1

njhy;fhg;gpak; - vOj;jjpfhuk;
(,sk;g+uzu; ciu)

Paper V - B.Lit. Tamil

gp.ypl;. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;FupaJ

Kidtu; g.R. %Nte;jd;

,izg;Nguhrpupau;>
jkpoha;Tj;Jiw
mUs;kpF Rg;gpukzpaRthkp murpdu; fiyf;fy;Y}up>
jpUj;jzp - 631 209
jpUts;@u; khtl;lk;.

njhiyf;fy;tp ikak;
ghujpjhrd; gy;fiyf;fofk;
(Njrpa kjpg;gPl;Lj; juepu;zaf;FOtpd; ‘A’ jur; rhd;wpjo; ,uz;lhk; Rw;wpy;
ngw;wJ)
jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp - 620 024
 2

nghUslf;fk;

myF - 1. E}d;kuG> nkhop kuG - 07-

myF - 2. gpwg;gpay;> Gzupay; -

myF - 3. njhifkuG> cUgpay; -

myF - 4. capHkaq;fpay;> Gs;sp kaq;fpay;-

myF - 5. Fw;wpaYfug; Gzupay; -

 3

njhy;fhg;gpak;

jkpo; nkhop> njhd;ikAk; ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz tsq;fSk; epiwe;j

nrt;tpay; nkhopahFk;. cyfpd; jiyrpwe;j nkhopfspd; tupirapy;
jkpo;nkhopapd; rpwg;G mwpQH ngUkf;fshy; rpwg;gpj;Jg; ghuhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

jkpopd; Kjy; ,yf;fz E}y; njhy;fhg;gpak; MFk;. mJ jkpo;

,dj;Jf;Fk; jkpo; epyj;Jf;Fk; jkpo; nkhopf;Fk; ngUikNrHf;Fk; E}yhj;
jpfo;fpwJ. jpUf;FwSk; njhy;fhg;gpaKk; tho;tpay; mwq;fis ,yf;fpa>
,yf;fz Nehf;fpy; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; E}y;fshFk;. njhy;fhg;gpak;> nkhopapd;
rpwg;Gf;$Wfshd vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; vd;Dk; %d;W nghUs;fisAk;
rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wk; E}yhfj; jpfo;fpwJ. fpilf;fg;ngWk; jkpo; ,yf;fz
E}y;fspy; njhy;fhg;gpak; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fz E}y; MFk;. mJ
,d;Wtiu vOe;Js;s ,yf;fz E}y;fs; ahtw;Wf;Fk; jhahf mike;j
%yE}yhfTk; tpsq;FtJ mjd; rpwg;Gf;Fr; rhd;whFk;.

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; Kjy; ,yf;fz E}yhd njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij

,aw;wpa Nguhrhd; njhy;fhg;gpaH MthH. njhy;fhg;gpak; ,aw;wg;ngw;W
gy;yhz;Lfs; tiu mJ %ykhfNt gapyg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. gpw;fhyj;jpNyNa
njhy;fhg;gpa ,yf;fz E}Yf;F ciufs; vOjg;gl;ld. ,sk;g+uzH>
er;rpdhHf;fpdpaH> NguhrpupaH> NrdhtiuaH> nja;tr;rpiyahH> fy;yhlH
KjyhNdhH njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F ciu fz;ltHfshtH. ,tHfs; ciufs;
xt;nthd;Wk; xt;nthU epiyapy; jdpj;jpwk; ngw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
,tHfsJ ciufs; njhy;fhg;gpag; ngUE}iy ed;F Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;>
mjd; ,yf;fzf; nfhs;iffisAk; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;
Mo;e;J gbg;gtHfs; Gjpa Nfhl;ghLfis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; Jiz
nra;fpd;wd. njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F cs;s rpwg;Gf;fs; njhy;fhg;gpa ciu
E}y;fSf;Fk; cs;sd. ,tHfsJ fhyk; xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk;
gjpd;%d;whk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;ljhFk;;.

njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrpupau;fs;

jkpo; ,yf;fzj;ijg; nghUj;jkl;by; %yE}y;fistpl ciuE}y;fs;

rpwg;ghd ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sd. njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrpupaHfSf;F cs;s
ngUikNa mjw;Fj; jf;f rhd;whFk;. %yE}ypd; ngaiu tpLj;J
,sk;g+uzk;> Nrdhtiuak;> Nguhrpupak;> er;rpdhHf;fpdpak; vd;W
 4

ciuahrpupaHfspd; ngauhy; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;Fg; ngaupl;L miof;Fk; epiy

cs;sik mtHjk; ciur;rpwg;gpd; nghUl;Nl MFk;.

%yE}yhrpupaDf;Fk; fw;NghDf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhy ,ilntsp Vw;gLk;

NghJ %yE}yhrpupadpd; fUj;ijj; njspTgLj;j MrpupaH tpsf;fj;Jld;
njspTgLj;jpa> ciuj;j nra;jpfNs ciufs; MFk;. ,yf;fz ciufs;
%yg;gpujpiag; gbj;jwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;> njspTngWtjw;Fk;
Jiznra;fpd;wd.

,sk;g+uzu;

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F Kjd;Kjypy; ciufz;ltH ,sk;g+uzH MthH.

,tuJ fhyk; gjpNdhwhk; E}w;whz;lhFk;. ,sk;g+uzH fhyk;tiu>
njhy;fhg;gpak; Njhd;wpg; gy E}w;whz;Lfs; tiu njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F ciu
,y;yhky; ,Ue;Js;sJ. njhy;fhg;gpak; KOikf;Fk; ciu,aw;wpajhy;
,tUf;F ‘ciuahrpupaH’ vd;w rpwg;Gg;ngaUk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,tUf;Fg; gpd;dH
te;j njhy;fhg;gpa ciuahrpupaHfs; gyUk; ,sk;g+uzH ciuiaf; fw;Wj;
njspe;j gpd;dNu Gjpa ciu fz;ldH vd;Wiuf;fpwhH K.it. mutpe;jd;.
njhy;fhg;gpa vOj;jjpfhu ciufspy; ,sk;g+uzH ciuNa rpwe;jnjdg;
Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ.

md;ghu;e;j khztu;fNs !

ePq;fs; jkpo;nkhopapd; ,yf;fz El;gq;fisAk;> rpwg;gpidAk; fw;Wj;

njsptjw;Fj; njhy;fhg;gpaNk jiyrpwe;j E}yhf tpsq;Fk; jpwj;jpid
,g;ghlj;ijg; gapy;tjd; thapyhf czu;tuP ;fs;.

Mjyhy;> cq;fSf;Fj; njhy;fhg;gpa ,sk;g+uzu; ciu ghlkhf

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fw;Wj; njsptPuf
; shf !

- tho;j;Jf;fs; ahtu;f;Fk; -
 5

njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;jjpfhuk;-,sk;g+uzk;

njhy;fhg;gpak; Ie;jpyf;fzq;fis xUNru vLj;Jiuf;Fk; ,yf;fzg;

ngUE}yhFk;. vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G> mzp vd Ie;J ,yf;fz
tifg;ghLfspy; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; vd;Dk; xt;nthU mjpfhuKk;
xd;gJ xd;gJ ,ay;fshff; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;tifapy; ,Ugj;NjO
,ay;fs; ,e;E}iy mzpnra;fpd;wd. gdk;ghudhu; ghba rpwg;Gg; ghapuk;
,e;E}ypd; KfTiug;gFjpahf mike;Js;sJ.

vOj;jpyf;fz ,ay; itg;G

vOj;Jf;fspd; ,yf;fzk; czHj;Jk; gFjp Mjyhy; ,t;tjpfhuk;

‘vOj;jjpfhuk;’ vdg; ngaH ngw;wJ. ,J E}y;kuG> nkhopkuG> gpwg;gpay;>
Gzupay;> njhifkuG> cUgpay;> capHkaq;fpay;> Gs;spkaq;fpay;>
Fw;wpaYfug; Gzupay; vd;Dk; xd;gJ ,ay;fisf; nfhz;like;jJ. E}y;
vd;gJ nghJepiyapy; ,yf;fzj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,q;F ,yf;fzj;jpw;F
mbg;gilahd vOj;ijf; Fwpj;J tUfpd;wJ.

E}y;kugpy; jdpepd;w vOj;Jf;fspd; mikg;GfisAk;> nkhopkugpy;

nrhy;ypy; epw;Fk; vOj;J epiyfisAk;> gpwg;gpaypy; xyp vOj;Jf;fspd;
gpwg;gpidAk; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;. ,it KiwNa jdpepd;w
vOj;Jf;fs;> mit nkhopapilapy; tUq;fhyj;J Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;> mit
khe;ju;fshy; xypf;fg;gLk; Kiw mjhtJ> mit gpwf;Fk; cr;rupg;G epiy
Mfpadtw;iw epuy;gl tFj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

,k;%d;W ,ay;fs; jtpu;j;j Vida MW ,ay;fSk; Gzu;r;rp

,yf;fzk; vLj;Jiug;gdthFk;. jkpopd; Gzu;r;rp ,yf;fzk; jdpr;rpwg;G
tha;e;jikahy; mit Fwpj;j ,yf;fznewpfs; tpupthfTk; nrwpthfTk;
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Gzu;rr
; p vd;gJ epd;wnrhy;ypd; <W> tUk; nrhy;ypd;
Kjy; vOj;NjhL GzUk; newpfisf; fl;likf;fpwJ.

mt;tifapy; Gzupay; vOj;Jf;fs; GzUk; mbg;gilg; nghJg;gz;Gfis

vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. capuPW> nka;aPW ,uz;Lf;Fk; nghJthdtw;iwj;
njhFj;Jf; $Wtjhfj; njhifkuG mike;Js;sJ. Ntw;Wik cUGfs;
rhupia ngw;Wg; Gzu;jy; jkpopy; ngUtof;fhjypd; mtw;iwj; jdpNa gpupj;J
tpsf;Ftjhf cUgpay; mike;Js;sJ. capu; <whFk; nrhw;fs; GzUkhw;iw
 6

capu; kaq;fpay; njspTWj;JfpwJ. nka; <whFk; nrhw;fs; GzUkhw;iwg;

Gs;spkaq;fpaypYk;;> Fw;wpaYfu <w;Wr;nrhw;fs; kpFjpahjypd; mtw;iw
capu;kaq;fpaypy; mlf;fhJ jdpNa gpupj;jwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy;
Fw;wpaYfug; GzupaypYk; Mf xd;gJ ,ay;fspy; vOj;jpyf;fzj;ijj;
njspthfTk; cau;,yf;fz Nehf;fpYk; $WfpwJ njhy;fhg;gpak;.

-------------------

ghlj;jpl;l mikg;Gk;> myFfSk; :

myF - 1. E}d;kuG> nkhop kuG

myF - 2. gpwg;gpay;> Gzupay;

myF - 3. njhifkuG> cUgpay;

myF - 4. capHkaq;fpay;> Gs;sp kaq;fpay;

myF - 5. Fw;wpaYfug; Gzupay;

 7

myF - 1. 1.1. E}d;kuG> 1.2. nkhop kuG

Nehf;fk;

1.1. jkpo; nkhopapd; ,yf;fz tsj;ij mwpjy;> jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd;

itg;GKiw> tif> njhif> gFg;G> vOj;Jf;fspd; msG> xypepiy>
vOj;Jf;fspd; tuptbtk;> Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs;> tpdhvOj;Jf;fs;
Mfpadtw;iw mwpjy;.

1.2. Kjy;vOj;Jf;fs;> rhu;ngOj;Jf;fs;> Fw;wpaYfuk;> Fw;wpaypfuk;>

Ma;jk; Mfpa vOj;Jf;fs; epiy mwpjy;> msngil> XnuOj;J
xUnkhopr; nrhw;fs;> vOj;Jf;fspd; ,af;fk;> Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs;>
nkhop ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fs; Mfpadtw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;Sjy;

1.1. E}d;kuG

E}y;> kuG> ,ay; vd;gd ,yf;fzk; vd;Dk; nghUs;jUk; tpjj;jpy;

Msg;gl;Ls;sd. #j;jpuk; E}ypd; ghthjypd; ‘E}w;gh’ vdg;gl;lJ. vOj;Jf;
FwpaPLfs; capH> nka; vd;gdTk; m> f vdTk; njhd;Wnjhl;L tUk; kuG
gw;wp czug;gLtd. vOj;Jf;fs;> ,yf;fzj;jpd; mbg;gil kughjypd; Kjy;
,ay; E}d;kuG vdg;gl;lJ. E}d;kuG jdpepd;w vOj;Jf;fSf;F ,yf;fzk;
$Wtnjd;gJ ,sk;g+uzH fUj;J.

E}y;fspy; toptopahfr; nrhy;yg;gl;L tUk; vOj;Jf;fspd;

,yf;fzj;ij ,t;tpay; vLj;Jiug;gjdhy; ,t;tpay; E}d;kuG vd;Dk; ngaH
ngw;wJ. nkhopf;F Kjy; cWg;ghfpa vOj;J E}y; vdg;gl;lJ. ,t;tpay;
KOtJk; jdp vOj;Jf;fspd; ,ay;G $wg;gLfpwJ.

,aypd; gFg;GKiw

,t;tpaypy; $wg;gLk; nra;jpfs; vz;> ngaH> Kiw> tbT> msT>

kaf;fk; vd;Dk; MW gFjpfshf mikfpd;wd.

Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs;

jkpopy; vOj;Jf;fs; mfuk; Kjyhf dfuk; <whf cs;s Kg;gJkhFk;.

capH vOj;Jf;fs; 12> nka;naOj;Jf;fs; 18> Mf 30 vd;gjid mwpf.
jdf;Fupa xU khj;jpiuapy;,Ue;J ½ khj;jpiu mstpdjhff; FWfp
xypf;Fk; Fw;wpaYfuKk;> cfuj;jpd;Nky; VwptUk; cfuk; ,fukhfj; jpupAk;
Fw;wpaypfuKk;> Kg;ghw; Gs;sp vOj;;jhf mikAk; Ma;j vOj;Jk;
rhHngOj;Jf;fs; MFk;. mt;tifapy;> KjnyOj;Jf;fs; Kg;gJk;> gpw
 8

vOj;Jf;fisr; rhu;e;J tUk; ,ay;gpidAila rhHngOj;Jf;fs; %d;Wkhfr;

NrHj;J Kjy;vOj;Jf;fs; Kg;gj;J%d;W MFk;;. (capu; vOj;J -12;
nka;vOj;J-18: rhu;ngOj;J-3; 12+18+3=30)

1. vOj;J vdg; gLg

mfuk; Kjy; dfu ,Wtha;
Kg;g/J vd;g
rhHe;J tuy; kugpd; %d;wyq; filNa. (E}. 1)

‘rhHe;J tuy; kugpd; %d;W’ vd;wikahd;> ‘mfuKjy; dfuk; <wha

Kg;gJk; jdpj;J ,aq;Fk; ,ay;Gilad’ vd;gJ Fwpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gu;
,sk;g+uzu;.

rhHG vOj;Jf;fs;

Kd; E}w;ghtpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l Fw;wpaYfuk;> Fw;wpaYfuk;> Ma;jk;

vd;Dk; %d;Wk; rhHngOj;Jf;fs; MFk;. ,it jdpj;jpaq;f ,ayhjit
Mjyhy;> gpw vOj;Jf;fNshL ,ize;Nj nghUe;jtUk; vd;gjid mwpf.

2. mitjhk;
Fw;wpaypfuk;> Fw;wpaYfuk;
Ma;jk; vd;w
Kg;ghy; Gs;spAk; vOj;J XH md;d. (E}. 2)

,k;%d;Wk; NkNy Fwpf;fg;gl;l Kg;gJ vOj;Jf;fNshL xU

jd;ikapdjhfj; jpfOk;

Fwpy; vOj;Jf;fs;

vOj;Jf;fs; mit cr;rupf;fg;gLk; fhy mstpidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L

Fwpy; vd;Wk; neby; vd;Wk; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. FWfpa Xirastpidf;
nfhz;l> mjhtJ xU khj;jpiu mstpdjhf miktd Fwpy; vOj;Jf;fs;
MFk;. capH vOj;Jf;fspy; m> ,> c> v> x vd;Dk; Ie;Jk; Fwpy;
vOj;Jf;fshFk;.

3. m , c v x vd;Dk;
mg;ghy; Ie;Jk;
XHmsG ,irf;Fk; Fw;nwOj;J vd;g. (E}. 3)

,it xt;nthd;Wk; xUkhj;jpiu mstpdtha; xypf;Fk;. khj;jpiu

vd;gJ vOj;Jf;fs; cr;rupf;fg;gLk; fhy msT. mJ fz;zpikf;Fk;nghOJ>
ifnehbf;Fk; msTk; MFk;.
 9

neby; vOj;Jf;fs;

NkNy Fwp;j;j xU khj;jpiu mstpdjhf miktd Fwpy; vOj;Jf;fs;

vd;Wk;> ,uz;L khj;jpiu mstpdjhf miktd neby; vOj;Jf;fs; vdTk;
Fwpf;fg;gLk;. vOj;Jf;fs; jkf;nfd cs;s fhy mstpy; ePz;L xypg;gJ
cz;L. mt;thW ,uz;L xyp mstpidf; nfhz;L xypf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fs;
neby; vOj;Jf;fs; MFk;. M> <> C> V> I> X> Xs Mfpa VO
vOj;Jf;fSk; neby; vOj;Jf;fs; vdg;gLk;.

4. M < C V I X Xs vd;Dk;
mg;ghy; VOk;
<HmsG ,irf;Fk; nel;nlOj;J vd;g. (E}. 4)

,it nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

msngil

xNu vOj;J %d;W khj;jpiu mstpdjha; xypf;Fk; tof;fhW jkpopy;

,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; ,ir> Xir> ahg;G> tpiuT fUjp vOj;Jf;fs; jkf;Fupa
khj;jpiuapy; ,Ue;J ePz;L xypj;jy; cz;L. mt;thW vOj;Jf;fs; jkf;Fupa
khj;jpiuapy; ,Ue;J ePz;L xypg;gJ msngil vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLk;.

5. %msG ,irj;jy; XH vOj;J ,d;Nw. (E}. 5)

6. ePl;lk; Ntz;bd; mt;tsG cila

$l;b v*cjy; vd;kdhH GytH. (E}. 6)

,J capH msngOk; Kiwikapidf; $WfpwJ.

%d;W khj;jpiu msG Ntz;bd; nebNyhL xU FwpiyAk;> ehd;F

khj;jpiu Ntz;bd; nebNyhL ,U Fwpy;fisAk; NrHj;Jg; gpsTglhky;
xypia vOg;gpf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

v.L. : rpwhmmu; Jbau; ghLtd; kfhmmu; - (Gwk;. 291:1) vd;gjpy;

vOj;Jf;fs; jkf;Fupa khj;jpiuapy; ePz;L xypj;jpUj;jiyf; fhz;f.

khj;jpiu

7. fz;,ik nehb vd mt;Nt khj;jpiu

Ez;zpjpd; czHe;NjhH fz;l MNw. (E}. 7)

khj;jpiuapd; ,yf;fzj;ij ,e;E}w;gh vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

 10

fz;zpikf;Fk; fhymsTk;;> ifnehbf;Fk; fhy msTk;; xU

khj;jpiuf;F cupa msthFk;. ,J El;gkha; xyp,aiy czHe;j
njhy;yhrpupaH fz;l KiwahFk;.

capH vOj;Jf;fs; gFg;G

mfuk; Kjyha; Xsfhuk; ,Wjpahf (m-Xs) cs;s gd;dpuz;L

vOj;Jf;fSk; capH vOj;Jf;fs; MFk;.

8. Xsfhu ,Wtha;g;
gd;<u; vOj;Jk; capHvd nkhopg. (E}. 8)

rhHe;J tuy; kugpid cila %d;Wk; my;yhjtplj;J mfuk; Kjyha;

Xsfhuk; ,Wjpahfpa gd;dpuz;L vOj;Jf;fisAk; capH vOj;Jf;fs; vd;gH
njhy;yhrpupaH.

nka;vOj;Jf;fs;

ffuk; Kjy; dfuk; <whf (f;-d;) cs;s gjpndl;L vOj;Jf;fSk;;

nka;vOj;Jf;fs; MFk;.
9. dfhu ,Wtha;
gjpndz; vOj;Jk; nka;vd nkhopg. (E}. 9)

,/J capHxope;j gjpndz; vOj;Jf;Fk; ngauPL nra;fpd;wJ.

gd;dpuz;L capH vOj;Jf;fSk; nka;vOj;Jf;fNshL fye;J epd;w

fhyj;Jk; capu; vOj;Jf;fs; jkf;Fupa cau;epiyapy; ,Ue;J jpuptJ
,y;iy.

10. nka;nahL ,iaapDk; capH ,ay; jpupah. (E}. 10)

,/J capHvOj;Jf;fspd; rpwg;gpid tFj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

nka;vOj;Jf;fspd; khj;jpiu msG

11. nka;apd; msNg miuvd nkhopg. (E}. 11)

nka;vOj;Jf;fspd; msG miukhj;jpiu vd;gH E}NyhH.

rhu;GvOj;Jf;fspd; khj;jpiu msG

12. mt;,ay; epiyAk; Vid %d;Nw. (E}. 12)

 11

Fw;wpaypfuk;> Fw;wpaYfuk;> Ma;jk; vd;Dk; %d;Wk;

nka;naOj;jpidg; Nghy miukhj;jpiu msgpidg; ngWk; vd;gjhk;.
kfuf;FWf;fj;jpd; khj;jpiu msG

13. miumsG FWfy; kfuk; cilj;Nj

,ir,ld; mUFk; njupAk; fhiy. (E}. 13)

gpwpNjhH vOj;NjhL fye;J epw;Fkplj;J kfuk; jd; miu

khj;jpiuapDk; FWfp xypf;Fk;. MuhAq;fhyj;J mit rpWghd;ikaha; tUk;.

v-L.: Nghd;k;> kUz;k;> tUk;tz;zf;fz;

vOj;Jf;fspd; tuptbtk;

kfuk; ,ay;gha;g; ngWk; Nkw;Gs;spNahL cs;Sk; xU Gs;spiag;

ngWk;. mJ kfuf; FWf;fj;jpw;F tbthFk;.

kfuk; vd;gJ ,d;iwa tuptbtj;jpy; gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy;

vOjg;gltpy;iy. gfuk;> kfuk; Mfpa ,uz;Lf;Fk; g vd;gNj tuptbtkhf
,Ue;Js;sJ. g tbtj;jpy; njhy;fhg;gpau; $Wtjidg; Nghd;W cs;Ns xU
Gs;sp ,l;L vOjpdhy; mJ kfukhfptpLk;. (g;-g;; g;-k;)

14. cs;ngW Gs;sp cUthFk;Nk. (E}. 14)

vd;Dk; E}w;gh kfuf;FWf;fj;jpw;F tbT $WfpwJ. ‘Gwj;Jg; ngWk;

Gs;spnahL cs;shw; ngWk;Gs;sp kfuj;jpw;F tbthk;’ vd;ghu; ,sk;g+uzu;.
15. nka;apd; ,aw;if Gs;spnahL epiyay;. (E}. 15)

,e;E}w;gh jdpnka;f;Fk;> capHnka;f;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s NtWghl;bidf;

$WfpwJ.

jdpnka;fs; Gs;spngw;W epw;Fk;.

v.L.: f;> q;> r;> Q;> l;> z;> j;> e;> g;> k;> a;> H> y;> t;> o;> s> w;> d;
vd;wthW.
16. vfu xfuj;J ,aw;ifAk; mw;Nw. (E}. 16)

vd;Dk; E}w;gh vfu> xfuq;fSf;F Vfhu> Xfhuq;fNshL tbT

Ntw;Wik $WfpwJ.

vfu> xfuq;fs; nka;vOj;Jf;fisg; Nghy Gs;spngWk; ,ay;gpdthk;.

v> v- v> V; x> x - x> X vd;wthW tUk;.

 12

capHnka; vOj;Jf;fs; tbtk;ngwy;

gjpndl;L nka;fSk; Gs;sp ePq;fpa tbNt capu;nka;vOj;jpd;

tbtkhFk;. ,NjhL mit mfuj;njhL xypf;Fk;. Vida capH
vOj;Jf;fNshL tbT NtWgl;L xypf;Fk;. mt;thW xypf;Fk; Kiwik
tifg;gLk;;.

17. Gs;sp ,y;yh vy;yh nka;Ak;

cUT cUT Mfp mfuNkhL capHj;jYk;
Vid capNuhL cUT jpupe;J capHj;jYk;
MH<H ,ay capHj;jy; MNw. (E}. 17)

,J jdpnka;NahL capHnka;f;F Ntw;Wik tbT nra;fpd;wJ.

mjhtJ> Mfhuj;NjhL NrUq;fhy; fhypidAk;> ,fu> <fhuj;NjhL

NrUq;fhy; Nky;tpyq;fpidAk;> cfu> Cfhuj;NjhL NrUq;fhy;
fPo;tpyq;fpidAk;> vfu> Vfhuj;NjhL NrUq;fhy; nfhk;gpidAk;> Ifhuj;NjhL
NrUq;fhy; ,ul;ilf;nfhk;gpidAk;> xfu> Xfhuj;NjhL NrUq;fhy; KiwNa
gpd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nfhk;gpidAk;> fhypidAk;> Xsfhuj;NjhL NrUq;fhy;
nfhk;gpidAk; Xsfhuj;jpd; xUgFjpapidAk; ngWk; vd;gjhk;.

v.L.: Nky;tpyq;F ngWtd - fp> fP

fPo; tpyq;F ngWtd - F> $

NfhL ngWtd - nf> Nf

Gs;sp ngWtd - v> x> k;> ehF> f.

Gs;spAk; NfhLk; cld;ngWtd - nf.> nr.>

fh vd;gjd; gioa tbtk; f. vd;Wk;> nfh vd;gjd; gioa tbtk;

nf. vd;Wk; toq;fg;gl;ld vd;gjid mwpf.

nka;vOj;;J Njhd;Wk; epiy

capHnka; vOj;Jf;fspd; xypg;gpy; nka;nahyp Kd;Dk;> capnuhyp

gpd;Dkha; xypf;Fk;.

18. nka;apd; topaJ capHNjhd;Wk; epiyNa. (E}. 18)

,e;E}w;gh> ,ize;j capHnka; xypf;Fk; jpwidf; $WfpwJ.

 13

nka;naOj;Jf;fspd; tif

nka;naOj;Jf;fs; mit xypf;Fk; xypg;G Kiwahy; ty;ypdk;>

nky;ypdk;> ,ilapdk; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

ty;nyOj;Jf;fs;

19. ty;nyOj;J vd;g f r l j g w. (E}. 19)

,e;E}w;gh jdpnka;fSs; xU gFjpf;Ff; fhuztifahd; NtW xU

FwpaPL nra;fpwJ.

f r l j g w vd;Dk; MW vOj;Jf;fSk; ty;nyOj;J (ty;ypdk;)

MFk;.

nknyOj;Jf;fs;

20. nky;vOj;J vd;g q Q z e k d. (E}. 20)

q Q z e k d vd;Dk; MW vOj;Jf;fSk; nky;nyOj;J

(nky;ypdk;) MFk;.

,ilnaOj;Jf;fs;

21. ,ilnaOj;J vd;g a u y t o s. (E}. 21)

a u y t o s vd;Dk; MW vOj;Jf;fSk; ,ilnaOj;J

(,ilapdk;) MFk;.

,tw;iw KiwNa ty;nyOj;J> ty;ypdk;> typ vd;Wk;> nky;nyOj;J>

nky;ypdk;> nkyp vd;Wk;> ,ilnaOj;J> ,ilapdk;> ,il vd;Wk; miog;gH
,yf;fz E}Nyhu;.

nka;k;kaf;fk;> cldpiy

vOj;Jf;fs; $b nrhw;fs; cUthfpd;wd. nrhw;fs; njhlUk;NghJ

njhlu;fSk;> nkhopAk; cUthfpd;wd. vOj;Jf;fs; jk;NkhL $Lk;NghJ
cldpiyahfTk;> nka;k;kaf;fkhfTk; nray;gLtJ cz;L. ,t;thW
vOj;Jf;fs; xd;NwhL xd;W $b tUq;fhy; jk;nkhL jhNk $b tUtdTk;>
jk;nkhL gpwNt $b tUtdTk;> jk;nkhL gpwTk; $b tUtdTk;> jk;nkhL
jhKk; jk;nkhL gpwTk; $btUtdTk; vd Kj;jpwkhff; $wg;gLk;.

vOj;Jf;fs; capH> nka;> capHnka; vd %d;W tifg;gLk;. ,tw;Ws;

capUld; capH $btUjy; ,y;iy. capH nka;Kd; capHnka; $b
tUtjw;F tiuaiw ,y;iy. Mjypd; ,ilepd;w nka;naOj;Jf;fNs
 14

jk;nkhL jhKk;> jk;nkhL gpwTk;> jk;nkhL jhKk; gpwTk; kaq;Fk;.

