve sustainable
development of the country it is necessary to stabilize the energy demand through green energy sources and technologies. It is believed that switching to
green energy based technologies could help in combating the worldwide concerns over climate change and therefore should be promoted by the government
and other authorities.
Keywords: Green energy, Renewable energy, Environment; Sustainable development; Energy demand, India

Introduction energy related environmental issues such as green economic

Energy is a key factor in determining economy, life quality growth and sustainable development which can be achieved by
and social development of any country. Past few decades have sustainable energy utilization (Van Vuuren et al., 2017).
seen an ever-increasing trend of requirement for energy in With the expansion in industrial development and urban
industrial, domestic and commercial use of fossil fuels like coal, growth, the need for energy and its consumption pattern changes
petroleum, natural gas etc. coupled with urbanization (Asif and accordingly (Dangermana and Schellnhuber, 2013). The
Muneer, 2007). With the boost in urbanization and industrialization, difficulties associated with use of non-renewable sources of energy
there is an increasing trend in overall requirement of energy are so complicated and wide that merely fixing it with technical
(Nixon et al., 2013; Singh et al., 2011a; Vaish et al., 2016a). solutions will not suffice (Energy Statistics, 2012). Since the,
Every country demands massive amount of electricity and power solutions with local and limited approach will not be helpful, the
supply for their economic growth (Bhattacharya et al., 2016). problem demands novel and pioneering energy policies which
Exhaustive use of non-renewable sources of energy (coal, consider environment at the fore front to attain the goal of
petroleum, natural gas etc.) for power generation has led to many sustainable development (Bhattacharya, 2010; Vaish et al., 2016c).
existing environmental problems like air pollution, ozone depletion, Even though, researchers and policy makers have comprehended
global warming, which eventually leads to climate change (Garg, the consequences of continuously degrading environment, focus
2012). Injudicious use of fossil fuels for energy generation leads should be on awakening the government and public on the
to emission of carbon dioxide which is a major contributor of concerns related over energy consumption pattern, degrading
global warming (Omer, 2008). Currently, situation has arisen that atmosphere and sustainable development (Integrated Energy
for humanity to survive serious actions need to be taken regarding Policy, 2006). Consequently, green energy can play a vital role
available resource utilization, energy consumption pattern, in combating problems like global warming, maintaining economic
economic development and sustainable growth. Therefore, it is growth of the nation to accomplish sustainable development in
necessary to develop an insight that simultaneously comprehends long run (Jebli et al., 2016). Application of green energy meets

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Singh et al. Role of green energy in sustainable development