,k;kaf;fj;ijNa ,e;E}w;ghtpy; $Wfpd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH. ,tw;Ws; jk;nkhL
jhk; kaq;Fk; kaf;fj;ij cldpiy nka;kaf;fk; vd;Wk;> jk;nkhL gpw
kaq;Fk; kaf;fj;ij Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk; vd;Wk; $WtH.

22. mk; %thWk; toq;fpay; kUq;fpd;

nka; kaf;F cldpiy njupAq;fhiy. (E}. 22)

,e;E}w;gh jdpnka; xd;W gpwpnjhU nka;nahLk; jd; nka;nahLk;

kaq;fp (fye;J) epw;Fk; epiyapidf; $WfpwJ.

Nkw;Fwpj;j gjpndl;L nka;fSk;> nkhopaha; toq;Fk; epiyikf;fz;>

xU nka; gpwpnjhd;wNdhL kaq;Fk; epiy vd;Wk;> xU nka; jd; nka;Ald;
kaq;Fk; epiy vd;Wk; ,Utifg;gLj;jpf; $WtH.

Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk;

23. l w y s vd;Dk; Gs;sp Kd;dHf;

f r g vd;Dk; %vOj;J cupa. (E}. 23)

l w y s vd;Dk; Gs;spfspd; Kd;dHf; f r g vd;Dk; %d;W

Gs;spfSk; kaq;fp tUk;;. ,t;thW kaq;Fk; epiy Ntw;Wepiy
nka;k;kaf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

v-L.: fl;f> ntl;fk;> fl;rpwhH> fl;g - lfuj;jpd; Kd; f r g kaq;fpd.

fw;f> fw;rpwhH> fw;g - wfuj;jpd; Kd; r r g kaq;fpd.

nry;f> nry;rpwhH> nry;g - yfuj;jpd; Kd; r r g kaq;fpd.

nfhs;f> nfhs;rpwhH> nfhs;g - sfuj;jpd; Kd; r r g kaq;fpd.

24. mtw;Ws;
y smfhd; Kd;dH a tTk; Njhd;Wk;. (E}. 24)

Nkw;Fwpj;j yfu> sfuq;fspd; Kd;dH frgf;fs; kaq;FjNyhL afu

tfuq;fSk; kaq;fp tUtJ cz;L.

v-L.: nfhy;ahid. nfhs;tis - yfuj;jpd;Kd;dH afu tfuq;fs;

kaq;fpd.

nts;ahid> nty;tis - sfuj;jpd;Kd;dH afu tfuq;fs;

kaq;fpd.
 15

25. q Q z e k d vDk; Gs;spKd;dHj;

jj;jk; ,irfs; xj;jd epiyNa. (E}. 25)

qQzekd vd;Dk; MW nka;fspd; Kd;dH neLq;fzf;fpy; mit

xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; NkYs;s frljgwf;fs; MWk; KiwNa kaq;Fjw;F
cupadthFk;. MW nky;nyOj;Jf;fSlDk; MW ty;nyOj;Jf;fs; KiwNa
kaq;fypd; ,e;E}w;ghthy;; MW kaf;fepiy $wg;gl;lJ.

v-L.: njq;F> kQ;R> tz;L> qQzekd Kd;dHKiwNa

ge;J> fk;G> fd;W - frljgw KiwNa kaq;fpd.
26. mtw;Ws;
z d m‡fhd; Kd;dHf;
f r Q g k a t mt;VOk; cupa. (E}. 26)

Nkw;Fwpj;j nky;nyOj;Jf;fs; MwDs; zfhu dfhuq;fspd; Kd;dHj;

jd;jd; ty;nyOj;Jfsha lfu> wfuq;fs; KiwNa kaq;FjnyhL
frQgkta vDk; VO vOj;Jf;fSk; kaq;Fk;.

v-L.: ntz;fyk;> ntz;rhe;J>

ntz;Qhz;> ntz;gyp> - vd;gjpy; zfuj;jpd; Kd;dHf;;
ntz;khiy> kz;ahJ> frQgkta kaq;fpaik fhz;f.
kz;typJ

Gd;fz;> Gd;nra;>
nghd;Qhz;> nghd;ngupJ> - vd;gjpy; dfuj;jpd; Kd;dHf;
nghd;khiy> nghd;ahJ> frQgkat kaq;fpaik fhz;f.
nghd;typJ

27. Q e k t vd;Dk; Gs;sp Kd;dH

amfhd; epw;wy; nka; ngw;wd;Nw. (E}. 27)

Qek vDk; %d;W nka;fspd; Kd;dHj; jd;jd; ty;nyOj;Jf;fs;

kaq;FjNyhL afuKk; kaq;Fk;. tfuj;NjhL afuk; kaq;fp tUk;.;

v-L.: cupQ;ahJ> nghUe;ahJ> - ,jpy; Q e k tf;fspd; Kd;dH afuk;

jpUk;ahJ> njt;ahJ kaq;fpaik fhz;f.
28. kmfhd; Gs;spKd; tt;Tk; Njhd;Wk;. (E}. 28)

kfu nka;apd; Kd;dH mjd; ,dkhfpa gfuKk; afuKk;

kaq;FjNyhL tfuKk; kaq;fp tUk;;.

v-L.: epyk;typJ. - vd;gjpy; kfu nka;apd; Kd;dH tfuk; kaq;fpaikmwpf.

 16

29. auo vd;Dk; Gs;sp Kd;dH

KjyhF vOj;J q funkhL Njhd;Wk;. (E}. 29)

auo vDk; Gs;spfs; xt;nthd;wd; Kd;dH> nkhopf;F Kjyhf tUk; f

r j g k Q e k t a vDk; xd;gJ capHnka;fNshL nkhopf;F
Kjyhfhj qfuKk; jdpj;jdpNa kaq;Fk;.

v-L.: Nta;fbJ> Nta;rpwpJ> Nta;jPJ> Nta;ngupJ> Nta;Qhd;wJ> Nta;ePz;lJ>

Nta;ahJ> Nta;typJ> Nta;q;qdk; - vd;gjpy; afuj;jpd; Kd;dH
nkhopKjyhFk; xd;gJ capHnka;fSk; qfuKk; kaq;fpd.

NtHfbJ> NtHrpwpJ> NtHjPJ> NtHngupJ> NtHQhd;wJ> NtHePz;lJ>

NtHahJ> NtHtypJ> NtHq;qdk; - vd;gjpy; ufuj;jpd; Kd;dH
nkhopKjyhFk; xd;gJ capHnka;fSk; qfuKk; kaq;fpd.

tPo;fbJ> tPo;rpwpJ> tPo;jPJ> tPo;ngupJ> tPo;Qhd;wJ> tPo;ePz;lJ>

tPo;ahJ> tPo;typJ> tPo;q;qdk; - vd;gjpy; ofuj;jpd; Kd;dH
nkhopKjyhFk; xd;gJ capHnka;fSk; qfuKk; kaq;fpd.

cldpiy kaf;fk;

nka;vOj;Jf;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; ufu> ofuq;fs; my;yhj gjpdhW

nka;fSk; jk;Kd; jhd; te;J kaq;Fk;. ,/J cldpiy kaf;fkhFk;.

30. nka;e;epiy Rl;bd; vy;yh vOj;Jk;

jk;Kd; jhk; t&ck; uomyq; filNa. (E}. 30)

,e;E}w;gh cldpiy kaf;fk; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: fhf;if> mq;qdk;> gr;ir> kQ;iQ> gl;il> gz;iz> je;ij>

nte;Neha;> mg;ig> mk;ik> nta;aH> vy;yp> vt;tp> nfhs;sp> nfhw;wp>
fd;dp - ,tw;wpy; u o xope;j nka;fs; jk;Kd;jhk; kaq;fpaik mwpf.
(u;u> o;o vd tUjy; jkpopy; ,y;iy vd;gjid mwpf)

Rl;L vOj;Jf;fs;

mfu ,fu> cfuq;fs; (m,c) %d;Wk; Rl;Lg;nghUisj; jUjyhy;;

mit Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs; MFk;.
31. m,c mk;%d;Wk; Rl;L (E}. 31)

,e;E}w;gh> FwpnyOj;Jf;fs; Ie;jDs; (m,cvx) Rl;Lg;nghUisj;

jUk; vOj;Jf;fs; (m,c) %d;widf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: mtd;> ,td;> ctd;. mit> ,it> cit

 17

tpdh vOj;Jf;fs;

capu; vOj;Jf;fspy; Mfhu> Vfhu> Xfhuq;fs; (M. V> X) %d;Wk;

tpdhg;nghUisj; jUjyhy; mit tpdh vOj;Jf;fs; vdg;gLk;.

32. M V X mk; %d;Wk; tpdh (E}. 32)

,J neby; vOj;Jf;fs; VoDs; tpdhg;nghUisj; jUk; vOj;Jf;fs;

%d;widf; $WfpwJ. ,k;%d;Wk; nrhw;fspd; ,Wjpapy;epd;W tpdhg;
nghUisj; jUk;.

v-L.: mtdh> te;jhdh> je;jhdh? - M

ePNa> mtNd> mJNt? - V

mtNdh> ahNuh> vtNuh? - X vd tUk;.

,irapy; vOj;J xypfs;

capH vOj;Jf;fs; jk; msgpdpd;Wk; ePz;L xypj;jYk;> nka;

vOj;Jf;fs; jk; miu msgpDk; ePsYk;> Fuy;> Jj;jk; Kjyha VO
,irfNshL nghUe;jpa ,irE}w;fz; cs;sd vd;W ,irE}yhH $WtH.

33. msG ,we;J ,irj;jYk; xw;W ,ir ePlYk;

cs vd nkhopg ,irnahL rptzpa
euk;gpd; kiwa vd;kdhH GytH. (E}. 33)

,/J ,irE}w;fz; capUk; nka;Ak; khj;jpiu ePz;nlhypj;jiyf;

$WfpwJ. ,ir> tpspapd; fz;.

,t;tpaypy; vOj;Jf;fspd; tif> Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs;> rhHngOj;Jf;fs;>

tuptbtk;> khj;jpiu> capH vOj;Jf;fs; tif> nka;vOj;Jf;fs; tif>
vOj;Jf;fs; kaf;fk;> Rl;L tpdh vOj;Jf;fs; Fwpj;J mwpe;J nfhs;s
KbfpwJ.
 18

,t;tpaypy; epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bait

 jkpo; vOj;jpyf;fzr; rpwg;G> ,yf;fzj;jpd; Njit> vOj;Jf;fspd;

tif> njhif> gFg;GKiw> Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs;> rhHngOj;Jf;fs;>
vOj;Jf;fspd; xyp msT> khj;jpiu> capH vOj;J> nka;vOj;J.
 vOj;Jf;fspd; tuptbtk;> kfu> vfu> xfuj;jpd; tuptbtepiy> capH
nka; vOj;Jf;fs;> Gs;spngWk; vOj;Jf;fs;> ty;ypdk; nky;ypdk;
,ilapdk;.
 vOj;Jf;fspd; kaf;fk;> cldpiy> Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fq;fs;.
 Rl;L> tpdh vOj;Jf;fs;.
 19

1.2. nkhopkuG

njhy;fhg;gpa vOj;jjpfhuj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; ,ay; nkhopkuG MFk;.

njhy;fhg;gpau; Kd;dpaypy; jdpepd;w vOj;Jf;fspd; ,yf;fz kuGfisf;
$wpdhH. ,t;tpaypy; nkhopapil epw;Fk; vOj;Jf;fspd; ,yf;fzk;
$Wfpd;whH. ,J nkhopapd; kugpid czHj;Jjypd; ‘nkhopkuG’ vd;Dk;
ngaH ngw;wJ. <z;L nkhopapd; kughtJ nkhopf;fz; epw;Fk; vOj;Jf;fspd;
kughFk;. nkhop> nrhy;> fpstp vd;gd xUnghUl;nrhw;fs; MFk;.

nkhopapilepd;w vOj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; $Wk; gFjp nkhopkuG

vdg;gLfpwJ. jkpopy; ‘j’ vdj; jdpNa epw;Fk; vOj;Jf;Fk; ‘jz;zPu’;
vd;gjpy; cs;s j vd;gjw;Fk; NtWghL ,y;iy.

xNu vOj;J ,lk;Nehf;fp xypkhw;wk;> xypj;jphpG ngw;WtUjy;

rk];fpUjk; Kjyhd nkhopfspy; kpFjpAk; cs;sd. jkpopy; mt;thW
nkhopapilg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> NtWgl;L epw;gd rpy;tif vOj;Jf;fNs.
rhh;ngOj;J vd;Dk;NghJ> jj;jk; KjnyOj;ijr; rhh;e;J epw;gd vdf;
$wpdhYk; nkhopapilr; rhh;e;Jepw;Fk; Kiwikahy; mit jdp
,ay;Gilad Mapd.

E}d;kuG vOj;Jg; gw;wpa mbg;gil ,yf;fzk; vLj;Jiuf;fpwnjd;why;

nkhopkuG mt;ntOj;jhyhFk; nrhy; gw;wpa mbg;gil ,yf;fzj;ijf;
fl;likf;fpwJ.

,t;tpaypy; E}d;kugpd; xopG> nkhopahf;fk;> nka;fspd; ,af;fk;>

Nghyp> nkhopf;F KjyhFk; vOj;Jf;fs;> nkhopf;F <whFk; vOj;Jf;fs;
vd;Dk; MWgFjpfs; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

rhHngOj;Jf;fs; nkhopfspy; tUk; epiy

xUnrhy; Fw;wpaypfuk;

kpah vd;Dk; ciuairf; fpstpf;fz; mjd; cWg;GfSs; xd;whfpa

ah vDk; cWg;gpd;Nky; kfu xw;wpid CHe;J Fw;wpaypfuk; epw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.

34. Fw;wpaypfuk; epw;wy; Ntz;Lk;

ah vd;rpid kpir> ciuairf; fpstpf;F
Mtapd; t&ck; kfuk; CHe;Nj. (E}. 1)

,J jdpnkhopf;fz; tUk; Fw;wpaypfuj;jpid vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

 20

ciuahLk;NghJ Nfz;kpah> nrd;kpah vd;W $Wtjpy; kpah vd;w

nrhy;ypy; kfuj;ijr; NrHe;J Fw;wpaypfuk; epw;Fk; vd;gjhk;. ,d;W
,t;tof;F ,y;iy.

GzHr;rpapy; Fw;wpaypfuk;

epWj;j nrhy;Yk;> Fwpj;JtU fpstpAk; Mfpa ,Unrhw;fSk; jk;Ks;

GzHjy; ,ad;w epiyikf;fz;Zk; Mz;L tUk; ,fuk; FWFjiy
cilj;jhk;.

35. Gzupay; epiyapilf; FWfYk; cupj;Nj

czuf; $wpd; Kd;dHj; Njhd;Wk;. (E}. 2)

,J GzHnkhopf;fz; tUk; Fw;wpaypfuj;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mjd;

,lKk; gw;Wf;NfhLk; gpd;dHf; Fw;wpaYfug; Gzupaypy;; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLk;.

v-L.: ehfpahJ> tufpahJ> nfhf;fpahJ> Fuq;fpahJ> njs;fpahJ> v/fpahJ

vdtUk;.

xUnrhy; Fw;wpaYfuk;

XnuOj;J xUnkhopahf mikAk; nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; Vopd; ,WjpapYk;>

ty;nyOj;Jf;fs; (f;r;l;j;g;w;) MwidAk; CHe;J Fw;wpaYfuk; tUk;.

36. nel;nlOj;J ,k;gUk; njhlHnkhop <w;Wk;

Fw;wpaYfuk; ty;MW CHe;Nj. (E}. 3)

,J jdpnkhopf; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpidr; Rl;Lfpd;wJ.

v-L.: ehF> tuF> nfhf;F> Fuq;F> njs;F> v/F

GzHr;rpapy; Fw;wpaYfuk;

,Unkhopfspd; ,iltupd; Fw;wpaYfuk; FWFk; ,lDk; cz;L.

FWfh ,lDk; cz;L. mjd; ,lKk; gw;Wf;NfhLk; Fw;wpaYfug; Gzupaypy;
vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLk;.
37. ,ilg;gbd; FWFk; ,lDkhH cz;Nl
flg;ghL mwpe;j Gzupayhd. (E}. 4)

,J GzHnkhopf;fz; tUk; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

v.L.: nrf;Ff;fiz> Rf;Ff;NfhL- Fw;wpaYfuk; FWfp epd;wJ.

ehF fbJ> ehF fLik - ,jpy; Fw;wpaYfuk; miukhj;jpiuaha;
epd;wJ.
 21

xUnrhy; Ma;jk;

Ma;jkhfpa Kg;ghw; Gs;sp> Fw;nwOj;jpd; Kd;Dk; capUld; NrHe;j

ty;nyOj;Jf;fs; MwDf;F NkYk; tUk;.;

38. Fwpajd; Kd;dH Ma;jg; Gs;sp

capnuhL GzHe;j ty;yhwd; kpirj;Nj. (E}. 5)

,e;E}w;gh jdpnkhop Ma;jj;jpid vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

v-L.: v/F> f/R - Fw;wpaYfuk; (ngUk;ghd;ik)

g/wp - gpw capUld; (rpWghd;ik)

GzHr;rpapy; Ma;jk;

epWj;j nrhy;ypd; <Wk; Fwpj;JtU fpstpapd; KjYk; GzUq;fhy;

Ma;j xypaha; ,irf;Fk; jd;ik Njhd;Wk;.
39. <W,ay; kUq;fpDk; ,irik Njhd;Wk; (E}. 6)

,J GzHnkhopf;fz; Ma;jj;jpidf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: f/wPJ> K/BJ> m/fba vd;gd Nghd;W tUk;.

,tw;Ws; Ma;jf;FWf;fk; fhl;lg;gl;lJ.

Ma;j vOj;Jf;fs;; msngLj;jy;

epwf;Fwpg;gpd;fz;Zk;> xypf;Fwpg;gpd;fz;Zk; Ma;jk; rpWghd;ikaha;

tUtJ cz;L;. mt;tplq;fspy; mit RUq;fh epiyapid cilaJ.
mjdhy;> mjw;nfdj; jdpNa gpwpNjhH Ma;jkpl;L xypePl;rpiaf; fhl;Ljy;
Njitapy;iy.

40. cUtpDk; ,irapDk; mUfpj; Njhd;Wk;

nkhopf;Fwpg;G vy;yhk; vOj;jpd; ,ayh
Ma;jk; m‡fhf; fhiyahd. (E}. 7)

,e;E}w;gh Ma;jj;jpd; rpwg;gpid vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ> epwj;jpd;

kpFjpiaAk;> Xirapd; kpFjpiaAk; Fwpf;fpd;w nghOJ> mt;toptUk;
Ma;jk; jd; miu khj;jpiuapdpd;Wk; kpf;F xypf;Fk;. mq;qdk; kpf;F
xypf;Fq;fhy; khj;jpiu kpFjp Njhd;Wtjw;fhf Ma;jk; ,ul;bj;J (// vd
,ul;bj;J) vOjg;gLtJ Njitapy;iy vd;gJ ,e;E}w;ghtpd; fUj;jhFk;.

v-L.: f/nwd;W - ,J cUT

 22

R/nwd;W - ,J ,ir. ,it Fwpg;Gr;nrhw;fs;. ,it

msngLj;jNghJ f//nwd;W> R//nwd;W vd
vOjpf;fhl;lj; Njitapy;iy.

capu; msngil

nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk;NghJ nel;nlOj;Jf;fis mLj;jepiyapy;

mjw;F ,dnkhj;j Fwpy; vOj;Jf;fs; epd;W mt;Nthiria epiwtpf;Fk;.

41. Fd;W,ir nkhoptapd; epd;W,ir epiwf;Fk;

nel;nlOj;J ,k;gH xj;j Fw;nwOj;Nj. (E}. 8)

mjhtJ> FWfpa Xiria cila nrhw;fspy; Xiria epug;g>

nel;nlOj;jpd; gpd;Nd mjd; ,dkhd (Mm) Fwpy;vOj;J epd;W Xiria
epiwT nra;Ak; vd;gjhk;. I> Xs vd;gdtw;wpw;F ,dntOj;Jf;fs;
,d;ikahy; mtw;wpd; ,lj;ij ,> c Mfpa vOj;Jf;fs; ,l;L epug;Gk;.

v-L.: Mm> <,> Cc> Vv I,> Xx> Xsc vdtUk;.

I> Xs msngLj;jy;

Ifhu> Xsfhuq;fSf;F xj;j Fw;nwOj;J ,y;iy. mjdhy;> <fhu>

Cfhuq;fspd; ,dq;fsha ,fu cfuq;fs; KiwNa xj;j Fw;nwOj;Jf;fsha;
epd;W Xiria epiwf;Fk;.

42. I> Xs vd;Dk; MaPH vOj;jpw;F

,fu cfuk; ,irepiwT MFk;. (E}. 9)

,e;E}w;gh xj;j Fw;nwOj;jpy;yhj xfhu Xsfhuq;fs; msngLf;FkhW

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: x,> Xsc

vOj;Jf;fs; njhlHe;J nkhopepiy ngwy;

jkpopy; vOj;Jf;fs; jdpj;Jk;> njhlu;e;Jk; nghUs; jUtdthf

mikAk;. XnuOj;J Kjyhf gy vOj;Jf;fSk; ,ize;J nrhy;yhf
eilngw;W ,aYk; vd;gu; ,yf;fz E}Nyhu;.

XnuOj;njhUnkhop

M> <> C> V> I> X> Xs vd;Dk; VO nel;nlOj;Jf;fSk; XnuOj;Jr;

nrhw;fshf epd;W nghUs;jUk;. ,J capH vOj;Jf;Fk; capHnka;
 23

vOj;Jf;Fk; nghJthdjhFk;. M vd;Dk; capu;vOj;Jk;> Nfh vd;Dk;

capu;nka; vOj;Jk; nghUSiuj;jiy mwpf.

43. nel;nlOj;J VNo XHvOj;J xUnkhop. (E}. 10)

,/J XnuOj;J xUnkhopapidf; $WfpwJ. nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; VOk;

XnuOj;J xUnkhopfshf tUk;.

v-L.: M> c> v> V> x> X> Xs - capH

fh> jP> g+> Nj> ij> Nfh> nfs - capHnka;.

44. Fw;nwOj;J Ie;Jk; nkhopepiwG ,yNt. (E}. 11)

Ie;J Fw;nwOj;Jf;fSk; nkhopaha; epd;W nghUs;jUtjha; miktJ

,y;iy. Fwpy; vOj;Jf;fs; Ie;Jk; jdpahf epd;W nghUs;jUtJ ,y;iy.

nrhy;tif

jkpopy; XnuOj;Jj; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs;jUk; nkhopahf miktJk;>

,uz;nlOj;Jf;fs; ,ize;J nghUs;jUtjhf miktJk;> ,uz;Lf;F
Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jf;fs; $b nghUs;jUk; nkhopahf miktJk; vd
nkhopfspy; vOj;Jf;fs; xypj;J epw;Fk; epiy %d;W tifg;gl;L mikAk;.

45. XHvOj;J xUnkhop <HvOj;J xUnkhop

,uz;L ,we;J ,irf;Fk; njhlHnkhop csg;gl
%d;Nw nkhopepiy Njhd;wpa newpNa. (E}. 12)

,e;E}w;gh jkpo;r;nrhw;fspd; epiyapidAk;> mit Njhd;wpa

newpapidAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.

v-L.: M - XnuOj;J xUnkhop

kzp - <nuOj;J xUnkhop
khHG - %ntOj;J xUnkhop
vOj;J - ehd;nfOj;J xUnkhop

vOj;Jf;fspd; ,af;fk;

jdp nka;naOj;Jf;fs; ahTk; mfuj;Jld; ,iae;J tUk;. jdpnka;fis

ehthw; fUj;Jg;nghUshf ,af;Fk; ,af;fKk;> ifahw; fhl;rpg;nghUshf
,af;Fk; ,af;fKk; mfuj;NjhL nghUe;jp tUk; vd;gjhk;.
 24

46. nka;apd; ,af;fk; mfunkhL rptZk;. (E}. 13)

,e;E}w;ghj; jdpnka; ,aq;Fk; epiyapid czHj;JfpwJ.

v.L.: f> q> r> Q ... vd tUk;.

nka;k;kaf;fg; Gwdil

47. jk;,ay; fpsg;gpd; vy;yh vOj;Jk;

nka;e;epiy kaf;fk; khdk; ,y;iy. (E}. 14)

,J nka;kaf;fj;jpw;Fg; Gwdilahf mike;j E}w;ghthFk;.

NkNy nka;k;kaf;fj;jpy; ,d;dpd;d vOj;Jf;fs; ,d;dpd;d

vOj;Jf;fNshL kl;Lk; $btUk; vd;W $wg;gbDk;> mit jj;jk; ngaH
$Wkplj;J mk;kaf;f newpapdpd;Wk; khwpAk; tUk; vd;gJ ,e;E}w;gh
vLj;Jiuf;Fk; fUj;jhFk;.

<nuhw;W cldpiy

auo vd;Dk; %d;wDs; xd;W Kd; xw;wha; epw;f> frjg qQek vDk;
vl;L xw;WfSs; xd;Wtu> mit ,uz;Lk; ,ize;J <nuhw;Wldpiyaha;
epw;Fk;.

48. a u o vd;Dk; %d;Wk; Kd; xw;w

f r j g t Q e k <Hxw;W MFk;. (E}. 15)

,e;E}w;gh <nuhw;W cldpw;wiy czHj;Jfpd;wJ.

v-L.: Nta;f;Fiw> - vd;gjpy; ffu qfuq;fs; afuj;NjhL kaq;fp

Nta;q;Fiw <nwhw;wha; epd;wd.

NtHf;Fiw> - vd;gjpy; ffu qfuq;fs; ufuj;NjhL kaq;fp

NtHq;Fiw <nwhw;wha; epd;wd.

tPo;f;Fiw> - vd;gjpy; ffu qfuq;fs; ofuj;NjhL kaq;fp

tPo;q;Fiw <nwhw;wha; epd;wd.
49. mtw;Ws;
ufhu ofhuk; Fw;nwhw;W Mfh. (E}. 16)

auo vd;Dk; %d;W xw;WfSs; ufuKk;> ofuKk; Fwpypd;fPo; xw;wha;

thuhJ. mjhtJ> Fwpy; vOj;Jf;fspd; gpd; u> o vd;w nka;fs;
tUjypy;iy.
 25

,e;E}w;gh ufu> ofuq;fSf;F va;jpa tpjpapid xU kUq;F

kWj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

jHkk;> fHkk; Nghd;wit -jUkk;> fUkk; vd tUk;. ,J jkpo;tof;F.

v-L.: jhH> jho; - u>o nebw;fPo; xw;whapd

fU> kO - u> o Fwpw;fPo; capHnka;ahapd.

nka;> eha; - afuk; Fwpw;fPOk; nebw;fPOk; xw;whapd.

njhlHnkhop ,ay;G

capHf;FWikAk;> neLikAk; msghd; nfhs;sg;gLjypd;>

njhlHnkhopf;fPo; epd;w xw;Wf;fs; vy;yhk; nebw;fPo; epd;w xw;Wfspd;
,ay;gpdthFk;. mjhtJ> FwpYk; nebYk; msthy; nfhs;sg;ngWjyhy;
,uz;L Fwpy; te;jhy; xUneby; Nghy; nfhs;syhk; vd;gjhk;.

50. FWikAk; neLikAk; mstpd; Nfhlypd;

njhlHnkhop vy;yhk; nel;nlOj;J ,ay. (E}. 17)

Fwpyha;j; njhlUk; nkhopapWjpf;fz; epd;w ufu> ofuk; gw;wpAk; gpw

xw;W gw;wpAk; vOtNjhH Iaj;jpid ,e;E}w;gh mfw;Wfpd;wJ.

njhFg;G - Njhg;G> gFjp-ghjp vd;gd Nghy;td.

v-L.: mfH> GfH - njhlHnkhopf;fPo; ufu xw;W te;jJ.

mfo;> Gfo; - njhlHnkhopf;fPo; ofu xw;W te;jJ.

<nwhw;W cldpiy

nra;As; ,Wjpf;fz; epw;Fk; NghYk; vd;Dk; nkhopf;fz; dfuKk;>

kfuKk; <nuhw;Wldpiyaha; tUk;.
51. nra;Aspy; ,Wjpg; NghYk; nkhoptapd;
dfhu> kfhuk; <Hxw;W MFk;. (E}. 18)

,e;E}w;gh nra;Al;fz; <nuhw;Wldpiyaha; epw;wiy czHj;Jfpd;wJ.

nra;Aspd; ,Wjpapy; NghYk; vd;w nrhy; Nghd;k; vd tUk;. ,jid nkhop
,Wjpg;Nghyp vd;Wiug;gu;.

52. dfhiu Kd;dH kfhuk; FWFk;. (E}. 19)

,e;E}w;gh> miuasG FWfy; kfuk; cilj;Nj vd;gjw;Fg; Gwdilahf

mike;jJ MFk;.
 26

nra;Aspd; ,Wjpapy; tUk; NghYk; vd;w nrhy;ypd;fz;> dfuj;jpd;

gpd;dH tUk; kfuk;> jd; miukhj;jpiuapdpd;W Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;.

v-L.: Nghd;k; vd;gjpYs;s (k;) kfuk; FWfp xypf;Fk;;.

vOj;Jf;fs; xypg;G

vOj;Jf;fis nkhopahf mikj;Jr; nrhd;dhYk;> mtw;wpd; ,ay;ig

mwpe;J msngLj;Jr; nrhd;dhYk; vOj;Jf;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; jpuptJ ,y;iy.
mjhtJ> vOj;Jf;fs; jdpahf xypj;jhYk;> nrhw;fspy; itj;J xypj;jhYk;
xNu tifahfj;jhd; xypj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wiug;gH GytH.

53. nkhopg;gLj;J ,irg;gpDk; njupe;JNtW ,irg;gpDk;

vOj;J,ay; jpupah vd;kdhH GytH. (E}. 20)

,e;E}w;gh> nkhopapil vOj;jpw;Fk; jdpepd;w vOj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa

NtWghLz;Nlh? vDk; Iaj;jpid tpyf;FfpwJ.

v-L.: mfy;> m - fly;> f

My;> M - fhy;> fh

,r;rhd;WfSs; nkhopapil epd;w vOj;JfSf;Fk; jdpNa epd;w

vOj;JfSf;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghL ,d;ikia mwpf.

Nghyp

vOj;Jf;fs; Kiw itg;gpy; xNu xypg;GKiw ngw;W> mr;nrhy;Yf;Fupa

nghUs; khWglhJ epw;Fkhapd; mJ Nghyp vdg;gLk;. mfuj;jpd; gpd;dH
,fuk; epw;f xfhuk; vOj;jhFk;. mjhtJ> mfuKk; ,fuKk; $l;br;
nrhy;Yk;NghJ xfhuk; Nghy; MFk; vd;gjhk;.

54. mfu ,fuk; Ifhuk; MFk;. (E}. 21)

,J Nghyp vOj;jhkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: IaH- m,aH; ituk;-tapuk; vd tUk;.

55. mfu cfuk; Xsfhuk; MFk;. (E}. 22)

mfuKk; cfuKk; $l;br;nrhy;y Xsfhuk; Nghy; MFk;.

v-L.: xsit-mcit> nfse;jpabfs; -fTe;jpabfs; vd;W tUk;.

56. mfuj;J ,k;gH afug; Gs;spAk;
Ivd;neLQ; rpidnka; ngwj; Njhd;Wk;. (E}. 23)
 27

mfuj;jpd; gpd;dH> ,fuNkad;wp afukhfpa Gs;spAk;> x vdg;gl;l

nel;nlOj;jhk;. mjhtJ> x vd;gjw;Fg; gjpy; ma; vd;Wk; tuyhk;.

v.L.: IaH-ma;aH> Itdk;-ma;tdk;; xsit-mt;it vdtUk;.

57. XHmsG MFk; ,lDkhH cz;Nl
NjUk;fhiy nkhoptapdhd. (E}. 24)

,J Nky; njhlHGw;W epd;w Ifhuj;jpw;F khj;jpiu tifahd;

rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

Ifhuk;> MuhAkplj;J nkhopf;fz; Xusgha; epw;Fk; ,lKk; cz;L.

mjhtJ> x> xs nrhw;fspy; tUk;NghJ xU khj;jpiuahfTk; xypf;Fk;
,lKk; cz;L vd;gjhk;.

,ilad; - ,lad;

kilad; - klad;

gioik - goik vd tUk;.

58. ,fu afuk; ,Wjp tpuTk;. (E}. 25)

,/J Ifhug;Nghyp gw;wpa Iaj;jpid mfw;WfpwJ

,futPw;W nkhopf;fz; afuKk; ,fuKk; tputptUk;. mjhtJ>

,fuj;Jld; afuk; ,Wjpapy; xd;whf tUk; vd;gjhk;.

v-L.: eha; - ehap vd;Wk;

eh, - eha; vd;Wk; tUk;.

nkhop Kjy; epw;Fk; capu; vOj;Jf;fs;

gd;dpuz;L capHvOj;Jf;fSk; (m…Xs tiu) nkhopf;F Kjypy;

tUk;.
59. nkhopKjy; capHfs;
gd;dPH capUk; nkhopKjy; MFk;. (E}. 26)

,/J capnuOj;J nkhopf;fz; KjyhkhW czHj;Jfpd;wJ.

v-L.: mil> Mil> ,il> <ak;> cuy;> CHjp> vO> Vzp> Itdk;> xsp>
Xtpak;> Xsljk;
 28

60. capHnka; my;yd nkhopKjy; Mfh. (E}. 27)

,J jdpnka;> capHnka; vDk; ,Utif nka;fSs; nkhop KjyhFk;

nka; ,/njdf; $WfpwJ.

capUld; $ba nka;fNs nkhopf;fz; Kjyhf tUk;;. jdpnka;fs;

nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUjy; ,y;iy.

capUld; nkhopKjyhFk; nka;fs;

fjegk vd;Dk; Ie;njOj;Jk; gd;dpuz;L capnuOj;JfNshLk;

nkhopf;F Kjyhf tUk;.

61. f j e g k vDk; Mite;J vOj;Jk;

vy;yh capnuhLk; nry;YkhH KjNy. (E}. 28)

,J nkhop KjyhFk; capHnka;fl;F tiuaiw $WfpwJ.

v-L.: fiy> fhiy> fpsp> fPup> FL> $L> nfz;il> Nfoy;> ifij>
nfhz;ly;> Nfhil> nfsit-vdgjpy; ffuk; gd;dPUapnuhLk; nkhopf;F
Kjypy; te;jd.

je;ij> jha;> jpj;jp> jPik> Jzp> J}zp> njw;wp> Njd;> ijay;>

njhz;il> NjhL> njsit-vd;gjpy; jfuk; gd;dPUapnuhLk; nkhopf;F
Kjypy; te;jd.

ee;J> ehiu> epyk;> ePH> Ejy;;> E}y;> nea;> Neak;> ietsk;> nehr;rp>
Nehf;F> nestp-vd;gjpy; efuk; gd;dPUapnuhLk; nkhopf;F Kjypy;
te;jd.

gil> ghy;> gpb> gPL> Gfo;> g+kp> ngil> Ngil> igjy;> nghd;> NghJ>
ngstk; - vd;gjpy; gfuk; gd;dPUapnuhLk; nkhopf;F Kjypy; te;jd.

kiy> khiy> kplW> kPsp> Kjiy> %iy> nky;ypiy> Nkdp> ikay;>

nkhop> Nkhj;ij> nksty;-vd;gjpy; kfuk; gd;dPUapnuhLk; nkhopf;F
Kjypy; te;jik fhz;f.

rfu nka; tUjy;

rfuk;> m x xs vd;Dk; %TapH jtpu Vida xd;gJ capHfNshLk;

nkhopf;F Kjyhf tUk;.
62. rfuf; fpstpAk; mtw;W Xuw;Nw
m x Xs vDk; %d;wyq; filNa. (E}. 29)

,J rfuk; nkhop Kjw;fz; MkhW $WfpwJ.

 29

v-L.: rhe;J> rpdk;> rPw;wk;> RUk;G> #uu;;> nrf;F> Nrty;> nrhy;> NrhW vd;gd.

tfu nka; tUjy;

c v x X vd;Dk; ehd;F capHfSk; tfu nka;NahL nkhopf;F

Kjyhf tUk;.
63. c C x X vd;Dk; ehd;F capH
t vd; vOj;njhL tUjy; ,y;iy. (E}. 30)

v-L.: tis> thup> tpsup> tPL> nts;sp> NtH> itak;> ntsT vd tUk;.

Qfu nka; tUjy;

M v x vDk; %d;WapHfSk; Qfhu xw;NwhL nkhopf;fz; KjyhFk;.

64. M v x vDk; %TapH Qfhuj;J cupa. (E}. 31)

v-L.: Qhyk;> nQz;L> nQhs;fpw;W.

afu nka; tUjy;

Mfhuj;Njhld;wpg; gpw capHfNshL afuk; nkhopf;F Kjyhf tUjy;

,y;iy.
65. MnthL my;yJ afuk; KjyhJ. (E}. 32)

v-L.: ahid> ahL> ahz;L.

66. Kjyh Vd jk;ngaH KjYk;. (E}. 33)

,J vy;yh vOj;Jk; KjyhFk; ,lk; $WfpwJ.

nkhopf;F Kjyhfhj xd;gJ nka;fSk; jk; ngaH $Wq;fhy;

Kjyhtjhf tUjYk; cz;L. mjhtJ> jk;ngaH $Wk; epiyapy; vy;yh
nka;fSk; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk; vd;gH.

nkhopKjypy; Fw;wpaYfuk; tUjy;

Ee;ij vd;Dk; Kiwg;ngaHf;fz; xw;wha; tUk; efuj;jpd;Nky; epd;w

Fw;wpaYfuk; efuj;NjhL nkhopf;fz; Kjyhtjhf tUk;.

67. Fw;wpaYfuk; Kiwg;ngaH kUq;fpd;

xw;wpa efukpir efunkhL KjYk;. (E}. 34)

,e;E}w;gh nkhopf;F KjyhFk; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpidf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Ee;ij vd tUk;

 30

Ee;ij vd;gJ Ek;je;ij vd;gjd; k&c nkhopahapDk; m/J

xUnkhop NghyNt toq;fypd; Kiwg;ngaH vd;whH njhy;fhg;gpau;.

68. Kw;wpa YfunkhL nghUs; NtWglhmJ

mg;ngaH kUq;fpd; epiyapayhd. (E}. 35)

,J Nkyjw;NfhH Gwdil czHj;Jfpd;wJ.

Ee;ij vd;Dk; Kiwg;ngauplj;J epw;wyhfpa ,ay;gpd;fz; nkhopKjw;

Fw;wpaYfuk;> Kw;wpaYfukha; xypf;Fq;fhy; NtWgLk; Fw;wpaYfuj;ijg;
NghyNtg; nghUshy; NtWglhJ epw;Fk;.

Ee;ij - ,jo; Ftpah epiy

Ee;jha; - ,jo; Ftpe;j epiy

,t;tpU epiyikf; fz;Zk; xypahd; NtWghLz;Nl jtpug; nghUshd;

NtWghby;iy vd;gJ fUj;J.

nkhop ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fs;

capu; vOj;Jf;fspy; Xsfhuk; xope;j capHfs; gjpndhd;Wk; nkhopf;F

<whf tUk;.
69. capH Xs vQ;rpa ,WjpahFk;. (E}. 36)

,J capH> nkhopf;F <whjiyf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: M> <> C> V> I> X - neby; jhNd <whapd

fh> jP> g+> Nr> ir> Nfh - nka;Ald; neby; <whapd

MM> <,> Cc> Vv> I,> XX - Fwpy; msngilf;fz; <whapd.

tpsh> gyh> fpsp> FuP> Ftis - Vida nkhopf;fz; <whapd.

Xsfhuk; <whjy;

ffu> tfu nka;fNshL nghUe;jpd; Kd; tpyf;fpa XsfhuKk;

nkhopf;fz; <whFk;.

70. ftnthL ,iaapd; XsTk; MFk;. (E}. 37)

,J> Nky;tpyf;fpa xsfhuk; ,t;tplj;J Mk; vdf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: nfs> nts vdtUk;.

 31

vfuk; <whjy;

vfuk; msngilf;fz; md;wp nka;NahL $b <whfhJ.

71. vvd tUk; capH nka; <whfhJ. (E}. 38)

,/J vfuk; msngilf;fz; <whjyd;wp nka;nahL <whfhnjdf;

$WfpwJ.

xfuk; <whjy;

xfuk; efu nka;Ald; kl;LNk <whf tUk;.

72. xt;Tk; mw;Nw e myq;filNa. (E}. 39)

,J xfuk; <whjw;F tiuaiw $WfpwJ.

Nkw;Fwpj;jdtw;Wf;Fr; rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy. tof;nfhope;JNghapd.

73. V X vDk; capH Qfhuj;J ,y;iy. (E}. 40)

,J Qfhuj;NjhL <whFk; capHf;F tiuaiw $Wfpdw;J.

Vfhu> Xfhu capHfs; jhNk <whtjd;wp Qfu nka;NahL <whtjpy;iy.

rhd;Wfs; tof;nfhope;jd.
74. c> v fhuk; e tnthL etpyh. (E}. 41)

,J efu tfuj;NjhL <whFk; capHf;Fk; tiuaiw $WfpwJ.

cfu> vfhuq;fs; ,uz;Lk; KiwNa efu tfuq;fNshL thuh.

75. cr;rfhuk; ,Unkhopf;Fwpj;Nj. (E}. 42)

,J rfuj;NjhL <whFk; capHf;F tiuaiw $WfpwJ.

rfu nka;Ald; $ba cfu capH ,uz;L nrhw;fspy; ,Wjpapy; tUk;.

v-L.: cR> KR (cR-cStpd; ngaH. KR-Fuq;fpdj;Js; xU tif.)

76. cg;gfhuk; xd;W vd nkhopg
,Utapd; epiyAk; nghUl;L MFk;Nk. (E}. 43)

,J gfuj;NjhL <whFk; capHf;F tiuaiwAk;> nghUs;ghLk;

czHj;Jfpd;wJ.

cfuj;NjhL $ba gfuk; xUnkhopf;fz; <whFk;. mJ jd;tpid>

gpwtpid vd;Dk; <Mwplj;J epiyngWk; nghUspid cilajhf tUk;.
 32

v-L. jG - ,J jd;tpid> gpwtpid vd;Dk; ,uz;blj;Jk; tUk;.

jG-,J gLj;Jr;nrhy;y eP rh vd;gJ nghUshk;. vLj;Jr;nrhy;yg;

gpwpnjhd;widr; rhtr;nra; vd;gJ nghUshk;.

<whfhj gpw capHnka;fs;

nkhopf;fz; <whfhJ vd;W $wg;gl;l capHnka;fSk; jk; ngaHfisf;

$Wk;top <whf tUk;.

77. vQ;rpa vy;yhk; vQ;Rjy; ,yNt. (E}. 44)

,J <whfh capHnka;fSk;> jk; ngaH $Wk;top <whFk; vd;W

$WfpwJ.

vQ;rpa capHnka;ahtd : Xsfhuk;> ffhu tfhuq;fis xope;j

nka;NahL ,iae;j capHnka;Ak;> vfuk; vy;yh nka;NahLk; ,iae;j
capHnka;Ak;> xfuk; efuk; xope;j nka;NahL ,iae;j capHnka;Ak;> Vfhu>
Xfhuk; Qfhuj;NjhL ,iae;j capHnka;Ak;> cfuk;> vfhuk; efu
tfuq;fNshL ,iae;j capHnka;Ak; vd ,itahFk;.

nkhop,Wjpapy; tUk; nka;fs;

Q z e k d a u y t o s vd;W $wg;gl;l gjpndhd;Wk;

Gs;spfspy; nkhopf;F <whf tUk;;.
78. Q z e k d a u y t o s vd;Dk;
mg; gjpndhd;Nw Gs;sp ,Wjp. (E}. 45)

,J jdpnka;fspy; nkhopf;F <whFtd $WfpwJ.

v-L.: cupQ;> kz;> nghUe;> jpUk;> nghd;> Nta;> NtH> Nty;> njt;> tPo;> Nts;
vd tUk;.
79. cr;rfhunkhL efhuk; rptZk;. (E}. 46)

,/J <whk; efhuj;jpw;F XH tiuaiw $WfpwJ.

cfuj;NjhL $ba rfuj;ijg;Nghy> efhu xw;Wk; ,Unkhopfspd;fz; <whFk;.

v-L.: nghUe;> ntupe;.

80. cg; gfhunkhL QfhiuAk; mw;Nw
mg;nghUs; ,ul;lhJ ,tizahd. (E}. 47)

,J Qfhuj;jpw;F tiuaiw $WfpwJ.

 33

cfuj;NjhL $ba gfuk; Nghy QfuKk; xUnkhopf;fz; <whFk;.

mmJ mg;gfuk; Nghy ,t;tplj;J ,UnghUs; glhJ vd;gjhk;.

v-L.: cupQ;
81. tfuf; fpstp ehd;nkhop cw;wJ. (E}. 48)

,J tfuj;jpw;F tiuaiw $WfpwJ.

tfuk; ehd;Fnkhopfspd; fz; <whFk;.

v-L.: mt;> ,t;> ct;> njt; vd tUk;.

<w;nwOj;J kaf;fk;

Fw;wkwf; $wg;gl;l m/wpizf;fz; kfu <w;Wj; njhlHnkhopNahL

kaq;fhj dfu <w;Wj;njhlHnkhop> xd;gnjdf; $WtH njhy;yhrpupaH.

82. kfuj; njhlHnkhop kaq;Fjy; tiue;j

dfuj; njhlHnkhop xd;g/J vd;g
GfHmwf; fpse;j m/wpiz Nkd. (E}. 49)

,/J <w;nwOj;J kaf;fk; $WfpwJ.

mjhtJ> m/wpizg; ngaHfSs; dfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fshf

tUtdtw;Ws; xd;gJ nrhw;fs; jtpu> Vidanty;yhk; kfuj;NjhL kaq;Fk;
vd;gJ ,e;E}w;ghtpd; fUj;jhFk;.

v-L.: epyd;> epyk;> gpyd;> gpyk; vd;whw;Nghd;W kaq;Ftd.

vfpd;> nrfpd;> tpod;> gapd;> mod;> God;> Fapd;> flhd;> tahd; vd

kaq;fhJ tUk;.

,t;tpaypy; epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bait

 nkhop kuG vd;gjd; tpsf;fk;> Fw;wpaYfuk;> Fw;wpaYfuk;> Ma;jk;>

msngil
 nrhy;yhf;f epiyg;ghLfs;
 vOj;Jf;fspd; ,af;fk;> jdpnka;fspd; ,af;fk;> capHnka;fspd;
,af;fk;> <nuhw;W cldpiy> njhlHnkhop epiy
 Nghyp vOj;Jf;fs;
 nkhopf;F Kjyhf mikAk; vOj;Jf;fs;> nkhopf;F ,Wjpapy;
mikAk; vOj;Jf;fs;> cr;rfhuk;> cg;gfhuk;> nkhop ,Wjp Mfhf
nka;fs;.
 34

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

1.1. E}d;kuG
FWtpdhf;fs; :

1. Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs; ahit?

2. njhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLk; rhu;ngOj;Jf;fs; ahit?
3. Fwpy; neby; tifg;ghl;bid tptupf;f.
4. cl;ngW Gs;sp cUthFk;Nk – Fwpg;G tiuf.
5. rhu;ngOj;Jf;fspd; khj;jpiufs; ahit?
6. nka;nahL ,iaapDk; capupay; jpupah- tpsf;fk; jUf.
7. nka;apd; ,aw;if Gs;spnahL epiyay; - fUj;Jiuf;f.
8. capu; vOj;Jf;fspd; tbtk; ahit?
9. nka;k;kaf;fk; vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
10. Rl;L> tpdh vOj;Jf;fs; ahit?

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; :

1. vOj;Jf;fspd; tif> njhif Fwpj;J tpsf;fk; jUf.

2. vOj;Jf;fspd; tbtk; Fwpj;j njhy;fhg;gpaupd; rpe;jidfisg;
Gyg;gLj;Jf.
3. nka;kaf;fk; vd;gjidr; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
4. cldpiy> Ntw;Wepiy nka;kaf;fk; vd;gjid tptupf;f.
5. jdp nka;fs; Fwpj;j njhy;fhg;gpaf; fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jiuf;f.
6. jdp nka;fspd; %tiffis tptupf;f.
 35

1.2. nkhop kuG

FWtpdhf;fs; :

1. nkhopkuG ngah;f;fhuzk; $Wf.

2. Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; ,yf;fzk; vLj;Jiuf;f.
3. rhu;ngOj;Jf;fs; nkhopfspy; tUk; epiy ahJ?
4. xUnrhy; Ma;jk; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
5. nkhopapd; tifg;ghLfis vLj;Jiuf;f.
6. rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs; Fwpj;J njhy;fhg;gpah; nkhopkugpy; $Wtd ahit?
7. msngil vd;gjd; ,yf;fzk; vLj;Jiuf;f.
8. ePl;lk; Ntz;Lk; mt;tsTila $l;bvcjy; vd Fwpg;gpLtJ vtw;iw?
9. <nuhw;Wldpiyahf tUtd ahit?

10. ‘nka;apd; ,af;fk; mfunkhL rptZk;’ – nghUSiuf;f.

11. Nghyp vOj;Jf;fshfj; njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wtd ahit?

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; :

1. nkhopkugpy; $wg;gLk; nra;jpfisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.

2. vOj;Jf;fspd; ,af;fk; Fwpj;Jj; njhy;fhg;gpaH $Wtd ahit?
3. nkhopf;F KjyhFk; vOj;Jf;fs; ahit? rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
4. nkhopf;F ,Wjpahf mikAk; vOj;Jf;fs; ahit?
5. nkhop ,Wjpapy; tUk; nka;fs; ahit?

------------------------------
 36

myF - 2. 2.1. gpwg;gpay;> 2.2. Gzupay;

Nehf;fk;

2.1. vOj;Jf;fspd; nghJg;gpwg;gpid mwpjy;> capu; vOj;Jf;fs;> nka;

vOj;Jf;fs; Mfpad gpwj;jy;> ty;ypd> nky;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; gpwg;gpd;
Mf;fepiy> tsp,ir NtWghL Mfpad mwpjy;

2.2. nkhopfspd; nghJg;Gzu;r;rp> Gzu;r;rp epiyAk; vOj;Jf;fSk; mwpjy;>

nrhw;fs; GzUk; epiy mwpjy;> k&cr;nrhw;fs; Gzu;jy;> Ntw;Wikg;
Gzu;r;rp> my;topg; Gzu;r;rp mwpjy;> Ntw;Wik cUGfs;> rhupiafs;
GzUk; epiy mwpjy;> vOj;Jr; rhupiafs; Fwpj;J mwpjy;

md;ghHe;j khztHfNs>
jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; tif> njhif Fwpj;j nra;jpfis Kd; myfpy;
mwpe;Jnfhz;Nlhk;. vOj;Jf;fs; tuptbtKk;> Ngr;nrhypAk; nfhz;ld
vd;gjhy; vOj;Jf;fspd; tbtk; gw;wpa mwpjpwDk;> xyp cr;rupg;G gw;wpa
mwpjYk; vOj;jpyf;fzj;jpy; Kjd;ikahd ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. Mjyhy;
vOj;Jf;fs; vt;thW gpwf;fpd;wd vd;gjidAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Nehf;fpy; njhy;fhg;gpaH jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;gpidg; gw;wp kpf
tpupthf vLj;Jiuf;fpwhH. Kw;wpYk; mwptpay; Nehf;fpy; mike;j gFjp
,JthFk;.

xt;NthH vOj;Jk; Ngr;nrhypahfg; gy;yhz;Lfs; epiyj;J epd;W>

mjd;gpd;dNu vOj;njhypahf cUg;ngw;Ws;sd. clypy; ,Ue;J vOe;J
ntspg;gLk; fhw;Nw xypaiyfshf mike;J Ngr;nrhypfshf mikfpd;wd.

vOj;Jf;fs; xypfshf cr;rupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mt;thW xypfs;

cUthf;fk; ngWtjw;F clypd; gy ghfq;fSk; xd;wpize;J ,aq;f
Ntz;ba Njit cs;sJ. clypd; cs;Ns mbtapw;wpy; epiwe;jpUf;Fk;
fhw;whdJ khHG> fOj;J> jiy> %f;F Mfpatw;wpy; nghUe;jp> cjL> ehf;F>
gy;> Nky;tha; mz;zk; Mfpa cWg;Gfspd; Kaw;rpahy; ntspg;gl;L xypahf>
nkhopahfg; gpwf;fpwJ.

vOj;Jf;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;w khHG> fOj;J> jiy> %f;F Kjyhdtw;iw

,lg;gpwg;G vd;Wk;> cjL> ehf;F> gy;> Nky;tha; mz;zk; Kjyhd
cWg;Gfspd; njhopy; NtWghl;bdhy; xypg;gjid Kaw;rpg; gpwg;G vdTk;
toq;FtH.
 37

jdpvOj;Jf;fspd; ,yf;fzj;ij E}d;kugpDk;> nkhopfspy; itj;J

mwpaf;$ba rhHngOj;Jf;fspd; ,yf;fzj;ijAk;> nkhopfspd; KjypYk;
,WjpapYk; epw;Fk; vOj;Jf;fspd; ,yf;fzj;ijAk; nkhopkugpYk; $wpa
MrpupaH ,t;tpaypy; mt;ntOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;gpyf;fzj;ijf; $Wfpd;whH.

KjnyOj;J> rhHngOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;gpaiy czHj;Jjypd; ,t;tpay;

gpwg;gpay; vd;Dk; ngaHngw;wJ.

,t;tpaypy; vOj;Jf;fspd; nghJg;gpwg;G> capnuOj;Jf;fs; gpwf;Fkplk;>

nka;naOj;Jf;fs; gpwf;Fkplk;> rhHngOj;Jf;fs; gpwf;Fkplk;> fhw;wpd;
,af;fk; Kjyhdit ,q;F ghlkhf mike;Js;sd.

vOj;Jf;fspd; nghJg;gpwg;G

vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;gpid xUtd; Kiwikg;gl Muha;e;J

nrhy;Yq;fhyj;J> fpsHe;njOk; xypf;fhw;W cjutpjhdj;jpid mbaha;f;
nfhz;L Njhd;wp> EiuaPuypd;fz;Zk;> jiyapDk; KiwNa nrd;W>
njhz;ilapd; fz;Zk;> %f;fpd;fz;Zk; epw;f> gy;> cjL> eh> mz;zk;
vDk; ehd;fDs; XH <Wg;Gg; gpwpNjhH <Wg;nghL nghUe;j vy;yhj; jkpo;
vOj;Jf;fSk; gpwf;Fk;. ,t;thW gpwf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fspd; xyp,af;fk;
NtWNtW ,ay;gpid ciladthf mike;jpUf;Fk;.

83. ce;jp Kjyh Ke;Jtsp Njhd;wp

jiyapDk; kplw;wpDk; neQ;rpDk; epiy,
gy;Yk; ,jOk; ehTk; %f;Fk;
mz;zKk; csg;gl vz;Kiw epiyahd;
<Wg;G <w;W mika newpg;gl ehb
vy;yh vOj;Jk; nrhy;Yk;fhiy
gpwg;gpd; Mf;fk; NtWNtW ,ay
jpwg;glj; Njhd;Wk; fhl;rpahd. (E}. 1)

vd;Dk; E}w;gh vOj;Jf;fspd; nghJg;gpwg;gpidf; $WfpwJ.

mjhtJ ce;jpapypUe;J vOk; fhw;whdJ> NknyOe;J te;J jiy>

fOj;J> neQ;R ,tw;wpy; epiyngw;W> gy;> cjL (,jo;)> ehf;F> %f;F>
mz;zk; Mfpa vl;L cWg;Gf;fspYk; njhlHGw;W> xu; cWg;G kw;Nwhu;
cWg;gpy; nghUe;j epw;gjhy; vy;yh xyp vOj;Jf;fSk; Njhd;Wk;. xt;nthU
tif vOj;Jf;fSk; ntt;NtW jd;ikapy; Njhd;Wk; vd;gJ ,e;E}w;ghtpd;
fUj;jhFk;.
 38

capH vOj;Jf;fs; gpwj;jy;

Nkw;$wpa nghJ,yf;fzj;Js; gd;dpuz;L capu; vOj;Jf;fSk;

jk;epiy jpupahJ kplw;wpd;fz; Njhd;wpa xypf;fhw;why; gpwf;Fk;. mjhtJ>
gd;dpU capHvOj;Jf;fSk; fOj;jpypUe;J gpwe;j Xirf;fhw;why; xypf;Fk;
vd;gjid mwpf.

84. mt;top
gd;dPH capUk; jk;epiy jpupah
kplw;Wg; gpwe;j tspapd; ,irf;Fk;. (E}. 2)

,e;E}w;gh> capnuOj;Jf;fSf;Fg; nghJg;gpwg;Gf; $WfpwJ.

m> M gpwj;jy;

gd;dpuz;L capHfspy; mfu> Mfhuq;fs; ,uz;Lk; mq;fhj;jyhy;

gpwf;Fk;. mq;fhj;jy;-tha;jpwj;jy;.
85. mtw;Ws;
M M Mapuz;L mq;fhe;J ,aYk;. (E}. 3)

,J capnuOj;Jf;fspy; rpytw;wpw;Fr; rpwg;Gg; gpwg;Gf; $WfpwJ.

,> <> v> V> I gpwj;jy;

, < v V I vDk; Ie;njOj;Jf;fSk; mq;fhj;jnyhL

Nkw;gy;ybapid ehtpd; tpspk;G nghUe;jg; gpwf;Fk;.
86. , < v V I vd ,irf;Fk;
mg;ghy; Ie;Jk; mtw;W Xud;d
mitjhk;
mz;gy; Kjy; eh tpspk;G cwy; cila. (E}. 4)

vDk; E}w;gh capnuOj;Jf;fspy; Ie;jDf;Fr; rpwg;Gg;gpwg;G $WfpwJ.