the demand of future energy use with lesser harmful impact on the
environment. Therefore, the objective of the paper is to explore Sustainable Development
the potential of green energy and some prospective solutions to
the crisis of environment and economic growth along with the
formulation and implementation of strategic plans which are both Environmental
technically feasible and environmentally sound. Sustainability
Historical Background (Indian context)
In India, the promotion of renewable energy technologies
(RETs) initiated with the setup of a Commission for Additional Sources
Green Energy
of Energy in the Department of Science and Technology in 1981.
Then in 1982, the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources
(an independent department) was set up; and was changed to into
the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES) in 1992. Fig. 1: Green energy: Pre-requisite for reaching the goal of sustainable
In the year 1987, Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency development
(IREDA) was established to provide funds for RETs. MNRE is
promoting research, development, incentive schemes and different
programs for encouraging RETs in the country and as a result
renewable energy business is now extended into a sizeable industry
(Chandel et. al., 2016).
In the year 1983, the National Programme on Improved
stoves (NPIC) was launched to reduce indoor air pollution, lessen
pressure on forest resources, and encourage proficient utilization of
biomass resources (MNRE, 2000). Similarly, in the year 1987,
national programme for demonstration of gasification technology
was launched (Jain, 1995; Ghosh et al., 2003). The first phase of
the program focused on small wood gasifier to run water pumping
diesel engines. The second phase laid emphasis on power
generation and development of larger gasifiers with market
orientation (Jain, 1995). For, biogas technology, initial research
started in 1920s (Gustavsson, 2000). In the year 1975, All India
Coordinated Biogas Programme (AICBP) was launched for wide
scale distribution of biogas plants. In 1950, a floating drum model of
biogas plant was designed by KVIC (Khadi and Village Industry
Commission) (Kalita et al., 2017). While in the year 1978, Janata Sustainable Development
biogas plant (a fixed dome biogas digester) was developed. An Fig. 2: Pillars of sustainable development (adapted from Dincer and
improvement of Janata biogas plant was Deenbandhu biogas plant Rosen, 2005)
developed by an NGO in 1984 (Ahammad et al., 2016). Due to
substantial subsidies, the biogas program gained momentum during was started in 1960s by National Aeronautical Laboratory (NAL)
the year 1985–1992. Hence, by mid 1990s, the biogas technology by making 4.9 m diameter conventional multi-vane wind mill. During
was well established in India. Similarly, solar based thermal program 1976-1977, project was initiated by NAL to develop sail-type wind
was launched in India in 1984 and continued up to 1993. With the mills. The main application of wind mills was for supplying water for
government support in the form of training, subsidies, demonstration irrigation. In 1983, MNRE published “Wind Energy Data Handbook’’
led to slow and steady growth of thermal energy in India. In the which was a landmark. National wind power programme was initiated
year 1994, capital subsidy was eliminated and soft loan provision in 1983-1984 with three elements- demonstration projects, wind
was introduced in 1994. resource assessment and industry-utility partnership. By now 5
Likewise, the history of small hydro projects (SHP) in India volumes of Handbook on Wind Energy Resource Survey have
is more than a century old. In the year 1897, the first project was of been issued.
130 kW was built in the hills of Darjeeling, followed by 4.5 MW In spite of early commencement of renewable energy
Sivasamudram project in Mysore district of Karnataka in 1902 and programs, India lags behind in successfully transmitting the RETs.
3 MW project at Galgoi in Mussoorie in 1907. These projects are still The role of RETs was under-estimated because of deficiency of
in operating condition. To promote SHP, Alternate Hydro Energy reliable potential estimates for most of the resources. In order to
Centre (AHEC) has been established by MNRE at University of make renewable energy to play a vital role, it would be imperative
Roorkee in the year 1982. Since 1989, MNRE is accountable for all to promote activities to transfer, develop, encourage all potential
mini hydro projects up to 3MW. Also, wind energy development RETs in the country.

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Singh et al. Role of green energy in sustainable development

Fig. 3: Projection of energy requirement of India in future (Source: ICRA Management Consulting Services (IMaCS), 2010

Fig. 4: Renewable energy potential in India [Source: Solar energy (MNRE, GoI2012), Wind energy (Purohit and Purohit, 2009), Hydro energy (Sarkar
et al., 2014), Geothermal energy (Mahesh andShobha2013), Biomass energy (EAI, India, 2013), Tidal power (MNRE, GoI, 2012)].
Concepts of Green Energy and Sustainable Development Sustainable Development: Sustainable development as defined
Green Energy: Green energy is the sustainable form of energy by the Brundtland Report or Our Common Future is “the development
which when produced or consumed has very less harmful impact that meets the needs of present generations without compromising
on the environment, ecological systems and human health (Zaman the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” at The
et al., 2016). It includes broad array of energy resources that are World Commission on Environment and Development (Anon, 1987;
renewable, naturally occurring, clean and environment friendly Steele, 1997). Sustainable development integrates social, economic
(Omer et al., 2008). Green energy ensures sustainability of the and environmental components in decision making. The main aim
environment paralleled with secured energy supplies (Hosseini et of sustainable development is to achieve ‘more with less’ i.e. with
al., 2013). Electricity and power generated by the renewable sources the lesses utilization of world energy resources we could achieve
of energy is known as the environmental green product and the more goods and services without affecting environment and human
boost to economy from this kind of energy is by definition called as health (Rahman and Rahman, 2010).
green growth or green economy (Hak et al., 2016). For any energy One of the prerequisite for accomplishing sustainable
policy to be effective, use of renewable sources of energy, development is continuous supply of energy that is entirely
exploitation of non-renewable sources of energy (McMichael et al., sustainable in nature (Dincer et al., 1998; Omer, 2008) (Fig. 1).
2007) and sustainable development of the society ought to be taken Supply of renewable energy which includes sources such as
into consideration. sunlight, wind, water etc. are generally regarded as infinite sources

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Singh et al. Role of green energy in sustainable development