, < v V I vd;Dk; Ie;J capnuOj;Jf;fSk; Kw;$wpa mfu>

Mfhuq;fisg; Nghy thiaj; jpwg;gjhyhfpa Kaw;rpahy; Njhd;Wk;. NkYk;>
mit Nkw;gy;ypd; mbia ehtpdJ mbtpspk;G nrd;W nghUe;jg; gpwf;Fk;
vd;gjid mwpf.

c> C> x> X> Xs gpwj;jy;

cCxXXs vd xypf;Fk; Ie;J capH vOj;Jf;fSk; ,jo; Ftpj;Jr;

nrhy;yg; gpwf;Fk;.
 39

87. cC xX xs vd ,irf;Fk;
mg;ghy; Ie;Jk; ,jo; Ftpe;J ,aYk;. (E}. 5)

,/J vQ;rpa Ie;JapHfSf;Fk; gpwg;Gf; $WfpwJ.

capHf;Fk; nka;f;Fk; nghJtpjp

,uz;nlOj;Jk;> gyntOj;Jkha;r; NrHj;Jg; nghJtha;f; $wpDk;>

mtw;wpw;wpilNa rpw;rpy NtWghLfs; cs. mit kpfr;rpwpad. mtw;iwg;
gapy;NthNu czu;e;J nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

88. jk;jk; jpupNg rpwpa vd;g. (E}. 6)

NkNy ,uz;Lk; gyTkha;r; NrHj;Jf;$wpa vOj;Jf;fspilNa Ez;zpa

NtWghLfs; cs;sd. mit kpfr;rpwpad vd;gH njhy;yhrpaH. mt;NtWghL
Ez;zpjpd; czHjw;FupadthFk;.

nka;vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;G

gjpndl;L nka;naOj;Jf;fs; gpwf;Fk; jpwj;jpid ,dptUk; gFjp

vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

f> q gpwj;jy;

ehtpd; mbg;gFjp mz;zj;jpd; mbg;gFjpiag; nghUe;j ffuk;> qfuk;

gpwf;Fk;.

89. ffhu qfhuk; Kjy;eh mz;zk;. (E}. 7)

,J nka;fSs; rpytw;Wf;Fr; rpwg;Gg; gpwg;Gf; $WfpwJ.

r> Q gpwj;jy;

90. rfhu Qfhuk; ,ileh mz;zk;. (E}. 8)

rfu> Qfuk; ,uz;Lk; ,ileh ,ilaz;zj;ij cwg; gpwf;Fk;.

l> z gpwj;jy;

lfu> zfuk; vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; ehEdp mz;zEdpapid cwog;

gpwf;Fk;.
91. lfhu> zfhuk; Edpeh mz;zk;. (E}. 9)
 40

Iak; jPHj;jy;

NkNy %d;W E}w;ghf;fshy; $wpa MW vOj;Jf;fSk; %tifg;

gpwg;gpdthFk;.

92. mt;MW vOj;Jk; %tifg; gpwg;gpd. (E}. 10)

Nkw;fz;l %d;W E}w;ghf;fSk; epuy;epiu tifahDk;> nghUs;

nfhs;SkhW epw;wypd; mjid ePf;fw;F ,lk; cs;sJ vd;gjid ,e;E}w;gh
njspTWj;JfpwJ.

j> e gpwj;jy;

Nky;tha;g;gy;ypd; mbaplj;jpid ehEdp gue;J> jd; tbT kpfg;

nghUe;JkhW xw;w jfu> efuk; ,uz;Lk; ,dpjhfg; gpwf;Fk;.

93. mz;zk; ez;zpa gy;Kjy; kUq;fpy;

ehEdp gue;J nka;cw xw;w
jhk; ,dpJ gpwf;Fk; jfhu efhuk;. (E}. 11)

,J nka;naOj;Jf;fspy; rpytw;Wf;Fr; rpwg;Gg;gpwg;Gf; $WfpwJ.

w> d gpwj;jy;

ehEdp Nky;Nehf;fp mz;zj;ijg; nghUe;j wfu> sfuk; Mfpa ,uz;L

vOj;Jf;fSk; gpwf;Fk;.

94. mzup Edpeh mz;zk; xw;w

wmfhd; dmfhd; Mapuz;Lk; gpwf;Fk;. (E}. 12)

u> o gpwj;jy;

ehEdp Nky;Nehf;fp mz;zj;jpid tUl> ufu ofuk; Mfpa ,uz;L

vOj;Jf;fSk; gpwf;Fk;.

95. Edp eh mzup mz;zk; tUl

ufhu> ofhuk; Mapuz;Lk; gpwf;Fk;. (E}. 13)

y> s gpwj;jy;

ehtpdJ tpspk;G jbj;J Nky;tha;g; gy;ybapid kpfg;nghUe;j yfhuk;

gpwf;Fk;. ehtpdJ tpspk;G jbj;J Nky;tha;g; gy;ybapid aLj;j
mz;zj;jpidj; jlt sfhuk; gpwf;Fk;.
 41

96. eh tpspk;G tPq;fp mz;gy; Kjy; cw

Mtapd; mz;zk; xw;wTk; tUlTk;
tfhu> sfhuk; Mapuz;Lk; gpwf;Fk;. (E}. 14)

g> k gpwj;jy;

nkYjLk;> fPOjLk; jk;Ks; nghUe;jg; gfuKk;> kfuKk; gpwf;Fk;.

97. ,jo; ,iae;J gpwf;Fk; gfhu kfhuk;. (E}. 15)

t gpwj;jy;

Nky;tha;g; gy;ypidf; fPopjo; nghUe;j tfuk; gpwf;Fk;.

98. gy;,jo; ,iaa tfhuk; gpwf;Fk;. (E}. 16)

,J nka;naOj;Jf;fSs; xd;wDf;Fg; gpwg;Gf; $WfpwJ.

a gpwj;jy;

mbeh Nky;Nehf;fpr; nrwpe;J epw;wyhd; mz;zj;jpidr; NrHe;J epd;w

kplw;wpdpd;Wk; vOk; fhw;whfpa xypahy; afuk; gpwf;Fk;.

99. mz;zk; NrHe;j kplw;W vO tspapir

fz;Zw;W mila> afhuk; gpwf;Fk;. (E}. 17)

,J nka;vOj;Jf;fspy; xd;whd afuj;jpw;g; gpwg;Gf; $WfpwJ.

nky;ypd nka;fspd; gpwg;Gf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp

nky;nyOj;Jf;fs; MWk; Nkw;$wpa ,lq;fspy; epiyngw;Wg; gpwf;Fk;.

MapDk;> %f;fpd;fz; Njhd;Wk; fhw;whfpa xypiag; nghWj;Nj mit
nghUe;jj; Njhd;Wk;.

100. nky;nyOj;J MWk; gpwg;gpd; Mf;fk;

nrhy;ypa gs;sp epiyapd MapDk;
%f;fpd; tsp,ir ahg;Gwj; Njhd;Wk;. (E}. 18)

,J nky;nyOj;Jf;fSf;Fg; gpwg;Gf;$WfpwJ.

rhHG vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;G

jj;jk; KjnyOj;Jf;fisr; rhHe;J Njhd;Wjyy;yhJ> jdpj;jdpNa

epd;nwhypf;Fk; ,ay;G jkf;F ,y;iy vd;W Kd;dNu Muha;e;J
ntspg;gLj;jgl;l rhHngOj;Jf;fs; %d;Wk;> jj;jkf;Fr; rhHghfpa
 42

KjnyOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;gplq;fNshL nghUe;jpDk;> jj;jkf;F xj;j

,lj;jpd;fz; jkf;Fupa ,ay;ghy; gpwf;Fk;.

101. rhHe;J tupd; my;yJ jkf;F ,ay;G,y vdj;

NjHe;J ntspg;gLj;j Vid %d;Wk;
jk;jk; rhHgpd; gpwg;nghL rptzp
xj;j fhl;rpapd; jk; ,ay;G ,aYk;. (E}. 19)

NghYk; vd;gjpy; kfuk; miu khj;jpiu msTilaJ. Mdhy; ,J Nghd;k;

vdf; FWfp tUk;NGhJ dfuj;ij mLj;J my;yJ rhu;e;J kfuk; tUk;
epiyapy; ½ khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J ¼ fhy; khj;jpiu mstpdjhff;
FWfp xypf;Fk;.

Gwdil

vy;yh vOj;Jf;fSk; ntspg;gilaha; tpje;J nrhy;yg;gl;l ,lq;fspy;

Njhd;Wk; fhw;wpdhy; gpwf;Fk;. mt;tpay;NghL nghUe;jf; $Wkplj;Jj;
jpupjYk; jd;ikAil mfj;jpd;fz; Njhd;Wk; tspahdhfpa xypapidf;
Fw;wkw Muha;e;J> msgpidf; nfhs;Sjy; me;jzH (cau;e;Njhu;)
kiwahfpa ,irE}ypd;fz; cs;sJ.

102. vy;yh vOj;Jk; ntspg;glf; fpse;J

nrhy;ypa gs;sp vOjU tspapd;
gpwg;nghL tpLtop cwo;r;rp thuj;J
mfj;J vOtsp ,ir mupy;jg ehb
msgpw; Nfhly; me;jzH kiwj;Nj
m‡J ,tz; EtyhJ vOe;J Gwj;J ,irf;Fk;
nka;njup tsp,ir msG Etpd;wprpNd. (E}. 20)

,e;E}w;gh ,irE}yhH nfhs;ifapidf; $WfpwJ.

,t;tpaypy; epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bait

 vOj;Jf;fspd; nghJg;gpwg;G> vOj;Jg;gpwg;gpd; Mf;fepiy> Jizepiyf;

fUtpfs;
 mq;fhj;jy;> ntbg;Gepiy> cwo;Tepiy
 capH vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;Gepiy
 nka;vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;Gepiy
 rhHngOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;Gepiy
 gpwg;gpd; Mf;fk; ntt;NtW MFk; epiy
 43

2.2. Gzupay;

vOj;Jf;fs; jj;jkf;Fs; GzUkhW $Wtjhy; ,t;tpay; Gzupay;

vd;whapw;W. GzHr;rp-%tif nkhopfSk; (capu; vOj;J> nka;vOj;J>
rhu;ngOj;J Mfpad) jk;nkhL jhKk; cwo;e;Jk; GzHjy;. nkhopkugpy;
$wg;gLk; %tif nkhopfSk; jk;Kl; GzUkhW $Wfpd;whuhjypd; ,J
Gzupay; vd;W ngaHngw;wJ.

njhifkuG> cUgpay;> capHkaq;fpay;> Gs;spkaq;fpay;> Fw;wpaYfug;

Gzupay; vdg; gpd;dH tUk; xe;jpay;fspYk; $Wk; GzHr;rpfSf;Fupa
nghJthd ,yf;fzj;jpid ,t;tpaypy; $Wfpd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH.

,t;tpaypy; nkhopkugpd; xopG> nkhopGzH ,ay;G> Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rp>

rhupiafSk; mtw;wpd; jpupGfSk;> vOj;Jr;rhupiafs;> vOj;Njhud;d
nghUs;njup GzHr;rp vd;Dk; MWgFjpfSk; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

nkhopfspd; KjYk; <Wk;

Kjy; vOj;Jk; rhHGvOj;Jk; Mfpa Kg;gj;J%d;W vOj;Jf;fspy;

nkhopf;F Kjyhf tUk; ,Ugj;jpuz;L vOj;Jf;fSk;> nkhopf;F ,Wjpahf
tUk; ,Ugj;jp ehd;F vOj;Jf;fSk; ciueil tof;F> nra;As;tof;F
vd;Dk; ,Utif newpfspYk; epd;W ,aq;Fk;. vy;yhr; nrhw;fspYk;>
nka;naOj;J my;yJ capH vOj;Jf;fs; KjypYk; <w;wpYkhf epw;Fk;
,ay;gpid cilad. mt;tifapy; mit ,uz;L tifg;gLtdthFk;.

103. %d;Wjiy ,l;l Kg;gjpw;W vOj;jpd;

,uz;L jiy,l;l Kjy; MF ,Ug/J
mWehd;F cnwhL newpepd;W ,aYk;
vy;yh nkhopf;Fk; ,WjpAk; KjYk;
nka;Na> capH vd;W MaPH ,ay. (E}. 1)

nkhopkuGfspd;fz; $wpatw;iwj; njhFj;Jk;> xU nkhopf;F KjYk;

<Wkhtd ,it vd tpje;Jk; $WjNyhL> ,ilf;fz; vOe;j Iaj;jpidAk;
,e;E}w;gh ePf;FfpwJ.

mjhtJ> jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; Kg;gj;J%d;wpy; nrhy;ypy; tUk; Kjy;

vOj;Jf;fs; 22; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; tUk; vOj;Jf;fs; 24. vy;yhr;
nrhw;fSf;Fk; ,WjpahfTk; KjyhtjhfTk; tUtd nka;> capH vd;Dk;
 44

,Utif vOj;Jf;fNs. mit cyftof;F> nra;As;tof;F vd;Dk;

newpfspy; nghUe;jp tUk; vd;gjhk;.

v-L.: kuk; - nka;Kjy; nka;aPW

miy - capHKjy; capuPW
fiy - nka;Kjy; capuPW
My; - capHKjy; nka;aPW.
nka;<W

nkhopapd; Kjw;fz;Zk;> nkhopapd; ,Wjpf;fz;Zk; tUk; nka;

capHfSs; nkhopaPwhFk; nka;fs; vy;yhk; Gs;spngw;W epw;Fk;.

104. mtw;Ws;

nka;<W vy;yhk; Gs;spnahL epiyay;. (E}. 2)

‘,WjpAk; KjY nka;Na capnud; whaP upay’ vd;wikapd;> Kjw;fz;

epd;w nka;Ak; ‘nka;ap dpaw;if Gs;spnahL epiyay;’ vDk; jdpnka;f;Ff;
$wpa tpjpahd; Gs;spngWk; vd;W va;jpa tpjpapid ,e;E}w;gh
tpyf;Ffpd;wJ.

v-L.: kuk;.

Fw;wpaYfu <W

<w;W nka;Nghy <w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuKk; Gs;spngWk;.

105. Fw;wpaYfuKk; mw;W vdnkhopg. (E}. 3)

nkhopKjw;fz;Zk;> ,Wjpf;fz;Zk; tUk; nka;fSs; ,Wjpnka; Gs;sp

ngWjy;Nghy> nkhopKjw;fz;Zk;> ,Wjpf;fz;Zk; tUk; Fw;wpaYfuq;fSs;
<w;Wf;Fw;wpaYfuk; Gs;spngWk; vd ,J khl;Nlw;wpf; $WfpwJ.

capHnka; <W

nkhop ,Wjpf;fz; epd;w capHnka;> capH<w;wpd; ,ay;gpid

cilajhFk;. mjhtJ> capHnka; <Wfs; capH <W Nghd;W fUjg;gLk;.

106. capHnka; <Wk; capH <w;W ,aw;Nw. (E}. 4)

 45

GzHr;rp epiyAk; vOj;Jf;fSk;

vOj;J tifapy; ehd;F tifg;gLk; ,t;tpU nkhopg;GzHr;rp. me;ehd;F

tifahtd ; 1. capH<w;Wr;nrhy; Kd; capHKjy;nkhop tUk; ,lk;; 2. capH
<w;Wr; nrhy;Kd; nka;k; Kjd;nkhop tUk; ,lk;> 3. nka;<w;Wr; nrhy;Kd;
capH Kjd;nkhop tUk; ,lk;> 4. nka;<w;Wr; nrhy;Kd; nka; Kjd;nkhop
tUk; ,lk; vd;gjhFk;. GzUk; epiyikf;fz; ,it epWj;j nrhy;
(epiynkhop)> Fwpj;J tU fpstp (tUnkhop) vd;w ,uz;L epiyfis
cilajhFk;.

107. capH,W nrhy;Kd; capHtU topAk;

capH,W nrhy;Kd; nka;tU topAk;
nka;,W nrhy;Kd; capHtU topAk;
nka;,W nrhy;Kd; nka;tU topAk; vd;W
,t;vd mwpaf; fpsf;Fk; fhiy
epWj;j nrhy;Ny Fwpj;J tU fpstp vd;W
MaPH ,ay GzHepiyr; Rl;Nl. (E}. 5)

,J GzHr;rp vOj;Jtifahy; ehd;F> nkhoptifahy; ,uz;L vd;W

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: M+cz;L = MTz;L - capHKd; capH

My;+typJ = MtypJ - capHKd; nka;

My;+moF = MyoF - capHKd; capH

My;+typJ = My;typJ - nka;Kd; nka;

nrhw;fs; GzUk; epiy

Nkw;$wpa GzHr;rp tiffSs; epWj;j nrhy;ypd; <w;wpy; tUk;

vOj;jpndhL Fwpj;J tUfpstpapd; KjnyOj;Jg; nghUe;jg; nganuhL
ngaiuAk;> nganuhL njhopiyAk;> njhopnyhL ngaiuAk;> njhopnyhL
njhopiyAk; GzUq;fhyj;Jj; jpupAk; epiy %d;W; ,ay;G xd;W vd
nkhopGzH ,ay;G ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

108. mtw;Ws;
epWj;j nrhy;ypd; <WMF vOj;njhL
Fwpj;JtU fpstp Kjy; vOj;J ,iaa
nganuhL ngaiug; Gzf;Fq; fhYk;
nganuhL njhopiyg; GzHf;Fq; fhYk;
njhopnyhL ngaiug; GzHf;Fq; fhYk;
 46

njhopnyhL njhopiyg; GzHf;Fq; fhYk;

%d;Nw jpupG,ld;; xd;Nw ,ay;G vd
Mq;F me;ehd;Nf nkhopGzH ,ay;Ng. (E}. 6)

Nkw;$wpa GzHr;rp vOj;Jtifahd; ehd;fhjyd;wpr; nrhy;tifahDk;>

GzHr;rp tifahDk; ee;ehd;fhk; vd;gjidAk;> GzHtd vOj;Jk;
vOj;Jkd;wpr; nrhy;Yk;> nrhy;Ykd;W vd;gjidAk; ,J $WfpwJ.

mjhtJ> epd;w nrhy;ypy; ,Wjpahf tUk; vOj;NjhL tUfpd;w

nrhy;ypy; Kjy; vOj;Jr;Nru> ngaHr;nrhy;NyhL ngaHr;nrhy;iyr; NrHf;Fk;
NghJk;> ngaHr;nrhy;NyhL tpidr;nrhy;iyr; NrHf;Fk;NghJk;>
tpidr;nrhy;NyhL ngaHr;nrhy;iyr; NrHf;Fk;NghJk;> tpidr;nrhy;NyhL
tpidr;nrhy;iyr; NrHf;Fk;NghJk; %d;W tifj; jpupGfs; Vw;gLk;. xd;W
,ay;ghf mikAk;. ,e;ehd;F epiyfspy; nrhw;fspd; NrHf;ifahfpa GzHr;rp
mikAk; vd;gjhk;.

v-L.: rhj;jd; if - nganuhL ngaH

rhj;jd; cz;lhd; - nganuhL tpid

te;jhd; rhj;jd; - tpidnahL ngaH

te;jhd; Nghapdhd; - tpidnahL tpid.

GzHr;rpapy; %tifj; jpupGfs;

nrhw;fs; NrUk;NghJ nka; NtnwhU nka;Mjy;> nka; kpFjy;> nka;

Fiwjy; vd;Dk; %d;W tiffspy; nrhw;fs; GzUk;.

109. mitjhk;
nka;gpwpJ Mjy;> kpFjy; Fd;wy; vd;W
,t; vd nkhopg jpupA khNw. (E}. 7)

,J nkhopGzH ,ay;G ehd;fDs; jpupG %d;wid tpsf;FfpwJ.

v-L.: nghd;+Flk; = nghw;Flk; - nka; gpwpjhjy;

ahid+NfhL= ahidf;NfhL- kpFjy;
kuk;+NtH = kuNtH - Fd;wy;
Ftis+kyH = FtiskyH - ,ay;G.

,g;GzHr;rp ehd;Fk; ngaNuhL ngaH> ngaNuhL tpid> tpidNahL

ngaH> tpidNahL tpid vd;Dk; ehd;fDs; xt;nthd;wd; fz;NzAk; tUk;.
 47

v.L.: nganuhL ngaH- kl;Flk; - nka;gpwpjhjy;

kiyj;jiy - kpFjy;
kuNtH - Fd;wy;
kz;kiy - ,ay;G

nganuhL tpid- mtw;fz;lhd; - nka;gpwpjhjy;

gyhf;Fiwj;jhd; - kpFjy;
kuel;lhd; - Fd;wy;
nfhw;wd;te;jhd; - ,ay;G

tpidnahL ngaH- nfhlhg;nghUs; - kpFjy;

XLehfk; - Fd;wy;
te;jhd;rhj;jd; - ,ay;G

tpidnahL tpid- tupw;nfhs;Sk; - nka;gpwpjhjy;

ghlg;Nghapdhd; - kpFjy;
te;jhd;nfhz;lhd; - Fd;wy;

milnkhopfNshL GzUk; epiy

epWj;j nrhy;Yk;> Fwpj;JtU fpstpAk; jdpj;J epd;W GzHjyd;wp>

milaLj;J epw;gpDk; GzUk; epiyikf;F cupadthFk;. milnkhopfs;
vd;W njhy;fhg;gpau; Fwpg;gpLtd ck;ikj; njhif> ,Unganuhl;Lg;
gz;Gj;njhif> ,ilr;nrhy;> cupr;nrhy;> tpidr;nrhy;> nganur;rk; Nghy;td
vd;gjid mwpf.

110. epWj;j nrhy;Yk; Fwpj;JtU fpstpAk;

milnahL Njhd;wpDk; GzH epiyf;Fupa. (E}. 8)

,e;E}w;gh> epWj;jnrhy;> Fwpj;JtU fpstp ,uz;lDf;Fk; xU Gwdil

tpjpiaf; $WfpwJ.
v-L.: mwptpaw;fofk; - epWj;j nrhy;Yk; Fwpj;JtU
fpstpAk; jdpj;jdp epd;W GzHe;jd.

nghwpapaw; fofk; - epWj;j nrhy; milaLj;J epw;fg; GzHe;jJ.

fpis ngupJ - epWj;j nrhy;Yk; Fwpj;JtU fpstpAk;

jdpj;jdp epd;W GzHe;jd.

kuf;fpis ngupJ - epWj;j nrhy; milaLj;J epd;wJ.

fpis kpfg;ngupJ. - Fwpj;J tU fpstp milaLj;J epd;wJ.

kuf;fpis kpfg;ngupJ- epWj;j nrhy;Yk; Fwpj;JtU fpstpAk;
milaLj;J epd;wd.
 48

k&cr; nrhw;fs; GzHr;rp

k&cj; jpushfpa Kd;gpd;dha; kaq;fpa ,ay;gpid cila nkhopAk;

GzHepiyf; fUj;jpd;fz; cupad cs.

111. kUtpd; njhFjp kaq;fpay; nkhopAk;

milnahL Njhd;wpDk; GzH epiyf;Fupa. (E}. 9)

,J tof;Fr;nrhw;fNsad;wp> kUc nkhopfSk; GzHf;fg;gLk; vd;gjidf;

$WfpwJ. ,ay;ghd nrhw;fNs md;wp kUtp tUk; nrhw;fSk; GzUk;
epiyapid cilad.

v-L.: Me;ij> g+e;ij> kPfz;> Kd;wpy; vd;gd. (,y;Kd;-Kd;wpy;)

,Utifg; GzHr;rp

epWj;j nrhy;Yk;> Fwpj;JtU fpstpAk; GzUq;fhyj;J> Ntw;Wikg;

nghUspidf; fUjpa GzHnkhop epiyahDk;> Ntw;Wik my;yhj GzHnkhop
epiyahDk; vOj;J kpFjy;> rhupia kpFjy; vDk; ,U gz;ghDk;
elj;jiyj; jkf;F typahf ciladthk;.

112. Ntw;Wik Fwpj;j GzHnkhop epiyAk;

Ntw;Wik my;topg; GzHnkhop epiyAk;
vOj;Nj rhupia MapU gz;gpd;
xOf;fy; typa GzUk; fhiy. (E}. 10)

,J vOj;JtifahDk;> nrhy;tifahDk; $wpa GzHr;rpfs; gpwpnjhU

tifahy; ,Utifg;gLk; vd;gjidAk;> ehy;tifg; GzHr;rpAs; kpFjw;
GzHr;rpapd; ,ay;gpidAk; czHj;JfpwJ.

Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rp> my;topg;GzHr;rp vd;W GzHr;rp ,Utifg;gLk;.

vOj;J kpfy;> Ntw;Wik kpfy; vd;W kpFjp ,Utifg;gLk;.

v-L.: tpsq;NfhL - vOj;J kpf;fJ. - Ntw;Wikg;GzHr;rp

kftpd;if - rhupia kpf;fJ
tpsf;FwpJ - vOj;J kpf;fJ - my;topg;GzHr;rp.
gidapd;Fiw- rhupia kpf;fJ
cUG GzHr;rp

Ntw;Wik cUGfs; GzUk; tpjpfisj; njhy;fhg;gpau; gpd;tUk;

epiyfspy; tFj;Jiuf;fpwhu;.
 49

Ntw;Wik cUG GzUk; Kiw

Ntw;Wik cUGfs; I> xL> F> ,d;> mJ> fz; vd;Dk; MW MFk;.
113. I xL F ,d; mJ fz; vd;Dk;
mt;MW vd;g Ntw;Wik cUNg. (E}. 11)

,J Ntw;Wikapid tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

cUGfs; ,ilr;nrhw;fshjypd;> mit ngaHtop epd;W Fwpj;JtU

fpstpnahL GzHjw;Fupad. mt;thW ngaHtop epw;Fq;fhy; ty;nyOj;J
Kjyhfpa ,uz;L cUGfs; Gzu;jw;F cupadthFk;.

114. ty;nyOj;J Kjypa Ntw;Wik cUgpw;F

xy;top xw;W,il kpFjy; Ntz;Lk;. (E}. 12)

ty;nyOj;jpid Kjyhf cila ehd;fDUG ‘F’tpw;Fk; VoDUG

fz;Zf;Fk; nghUe;Jkplj;J ty;nyhw;whapDk; nky;nyhw;whapDk; kpFjy;
Ntz;Lk;.

MW cUGfSs; ehd;Fk;> VOk; ty;nyOj;jpid Kjyhf

ciladthFk;. Vidait capHvOj;Jf;fis Kjyhf cilad.

v-L.: ek;gpf;F> eq;iff;F - caHjpizf;fz; ehd;fDUG ty;nyOj;J

kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

kzpf;F> Nta;f;F - m/wpizf;fz; ehd;fDUG ty;nyOj;J

kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

nfhw;wpf;F> Nfhijf;F- tpuTg;nga;Hf;fz; ehd;fDUG ty;nyOj;J

kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

kzpf;fz;> Nta;f;fz;- m/wpizf;fz; VoDUG ty;nyOj;J

kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

eq;fz;> jq;fz; - caHjpizf;fz; VoDUG nky;nyOj;J

kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

Eq;fz; - tpuTg;ngaHf;fz; VoDUG nky;nyOj;J

kpf;F Kbe;jJ.
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik Gzu;jy;

Mwhk; Ntw;Wikahfpa mJ vd;Dk; cUgpdJ mfuk;> neLKjw;

FWFk;. nkhopfspd; <w;Wepw;Fk; mfuj;jpd; Kd;dHf; nfLjy;Ntz;Lk;.
 50

115. Mwd; cUgpd; mfuf; fpstp

<WMF mfu Kidf; nfLjy; Ntz;Lk;. (E}. 13)

,e;E}w;gh> capupid Kjyhf cila ehd;fDUGfspy; MwDUGf;Fj;

njhifkugpid Nehf;fp xU rpwg;G tpjpiaf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: ekJ> vkJ> jkJ> jdJ> vdJ> epdJ vd;gd Nghy;td.

jhk;+mJ-jk;+mJ-jk+mJ=jkJ vdtUk;

Ntw;Wik cUGfs; epw;Fkplk;

ngaHfSld; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; NrHe;J tUk;.

116. Ntw;Wik topa ngaHGzH epiyNa. (E}. 14)

,e;E}w;gh> Ntw;Wik tUk; ,lj;jpid tiuaiwnra;fpd;wJ.

v-L.: rhj;jid> rhj;jndhL> rhj;jDf;F>

ngaH tiffs;

caHjpizg; ngaUk;> m/wpizg; ngaUk; vd;W ngaHfs; ,uz;L

tifg;gLk;.

117. caHjpizg; ngaNu m/wpizg; ngaH vd;W

M,uz;L vd;g ngaHepiyr; Rl;Nl. (E}. 15)

ngaHfs; vit vd;gjid ,e;E}w;gh vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

M^c> kf^c vd;gd caHjpizg; ngaHfs;. xd;W> gy vd;gd

m/wpizg; ngaHfs; MFk;.

rhupiag; GzHr;rp

NkNy Fwpj;j ngaHfSf;Fg; gpd;dH ,Unrhw;fspilNa rhupia tUk;.

118. mtw;W top kUq;fpd; rhupia tUNk. (E}. 16)

,J rhupia tUk; ,lq;fisf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: M^ctpd; if> kf^ctpd; if> gytw;Wf;NfhL vdtUk;.

rhupiafs; - ngaUk; njhifAk;

,d;> tw;W> mj;J> mk;> xd;> Md;> mf;F> ,f;F> md; vDk; xd;gJ
nrhw;fSk;> mitNghd;w gpwTk; rhupiar; nrhw;fshFk;.
 51

119. mitjhk;
,d;Nd> tw;Nw> mj;Nj> mk;Nk>
xd;Nd> MNd> mf;Nf> ,f;Nf>
md;vd; fpstp csg;gl gpwTk;
md;d vd;g rhupia nkhopNa. (E}. 17)

,J ngaupd; gpd;tUk; rhupiafs; ,it vdf; $WfpwJ. gpwTk;

vd;wjdhy; jk;> ek;> Ek;> vk;> nfO> V> I> Qhd;W vd;gdtw;iwAk;
nfhs;StH.

,d; rhupiaapy; , nfLjy;

Nkw;$wg;gl;l rhupiafSs; ,d; rhupiaapdJ ,fuk; M vd;Dk;

nrhy;yPw;W Kd;dH nfLjYk; cupj;jhFk;;.

120. mtw;Ws;
,d;dpd; ,fuk; Mtpd; ,Wjp
Kd;dHf; nfLjy; cupj;Jk; MFk;. (E}. 18)

,J rhupiafspy; Kjw;fz; epd;w ,d; rhupia Kjy; jpupAkhW

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: Mid> Mtpid> Md;NfhL> Mtpd;NfhL

Md;+,d;+I=Mid; M+,d;+I=Mtpid vd;W tUk;.

msTg;ngau;fspy; ,d;rhupia jpupjy;

msTg;ngaHfshfpa mfy;> Mohf;F> cof;F> cup Nghd;w nrhw;fs;

GzUk;NghJ Kd;epw;fpd;w ,d; rhupiaapd; ,fuk; wfukhfj; jpupAk;.

121. msGMF nkhop Kjy; epiy,a capHkpir

d‡fhd; w‡fhd; Mfpa epiyj;Nj. (E}. 19)

,/J mt;tpd; rhupia <W jpupAkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: gjpw;wfy;> gjpw;Wof;F

gj;J+mfy;→gj;J+,d;+mfy;→gj;+,d;+mfy;→gj;+,w;+mfy; =
gjpw;wfy;

gj;J+cof;F→gj;J+,d;+cof;F→gj;+,d;+cof;F→gj;+,w;+cof;F
= gjpw;Wof;F
 52

tw;W-mw;W Mjy;

Rl;nlOj;Jf;fis Kjyhf cila Ifhu <w;Wr; nrhw;fspd; Kd;dH

tUk; tw;Wr;rhupia> jd; tfu nka; nfl> mjid vHe;J epd;w mfuk;
nflhJ epw;Fk;.

122. t‡fhd; nka;nfl Rl;L Kjy; Ik;Kd;

m‡fhd; epw;wy; Mfpa gz;Ng. (E}. 20)

,J tw;Wr;rhupia Kjy; jpupAkhW $WfpwJ.

Rl;L Kjyhfpa Ifhu <w;Wr;nrhw;fshtd : mit> ,it> cit

v-L.: mitaw;iw> ,itaw;iw> citaw;iw.

mitaw;iw=mit+x→mit+tw;W+x→mit+mw;W+x→
mit+a;+mw;W+x = mitaw;iw vd tUjy; fhz;f.

d-w Mjy;

ehd;fhk; <w;wpd;fz; tUk; dfu <w;Wr; rhupiafspd; dfuk;> wfukhFk;.

123. d‡fhd; w‡fhd; ehd;fd; cUgpw;F. (E}. 21)

,J dfu <w;Wr; rhupia ehd;Fk; <W jpupAkhW $WfpwJ.

dfu <w;Wr; rhupiafshtd : ,d;> xd;> Md;> md; vd;gdthFk;.

v-L.: tpstpw;F> Nfhxw;F> xUghw;F> mjw;F vd;gd Nghy;td.

tpstpw;F=tps+F→tps+,d;+F→tps+t;+,d;+F→tps+t;+,w;+F =
tpstpw;F vd tUjy; fhz;f.

Md;-Mw; Mjy;

ehl;ngaH Kd;dH tUk; ty;nyOj;jpid Kjyhf cila

tpidr;nrhw;fz; tUk; Md; rhupiaapd; dfuKk;> ehd;fd; cUgpd;fz;
jpupe;jjidg; Nghyj; jpupe;J wfukhf tUk;.

124. Mdpd; dfuKk; mjd; Xuw;Nw

ehs;Kd; t&ck; ty;Kjy; njhopw;Nf. (E}. 22)

,J Mdpd; dfuk;> ehd;fd; cUG GzHr;rpf;fz; kl;Lkd;wpg;

nghUl;GzHr;rpf;fz;Zk; jpupjiyf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: guzpahw;nfhz;lhd;.
 53

guzpahw;nfhz;lhd;=guzp+nfhz;lhd;→guzp+Md;+nfhz;lhd;→
guzp+a;+Md;+nfhz;lhd;→guzp+a;+Mw;nfhz;lhd;=
guzpahw;nfhz;lhd; vd tUjy; fhz;f.

mj;J va;Jk; NtWghL

mj;Jr; rhupiaapd; mfuk; mfutPw;Wr; nrhy;Kd;dHf; nfLk;.

125. mj;jpd; mfuk; mfuKid ,y;iy. (E}. 23)

,/J mj;Jr;rhupia Kjy; jpupAkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: kfj;Jf;if

kfj;Jf;if=kf+if→kf+mj;J+if→kf+j;J+if→kfj;J+if =
kfj;Jf;if vd tUk;.

,f;F va;Jk; NtWghL

126. ,f;fpd; ,fuk; ,fuKid aw;Nw. (E}. 24)

,/J ,f;Fr;rhupia Kjy; jpupAkhW $WfpwJ.

,f;Fr; rhupiaapd; ,fuk; ,fu<w;Wr; nrhy; Kd;dH mj;jpd; mfuk;

Nghyf; nfLk;.

v-L.: Mbf;Ff;nfhz;lhd;

Mbf;Ff; nfhz;lhd; = Mb+nfhz;lhd; → Mb+,f;F+nfhz;lhd; →

Mb+f;F+nfhz;lhd; = Mbf;Ff;nfhz;lhd; vd tUk;.
127. Iapd; Kd;dUk; mt;,ay; epiyAk;. (E}. 25)

,f;fpd; ,fuk; ,fu <w;Wr;nrhy; Kd;dH md;wp> xfhu <w;Wr;nrhy;

Kd;dUk; nfLk;.

v-L.: rpj;jpiuf;Ff; nfhz;lhd;.

rpj;jpiuf;Ff; nfhz;lhd; = rpj;jpiu+nfhz;lhd; → rpj;jpiu+ ,f;F+

nfhz;lhd; → rpj;jpiu+f;F+nfhz;lhd; = rpj;jpiuf;Ff; nfhz;lhd;
vd tUk;.

mf;F va;Jk; NtWghL

vt;tifg;gl;l ngaHr;nrhy; Kd;dUk;> ty;nyOj;jpid KjyhfTila

nkhop tUq;fhy;> mf;Fr; rhupiaapd; ,Wjpf;fz; epd;w Fw;wpaYfuk; Kbaj;
Njhd;whJ. mm/J}He;j ty;ypd nka;> jdf;FNky; epd;w nka;nahLk; nfLk;.
 54

128. vg;ngaH Kd;dUk; ty;nyOj;J t&top

mf;fpd; ,Wjp nka;k;kpirnahLk; nfLNk
Fw;wpaYfuk; Kw;wj; Njhd;whJ. (E}. 26)

,J mf;F <W jpupAkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Fd;wf;$if> Fd;wf;Fb

Fd;W+mf;F+$if ; Fd;W+mf;F+Fb vdtUk;.

,q;F W tpYs;s Fw;wpaYfuk; nfl;L> f;F tPo;e;J> ty;nyOj;J

kpFe;J te;jjidf; fhz;f.

mk; <W jpupjy;

129. mk;kpd; ,Wjp frjf; fhiy

jd;nka; jpupe;J qQe MFk;. (E}. 27)

,/J mk;kpd; <W jpupAkhW $WfpwJ.

mk;Kr;rhupiaapd; ,Wjpahfpa kfu xw;W> frj tUq;fhyj;Jj; jd;

tbT jpupe;J KiwNa qQe MFk;.

v-L.: Gspaq;NfhL> GspaQ;nrjpy;> Gspae;Njhy;

Gspaq;NfhL=Gsp+NfhL-
Gsp+mk;+NfhL→Gsp+a;+mk;+NfhL→Gspaq;NfhL vdtUk;.

mk; rhupia nfLjy;

nky;ypdKk;> ,ilapdKk; tUq;fhyj;J mk; rhupiaapd; ,Wjp

nfLk;.
130. nkd;ikAk; ,ilikAk; t&cq;fhiy
,d;ik Ntz;Lk; vd;kdhH GytH. (E}. 28)

v-L.: GspanQup> GspaEdp> GspaKup - nky;ypdk;

Gspaaho;> Gspantl;L - ,ilapdk;

GspanQup=Gsp+nQup→Gsp+mk;+nQup→Gsp+a;+mk;+nQup →
Gsp+a;+m+nQup→GspanQup vd tUk;

,d; rhupia Kw;Wk; nfLk; ,lk;

,d; vDk; Ntw;Wik cUgpw;F ,d; vd;Dk; rhupia ,d;wp Kbjy;

Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> ,d; vd;Dk; Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUgpw;F ,d; rhupia
 55

Ntz;bajpy;iy.

131. ,d;vd t&ck; Ntw;Wik cUgpw;F

,d;vd; rhupia ,d;ik Ntz;Lk;. (E}. 29)

,/J ,d; rhupia KOtJ}ck; nfLk; ,lj;ijf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: tpstpd;> gyhtpd;

GzHnkhopfspy; rhupia epw;Fkplk;

ngaHr;nrhy;Yk; tpidr;nry;Yk; gpupe;Jk; NrHe;Jk; tUk;NghJk;>

Ntw;Wik cUG ntspg;glj;njupAk; NghJk;> Ntw;Wik njhf;F te;j NghJk;>
,r;nrhw;fisr; NrHg;gjw;Fr; rhupiafs; ,lk;ngw;W tUk;. nrhw;fisg;
gpupj;Jg; ghHf;Fk;NghJ mtw;wpd; nghUs; vJTk; ,d;wpr; rhupiafs; epw;gJ
,ay;ghFk;. xL vd;w nrhy;ypd;top rhupia tUjiyAk;> tuhikiaAk;
mwpayhk;.

132. ngaUk; njhopYk; gpupe;J xUq;F ,irg;g

Ntw;Wik cUG epiyngW topAe;
Njw;wk; Ntz;lhj; njhFjpf;fz;Zk;
xl;Ljw;F xOfpa tof;nfhL rptzp
nrhw;rpjH kUq;fpd; topte;J tpsq;fhJ
,ilepd;W ,aYk; rhupia ,aw;if
cilikAk; ,d;ikAk; xLtapd; xf;Fk;. (E}. 30)

,J ngaUk; njhopYk; ,iae;njhypf;FkhWk;> cUGk; rhupiaAk;

tUkhWk; njhFj;JzHj;Jfpd;wJ.

v-L.: kuj;jpdJ fpis (tpup)- nganuhL ngaH - gpupe;jpirj;jJ.

kuf;fpis (njhif) - nganuhL ngaH - xUq;fpirj;jJ.

epyj;ijf; fle;jhd; (tpup) - nganuhL tpid - gpupe;jpirj;jJ.

epyq;fle;jhd; (njhif) - nganuhL tpid - xUq;fpirj;jJ.

mj;J> tw;W tUkplj;J epfOk; NtWghL

rhupia ngWk; tpfhuq;fisAk;> tUk; ,lj;jpidAk; $wpa

njhy;fhg;gpaH> mj;J> tw;W vd;Dk; ,U rhupiafSf;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;
epd;w epWj;jnrhy;> Fwpj;JtU fpstpf;fz; epfOk; nra;ifapid ,jpy;;
$WfpwhH.
 56

133. mj;Nj> tw;Nw MapU nkhopNky;

xw;Wnka; nfLjy; njw;nwd;ww;Nw
mtw;WKd; t&ck; ty;nyOj;J kpFNk. (E}. 31)

mj;J> tw;W vd;Dk; ,uz;L rhupiafspd;Nky; epd;w xw;W> jd; tbT

nfLjy; njspthf czug;gLk;. mtw;WKd; tUk; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

v-L.: fyj;Jf;Fiw> mtw;Wf;NfhL

fyj;Jf;Fiw=fyk;+Fiw

fyk;+mj;J+Fiw→fy+mj;J+Fiw → fy+j;J+Fiw→fyj;Jf;Fiw
vdtUk;. mJ my;topKbG.

mtw;Wf;NfhL=mit+NfhL→ mit+tw;W+NfhL→ mt;+tw;W+NfhL

→m+tw;W+NfhL → mtw;Wf;NfhL vdtUk;.

vOj;Jr;rhupia

fhuKk;> fuKk; fhndhL nghUe;jp> vOj;Jf;fspd; rhupiafsha; vy;yh

MrpupauhYk; cld;gl;Lj; Njhd;Wk;. vOj;Jr;rhupiafs; vd;gd fuk;> fhuk;>
fhd; vd;gdthFk;.

134. fhuKk; fuKk; fhndhL rptzp

Neuj; Njhd;Wk; vOj;jpd; rhupia. (E}. 32)

vOj;Jr; rhupiafisg; gw;wp ,e;E}w;gh $WfpwJ.

v.L.: gfuk;> kfhuk;> k/fhd; vd;gd Nghy;td.

nel;nlOj;Jr; rhupia

NkNy Fwpj;j fuk;> fhuk;> fhd; vd;Dk; %d;wDs; fuKk;> fhDk;

nel;nlOj;Jj;Js; tuhJ. fhuk; kl;LNk tUk vd;gjid mwpf.

135. mtw;Ws;
fuKk; fhDk; nel;nlOj;J ,yNt. (E}. 33)

,/J> mtw;Ws; rpy nel;nlOj;Jf;fNshL thuh vd;W tpyf;Ffpd;wJ.

v.L.: Mfhuk;> <fhuk;> Xsfhuk;> Cfhuk;> Vfhuk; vd;W tUk;.

 57

Fw;nwOj;Jr; rhupia

tud;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l fuk;> fhuk;> fhd; vd;Dk; %d;Wk;

Fw;nwOj;Jf;F tUk;.

136. tud;Kiw %d;Wk; Fw;nwOj;J cila. (E}. 34)

,J nebYf;Fr; rpy rhupiafs; tpyf;fpaJNghyf; FwpYf;Fk;

tpyf;Fz;Nlh vd;nwOk; xaj;jpid mfw;Wfpd;wJ.

v.L.: mfuk;> Mfhuk;> m/fhd; vd;gd Nghy;td.

I> Xs rhupia

,/J xfhu> Xsfhuk; fhur;rhupianahL fhd; rhupiaapidAk; ngWk;.

137. Ifhu> Xsfhuk; fhndhLk; Njhd;Wk;. (E}. 35)

nel;nlOj;Jf;fspy; Ifhuk;> Xsfhuk; fhur;rhupiafNshL Kd;

tpyf;fpa fhd; rhupiaiaAk; ngWk;.

v.L.: Ifhd;> Xsfhd;.

capnuOj;jpd; GzHr;rp

nka;<w;wpd; Kd; capH GzHjy;

Gs;spaPw;Wr; nrhy; Kd;dH tUk; capH> Gs;spngw;W epw;Fk;

,ay;gpidf; nfLj;Jj; jdpj;J ,ayhJ> vQ;rpa tbnthLq; nfLk;.

138. Gs;sp <w;W Kd; capH jdpj;J ,ayhJ

nka;nahLk; rptZk; mt;,ay; nfLj;Nj. (E}. 36)

,J nka;aPw;wpd;Kd; capHtUq;fhy; epfOk; Gzu;r;rp tpjpfisf;

$WfpwJ.

My;+mil=Myil

Fd;W+moF=Fd;woF vdtUk;.

capH gpupe;j nka;apd; jd;ik

139. nka;capH ePq;fpd; jd;cU MFk;. (E}. 37)

NrHe;j capH ePq;fpatop> nka;Ak;> Fw;wpaYfuKk; va;Jk;

epiyikapid ,e;E}w;gh tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
 58

jd;ndhL $ba capH ePq;fpd; nka ;jd; ,ay;ghd Gs;spapidg;

ngw;W tUk;.

Mypiy=My;> ,iy

Fd;woF=Fd;W> moF vdtUk;.

clk;gL nka; Njhd;Wkplk;

capupid <whfTila %tif nkhopfSf;Fk;> Kd;dH capH

Kjy;nkhop tUq;fhy; ,ilapy; clk;gLnka;apd; tbTNfhliy ePf;fhH.

%tif nkhopahtd: XnuOj;njhUnkhop> <nuOj;njhU nkhop>

njhlHnkhop. afuKk; tfuKk; clk;gLnka;aha; tUk; vd;gjid ciuapw;-
Nfhlyhd; nfhs;f.

140. vy;yh nkhopf;Fk; capHtU topNa

clk;gL nka;apd; cUGnfhsy; tiuahH. (E}. 38)

Gs;spaPw;W capHtupd; GzUk; epiyapidf; $wpa MrpupaH>

capuPw;WKd; capHtupd; GzUe;jpwid ,e;E}w;ghthd; $Wfpd;whH.

,fu <fhu Ifhuq;fs; afuj;jpidAk;> mfu cfu vfhu Xfhu

Xsfhuq;fs; tfuj;jpidAk;> Mfhu> Vfhuq;fs; afuk;> tfuk; ,uz;lidAk;
clk;gLnka;fsha;g; ngWk; vd;W nfhs;f.

v-L.: kzpaofpJ> jPnaOe;jJ - ,fu <fhu> xfhuq;fs; afu

jhkiuaofpJ clk;gLnka; ngw;wd.
tpstofpJ> fLtofpJ> g+tofpJ>- mfu> cfu> vfhu> Xfhu>
Nrhtile;jJ> nfstofpJ Xsfhuq;fs; tfu clk;gLnka;
ngw;wd.

GzHr;rpapy; nghUs; NtWgLk; ,lk;

vOj;Jf;fs; xUepiyapdtha; epw;f> ,UNtW nghUs;fs; tpsq;f

epw;Fk; GzHnkhopfs;> Xir Ntw;Wikahd; GzHr;rp NtWgLjy; mjd;
epiyngw;w gz;ghFk;.

141. vOj;J Xud;d nghUs;njup GzHr;rp

,irapd; jpupjy; epiy,a gz;Ng. (E}. 39)
 59

,/J vOj;Jf;fs; khwhj epiyapy; Xirj;jpupghd; nghUs;rpythjiy

czHj;Jfpd;wJ.

mjhtJ> vOj;Jf;fshy; ,ize;J epd;W nghUs; jUfpd;w

GzHepiyfs;> nrhy;YthdJ vLj;jy;> gLj;jy;> Mfpa xyp NtWghl;lhy;
nghUs; NtWgLk; vd;gjhk;.

v-L.: nrk;nghd;gjpd;nwhb> Fd;Nwwhkh vd tUk;.

Nkw;$wpa GzHnkhopfs; Fwpg;ghd; czUk; nghUz;ikia cilad.

GzHr;rpf;fz; ,j;jd;ikad vd;Dk; vOj;J Kiwikapid cilad my;y.
mg;nghUs; NtWghLfs; Fwpg;ghy; nghUis czUk; jd;ika. vOj;J
KiwikAilad my;y.

142. mitjhk;
Kd;dg; nghUs; GzHr;rpthapd;
,d;d vd;Dk; vOj;Jf; fld; ,yNt. (E}. 40)

xU njhlH rpy nghUs;gLq;fhy;> Fwpj;j nghUspid mwpAk; jpwid

,J $WfpwJ.

v-L.: nrk;nghd;gjpd;nwhb- nrk;nghd;+gjpd;njhb vdTk;

nrk;G+xd;gjpd;njhb vdTk; tUk;.

nrk;gUj;jp - nrk;+gUj;jp vdTk;

nrk;G+mUj;jp vdTk; tUk;.

,t;tpaypy; epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bait

 nkhopf;F KjypYk; ,WjpapYk; tUk; vOj;Jf;fs;> Fw;wpaYfu

<Wfs;> capHnka; <Wfs;.
 nkhopGzH ,ay;G> GzHr;rpapy; %tifj; jpupGfs;> nrhw;fs; jkf;Fs;
GzUk; epiy> %tifj; jpupGfs;> milfNshL GzHjy;> cUG
GzHr;rp> k&cr; nrhw;fs; GzHjy;
 Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rp> my;topg;GzHr;rp> Ntw;Wik cUGfs;> rhupiag;
GzHr;rp.
 vOj;Jr; rhupiafs;
 capH vOj;Jf;fspd; GzHr;rp ,ay;Gfs;> clk;gLnka;
 GzHr;rpapy; nghUs; NtWgLjy;> xyp xw;Wikahy; nghUs; NtWghL
Vw;gLjy;
 60

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

2.1. gpwg;gpay;

FWtpdhf;fs;

1. mq;fhe;J ,aYk; - nghUSiuf;f.

2. nkhop gpwf;Fk; xyp cWg;Gfis vLj;Jiuf;f.
3. Edpeh mz;zk; xw;wg; gpwf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fs; ahit?
4. cjutpjhdk; Fwpg;G tiuf.
5. gpwg;gpd; Mf;fk; NtWNtW ,ay – nghUs; jUf.
6. jj;jk; jpupNg rpwpa vd;g – tpsf;Ff.
7. %f;fpd; tspapir ahg;Gwj; Njhd;Wk; - tpsf;fk; jUf.

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;

1. vOj;Jf;fspd; nghJg;gpwg;Gf; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

2. capHvOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;gpidj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.
3. nka;vOj;Jf;fs; gpwf;Fkhw;iwg; Gyg;gLj;Jf.
4. rhHG vOj;Jf;fs; gpwf;Fk;tpjj;jpidg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;G tiuf.

2.2. Gzupay;

FWtpdhf;fs;

1. Gzhpay; ngah;f;fhuzk; vLj;Jiuf;f.

2. ‘Fw;wpaYfuKk; mw;W vd nkhopg’– nghUSiuf;f.
3. nrhw;fs; GzUk; epiyapid vLj;Jiuf;f.
4. Gzu;r;rpapd; %tifj; jpupGfs; ahit?
5. cUG Gzu;r;rpapid vLj;Jiuf;f.
6. Ntw;Wik topNa ngau;Gzu;epiyNa – tpsf;fk; jUf.
7. rhupia tUk; ,lq;fs; ahit?
8. Gzu;jypy; Md;-Mw; Mjw;Fupa tpjpapidr; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
9. mk; rhupiag; Gzu;r;rpid vLj;Jiuf;f.
10. Gzu;nkhopapy; rhupia epw;Fk; ,lq;fs; ahit?
11. Gzh;r;rpapy; nghUs; NtWgLk; ,lq;fs; ahit?
12. vOj;Njhud;d nghUs; njhpGzh;r;rp - fUj;Jiuf;f.
 61

13. vOj;Jr;rhupia vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.

14. clk;gL nka;apd; cUGnfhsy; tiuahu; - tpsf;fk; jUf.

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;

1. nrhw;fspd; GzHr;rpepiy Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.

2. GzHr;rpapy; epfOk; jpupGfs; ahit?
3. cUG GzHr;rp Fwpj;J tpsf;fp tiuf.
4. vOj;Jr;rhupiafs; Fwpj;J tpsf;fk; jUf.
5. capnuOj;jpd; GzHr;rp ,ay;Gfs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
6. rhhpiafs; nkhopapy; ,lk;ngWk; ghq;fpidg; Gyg;gLj;Jf.

-------------------
 62

myF - 3. 3.1. njhif kuG> 3.2. cUgpay;

Nehf;fk;

3.1. nky;ypdk; Njhd;Wk; ,lk; mwpjy;> nky;nyOj;Jf;fspd; cwo;tpid

mwpjy;> capu; <W> nka;<Wfspd; rpwg;Gg; Gzu;r;rp> cau;jpizg;
ngau;fs; Gzu;jy;> tpuTg;ngau;> ,uz;lhk;> %d;whk;> Vohk;; Ntw;Wik
cUGfspd; Gzu;r;rp khw;wq;fis mwpjy;> msT> epiw
vz;Zg;ngau;fspd; Gzu;r;rp tpjpfis mwpe;Jnfhs;Sjy;

3.2. capu; <Wfs;> tpdhr;nrhy;> Rl;Lr;nrhy;> kug;ngau;fs; Gzupay; ngWk;

khw;wq;fis mwpjy;> nka; <Wfs;> Rl;Lr;nrhw;fs;> kfu <Wfs;> jk;>
ek;> Ek;> ahk;> vy;yhk;> vy;yhUk;> vy;yPUk; vDk; nrhw;fspd; Gzu;r;rp
epiyg;ghLfisAk;> jhd;> ahd;> mod;> God;> ahJ> m/J vd;Dk;
ngau;fs; kw;Wk;; jpirg;ngau;fspd; Gzu;r;rp khw;wq;fis mwpjy;
,t;myfpidf; fw;gjd; Nehf;fk; MFk;.

3.1. njhif kuG

capHkaq;fpay;> Gs;spkaq;fpay;> Fw;wpaYfug; Gzupay;fSs; ,Ugj;J

ehd;F <Wfshy; tpupe;J Kbtdtw;iwnay;yhk; njhFj;J Kbj;jypd;
,t;tpay; njhifkuG vd;Dk; ngaHngw;wJ.

nkhopfs; jk;Kl; GzUk; ,ay;gpidAk;> mit GzUk; ,lj;J tUk;

rhupiafisAk;> mtw;wpd; jpupGfisAk; Kd;,aypy; $wpa MrpupaH
mk;nkhopfs; GzUk; ,ay;gpid ,t;tpaypy; $Wfp;whH. GzHr;rp tpjpfs;
rpytw;iwj; njhFj;Jf; $Wtjhy; ,t;tpay; njhifkughdJ vd;Wk; $WtH.

,t;tpaypy; nghJg;GzHr;rp> Ntw;Wikg;GzHr;rp> rhupia ngWk;

nkhopfs;> k&c> Gwdil vd;Dk; Ie;J gFjpfs; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

capH <W> nka; <Wfspd; nghJg;GzHr;rp

jpupG %d;W> ,ay;G xd;W vDk; ehy;tifg; GzHg;GfSk; epiynkhop

gw;wpad> tUnkhop gw;wpad> ,Unkhop gw;wpad vDk; %tiff;fz;
mlq;Fk;. mtw;Ws; ,k;Kjy; E}w;gh> my;top> Ntw;Wikf;fz; capH
kaq;fpaiyAk;> Gs;spkaq;fpaiyAk; Nehf;fpanjhU tUnkhop gw;wpa
tpjpapidf; $WfpwJ.
 63

nky;ypdk; Njhd;Wk; ,lk;

capH <Wk; nka;<Wk; Kd;dH epw;g> f> r> j> g vd;w nka;fis
Kjyhf cila nrhw;fs; te;jhy;> mtw;wpw;F NkNy Njhd;Wk; ,ay;ig
cila> nky;nyOj;Jf;fs; KiwNa q> Q> e> k vd;Dk; xw;Wf;fs; MFk;.
mt;thW tUtJ mj;jF kuigf; nfhz;l nkhopfspd; ,lj;Njahk;.

143. f r j g Kjypa nkhopNky; Njhd;Wk;

nky;nyOj;J ,aw;if nrhy;ypa Kiwahd;
q Q e k vd;Dk; xw;W MFk;Nk
md;d kugpd; nkhoptapdhd. (E}. 1)

mjhtJ> tUnkhop Kjy; vOj;jhf f> r> j> g te;jhy; mjw;F

,dkhd nky;nyOj;Jf;fs; tUk;. ,JNt nkhopapd; kuG vd;gjhk;.

v-L.: kuk;+FwpJ=kuq;FwpJ> rpwpJ> jPJ> ngupJ vdtUk;.

tUnkhop ,ay;gha; Kbjy;

Qekat ,tw;iw Kjyhff; nfhz;l nrhw;fSk;> capnuOj;Jk;

Kjyhf cila nrhw;fSk;> my;topAk; Ntw;WikAk; Mfpa vy;yhtplj;Jk;
mt;tidj;J nkhopfSk; tu> ,Ugj;Jehd;F <Wfsha; epd;w
ngaHr;nrhw;fspd; Kd;dHj; jpupgpd;wp my;top Ntw;Wik ,UtopAk; ,ay;gha;
KbAk;.