Fig. 5: Renewable energy being used in India (Adapted from Luthra et. al. 2015) [Source: Solar energy (MNRE, GoI, 2014), Wind energy (MNRE, GoI,
2013), Hydro energy (Kumar & Katoch2014), Geothermal energy (Not available), Biomass energy (EAI, India, 2013), Tidal power (Not available), Wave
energy (EAI, India, 2013)].
of energy whereas fossil fuels such as coal, oil, petroleum are finite - Appraising the life cycle of the product (Mälkki and Alanne, 2017).
sources of energy that will exhaust soon and create various - Creating an appropriate infrastructure for proper dissemination of
environmental problems. Therefore, renewable energy is green energy.
sustainable type of energy in the long run. The World Summit on - Integrating energy and sustainable development into decision
Sustainable Development in Johannesburg dedicated itself to making.
“encourage and promote the growth of renewable energy sources Green energy generation potential of India
so that the society accelerates the shift towards sustainable utilization and its application
and production” (Schirnding, 2005). In other words, sustainable Green energy production has less harmful impact on
development integrates society that requires supply of energy environmental health as compared to other non-renewable energy
resources which is sustainable, accessible at reasonable cost and sources as they are renewable and can be generated at
can replace non-renewable sources of energy with causing minimal decentralized level. Therefore, it is easily accessible to small secluded
negative impact on the society, environment and economy. population and rural region. Thus, it plays a critical role in sustainable
Role of Green Energy development by strengthening all three pillars of sustainability viz.
Green energy aims at providing clean sources of energy socio-economic-environment including energy and capital
that is optimally used by the consumers with less environmental sustainability (Fig. 2) (Dincer and Rosen, 2005).
impact and minimum waste generation. Green energy reflects the For the success and development of any green energy
goals of sustainable development as it considers all the three technology following points should take into consideration:
components of sustainable development viz. environment, economic a)Population, socio-economic status and climatic condition of
and society (Panwar et al., 2011). Sustainable energy meets the concerned place
domestic energy needs with zero emissions of pollutants and with b) Assessment of environmental impact
minimal damage to the environment. The main purpose of green c) Social acceptability
energy aims at (Bugaje, 2006): d) Economic aspects (like installation cost, operational cost and
- Ensuring financial expansion through resource efficient transformational cost etc.)
infrastructure with negligible environmental impact societal benefits. e) Technical aspects
- Ensuring ecological sustainability through suitable resource f) Estimation of both investment cost as well as recurrent cost
management. associated with proposed technology
- Ensuring sustainability of the society by providing clean source of g) Research and development, training programs, incentives, and
energy at affordable cost subsidies should be given in order to commercialize the
- Maximizing more with fewer inputs. technology.
- Attaining energy efficiency designs and principles. During last few decades, there is an exponential increase
- Developing resource efficiency. in requirement of energy in India and is expected to reach from 633
- Promoting green product and green consumerism. billion kWh (2003-04) to 3880 billion kWh by 2032 (IMaCS2010)

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Singh et al. Role of green energy in sustainable development