144. Q e k a t vd;Dk; Kjy; MFnkhopAk;

capHKjy; Mfpa nkhopAk;> csg;gl
md;wp midj;Jk; vy;yh topAk;
epd;w nrhy; Kd; ,ay;G MFk;Nk. (E}. 2)

,Ugj;Jehd;F <w;W Kd;dUk;> my;top> Ntw;Wik ,UtopapDk;>

td;fzk; xope;j fzq;fs; tupd; KbAk; Kbgpid ,J $WfpwJ.
v-L.: tpsQhd;wJ - capuPw;WKd; my;topf;fz; Q> e> k
tpsePz;lJ ,ay;gha; Kbe;jd.
tpskhz;lJ - capuPw;W Kd; my;topf;fz; a> t
tpsahJ> tpstypJ ,ay;ghy; Kbe;jd.

tpstile;jJ> tpsthbw;W> tpstpbe;jJ> tpstPupw;W> tpsTile;jJ>

tpst+wpw;W> tpsntOe;jJ> tpsNtwpw;W> tpsitJ> tpsnthbe;jJ>
 64

tpsNthq;fpaJ> tpsntstpaJ - capuPw;wpd;Kd; my;topf;fz; gd;dPUapUk;

,ay;gha; Kbe;jd.

tpsQhw;rp> tpsePl;rp> tpskhl;rp- capuPw;WKd; Ntw;Wikf;fz; Q> e> k

,ay;gha; Kbe;jd.

tpsahg;G> tpstypik - capuPw;WKd; Ntw;Wikf;fz; a> t

,ay;gha; Kbe;jd.

tpstoF> tpsthf;fk;> tpstpbG> tpstPl;lk;> tpsGilG> tpst+w;wk;>

tpsntOr;rp> tpsNtw;wk;> tpsitak;> tpsnthLf;fk;> tpsNthf;fk;>
tpsntstpak; - vd;gtw;wpy; capuPw;WKd; Ntw;Wikf;fz; gd;dPUapUk;
,ay;gha; Kbe;J epw;wiyf; fhz;f.

,t;thNw vfuk; xope;j Vida capuPw;W nkhopfNshLk; xl;bf;fhz;f.

nky;nyOj;J cwo;r;rp KbT

%tif nkhopfSs; xd;wha njhlHnkhop ,Wjpf;fz;> Nkw;$wpa

,ay;Gfzk; %d;wDs; nkd;fzk; tUq;fhy; mjd; ,ay;G> ,ay;gha;
KbjNyad;wp cwo;e;J KbapDk; ePf;fhH. mjhtJ> Nkw;$wpa nkhop Kjy;
vOj;Jf;fspy; nky;nyOj;Jf;fshfpa Q> e> k vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;fspy;
njhlq;Fk; tUnkhopr;nrhw;fs; ,ay;ghf md;wp xw;WkpFe;Jk; tuyhk;.
mjid ePf;Fjy; ,y;iy.

145. mtw;Ws;
nky;nyOj;J ,aw;if cwopDk; tiuahH
nrhy;ypa njhlHnkhop ,Wjpahd. (E}. 3)

,J Nkw;$wpa Kbgpw; rpytw;wpw;F va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: fjpHnQup - fjpHQ;nQup

fjpHEdp - fjpHe;Edp
fjpHKup - fjpHk;Kup - ,tw;Ws; nky;ypdk; %d;Wk;
cwo;e;J Kbe;jd.
ahTk;> QhTk;> zd Kd;

zfhuk;> dfhuk; vd;Dk; Gs;spfspd; Kd;te;j ahTk;> QhTk;

Kjyhfpa tpidr;nrhw;fs; xU jd;ikaha; tUk;.

146. zd vd Gs;spKd; ahTk; QhTk;

tpidNah uida vd;kdhH GytH. (E}. 4)
 65

,J zdtop tUk; Qfu afuj;jpw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: kz;ahj;j vdTk;> nghd;ahj;j vdTk;> kz;Qhj;j vdTk;> nghd;Qhj;j

vdTk; tUk;.

z> d <Wfs; my;topapy; ,ay;ghjy;

nkhopKjyhFk; ,Ugj;jpuz;L vOj;Jf;fSk; tUk;NghJ> epWj;j

nrhw;fspd; <w;wpy; epw;Fk; epd;w zfu> dfug; Gs;spfs; my;topf;fz; jpupahJ
,ay;gha; KbAk;.

147. nkhopKjy; MFk; vy;yh vOj;Jk;

tUtop epd;w MapU Gs;spAk;
Ntw;Wik my;topj; jpupG ,ld; ,yNt. (E}. 5)

,J zfu> dfu <Wfl;F my;top KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: kz;fbJ nghd;fbJ
kz;rpwpJ nghd;rpwpJ
kz;BJ nghd;BJ
kz;ngupJ nghd;ngupJ - ,it my;topf;fz; td;fdk;
,ay;ghapd.
,t;thNw gpwfzj;Jf;Fk; xl;Lf.
z> d <Wfs; Ntw;Wikapy; ,ay;ghjy;

my;topaplj;Jj; jpupahJ epd;w z> d vd;w mt;tpuz;L xw;Wf;fSk;>

Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rpf;fz;Zk; tUnkhop ty;nyOj;J my;yhj ,lj;J
Nkw;$wg;gl;l ,ay;G KbNt ngWk;.

148. Ntw;Wikf;fz;Zk; ty;nyOj;J my;top

Nkw;$W ,aw;if Mtapdhd. (E}. 6)

,J zfu> dfu <Wfl;F Ntw;Wik KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: kz;nQfpo;r;rp nghd;nQfpo;r;rp
kz;zPl;rp nghd;dPl;rp
kz;khl;rp nghd;khl;rp
- Ntw;Wikf;fz; nkd;fzk; ,ay;ghjy; fhz;f.
kz;ahg;G nghd;ahg;G
kz;typJ nghd;typJ
- Ntw;Wikf;fz; ,ilf;fzk; ,ay;ghapd mwpf.
 66

,t;thNw gpwtw;wpw;Fk; xl;bf; fhz;f.

w> d Kd; j ef;fs; jpupjy;

yd vd;Dk; Gs;spfspd; Kd;dHj; jfuKk; efuKk; tupd;> mit

KiwNa wfu dfuq;fshFk;.

149. yd vdt&ck; Gs;sp Kd;dH

je vdtupd; wd MFk;Nk. (E}. 7)

,J Gs;spkaq;fpaiy Nehf;fp tUnkhopf; fUtpj; jpupG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: fy; jPJ - f/wPJ
nghd; jPJ - nghd;wPJ
,tw;wpy; yd Kd; j tu mJ wfukhapw;W.
fy; ed;W - fd;dd;W
nghd; ed;W - nghd;dd;W
,tw;wpy; ydKd; e tu mJ dfukhapw;W.

z s Kd; j ef;fs; jpupjy;

zs vd;Dk; Gs;spKd;dHj; jfuKk;> efuKk; tupd; mit lfu>

zfuq;fshfj; jpupAk;.

150. zs vd; Gs;spKd; lz vdj;Njhd;Wk;. (E}. 8)

v-L.: kz; jPJ - kz;BJ

Ks; jPJ - K/BJ
,tw;wpy; zs Kd; j tu mJ l Mapw;W.

kz; ed;W - kz;zd;W

Ks; ed;W - Kz;zd;W
,tw;wpy; zsKd; e tu mJ zfukhapw;W.

capH <W> nka;<Wfspd; rpwg;Gg; GzHr;rp

jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glHf;if vd ,lk; %tifg;gLk;. mtw;Ws;

caHjpizf;FupaJ. Kd;dpiy tpuTj;jpizf;FupaJ. glHf;if Mz;> ngz;>
gyH> xd;W> gy vd;Dk; Ie;J gFg;Gfis cilaJ. mtw;Ws; Kjy; %d;W
gFg;Gk; caHjpizf;Fupad. mLj;j ,U gFg;Gk; m/wpizf;Fupad.
 67

Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhy; Kbjy;

capiuAk;> nka;iaAk; ,Wjpahf cila Kd;dpiyr; nrhw;fs;>

ty;ypd Kjy;nkhop tUq;fhy; ,ay;ghAk; cwo;e;Jk; KbAk; vd;Dk; ,U
KbGfis cilad.

151. capH<W Mfpa Kd;dpiyf; fpstpAk;

Gs;sp ,Wjp Kd;dpiyf; fpstpAk;
,ay;G MFeTk;> cwo;G MFeTk; vd;W
MaPH ,ay ty;nyOj;J tupNd. (E}. 9)

v-L.: cz;lid nfhw;wh

cz;lid rhj;jh
cz;lid Njth
cz;lid g+jh - ,tw;wpy; Kd;dpiy xUik tpidf;fz;
ty;ypdk; ,ay;ghapw;W. ,/J capuPW MFk;.

,NjNghd;W Vida fhyr;nrhw;fNshLk; GzHj;jpf; fhz;f.

rpwg;Gtpjp

Xsfhu <w;Wr; nrhy;Yk;> Qekt vd;Dk; Gs;spaPw;Wr; nrhw;fSk;>

Fw;Wfu <w;Wr; nrhy;Yk; Kd;dpiy nkhopf;fz; thuh.

152. Xs vd t&ck; capH ,Wnrhy;Yk;

Q e k t vd;Dk; Gs;sp ,WjpAk;
Fw;wpaYfuj;J ,WjpAk; cs;gl
Kw;wj; Njhd;wh ty;nyOj;J tupNd. (E}. 10)

,J Kd;dpiy tpidf;fz; thuhj <Wfisj; njhFj;NjhJfpwJ.

mjhtJ> nfs vdtUk; Xs <w;W Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhy;Yk;> cupQ;>

nghUe;> jpUk;> njt; vd;w Gs;spapWjp Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhw;fSk; Kw;$wpa
,ay;G KOikngwj;Njhd;wh. khwpAk; tUk;. ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk; cz;L
vd;gjhk;.

v-L.: nfsT nfhw;wh - nfsTf;nfhw;wh

nfsT fz;zh - nfsTf;fz;zh vdtUk;.

 68

caHjpizg; ngaHfspd; KbG

capuPw;W caHjpizg; ngaHfSk;> nka;aPw;W caHjpizg; ngaHfSk;

ehd;F fzj;jpDk; my;top Ntw;WikapYkhfpa vy;yhtplj;Jk; ,ay;gha;
tUk; vd;ghH njhy;yhrpupaH.

153. capH<W Mfpa caHjpizg; ngaUk;

Gs;sp ,Wjp caHjpizg; ngaUk;
vy;yh topAk; ,ay;G vd nkhopg. (E}. 11)

,/J caHjpizg; ngaH ehw;fzj;Jf;fz;Zk;> my;top Ntw;Wik

,UtopAk; KbAkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.; ek;gp Fwpad;

ek;gp rpwpad; capuPw;W caHjpiz Mz;ghw; ngaH
ek;gp jPad; my;topf;fz; ty;ypdk; tu ,ay;ghapw;W.
ek;gp ngupad;

eq;if Fwpas;
eq;if rpwpas; capuPw;W caHjpiz ngz;ghw; ngaH
eq;if jPas; my;topf;fz; ty;ypdk; tu ,ay;ghapw;W
eq;if ngupas;

mtd; Fwpad;
mtd; rpwpad; Gs;spaPw;W caHjpiz Mz;ghw; ngaH
mtd; jPad; my;topf;fz; ty;ypdk; tu ,ay;ghapw;W.
mtd; ngupad;
rpwg;G tpjp

Nkw;$wpa caHjpizg; ngaHfSs; ,fu <w;Wg;ngaHfs; jpupe;J

KbAk; ,lj;jpidAk; cilajhFk;.

154. mtw;Ws;
,fu <w;Wg; ngaH jpupG,ld; cilj;Nj. (E}. 12)

,/J caHjpizg; ngaHfSs; rpytw;Wf;F va;jhj tpjpapid

va;Jtpf;fpwJ.

v-L.: vl;br;rhj;jd;
nrl;bf;$j;jd; my;topf;fz; ,fu <w;Wg;ngaHfs;
fhtpjpf;$j;jd; kpf;F Kbe;jd.
ek;gpg;gps;is-
 69

vl;bg;g+
nrl;bg;GuT - Ntw;Wikf;fz; ,fu <w;Wg;ngaHfs;
fhtpjpg;g+ kpf;F Kbe;jd.
ek;gpg;NgW

tpuTg;ngaHfSk; ,ay;G KbT

caHjpizf;fz; nrd;W tpuTk; m/wpiz tpuTg;ngaH ,ay;gpd;wp

KbjNyad;wp ,ay;ghAk; KbAk;..

155. m/wpiz tpuTg;ngaH ,ay;GkhH csNt. (E}. 13)

,J tpuTg;ngaH KbAkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: rhj;jd; Fwpad;> rhj;jd; FwpJ> rhj;jd; if

rhj;jd;> rhj;jp vd;gd KiwNa vUjpidAk; MtpidAk;

czHj;Jq;fhy;> m/wpizf;fz; xUikapidAk;> gd;ikapidAk; czHj;Jk;
<Wfs; md;wp> Mz;ghiyAk;> ngz;ghiyAk; czHj;Jk; <Wfs; ,d;ikapd;>
cz;L m/wpizg; ngaHfs; caHjpizf;fz; nrd;W tputpw;W vdg;gLk;.
mjdhd;> ,it Nghd;wd m/wpiz tpuTg;ngaHfs; vdg;gLk;. ,it
m/wpiziaf; Fwpj;J te;jhYk; cau;jpiz Nghd;Nw ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

%d;whk; Ntw;Wik KbG

Ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;nyOj;J kpFe;J tUk; vdf; $wg;gl;l nka;> capH

<w;Wr;nrhw;fshd %d;whk; Ntw;Wikf;Fupa tpidKjw; nghUs;
epiynkhopaha; epw;g> mtw;whd; Mfpa tpidiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;
tUnkhopaha; tupd; ,ay;ghjYk; cz;L. cwo;e;J tUjYk; cz;L.
MapDk; ,it gpd;dH capHkaq;fpaypYk;> Gs;spkaq;fpaypYk; Ntw;Wikf;
fz; kpFe;Nj tUk; vd;W $wg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; ,ay;G Nghw;wp filg;gpbj;jy;;
Ntz;Lk;;.

156. Gs;sp ,WjpAk; capH,W fpstpAk;

ty;nyOj;J kpFjp nrhy;ypa Kiwahd;
jk;kpd; Mfpa njhopw;nrhy; Kd;tupd;
nka;k;ik MfYk; cwoj; Njhd;wYk;
mk;Kiw ,uz;Lk; cupait csNt
Ntw;Wik kUq;fpw; Nghw;wy; Ntz;Lk;. (E}. 14)

,J %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; jpupgpidf; $WfpwJ.

 70

v-L.: eha;Nfhl;gl;lhd;> GypNfhl;gl;lhd;> rhug;gl;lhd;> jPz;lg;gl;lhd;>

ghag;gl;lhd; vd ,it ,ay;G.

#HNfhl;gl;lhd;> #Hf;Nfhl;gl;lhd;> tspNfhl;gl;lhd;> tspf;Nfhl;gl;lhd;

vd - ,it cwo;r;rp.
eha;Nfhl;gl;lhd;
eha;rhug;gl;lhd; ,tw;wpy; Gs;spaPw;W %d;whk; Ntw;Wikf;
eha;jPz;lg;gl;lhd; fUj;jhr;nrhy; ty;ypdk; tu ,ay;ghapw;W
eha;ghag;gl;lhd;- fhz;f.
[

GypNfhl;gl;lhd;
Gyprhug;gl;lhd; ,tw;wpy; capuPw;W %d;whk; Ntw;Wikf;
GypjPz;lg;gl;lhd; fUj;jhr; nrhy; ty;ypdk; tu ,ay;ghapw;W
Gypghag;gl;lhd; ; fhz;f.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;jpupG

nky;nyOj;J ty;nyOj;J vd;git kpfNtz;ba ,lj;J khWgl;L

ty;nyOj;J> nky;nyOj;J Mfpait kpFjYk;> ,ay;ghf Ntz;batplj;J
kpFjYk;> capHkpFe;j tplj;J capHnfLjYk;> rhupia tuNtz;ba ,lj;J
rhupia tuhky; ,Uj;jYk;> rhupia> cUG Mfpa ,uz;LNk ,Uj;jYk;>
rhupia cwoj;Njhd;WjYk;> caHjpizg;ngaH> tpuTg;ngaH Mfpa
,uz;blj;JNk xfhu Ntw;Wik xopahJ ,Uj;jYk;> nka;NtWgLjYf;F
khwhf ,ay;ghf ,Uj;jYk;> mt;thW cs;sit gpwTk; Ntw;Wikg;
nghUl;GzHr;rpapdJ Kbitj;jhd; ePq;fp NtWKbthf epd;W xypf;Fk; xfhu
Ntw;Wikj; jpupGfshk; vd;W ,yf;fzg; GytH $WtH.

157. nky;nyOj;J kpFtop typg;nghL Njhd;wYk;

ty;nyOj;J kpFtop nkypg;nghL Njhd;wYk;
,aw;if kUq;fpd; kpfw;if Njhd;wYk;
capHkpf tUtop capHnfl tUjYk;
rhupia cs;topr; rhupia nfLjYk;
rhupia cs;topj; jd; cUG epiyaYk;
rhupia ,aw;if cwoj;Njhd;wj; Njhd;wYk;
caHjpiz kUq;fpd; xopahJ tUjYk;
m/wpiz tpuTg;ngaHf;F mt;tpay; epiyaYk;
nka; gpwpjhfplj;J ,aw;if MjYk;
md;d gpwTk; jd;dpay; kUq;fpd;
nka;ngwf; fpse;J nghUs; tiue;J ,irf;Fk;
xfhu Ntw;Wikj; jpupG vd nkhopg. (E}. 15)
 71

,/J ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; jpupgpidf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: tpsf;Fiwj;jhd; vd;gjpy; nky;nyOj;J kpFtop ty;nyOj;J kpf;fJ.
kuq;Fiwj;jhd; vd;gjpy; ty;nyOj;J kpFtop nky;nyOj;J kpf;fJ.
jha;f;nfhiy vd;gjpy; ,ay;ghkplj;J kpf;fJ
gyhf;Fiwj;jhd; vd;gjpy; capHkpf top tUtop capHnfl;lJ.
tz;L nfhzHe;jhd; vd;gjpy; rhupia cs;topr; rhupia nfl;lJ.
tz;bidf; nfhzHe;jhd; vd;gjpy; cs;topj; jd;DUG epiyapw;W.
Gsp Fiwj;jhd;> Gspf;Fiwj;jhd;> g+w;Fiwj;jhd; vd ,it rhupia
cwoj;Njhd;wpd.
ek;gpiaf; nfhzHe;jhd; vd;gjpy; caHjpiz kUq;fpd; xopahJ
te;jJ.
nfhw;widf; nfhzHe;jhd; vd;gjpy; tpuTg;ngaHf;F mt;tpay;
epiyaJ.
kz;nfhzHe;jhd; vd;gjpy; nka;gpwpjhfplj;J ,aw;ifaha; te;jJ.

,> x <w;Wg; ngaHfspd; my;top KbG

,fu> Ifhu <w;W m/wpizg; ngaHr;nrhw;fs;> my;topf;fz; %tif

KbG epiyfis cilad. mit ,ay;gha; KbtdTk;> ty;nyOj;J kpf;F
KbtdTk;> cwo;e;J KbtdTkhfpa ,it vd;gH GytH.

158. Ntw;Wik my;top , I vd;Dk;

<w;Wg; ngaHf; fpstp %tif epiya mitjhk;
,ay;G MFeTk;> ty;nyOj;J kpFeTk;
cwohFeTk; vd;kdhH GytH. (E}. 16)

,/J ,fu IfhutPw;W m/wpizg; ngaHfSf;F my;top KbG

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: gUj;jp FwpJ> gUj;jp rpwpJ> gUj;jp jPJ> gUj;jp ngupJ vd;Gop ,fu
<w;Wg;ngaH vOtha;j; njhlHf;fz; ,ay;ghapw;W.

jhkiu FwpJ> jhkiu rpwpJ> jhkiu jPJ> jhkiu ngupJ vd;Gop>

Ifhu <w;Wg;ngaH vOtha;j; njhlHf;fz; ,ay;ghapw;W.

nrbnfhb> jhkiuFtis vd;Gop ,fu> Ifhu <w;Wg; ngaHfs;

ck;ikj; njhiff;fz; ,ay;ghapd.

khrpj;jpq;fs;> rpj;jpiuj;jpq;fs; vd;Gop ,fu> Ifhu <w;Wg;ngaHfs;

gz;Gj;njhiff;fz; kpf;F Kbe;jd.
 72

fhtpjpf;fz;> Ftisf;fz; vd;Gop ,fu> Ifhu <w;Wg;ngaHfs;

ctikj;njhiff;fz; kpf;F Kbe;jd.

fpspFwpJ> jpid FwpJ> fpspf;FwpJ> jpidf;FwpJ vd;Gop ,fu> Ifhu

<w;Wg; ngaHfs; cwo;e;J Kbe;jd.

,> I <w;W Vohk; Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rp

mfu> Ifu> cfu Rl;nlOj;Jf;fis Kjyhf cila ,futPw;W

,ilr;nrhy;Yk;> vfukhfpa nkhopKjy; tpdhTila ,futPw;W
,ilr;nrhy;Yk;> Rl;lhfpa <nwOj;J ePz;l IfhutPwW
; ,ilr;nrhy;Yk;>
ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbtdTk;> cwo;r;rpaha; KbtdTk; Nkw;nrhy;yg;gl;l
,lj;jpd;fz;Nz cs vd;W nrhy;YtH GytH.

159. Rl;L Kjyhfpa ,fu ,WjpAk;

vfu Kjy; tpdhtpd; ,fu ,WjpAk;
Rl;Lr;rpid ePba x vd; ,WjpAk;
ahntd; tpdhtpd; x vd; ,WjpAk;
ty;nyOj;J kpFeTk; cwohFeTk;
nrhy;ypay; kUq;fpd; csvd nkhopg. (E}. 17)

,/J mt;tpfu xfhu <w;Ws; Vohk; Ntw;Wik ,lg;nghUswpaepd;w

,ilr;nrhy; KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: mNjhspf;nfhz;lhd;>
,Njhspf;nfhz;lhd;> - Rl;L Kjyhfpa ,fu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs;
cNjhspf;nfhz;lhd; kpf;F Kbe;jd.

vNjhspf;nfhz;lhd; - vfu tpdh Kjyhfpa ,fu <w;Wr;nrhy;

kpf;F Kbe;jJ.
<z;ilf;nfhz;lhd;>
Mz;ilf;nfhz;lhd;> - Rl;L ePz;l IfhutPw;Wr; nrhw;fs;
vz;ilf;nfhz;lhd ; kpf;F Kbe;jd.

ahz;ilf; nfhz;lhd; - afu> Mfhu tpdh Kjyhfpa xfhu

<w;Wr; nrhy; kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

neby;> Fwpy; Kd; xw;Wf;fs;

160. nebajd; Kd;dH xw;Wnka; nfLjYk;

Fwpajd; Kd;dH jd;DUG ,ul;lYk;
mwpaj; Njhd;wpa newp,ay; vd;g. (E}. 18)

,J Gs;spkaq;fpaiy Nehf;fpaNjhH epiynkhopf; fUtp $WfpwJ.

 73

nebypd; Kd;dH epd;w xw;Wf; nfLjYk;> Fwpypd; Kd;dH epd;w xw;W

,ul;LjYk; mwpAkhW Kiwaha; te;j ,ay;gpd vd;gH njhy;yhrpupaH.

v-L.: Nfhy; +jPJ =NfhwPJ> Nfhy; +ed;W =Nfhdd;W vd ,it nebajd;

Kd;dH xw;Wf; nfl;ld. kz;zfy;> nghd;dfy; vd ,it Fwpajd;
Kd;dHj; jd;DUG ,ul;bd.

Fwpy; Kd; xw;W ,ul;lhj ,lk;

Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk;> ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; tUk;NghJ

Fwpy; xw;W ,ul;bg;gjpy;iy.

161. Mwd; cUgpDk; ehd;fd; cUgpDk;

$wpa Fw;nwhw;W ,ul;ly; ,y;iy
<WMF Gs;sp mfunkhL epiyAk;
neLKjy; FWFk; nkhopKd; Md. (E}. 19)

,/J cUgpaiy Nehf;fpa epiynkhop gw;wpa tpjpapidf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: jk;+mJ=jkJ; jd;+F=jkf;F vdtUk;.

jk; vd;gJ jk vd;W epw;Fk;.

,q;F jhk; vd;w neby; jk; vd;W te;Js;sik fhz;f.

162. Ek; vd;Dk; ,WjpAk; me;epiy jpupahJ. (E}. 20)

,J ePapH vd;gjd; Ntw;Wik tbtha Ek; vd;gJk; mt;tpjpapidg;

ngWk; vd;W $WfpwJ.

Ek; vd;w nrhy;Yk; xw;W ,ul;lhJ. mfuk; ngWk;.

v-L.: EkJ> Ekf;F vdtUk;.

Gs;sp ,Wjp ,fuk; ngwhj ,lk;

163. cfunkhL GzUk; Gs;sp ,Wjp

afuKk; capUk; tUtop ,aw;if. (E}. 21)

,J Gs;spkaq;fpaiy Nehf;fp epiynkhopr; nra;if $WfpwJ.

cfug;Ngw;NwhL KbAk; cupQ;> nghUe; Nghd;w Gs;sp <Wfs;> afuKk;

capUk; tUnkhopaha; tUq;fhy;> mt;Tfuk; ngwhJ ,ay;gha; KbAk;.
 74

v-L.: cupQ;ahdh> cupQ; mde;jh> nghUe;ahdh> nghUe;mde;jh> cwpQ;Mjh>

nghUe;Mjh vd tUk;.

msT> epiw vz;Zg; ngaHfs; GzHr;rp

capUk; nka;Ak; <wha;> mstpidAk;> epiwapidAk; vz;zpidAk;

fUjpait vdr; nrhy;yg;gl;l nrhw;fs; vy;yhk;> jk;kpw;Fiwe;j jkf;F
,dkha nrhw;fsha;j; jkf;F Kd;Nd tUk; fhye;Njhd;wpd;> V vd;Dk;
rhupia ngw;W Kbjy; nghUe;JtjhFk; vd;gH njhy;yhrpupaH.

164. capUk; epiwAk; ,Wjp Mfp

msTk; epiwAk; vz;Zk; Rl;b
cs vdg;gl;l vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk;
jj;jk; fpstp jk;kfg;gl;l
Kj;ij t&ck; fhyk; Njhd;wpd;
xj;j njd;g V vd; rhupia. (E}. 22)

,/J msTg;ngaUk;> vz;Zg;ngaUk; jk;kpw; GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

mjhtJ> msj;jy;> epWj;jy;> vz;Zjy; Mfpa msT epiw

vz;Zg;ngaHfs; capH ,Wjp MdhYk; Gs;sp ,WjpahdhYk; jkf;Ff;
fPositfs; tUk;NghJ V vd;w rhupia ngw;WtUk; vd;gjhk;.

v-L.: cof;Nf ahohf;F> fyNd gjf;F- msTg;ngaHfs; Vfhur;

rhupia ngw;wd.

njhbNa fmR> nfhs;Ns Iatp - epiwg;ngaHfs; Vfhur; rhupia

ngw;wd.

xd;Nwfhy;> fhzpNa Ke;jpupif> fhNy fhzp-vz;Zg;ngaHfs; Vfhur;

rhupia ngw;wd.
miu vd;gjNdhL GzHjy;

ghjpiaf; Fiwf;Fk; miu vd;w nrhy; tUk;NghJ V vd;w rhupia

nghUe;jhJ.

165. miuvd t&ck; ghy;tiu fpstpf;Fg;

GiutJ md;why; rhupia ,aw;if. (E}. 23)

,/J va;jpa tpjpapid tpyf;FfpwJ.

v-L.: cof;fiu> njhbaiu> xd;wiu vd;gjpy; V rhupia nghUe;jhJ epw;wy;

fhz;f.
 75

Fiw vd;gNjhL GzHjy;

Fiw vd;Dk; nrhy; msT Kjypatw;wpd;Kd; tUq;fhyj;J>

Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rp Nghd;W xw;W kpFe;J tUk;.

166. Fiw vd; fpstp Kd;tUfhiy

epiwaj; Njhd;Wk; Ntw;Wik ,aw;if. (E}. 24)

,J va;jpa tpjpia tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: cupf;Fiw> J}zpf;Fiw - msTg;ngaHfs; Kd; Ntw;Wikg;

nghUl;GzHr;rp KbG ngw;wJ.

njhbf;Fiw> nfhl;Fiw - epiwg;ngaHfs; Kd;> Ntw;Wikg;

nghUl;GzHr;rp KbG ngw;wJ.

fhzpf;Fiw> fhw;Fiw - vz;Zg;ngaHfs; Kd; Ntw;Wikg;

nghUl;GzHr;rp KbG ngw;wJ.

Fw;wpaYfur;nrhy;Yf;F ,d; rhupia

Fw;wpaYfu msT> epiw> vz;Zg;ngaHr; nrhy;Yf;F Kd; Fiw vd;w

nrhy; tUk;NghJ ,d; rhupia tUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

167. Fw;wpaYfuf;F ,d;Nd rhupia. (E}. 25)

,J Fw;wpaYfu <w;W msT> epiw> vz;Zg;ngaHfSf;Ff; Fiw

tUq;fhy; va;jpa tpjpapid tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp tFf;fpwJ.

v-L.: cof;fpd;Fiw
foQ;rpd;Fiw
xd;wpd;Fiw - ,tw;wpy; Fw;wpaYfu <w;W msT> epiw>
vz;Zg;ngaHfs; FiwnahL GzUq;fhy; ,d; rhupia ngw;W
te;Js;sijf; fhz;f.

fyk; mj;Jr;rhupia ngWjy;

fyk; vd;w Kfj;jysitg; ngaUf;F Kd; Fiw vd;w nrhy; tUk;

NghJ mj;Jr;rhupia tUk;.

168. mj;J ,il t&ck; fyk; vd; msNt. (E}. 26)

 76

,/J msTg;ngaHfSs; fyk; vd;gjw;F va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ

tpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: fyj;Jf;Fiw.

gidAk; fhTk; ,d;rhupia ngWjy;

gid vd;w Kfj;jy; msitg;ngaUk;> fh vd;Dk; epWj;jy; msitg;

ngaUk; Fiw vd;w nrhy;NyhL tUk;NghJ ,d; rhupia ngw;W tUk;.

169. gid vd; msTk; fhntd; epiwAk;

epidAq;fhiy ,d;ndhL rptZk;. (E}. 27)

,J gid vDk; msTg;ngaHf;Fk;> fh vDk; epiwg;ngaHf;Fk; Fiw

tUq;fhy; va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: gidapd; Fiw> fhtpd; Fiw vdtUk;.

msTg;ngaH> epiwg;ngaHfspd; nkhopKjy; vOj;Jf;fs;

msTg;ngaHf;Fk; epiwg;ngaHf;Fk; nkhopKjyhfp tUtd xd;gJ

vOj;Jf;fs; MFk;. mit frjg vDk; ehd;F ty;ypdKk;> ek vd;Dk;
,uz;L nky;ypdKk;> tfukhfpa XH ,ilapdKk;> mfu cfuq;fshfpa
,uz;L capupdKk; MFk; vd;gH njhy;yhrpupaH.

170. mstpw;Fk; epiwapw;Fk; nkhopKjy; Mfp

cs vdg;gl;l xd;gjpw;W vOj;Nj
mitjhk;
f r j g vd;wh e k t vd;wh
mfu cfunkhL mitvd nkhopg. (E}. 28)

,/J msTg;ngaHf;Fk; epiwg;ngaHf;Fk; KjyhFk; vOj;Jf;fis

tiuaWf;fpd;wJ.

v-L.: fyk;> rhb> J}ij> ghid - frjgf;fs; Kjyhapd.

ehop> kz;il - ekf;fs; Kjypad.
tl;b - tfuk; Kjyhapw;W
mfy;> cof;F - mfuk;> cfuk; Kjyhapd.
- ,it msTg;ngaHfs;

foQ;R> rPufk;> njhb> gyk; - frjgf;fs; Kjyhapd.

epiw> kh - ekf;fs; Kjyhapd.
tiu - tfuk; Kjyhapw;W.
me;ij - mfuk; Kjyhapw;W.
- ,it epiwg;ngaHfs;.
 77

Gwdil

,Jtiu $wg;ngw;w ,d;dpd;d <w;Wr;nrhw;fs; ,d;dpd;d epiyfspy;

GzUk; vd;W $wpa gy topfspnyy;yhk; cz;ik tof;nfhL nghUe;jp
tUtd mtw;nwhL xj;jd GzHr;rp epiyfs; MFk;. tof;fj;jpw;Fj; jf
,yf;fzk; tFj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

171. <W,ay; kUq;fpd; ,it ,tw;W ,ay;G vdf;

$wpa fpstpg; gy;MW vy;yhk;
nka;j; jiyg;gl;l tof;nfhL rptzp
xj;jit cupa> GzHnkhop epiyNa. (E}. 29)

,it ,t;Nthj;jpw;Fg; Gwdil $WfpwJ.

kUtpd; ghj;jp

gyuwp nrhy;Kd; tUk; ahtH vd;Dk; ngaH ,ilepw;Fk; tfu

capHnka; nfLjYk;> xope;j xd;wid mwpAk; nrhy;Kd; tUk; ahJ vd;Dk;
tpdhr;nrhy;ypd; ,ilf;fz; tfu capHnka; tUjYkhfpa ,uz;Lk; k&c
KbGfspd;fz; kpfTk; gapd;W jpupAk;.

172. gyHmwp nrhy; Kd; ahtH vd;Dk;

ngaupil tfuk; nfLjYk;> Vid
xd;W mwpnrhy; Kd;ahJ vd; tpdh,il
xd;wpa tfuk; tUjYk; ,uz;Lk;
kUtpd; ghj;jpapd; jpupAkd; gapd;Nw. (E}. 30)

,/J ,Unrhw;fSf;F k&c KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: mtH - gyuwp nrhy;

mJ - xd;wwp nrhy;.
mtH ahH - ahtH vd;gjd; tfu capHnka; nfl;L ahH vd
epd;wJ.
mJ ahtJ - ahJ vd;gjd;fz; tfu capHnka; tu> ahtJ vd
epd;wJ.
 78

,t;tpaypy; epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bait

 capH <W nka;<Wfspd; nghJg;GzHr;rp> tpuTg;ngaupd; ,ay;G>

%d;whk; Ntw;Wik KbG> ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;jpupG>
 msT epiw vz;Zg;ngaHfs; GzHtjw;Fupa tpjpfs;
 msT> epiwg;ngaHfspy; nkhopKjyhFk; vOj;Jf;fs;
 kUtpd; ghj;jp
 79

3.2. cUgpay;

Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ngaNuhL GzUk; ,ay;gpid czHj;jpikahy;

,t;tpay; cUgpay; vdg;gl;lJ. ngaUf;Fk; Ntw;WikAUgpw;FkpilNa tUk;
rhhpiafs; gw;wpAk; Ntw;WikAUgpid Vw;Fk;NghJ ngah;fs; ngWk;
khw;wq;fs; gw;wpAk; cUgpay; tpsf;FfpwJ.

rpy ngaHfs; cUGfNshL GzUq;fhy; Vw;gLk; jpupGfis ,t;tpaypy;

$Wfpd;whH njhy;fhg;gpau;.

,t;tpaypy; rhupia ngWtd> rhupia ngwhJ ,ay;ghAk;> jpupe;Jk;

tUtd> vOj;Jg;NgW ngWtd> Gwdil vd;Dk; ehd;F gFjpfs;
tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

capH <w;Wr;nrhw;fspd; Kd; cUGfs;

mM> cC> VXs vd;Dk; MwidAk; <whfTila epWj;j nrhw;fspd;

Kd; tUk; Ntw;Wik cUGfSf;Fr; rhupia ,d; MFk;.

173. m M c C V Xs vd;Dk;
mg;ghy; Mwd; epiynkhop Kd;dH
Ntw;Wik cUgpw;F ,d;Nd rhupia. (E}. 1)

,/J mfu> Mfhu> cfu> Cfhu> Vfhu> Xsfhu <w;Wg; ngaHfNshL

cUG GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

m/jhtJ m> M> c> C> V> Xs vd;Dk; MW vOj;Jf;fisAk;

<whf cila epiynkhopfspd; Kd;du; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; tUk;NghJ
,ilapy; ,d; rhupia epw;Fk; vd;gjhk;.

v-L.: tps+,d;=I→tpstpid> tpstpndhL> tpstpw;F> tpstpdJ>

tpstpd;fz; - vd;gjpy; mfu <w;Wg; ngaNuhL cUG GzUq;fhy; ,d;
rhupia ngw;W epd;Ws;sik fhz;f.

gyh+,d;=I→gyhtpid gyhtpndhL> gyhtpw;F> gyhtpdJ>

- gyhtpd;fz; vd;gjpy; Mfhu <w;Wg;ngaNuhL cUG GzUq;fhy;
,d; rhupia ngw;W epd;Ws;sik fhz;f.

fL+,d;=I→fLtpid fLtpid> fLtpndhL> fLtpw;F> fLtpdJ>

fLtpd;fz;... – vd;gjpy; <fhu <w;Wg; ngaNuhL cUG
GzUq;fhy; ,d; rhupia ngw;W epd;Ws;sik fhz;f.
 80

f*c+,d;=I→f*ctpid> f*ctpndhL> f*ctpw;F>

f*ctpdJ> f*ctpd;fz; - vd;gjpy; Cfhu <w;Wg; ngaNuhL
cUG GzUq;fhy; ,d; rhupia ngw;W epd;Ws;sik fhz;f.

Nr+,d;=I→Nrtpid> NrtpndhL> Nrtpw;F> NrtpdJ> Nrtpd;fz;

- vd;gjpy; Vfhu <w;Wg; ngaNuhL cUG GzUq;fhy; ,d; rhupia
ngw;W epd;Ws;sik fhz;f.

nts+,d;=I→ntstpid> ntstpndhL> ntstpw;F> ntstpdJ>

ntstpd;fz;... – vd;gjpy; xsfhu <w;Wg; ngaNuhL cUG
GzUq;fhy; ,d; rhupia ngw;wJ.

gytwp nrhy; tw;Wr; rhupia ngWjy;

gd;ikg; nghUisf; fUjpa mfu <w;Wg; ngaHfs; rhupiaapidj;

jtwhkw; ngWk;.

174. gy;yit Ejypa mfu ,WngaH

tw;nwhL rptzy; vr;rk; ,d;Nw. (E}. 2)

,J Nkw;$wpa <WfSs; gytw;Wf;F gytw;Wf;F va;jpa tpjpapid

tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp $WfpwJ.

gy> gy;y vd;Dk; mfu <w;Wg; ngau;fs; cUNgw;Fk;NghJ tw;Wr;

rhupia ngw;W epw;Fk;.

v-L.: gy;y+tw;W=I→gy;ytw;iw> gy;ytw;NwhL> gy;ytw;Wf;F> gy;ytw;wpd;>

gy;ytw;wJ> gy;ytw;Wf;fz;... – vd;gjpy; gy;y vd;Dk; mfu <w;Wg;
nganuhL cUG GzUq;fhy; tw;Wg; ngw;wJ.

ah vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F tw;Wr;rhupia

ah vd;Dk; Mfhu <w;W tpdhg;ngaUk; Nkw;$wpathW tw;Wr; rhupia

ngw;W tUk;;.

175. ah vd; tpdhTk; Mapay; jpupahJ. (E}. 3)

,J Mfhu <w;Ws; xd;wDf;F va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp

tFf;fpd;wJ.

ah vd;Dk; Mfhu <w;W tpdhg;ngaUk; Kd;du;f; $wpaijg; Nghd;Nw

tw;Wr; rhupia ngw;W tUk;.
 81

v-L.: ahtw;iw> ahtw;NwhL> ahtw;Wf;F> ahtw;wpd;> ahtw;wJ>

ahtw;Wf;fz;... – vd;gjpy; ah vd;Dk; Mfu <w;Wg; nganuhL cUG
GzUq;fhy; tw;Wg; ngw;wJ.

ahtw;iw = ah+tw;W+I

cfu <w;Wr; Rl;Lf;F md; rhupia

Rl;nlOj;ij Kjyhf cila Kw;Wfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; md;

rhupiaNahL nghUe;j> <w;W epd;w cfuk; jhd; nghUe;jpa nka;apid
tpLj;Jf; nfLk;.

176. Rl;L Kjy; cfuk; md;ndhL rptzp

xl;ba nka; xopj;J cfuk; nfLNk. (E}. 4)

,J cfu <w;Ws; xd;wDf;F va;jpa tpjp tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp

tFf;fpd;wJ.

Rl;L Kjy; cfukhfpa mJ> ,J> cJ vd;gd cUNgw;Fk;NghJ md;

rhupia ngw;W tUk;. jhd; nghUe;jpa nka;naOj;ij epWj;jp cfuk; nfLk;.

v-L.: mjid> mjndhL> mjw;F> mjdpd;> mjdJ> mjd;fz;

,jid> ,jndhL> ,jw;F> ,jdpd;> ,jdJ> ,jd;fz;
cjid> cjndhL> cjw;F> cjdpd;> cjdJ> cjd;fz;
mjid=mJ+md;+I

Ifhu <w;Wf;F tw;Wr; rhupia

Rl;nlOj;jpid Kjyhf cila Ifhu <w;Wr; nrhy;> tw;Wr;

rhupianahL nghUe;j> <w;W Ifhuk; nka;nahL epw;wYKupj;J> epy;yhikAk;
cupj;J.

177. Rl;L Kjy; Mfpa I vd; ,Wjp

tw;nwhL rptzp epw;wYk; cupj;Nj. (E}. 5)

,J Rl;LKjy; Ifhu <W cUnghL GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

Rl;nlOj;ij Kjyhf tUk; vOj;jpd; <w;wpYs;s InaDk; ,Wjp
tw;Wr; rhupia ngWk;.

v-L.: mitaw;iw> mitaw;nwhL

,itaw;iw> ,itaw;nwhL - Rl;L Kjy; xfhuk; tw;Wg; ngw;Wf
citaw;iw> citaw;nwhL; nflhJ epd;wJ.
 82

mtw;iw> mtw;nwhL
,tw;iw> ,tw;nwhL - Rl;LKjy; xfhuk; tw;Wr;rhupia
ctw;iw> ctw;nwhL nghUe;j nka;nahLk; nfl;L Kbe;jJ.
mitaw;iw =mit+tw;W+I

ah vd;Dk; tpdh <w;W Ifhuj;jpw;Fk; tw;Wr;rhupia

ahit vd;Dk; Ifhu <w;W tpdhg;ngaUk;> Rl;LKjy; Ifhur;

nrhw;Nghy tw;Wr; rhupia ngWk;. mt;tplj;J tfuk; Ifhuj;njhLk; nfLk;.

178. ah vd; tpdhtpd; I vd;,WjpAk;

Mapay; jpupahJ vd;kdhH GytH
Mtapd; tfuk; ,irnahLk; nfLNk. (E}. 6)

,/J tpdh Kjyha Ifhu <w;Wr;nrhy; cUnghL GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

ahit vd;Dk; tpdhtpd; ,Wjpapy; mikAk; I vd;Dk; nrhy;

Kw;$wpa Rl;L Kjy; Ifhuk; Nghd;Nw tw;Wr; rhupia ngWk;. mg;NghJ
tfuk; InahLk; nfl;L epw;Fk;.

v-L.: ah+tw;W=I→ahtw;iw> ahtw;nwhL.

eP vd;Dk; <fhu <w;Wf;F dfu xw;W

eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy xUikg;ngaH Kjy; FWf> mt;tplj;J dfuk;

xw;wha; epw;Fk;.

179. ePvd;xUngaH neLKjy; FWFk;

Mtapd; dfuk; xw;W MFk;Nk. (E}. 7)

,/J <fhu <w;Wr; nrhw;fSs; xd;wndhL cUG GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: epd;id> epd;ndhL> epdf;F> epd;dpd;> epdJ...vdtUk;.

epd;id=eP+I.

Xfhu <w;Wf;F xd; rhupia

Xfhu <w;Wf;F ,iltUk; rhupia xd; rhupiaahFk;.

180. Xfhu ,Wjpf;F xd;Nd rhupia. (E}. 8)

,/J Xfhu <w;Wr; nrhy;NyhL cUG GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Nfhxid> nfhxNdhL> Nfhndhw;F> Nfhxdpd;> NfhxdJ> Nfhxd;fz;>

vd tUk;.
 83

Nfhxid=Nfh+xd;+I

mfu> Mfhu <w;wpw;F mj;Jr; rhupia

mfu Mfhu <w;W kug;ngaHfspd;fz; Vod; cUG ,d; rhupiaNahL

md;wp mj;Jr; rhupianahLk; nghUe;jp tUk;.

181. mM vd;Dk; kug;ngaHf; fpstpf;F

mj;njhLk; rptZk; Vod; cUNg. (E}. 9)

,e;E}w;gh> mfu Mfhu <w;W kug;ngaHfSf;F va;jpajd;Nky;

rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

m> M vd;Dk; ,Wjpfis cila kug;ngau;f; fpstpfs; Vohk;

cUgpid Vw;Fk;NghJ mj;Jr;rhupia ngw;W epw;Fk;.

v-L.: tpstj;Jf;fz;> gyhtj;Jf;fz; vdtUk;.

tps+t;+mj;J+fz; vdtUk;.

nka; <Wfs;

Qfu> efu <w;Wr;nrhw;fspd; fz; ,d; rhupia tUk;.

182. Qe vd; Gs;spf;F ,d;Nd rhupia. (E}. 10)

,J Qfu> efu <w;Wg; ngaHfNshL cUG GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: cupQpid> cupQpndhL. nghUepid. nghUndhL vdtUk;.

cupQpid=cupQ;+,d;+I

tfu <w;Wr; Rl;Lf;F tw;Wr; rhupia

Rl;nlOj;jpid Kjyhf cila tfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; %d;Wk; Rl;L

Kjyhfpa fhu <w;Wr; nrhw;fisg; Nghy tw;Wg; ngw;W KbAk;.

183. Rl;L Kjy; tfuk; IAk; nka;Ak;

nfl;l ,Wjp ,ay; jpupG ,d;Nw. (E}. 11)

Rl;nlOj;jpid Kjyhf cila mt;> ,t;> ct; vd;Dk; tfu

<w;Wr;nrhy; IfhuKk;> mjdhy; gw;wg;gl;l nka;Ak; nfl;L tw;Wr;rhupia
ngw;W Kbe;j Rl;L Kjy; Ifhu <w;wpidg; Nghd;W tw;Wr;rhupia ngw;W
KbAk;.
v-L.: mtw;iw> mtw;nwhL
 84

,tw;iw> ,tw;nwhL
ctw;iw> ctw;nwhL
mtw;iw=m+tw;W+I vdtUk;.

tfu <w;Wr; Rl;Lf;F ,d;; rhupia

,tw;Ws; njt; vd;Dk; tfu<w;W cupr;nrhy; ,d; rhupia ngw;WtUk;.

184. Vid tfuk; ,d;ndhL rptZk;. (E}. 12)

,J Rl;LKjy; tfu <w;Wg;ngaH %d;wndhL cUG GzUkhW

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: njt;tpid> njt;tpndhL

njt;tpid=njt;+,d;+x vdtUk;.

kfu <w;Wf;F mj;Jr;rhupia

kfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; mj;Jr;rhupia ngWk;.

185. k ‡fhd; Gs;spKd; mj;Nj rhupia. (E}. 13)

,J kfu <w;Wg; nganuhL cUG GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: kuj;ij> kuj;njhL>
Fsj;ij> Fsj;njhL
kuj;ij=kuk;+mj;J+I
kfu <w;Wf;Fr; rpwg;G tpjp

kfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fspy; rpy mj;Jr;rhupia kl;Lkd;wp ,d; rhupiaAk;

ngw;W KbAk;.

186. ,d;,il t&ck; nkhopAkhH csNt. (E}. 14)

,J kfu <w;Wg;ngaHfs; rpytw;Wf;F va;jpa tpjp tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: cUkpid> cUkpndhL cUkpw;F> cUkpdJ> cUkpd;fz;...vdtUk;.

cUkpid=cUk;+,d;+I vdtUk;. (cUk;-,b.)

Ek; vd; ,Wjp

Ek; vd;Dk; kfu <W mj;Jr;rhupiaNah> ,d; rhupiaNah ngwhJ

,ay;ghf tUjYk; cz;L.
 85

187. Ek; vd; ,Wjp ,aw;if MFk;. (E}. 15)

,J kfu <w;Wg;ngaHfSs; xd;wDf;F va;jpa tpjp tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ

tpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Ek;ik> Ek;nkhL> Ekf;F> Ek;kpd;> Ee;J> Eq;fz; vdtUk;.

Ek;ik=Ek;+I

jhk;> ehk;> ahk; vd;Dk; kfu <Wfs; rhupia ngwhik

jhk;> ehk;> ahk; vd;Dk; %d;W kfu <w;Wg;ngaHfSk; Ek; vDk;

ngaHNghyr; rhupia ngwh. ahk; vd;gjd; Mfhuk; vfukhf epw;Fk;.
m/J}He;j afuk; nfLk;. jhk; ehk; ,uz;Lk; Kjy; FWFk;.

188. jhk; ehk; vd;Dk; kfu ,WjpAk;

ahk; vd; ,WjpAk; mjd; Xud;d
Mv MFk; ahk; vd; ,Wjp
Mtapd; afu nka; nfLjy; Ntz;Lk;
Vid ,uz;Lk; neLKjy; FWFk;. (E}. 16)

,J neLKjy; FWFk; kfu <w;Wg;ngaHfs; %d;wid Kd;

E}w;ghNthL khl;Nlw;wp> mtw;Ws; xd;wDf;F NkYk; rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

jhk;> ehk; vd;Dk; kfu <Wk;> ahk; vd;Dk; kfu <WfSk; Ek;nkd;Dk;
kfu <W Nghy mj;Jk; ,d;Dk; ngwhJ KbAk;. ahk; vd;Dk; kfu <w;Wr;
nrhy;ypy; cs;s Mfhuk;> VfhukhFk;. mt;tplj;jpy; afukhfpa nka; nfLjy;
Ntz;Lk;. Vida jhk;> ehk; vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; neLKjy; FWfpj; jk;> ek;
vd tUk;.

v-L.: jk;ik=jhk;+I - jk;ik> jk;nkhL> jkf;F> jk;kpd;> jkJ> jq;fz;

ek;ik> ek;nkhL> ekf;F> ek;kpd;> ekJ> eq;fz;
vk;ik> vk;nkhL> vkf;F> vk;kpd;> vkJ> vq;fz; vdtUk;.
vy;yhk; vd;Dk; nrhy;

vy;yhk; vd;Dk; kfu <w;W tpuTg;ngaH (m/wpizaha;) Kbjw;F

Nkw;$wpathW mj;Jk;> ,d;Dk; ngWjNy md;wp> tw;Wr;rhupiaAk;
ngw;WtUk;;. ,Wjpf;fz; ck; rhupia epiyngWk;.

189. vy;yhk; vd;Dk; ,Wjp Kd;dH

tw;W vd; rhupia Kw;wj; Njhd;Wk;
ck;ik epiyAk; ,Wjpahd. (E}. 17)
 86

kfu <w;W tpuTg;ngaH xd;wDf;F va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: vy;yhk;+tw;W+ck;→vy;yhtw;iwAk;> vy;yhtw;nwhLk;

vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk;> vy;yhtw;wJk; vdtUk;.

cau;jpizaha; te;jhy; ek; ,iltUjy;

vy;yhk; vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngaH caHjpizaha; tUq;fhy; ,ilapy;

ek;Kr; rhupia ngw;W tUk;.

190. caHjpiz Mapd; ek;,il tUNk. (E}. 18)

v-L.: vy;yh ek;ikAk;> vy;yh ek;nkhLk;> vy;yhekf;Fk;> vy;yhek;kpDk;>

vy;yh ekJk;> vy;yh eq;fZk;

vy;yhek;ikAk;=vy;yhk;+ek;+I+ck;.

vy;yhUk;> vy;yPUk; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;

vy;yhUk; vd;Dk; caHjpizg; glHf;ifg; ngauPw;wpDk; vy;yPUk;

vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy tpuTg;ngaH <w;wpDk; epd;w Kw;Wk;ik nfLk;. mt;Tk;ik
CHe;j ufuk; nflhJ epw;Fk;. glHf;ifr; nrhw;fz; jk; rhupiaAk;
Kd;dpiyr; nrhw;fz; Ek;Kr; rhupiaAk; ,ilf;fz; tUk;. mt;tpU nkhop
,Wjpf;fz;Zk; Kd;nfl;l Kw;Wk;ikfs; epiyngWk;.

191. vy;yhUk; vd;Dk; glHf;if ,WjpAk;

vy;yPUk; vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy ,WjpAk;
xw;Wk; cfuKk; nfLk;vd nkhopg
epw;wy; Ntz;Lk; ufug; Gs;sp
ck;ik epiyAk; ,Wjpahd
jk;,il t&ck; glHf;if Nkd
Ek;,il t&ck; Kd;dpiy nkhopf;Nf. (E}. 19)

,e;E}w;gh> kfu <w;Wg; glHf;ifg; ngaHf;Fk; Kd;dpiyg;ngaHf;Fk;

va;jpa tpjp tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp $WfpwJ.

vy;yhUk; vd;Dk; kfu <w;W cau;jpizg; glu;f;ifg; ngaUk;> vy;yPUk;

vd;Dk; kfu<w;W cau;jpiz Kd;dpiyg; ngaUk;> kfu xw;Wk;> mjd; Kd;
epd;w cfuKk; nfl;L KbAk;. mt;thW cfuk; nfLk;NghJ mjdhy;
Cug;gl;l ufu xw;Wf; nflhJ Kba Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tpU nkhopapd; ,WjpapYk;
ck; rhupia ,ilNa epw;Fk;. Kd;dpiy nkhopf;F Ek; rhupia ,il tUk;.
 87

v-L.: vy;yhHjk;ikAk;> vy;yhHjk;nkhLk;> vy;yhHjkf;Fk;> vy;yhH jk;kpDk;>

vy;yhHjkJk;> vy;yhH jq;fZk; vdtUk;.

vy;yhHjk;ikAk;=vy;yhH+jk;+I+ck; vdtUk;.

dfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs;

jhd;> ahd; vDk; ,U dfu <w;Wg; ngaHfSk; Nkw;$wpa kfu <w;Wg;

ngaHfisg; Nghyj; jhd; vd;gJ jd; vdf;FWfpAk;> ahd; vd;gjd; Mfhuk;
vfukhfp;> mjd; kfuk; nfl;L vd; vdj; jpupe;Jk; Kbjy; cz;L;.

192. jhd;> ahd; vd;Dk; MaPH ,WjpAk;

Nky;Kg; nganuhLk; NtWghL ,yNt. (E}. 20)

,J rpy dfu <w;Wg; ngaHfSf;F KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: jd;id> jd;ndhL> jdf;F> jd;dpd;> jdJ> jd;fz;.
vd;id> vd;ndhL> vdf;F> vd;dpd;> vdJ> vd;fz;

jhd;+I=jd;id; ahd;+I=vd;id.

moNd GoNd MapU nkhopf;Fk;

mod;> God; vd;Dk; ,UnkhopfSf;Fk; mj;Jr;rhupiaAk; ,d;

rhupiaAk; khwptUjy; nghUe;jpaJ vd;gH ,yf;fz E}NyhH.

193. mj;Jk; ,d;Dk; cwoj; Njhd;wy;

xj;jJ vd;g czU NkhNu. (E}. 21)

mod;> God; Mfpa ,U nrhw;fSk; mj;Jr;rhupiaAk;> ,d; rhupiaAk;

khwpg;ngw;W tUjy; ,ay;ghFk;.

v-L.: moj;ij> moj;njhL> moj;Jf;F> moj;jJ> moj;Jf;fz;

modpid> mondhL> modpw;F> modpdJ> modpd;fz;
Goj;ij> Goj;njhL> Goj;Jf;F> Goj;jJ> Goj;Jf;fz;
Godpid> GondhL> Godpw;F> GodpdJ> Godpd;fz;
mod;+mj;J+I=moj;ij.
(mod;-gpzk;> God;-xUtifr; nrb)
Kw;Wfu> Fw;Wfu <Wfs;

Vo; vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngaH md; rhupia ngWk; ,ay;gpw;W.

 88

194. md;vd; rhupia Vod; ,Wjp

Kd;dHj; Njhd;Wk; ,aw;ifj;J vd;g. (E}. 22)

,J ofhu <w;W nkhop xd;wndhL cUG GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Void> VondhL> Vow;F> Vodpd;> VodJ> Vod;fz;

Void=Vo;+md;+I vdtUk;.

Fw;Wfu <w;Wf;F ,d; rhupia

Fw;wpaYfu <w;wpd;Kd; ,d;rhupia Kbaj;Njhd;Wk;.

195. Fw;wpaYfuj;J ,Wjp Kd;dH
Kw;wj; Njhd;Wk; ,d;vd; rhupia. (E}. 23)

,J Fw;wpaYfu <w;Wg;ngaNuhL cUG GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: ehF+,d;+I→ehfpid> ehfpndhL> ehfpw;F> ehfpdJ> ehfpd;fz;

tufpid> tufpndhL> tufpw;F> tufpdJ> tufpd;fz;
nfhf;fpid> nfhf;fpndhL> nfhf;fpw;F> nfhf;fpdJ> nfhf;fpd;fz;
Fuq;fpid> Fuq;fpndhL> Fuq;fpw;F> Fuq;fpdJ> Fuq;fpd;fz;>
khHgpid> khHgpndhL> khHgpw;F> khHgpdJ> khHgpd;fz;>
v/fpid> v/fpndhL> v/fpw;F> v/fpdJ> v/fpd;fz; vd tUjy;
fhz;f.
rpy Fw;Wfu <Wfs; ,ul;bj;jy;

,ul;lhj <Wfs; my;yhjtplj;J (,ul;Lk; <Wfsplj;J) cUG tUq;fhy;

nel;nlOj;jpd; gpd;dHj; jd;ndhw;W kpfj; Njhd;Wk;.