(Fig. 3). It is believed that green energy technologies would play a becoming more affluent, there are large group of people with higher
key role in meeting the gap between demand and supply of energy energy demands for their use and improve their quality of life.
in near future. Renewable energy resources like solar, wind, Subsequently, in the coming decade demand for energy is going to
hydrological, geothermal, biomass, wave etc. have an immense accelerate at a rapid pace. To cope up with the situation, the ideal
potential (Fig. 4) and could play a crucial role in bridging this gap solution can be encouraging green energy in the market through
(Singh et al., 2011b). However, nowadays only a little of total potential behavioral and technological change that practically reduces the
is being used in India as shown in Fig. 5. Green energy technologies consumption of energy (Omer, 2008; Sorrell, 2015). Behavioral
can be used in power and electricity generation through change regarding consumption of energy includes the change that
biogasification, pyrolysis, incineration, briquetting, solar, wind and instigates in person’s behavior to reduce their consumption of energy
hydraulic energy whereas it could help in domestic applications like through possible measures that can be taken individually as a
heating, cooling, air conditioning, cooking etc. Furthermore, in responsible citizen of the country like reduction in consumption of
industrial applications it could be helpful in fertilizer production, oil household electricity and other utilities (Alfredsson, 2004). The
distillation, metallurgical application, glass and fiber production etc. technological changes consist of advancement or replacement of
Thus, it can be stipulated that green energy and its associated the older technologies with newer energy efficient technologies that
technologies would help in providing a more environmentally benign use green energy for fulfilling energy requirements (Dai et al.,
and sustainable future including energy security (Midilli, 2006). 2016). Behavioral and technological changes could be achieved
Future Prospects through following measures:
In spite of the growing importance of RETs all over the Behavioural Change:
world, work programs, targets and policies are still lacking. As per - Reduction in electricity consumption
the report of Planning Commission of India (2006), the installed - Using LED and CFL bulbs
capacities of renewable energy in the year 2031-2032 are: wind - Don’t keep the gadgets at standby mode
energy-33,341 MW (onshore and offshore), hydro energy- - Use of star rating products
1,50,153 MW, solar energy-10,000 MW, biomass energy-51,200 - Switching off the lights when leaving
MW. This accounts for total of 243, 494 MW from RETs in the year - Use of energy efficient devices
2031-2031, of which the non-conventional sources of energy would - Defrost the freezer timely
be 122 Mtoe, with hydro energy contribution 35 Mtoe and 87 Mtoe Technological Change:
of others. This when compared to crude oil contribution i.e. 350 - Use of biofuels
Mtoe, is much less and does not consider significant deviation from - Switching over renewable energy
existing energy patterns. - Continuous analyzing of electrical devices
Nonetheless, the subsequent factors will enhance the prospects of - A trial analysis before offering green products
green energy developments and they are as follows: - Appliance with energy efficient rating
1) Rising crunch of oil as India heavily imports about 65% of oil and - Cost effective and time saving technology
its projected that in the year 2030 this will rise about 94% (IEA, - Framework for innovation in energy sector
2002). Recent literatures have also suggested that global energy For promoting the application of green energy in every
crisis may occur in the near future (Bhattacharya and Jana, sector, government should improve and increase the access to
2009). Hence, the prospects of biodiesel and ethanol will get green energy in the energy market through favorable conditions
significant momentum as a substitute for fossil liquid fuels, and at lower economic rates (Gaterell and McEvoy, 2005). For
2) For rural electrification, as under the scheme Rajiv Gandhi successful implementation of green energy, there are set of practical
Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana, 125,000 are to be electrified. Of difficulties that need to be tackled through the given possible solutions
which, around 18,000 villages in the country cannot be electrified (Omer, 2008; Luthra et al., 2015):
via grid connection and hence, they will be electrified using solar - Improving literacy rates and increased public awareness
energy (photovoltaics), bio-power or hydro energy in the recent - Complying with environmental rules, regulations and policies
years, - Applying best practices for environmental designs and engineering
3) In order to reduce the green house gas emissions, there will be Green energy in the form of renewables has an important
pressure on every developing country to take actions for reducing job to perform in managing energy demands (Luderer et al., 2014).
their own GHG emissions. Therefore, reduction in emissions will Green energy technologies has vast potential and opportunities
mostly be achieved by replacing fossil fuels with green energy that help in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere
sources. Hence, the growing concern for controlling climate and consequently managing the problem of global warming and
change will serve as motive to promote the RETs in India as well climate change across the world (Bruns et al., 2011; Gullberg et al.,
as other developing countries. 2014). But, still there are some technical challenges that should be
Recommendations and Strategies addressed regarding harnessing of some renewable energy like
The quality of life led by the people of any country is solar and wind energy (Kousksou et al., 2015). However, the
represented as directly proportional to the per capita use of energy biggest challenge for the renewables to come at the forefront is with
for that country (Oyedepo, 2014). Therefore, as the society is the policies and politics rather than the technical issues (Farrell et

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Singh et al. Role of green energy in sustainable development

al., 2004). Appropriate recognition could be offered to the technologies will provide a win-win situation as it will address
renewables through some of the measures, if followed such as multiple problems like combating climate change by sequestering
(Omer, 2008): carbon, clean fuel replacing the fossil fuels, energy security and
1. Renewable Energy Certification System should be an essential environmental benefits.
component for all policy makers which form the basis of all Acknowledgements
renewable energy support scheme. Therefore, all parties and Authors are thankful to the Director, Dean and Head Institute
policy makers should support it take it into prime consideration. of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu
2. Energy efficiency improvement programmes and conservation University for providing necessary help. RPS is also thankful to
scheme should be considered as they stimulate innovation in Department of Science and Technology, India, University of
green energy technologies. Nebraska–Lincoln, Indo- US Science and Technology Forum
3. Reallocation of financial resources which allow new investments (IUSSTF) and Robert Daugherty Water for Food Institute (DWFI) -
for implementing renewable technologies. University of Nebraska for financial support.
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