196. nel;nlOj;J ,k;gH xw;W kpfj;Njhd;Wk;

mg;ghy; nkhopfs; my;topahd. (E}. 24)

,J rpy <WfSf;F xw;W ,ul;Ljiyf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: ahL+I→ahl;il> ahl;nlhL> ahl;Lf;F> ahl;bd;> ahl;bdJ>

ahl;Lf;fz;> ahw;iw> ahw;nwhL> ahw;Wf;F> ahw;wpd;> ahw;wJ>
ahw;Wf;fz;

,ul;bg;gd rhupia ngwhJ epw;wy;

Nkw;Fwpj;jthW ,dnthw;W kpFk; nrhw;fs; rhupia ngwhJ ,ay;gha;

epw;Fk; jd;ikia ciladthjYk; cz;L.
 89

197. mitjhk;
,aw;ifa MFk; nraw;ifa vd;g. (E}. 25)

,J ,ul;bankhopfs; rhupia ngwhJ vd;W $WfpwJ. ,d xw;W

,ul;bj;J epw;gJ ,d; rhupia ngwhJ ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

v-L.: ahL+,d;+I→ahl;bid> ahl;bndhL> Kapw;wpid> Kapw;wpndhL

vdtUk;.

Fw;Wfu <w;W vz;Zg;ngaHf;F md; rhupia

vz;Zg; ngaHfspdJ Fw;Wfu <W md;rhupiaNahL nghUe;jp tUk;.

198. vz;zpd; ,Wjp md;ndhL rptZk;. (E}. 26)

,J Fw;Wfu <w;W vz;Zg;ngaHfNshL cUG GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: xd;wid> xd;wndhL> ,uz;lid> ,uz;lndhL vdtUk;.

xd;W Kjy; gj;J tiuAs;s nrhw;fs; Md; rhupia ngWjy;

gj;jndhL NrHe;J tUk; xd;W Kjyha; vl;L <wha; cs;s vy;yh

ngaHfSf;Fk; KbG $Wq;fhy;> md; rhupiaNa md;wp Md; rhupia
,iltupDk; Fw;wkpy;iy. mt;thW Md; rhupia ngw;wtop m/J vd;Dk;
nrhy;nfl> m/J}He;j gfu nka; nflhJ epw;Fk;.

199. xd;W Kjy; Mfg; gj;J CHe;J t&ck;

vy;yh vz;Zk; nrhy;Yk; fhiy
Md;,il tupDk; khdk; ,y;iy
m‡J vd; fpstp Mtapd; nfLNk
ca;jy; Ntz;Lk; g/fhd; nka;Na. (E}. 27)

,e;E}w;gh> gj;jndhL NrHe;JtUk; xd;W Kjyha vl;L <wha vy;yh

vz;Zg; nganuhLk; cUG GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

xd;W Kjyhfg; gj;J Cu;e;J tUk; xUg/J Kjyhfpa vy;yh

vz;fSf;Fk; KbT nrhy;Yk;NghJ md; rhupia ,y;yhJ> Md; rhupia
te;jhYk; Fw;wkpy;iy. Md; rhupia te;jhy; g/J vd;Dk; vz;zpy; cs;s
m/J vd;Dk; nrhy; nfl;Lg; NghFk;. mt; mfuj;jhy; Cug;gl;l nka;
nflhJ epw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.

v-L.: xUghid> xUghndhL> xUghw;F> xUghdpd;> xUghdJ>

xUghd;fz;> xUg/jid> xUg/jndhL> xUg/jw;F>
xUg/jdpd;> xUg/jdpd;> xUg/jdJ> xUg/jd;fz;
 90

ahJ> m‡J md; rhupia ngWjy;

ahJ vd;Dk; Fw;wpaYfu <Wk;> <w;W tpdhg;ngaUk;> Rl;nlOj;Jf;fis

Kjyhf cila Ma;jj; njhlHnkhopf; Fw;Wfu <w;Wr;nrhw;fSk; md;
rhupiaNahL nghUe;Jk;. mt;thW nghUe;Jkplj;J ,ilepd;w Ma;jk; nfLk;.

200. ahJ vd; ,WjpAk; Rl;L Kjy; Mfpa

Ma;j ,WjpAk; md;ndhL rptZk;
Ma;jk; nfLjy; Mtapdhd. (E}. 28)

,J Fw;Wfu <w;Wtpdh> Ma;jr; Rl;Lg;ngaHfNshL cUG GzUkhW

$WfpwJ.

m/jhtJ> ahJ vd tUk; Fw;Wfu <Wk;> Rl;nlOj;jpid Kjyhf

cila Ma;jj; njhlu;nkhopf; Fw;Wfu <Wk; md; rhupia ngWk;.
mt;tplj;jpy; Ma;jk; nfl;nlhopAk; vd;gjhk;.

v-L.: ahjid> ahjndhL> ahjw;F> ahjdpd;> ahjdJ> ahjd;fz;

mjid=m/J+md;+I mjid> mjndhL> mjw;F> mjdpd;> mjdJ>
mjd;fz;
ahjid=ahJ+md;+I vdtUk;.

Fw;Wfu <w;Wj; jpirg;ngaHfNshL Vod; cUG Gzu;jy;

Vod; cUghfpa fz; te;J GzHjw;fz; jpirg;ngaH Kd;dHf; $wpa

rhupia tUtNjhL. thuhJk;> ,ay;ghAk; KbAk;. ,ay;gha top <w;Wf;
Fw;wpaYfuk; jhD}He;j nka;nahLq; nfLk;.

201. Vod; cUgpw;F jpirg;ngaH Kd;dH

rhupiaf; fpstp ,aw;ifAk; MFk;
Mtapd; ,Wjp nka;nahLk; nfLNk. (E}. 29)

,J Fw;Wfu <w;Wj; jpirg;ngaHfNshL Vod; cUG GzUkhW

$WfpwJ.

m/jhtJ> jpirg;ngau;fspd; Kd;du; te;j fz; vDk; Vod; cUgpw;F

KbG $Wk;NghJ Nkw;Fwpj;j ,d; rhupiaahfpa nrhy; epd;W KbjNy md;wp>
,ay;ghfTk; KbAk;. mg;NghJ jpirg;ngaupd; ,Wjpf; Fw;Wfuk; jd;dhy;
,iaag;ngw;w nka;nahLk; nfLk; vd;gjhk;.

v-L.: tlf;fpd;fz;> njw;fpd;fz;> fpof;fpd;fz;> Nkw;fpd;fz;> Flf;fpd;fz;>

Fzf;fpd;fz; - vd;gjpy;,d; rhupia ngw;W Kbe;jd.
 91

tlf;fz;> njw;fz;> fpof;fz;> Nkw;fz;> Flf;fz;> Fzf;fz; -

vd;gjpy; rhupia ngwhkYk; ,Wjpf;Fw;wpaYfuk; nka;nahLk; nfl;lJ.

Gwdil

nka;aPWk;> capuPWkhf tpje;Njhjhjit vy;yhk; MuhAq;fhyj;J

cUGfNshL nghUe;jpr; rhupia epiyngWk; Kiwikad my;y. mJ
epd;Wk; epy;yhJk; KbAk;.

202. Gs;sp apWjpAk; capupW fpstpAk;

nrhy;ypa my;y Vida nty;yhk;
NjUq;fhiy cUnghL rptzpr;
rhupia epiyAq; flg;gh byNt. (E}. 30)

,e;E}w;gh ,t;tpaypy; KbahJ epd;wtw;wpw;F tpjp $WfpwJ.

mjhtJ> ,yf;fzk; $wg;ngwhj Gs;sp <Wfsha z> a> u> y> s Tk;
capuPwhfpa , Ak; cUGfs; Vw;Fk;NghJ rhupia ngw;W tu Ntz;Lk; vd;w
flg;ghLilad my;y. ngw;Wk; ngwhJk; tUk; vd;gjhk;.

v-L.: kz;zpid> kz;iz> Ntapid> Ntia> ehupid ehiu ; fy;ypid>

fy;iy>; Ks;spid> Ks;is vdTk;> jhopid> jhio vdTk;>
nghd;dpid> nghd;id vdTk;> jhopid> jhio> jPapid> jPia>
fioapid> fioia vd tUk;.

,t;tpaypy; epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bait

 capH <Wfs;
 tw;Wr;rhupiafs;>
 nka; <Wfs;> jhk;> ehk;> ahk;> vy;yhk; vd;Dk; kfu <Wfs;
 vy;yhUk;> vy;yPUk; vd;Dk; kfu <Wfspd; KbT
 Kw;Wfu> Fw;Wfu <Wfspd; KbT
 xd;W Kjy; gj;J vz;Zg;ngaHfspd; Fw;Wfu <Wfs; md; rhupia
ngWjy;
 92

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

3.1. njhif kuG

FWtpdhf;fs;

1. njhifkuG - ngah;f;fhuzk; $Wf.

2. Gzu;r;rpapy; nky;ypdk; Njhd;Wk; ,lq;fs; ahit?
3. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapd; rpwg;Gfis vLj;Jiuf;f.
4. capu; <W> nka;<Wfspd; rpwg;Gg; Gzu;r;rpia tpsf;Ff.
5. ,fu Ifhu <Wfs; my;topapy; vt;thW KbAk;?
6. %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; jphpGfisg; Gyg;gLj;Jf.
7. k&cr;nrhy; ngWk; KbGfis vLj;Jiuf;f.
8. msT> epiw vz;Zg;ngau;fs; GzUk; jpwj;jpid tptupf;f.
9. tpuTg;ngah; vt;thW KbAk;?
10. kUtpd; ghj;jp – tpsf;fk; jUf.

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;
1. njhifkugpd; ngau;g;nghUj;jj;ij Muha;f.
2. Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhw;Fhpa rpwg;Gg; Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisf; $Wf.
3. msitg; ngah;fs; jk;Kd; jhk; Gzh;jy; - tpsf;Ff.
4. caphPW> nka;aPWfspd; nghJg;Gzh;r;rpia tpthp.
5. cah;jpizg; ngah;fs; ehw;fzj;jpYk; GzUkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.
6. Gzh;r;rpapy; Ifhu Ntw;Wik jphpAk; ,lq;fisf; $Wf.
7. ‘Ifhu Ntw;Wik jphpngd nkhopg’– tpsf;Ff.

3.2. cUgpay;

FWtpdhf;fs;

1. cUgpay; ngah;f;fhuzk; ahJ?

2. cUG Gzh;r;rpapd; rhhpia ahit?
3. cfu <w;Wr; Rl;Lr;nrhw;fs;; ngWk; rhupiafs; ahit?
4. tw;Wr;rhupia ngWk; ,lj;jpidr; Rl;Lf.
5. eP vd;gjd; Gzupay; khw;wq;fis vLj;Jiuf;f.
6. ,aw;ifa thFk; nraw;ifa vd;g – nghUSiuf;f.
7. vy;yhk; vd;Dk; nrhy; epiyiar; Rl;Lf.
8. mod;> God; ngWk; cUGfs; ahit?
 93

9. vz;zpd; ,Wjp md;ndhL rptZk; - Fwpg;Gtiuf.

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;

1. capuPw;Wr; nrhw;fspd; Kd; cUGzH GzUkhw;iwj; jf;f rhd;Wld;

Gyg;gLj;Jf.
2. vy;yhUk;> vy;yPUk; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; GzUk;tpjj;jpidg; Gyg;gLj;Jf.
3. rhupia ngwhJk;> ,ay;ghAk; tUk; nrhw;fspd; GzHr;rp tpjpfisg;
Gyg;gLj;Jf.
4. nka;aPWfs; cUgfNshL GzUk;NghJ ngWk; rhhpiafs; Fwpj;J
vOJf.
5. kfutPw;Wr; nrhw;fs; cUgfNshL GzUk; NghJ ngWk; rhhpiafisr;
rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff..
 94

myF-4. 4.1 capHkaq;fpay;> 4.2 Gs;sp kaq;fpay;

Nehf;fk;

4.1. capu; <Wfspd; Gzu;r;rp ,yf;fzj;ij mwpjy;> cUGfNshL ngau;fs;

GzUkhw;iw cau;jy;> my;topapYk; Ntw;WikapYk; tpFjpngWk;
capu; <Wfis mwpjy;.

4.2. Gs;sp <Wfs; tUnkhopfNshL GzUk; jpwj;jpid mwpjy;> nkhopf;F

,Wjpapy; tUk; gjpNdhU <WfSk; td;fdj;NjhLk;> nkd;fdj;NjhLk;
GzUkhw;iw mwpjy;.

caphPW

capH <Wfspd; GzHr;rp ,yf;fzj;ij ,t;tpaypy; czHj;Jtjhy;

,t;tpay; ‘capH kaq;fpay;’ vd;W ngaHngw;wJ. kaq;FyhtJ fyj;jy;>
,jpy;; mfu<W njhlq;fp xsfhu <Wtiu neLq;fzf;F thpirapy;itj;Jg;
Gzh;r;rp ,yf;fzk; $wg;gLfpwJ. Kd;dH> njhifkugpy; Ntw;Wik> my;top
Mfpa ,uz;bYk; xNu tpjpngWk; gy <Wfisj; njhFj;Jf; $wpa MrpupaH>
mLj;J cUGfNshL ngaH GzUkhw;iw cUgpaypy; $wp> ,dp
my;topapYk; Ntw;WikapYk; jdpj;jdpNa tpFjp ngWk; capH <Wfis
,t;tpaypy; njhFj;Jf; $Wfpd;whH.

,t;tpaypy; mfu <W> Mfhu <W> ,fu <W> <fhu <W> cfu <W>
Cfhu <W> vfu <W> Vfu <W> Ifhu <W> xfhu <W> Xfhu <W> xsfhu <W
Kjyhd <Wfs; my;topapYk;> Ntw;WikapYk; GzUkhw;iw tpsf;Ffpd;whH.
(caph;f;fzk;> nka;naOj;Jf;fspy; td;fzk;> nkd;fzk;> ,ilf;fzk;
vd;gd ,yf;fz tof;fhW MFk;.)

mfu <W

mfu <W my;topg;GzHr;rp

mfuj;ij ,Wjpahf cila ngaHr;nrhy; Kd;dH> my;topf;fz;

frjgf;fis Kjyhf cila nkhopfs; tupd; jj;jk; xw;W ,ilf;fz;
kpFk;.

203. mfu ,Wjpg; ngaHepiy Kd;dH

Ntw;Wik my;top f r j g Njhd;wpd;
jk;jk; xj;j xw;W,il kpFNk. (E}. 1)
 95

,e;E}w;gh mfu<w;Wg;ngaH my;topf;fz;> td;fzj;NjhL GzUkhw;iwf;

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: tpsf;FwpJ> tpsr;rpwpJ> tpsg;ngupJ> tpsj;jPJ - ,tw;wpy; mfu

<w;Wg;ngaH my;topf;fz; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

mfu <w;W tpid ,ilr;nrhw;fs;Kd;

mfu <w;W tpidnar;rKk;> ctkcUGk;> vd vd;Dk; vr;rKk;> Rl;Lk;>

Mq;f vd;Dk; ciuairf; fpstpAk;> Kd;dHf;$wpathW ty;nyOj;J kpf;F
KbAk;.

204. tpidvQ;R fpstpAk; ctkf; fpstpAk;

vd vd;vr;rKk; Rl;bd; ,WjpAk;
Mq;f vd;Dk; ciuairf; fpstpAk;
Qhq;fHf; fpse;j ty;nyOj;J kpFNk. (E}. 2)

,J mfu <w;W tpidnar;rKk;> ehd;F nrhw;fSk; GzUkhW

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: thof;nfhz;lhd;
thor;nrd;whd; - nrantd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk;
thoj;je;jhd; kpf;F Kbe;jJ.
thog;Gf;fhd;

jpd;nwdf; fLik ePq;fpw;W

jpd;nwdr; NrhHT ePq;fpw;W
jpd;nwdj; jsHr;rp ePq;fpw;W- ,jpy; nra;njd vDk; tha;ghl;L
jpd;nwdg; grp ePq;fpw;W tpidnar;rk; kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

nfhs;nsdf; nfhz;lhd;>
nfhs;nsdr; nrhd;dhd;
nfhs;nsdj; je;jhd;
nfhs;nsdg; ngw;whd; - ,jpy; vdntd; vr;rk; kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

mf; nfhw;wd;> mr; rhj;jd;>

mj; Njtd;> mg; g+jd; - ,jpy; mfur;Rl;L kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

Rl;bd;Kd; Q e k nka;

mfur; Rl;bd;Kd;dH Qek vd;Dk; nky;ypdq;fis Kjyhf cila

nkhopfs; tupd; jj;jk; xw;W ,ilf;fz; kpFk;.
205. Rl;bd;Kd;dH Q e kj; Njhd;wpd;
xl;ba xw;W ,ilkpFjy; Ntz;Lk;. (E}. 3)
 96

v-L.: mQ;Qhyk;;> me;E}y;> mk;kzp -mfur;Rl;L nky;nyOj;J kpf;F

Kbe;jJ.

Rl;bd;Kd; a t

206. at Kd;tupNd tfuk; xw;Wk;. (E}. 4)

,/J mfur;Rl;L ,ilnaOj;NjhL GzUkhw;iwf; $WfpwJ. ,J

my;top KbG.

v-L.: mt;aho;> mt;tis>

mfur;Rl;L ,ilapdk; tu> tfu xw;Wg; ngw;W tUk;.

mfur;Rl;bd;Kd; capH vOj;Jf;fs;

mfur; Rl;bd; Kd;dH capHKjy;nkhop tupDk; tfu xw;Wj; Njhd;Wk;.

207. capHKd; tupDk; Mapay; jpupahJ. (E}. 5)

,J mfur;Rl;L capNuhL GzUkhW $WfpwJ. ,J my;top KbG.

v-L.: mt;til> mt;thil> mt;tpiy> mt;tP> mt;Tuy;> mt;T+Hjp> mt;ntyp>

mt;Ntup> mt;itaH> mt;nthyp> mt;Nthil> mt;ntstpak; vdtUk;.

mfur;Rl;L nra;Aspy; ngWk; tpjp

mfur; Rl;L nra;Aspy; ePz;L tUk;;.

208. ePl tUjy; nra;Aspy; cupj;Nj. (E}. 6)

,/J mfur; Rl;L nra;ASs; KbAkhW $WfpwJ. ,J my;top KbG.

v-L.: MapU jpizapd; ,irf;Fkd nrhy;Ny - vd tUk;.

rht vd;Dk; nrhy;

rht vdr; nrhy;yg;gLk; nrantd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;r

,Wjpf;fz; epd;w mfuKk;> m/J}He;j tfuKk; nflhJ epw;wNy ad;wpf;
nfl;L KbjYk; cupajhFk;.

209. rht vd;Dk; nravd; vr;rj;J

,Wjp tfuk; nfLjYk; cupj;Nj. (E}. 7)

,J Nkw;$wpa tpidnaQ;R fpstpAs; xd;wDf;F va;jpad;Nky;

rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ. ,J my;top KbG.
 97

v-L.: rhf;Fj;jpdhd;> rhr;rPwpdhd;> rhj;jfHj;jhd;> rhg;Gilj;jhd; - ,jpy;

td;fzk; tu ,Wjp mfuKk;> ,fuKk; nfl;L ,iaG ty;nyOj;J
kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

,ay;gha; KbAk; mfu<w;Wr; nrhw;fs;

md;d vd;Dk; ctik ,ilr;nrhy;Yk;> mz;ik tpspg;ngaUk;>

nra;kd vd;Dk; Kw;WtpidAk;> Vtiyf; fUjpa tpaq;Nfhs; tpidAk;>
nra;j vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L ,we;jfhyg; nganur;rKk;> nra;apa vd;Dk;
tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rKk;> mk;k vd;Dk; nghUisj;jUk; ciuair
,ilr;nrhy;Yk;> gd;ikg; nghUisj; jUk; mfu <w;Wg; ngaHfSkhfpa
midj;Jr; nrhw;fSk; ,ay;gha; KbAk; vd;W nrhy;YtH njhy;yhrpupaH.

210. md;d vd;Dk; ctkf; fpstpAk;

mz;ik Rl;ba tpspepiyf; fpstpAk;
nra;k;kd vd;Dk; njhopy;,W nrhy;Yk;
Vty; fz;zpa tpaq;Nfhl; fpstpAk;
nra;j vd;Dk; ngaHvQ;R fpstpAk;
mk;k vd;Dk; ciug;nghUl; fpstpAk;
gytw;W ,Wjpg;ngaHf;nfhil csg;gl
md;wp midj;Jk; ,ay;Gvd nkhopg. (E}. 8)

,/J mfutPw;Ws; xUrhH ngaHf;Fk;> tpidf;Fk; ,ilf;Fk; Kd;

va;jpaJ tpyf;fp> va;jhjJ va;Jtpf;fpwJ. ,/J my;top KbG.

v-L.: nghd; md;d Fjpiu> nre;eha;> jfH> gd;wp vdTk;> Cunfhs;> nry;>
jh> Ngh vdTk;> cz;kd Fjpiu> nre;eha;> jfH> gd;wp vdTk;> nry;f
Fjpiu> nre;eha;> jfH> gd;wp vdTk;> cz;l Fjpiu> nre;eha;> jfH>
gd;wp vdTk;> ,jd; vjpHkiwahf cz;zhj Fjpiu vdTk;> ,jd;
Fwpg;G ey;y Fjpiu> nre;eha; vdTk;> cz;zpa nfhz;lhd;> nrd;whd;>
je;jhd;> Nghapdhd; vdTk;> mk;k nfhw;wh> rhj;jh> Njth> g+jh
vdTk;> gy Fjpiu> nre;eha;> jfH> gd;wp vdTk; tUk;.

thopa vd;Dk; nrhy;

thOq;fhyj;J Nra;ikj;J vd;Dk; nghUSzHj;Jk; thopa vd;Dk;

Vty; fz;zpa tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;wpd; ,Wjpf;fz; epd;w mfuKk; afu
xw;Wk; nflhJ epw;wNy md;wpf; nfl;L KbjYk; cupadthFk;.

211. thopa vd;Dk; Nrnad; fpstp

,Wjp afuk; nfLjYk; cupj;Nj. (E}. 9)
 98

,J Vty; fz;zpa tpaq;Nfhs; fpstp xd;wDf;F va;jpajd;Nky;

rpwg;G tpjp $WfpwJ. ,J my;top KbG.

v-L.: thop nfhw;wh> thop rhj;jh

thop Njth> thop g+jh
,jpy; thopa vd;gjd; <w;W mfuKk; afuKk; nfl;ld.
mk;k vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F kw;nwhU tpjp

nghUs;jUk; mk;k vd;Dk; ciuair ,ilr;nrhy;ypdJ ,Wjp mfuk;

jd;dpay;gpy; epw;wNyad;wp> ePz;L KbjiyAk; njhy;yhrpupaH ePf;fhH.

212. ciug;nghUl; fpstp ePl;lKk; tiuahH. (E}. 10)

,J mk;k vd;gjw;F va;jpajd; Nky; rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ. ,J

my;top KbG.

v-L.: mk;k nfhw;wh> mk;k rhj;jh

mk;k Njth> mk;k g+jh - td;fzk;
mk;kh nQs;sh> mk;k ehfh> mk;k khlh - nkd;fzk;
mk;kh tsth - ,ilf;fzk;
mk;kh Mjh - capHf;fzk;.
gy vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;Fr; nra;As; KbG

xd;wNdhnlhd;W njhlHe;J epd;W nra;Ashjiyf; fUjpa nkhopf;fz;

gytw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk; mfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fSs; rpy> ePz;L KbjYk; cz;L.

213. gytw;W ,Wjp ePLnkhop csNt

nra;As; fz;zpa njhlHnkhopahd. (E}. 11)

,J Nkw;$wpatw;Ws; gy> rpy vd;gdtw;Wf;Fr; nra;As; KbG

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: gyhmQ; rpyhmk;-gyTk; rpyTk;-nrt;ntz;.

gyrpy jk;Kd; jhk; tuy;

njhlHnkhopfs; my;yhj <nuOj;njhUnkhopfshfpa gyrpy vd;Dk;

mfu <w;Wr;nrhw;fs;> jk; Kd;dHj; jhk; tUkhapd; yfu xw;W> wfu xw;wha;j;
jpupjYk; cupj;J; jpupahikAk; cupj;J.

214. njhlHmy; ,Wjp jk;Kd; jhk; tupd;

yfuk; wfu xw;W MjYk; cupj;Nj. (E}. 12)
 99

,J gyrpy vd;gdtw;Wf;F va;jpajd; Nky; rpwg;Gtpjp $Wfpd;J.

,/J my;top KbG.

v-L.: gw;gy nfhz;lhd;> jk;Kd; jhk; tu mfuk; nfl;L yfuk; wfu

rpw;rpy tpj;jp - xw;whapw;W.

gy;gil> gd;dhs;
gy;ahid> gy;yhW
rpy;gil> rpd;dhs; jk;Kd; jhk;tu mfuk; nfl yfuk; jpupahJ
rpy;ahid> rpy;yhW epd;wJ.

215. ty;nyOj;J ,aw;if cwoj;Njhd;Wk;. (E}. 13)

,e;E}w;gh Nkw;$wpatw;wpw;F NkYk; xU KbG $WfpwJ.

Kw;$wpa gyrpy ,uz;lw;Fk; nghJtpjpahd; va;jpa ty;nyOj;J

,ay;G> kpFjYk;> kpfhikAkha; cwo;e;J tUk;.

v-L.: gyg;gy> rpyr;rpy - gygy> rpyrpy - nghJtpjpahd; kpfhJ cwo;e;J

Kbe;jd.

Ntw;Wikapy; mfu <W

mfu <w;Wg; ngaH nghUl;GzHr;rpf;fz;Zk;> frjgf;fis Kjyhf

cila nkhoptupd; jj;jk; xj;j xw;W ,ilkpf;F KbAk;.

216. Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk; mjNdh uw;Nw. (E}. 14)

,J mfu <w;Wg;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; td;fzj;NjhL GzUkhW

$WfpwJ. ,J nghJ KbG.

v-L.: ,Utpsf;nfhw;wd;>
,Utpsr;rhj;jd;
,Utpsj;Njtd;
,Utpsg;g+jd; - mfu <w;Wg;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

kug;ngaHg; GzHr;rp

mfu <w;W kug;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; nky;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

217. kug;ngaHf; fpstp nky;nyOj;J kpFNk. (E}. 15)

,J mfu <w;Ws; kug;ngaHf;F va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJtpjp tUjy;

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: tpsq;NfhL> tpsQ;nrjpy;> tpse;Njhy;> tpsk;g+ vd tUk;.

 100

kf vd;Dk; ngaH Vw;Fk; KbGfs;

kf vd;Dk; mfu <w;Wg;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; ,d; rhupia ngw;W

tUk;.
218. kfg;ngaHf; fpstpf;F ,d;Nd rhupia. (E}. 16)

v-L.: kftpd;if> kftpd;nrtp> kftpd; jiy> kftpd; Gwk;-,jpy; kf vd;Dk;

ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; ,d; rhupia ngw;wijf; fhz;f.

Kw;$wpa kftpd;fz;> ,d;Nd md;wp mj;Jr;rhupiaAk; tUjy; cz;L.

219. mj;J mtz; tupDk; tiuepiy ,d;Nw. (E}. 17)

kf vd;Dk; mfu <w;Wg;ngaHf;F NkYk; xU tpjpapid ,e;E}w;gh

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: kfj;Jf;if> kfj;Jr;nrtp> kfj;Jj;jiy> kfj;Jg;Gwk; vdtUk;.

kfj;Jf;if=kf+mj;J+if

mfu <w;Wg; gd;ikr; nrhw;fs;

220. gytw;W ,Wjp cUG,ay; epiyAk;. (E}. 18)

gd;ikg; nghUis czHj;Jk; mfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; cUgpaw;fz;

$wpathW tw;Wr;rhupia ngw;W tUk;.

v-L.: gytw;Wf;NfhL> gytw;Wr;nrtp> gytw;Wj;jiy> gytw;Wg;Gwk;-gd;ikg;

nghUspid czHj;Jk; mfu <w;Wg;ngaHfs; tw;Wr;rhupia ngw;wd.

Mfhu <W

my;topapy; Mfhu <w;Wg;ngaH

Mfhu <w;Wg;ngaH my;topf;fz; mfu <w;W my;top ,ay;gpw;wha;j;

jj;jk; xj;j xw;W,il kpFk;.

221. Mfhu ,Wjp mfu ,aw;Nw. (E}. 19)

,J Mfhu <W my;topf;fz; KbAkhW $WfpwJ. ,J nghJ KbG.

v-L.: jhuhf;fbJ> jhuhr;rpwpJ> jhuhj;jPJ> jhuhg;ngupJ - Mfhu <w;Wg;ngaH

my;topf;fz; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jJ.
 101

Mfhu <w;W tpidnar;rk;

nra;ah vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rr; nrhy;Yk;> ty;nyOj;J kpf;F

KbAk; mt;tpay;gpy; jpupahJ vd;Wiug;gu;.

222. nra;ah vd;Dk; tpidvQ;R fpstpAk;

mt;,ay; jpupahJ vd;kdhH GytH. (E}. 20)

,J Mfhu <w;W tpidr;nrhy; xd;Wf;F tpjp $WfpwJ. ,J my;top

KbG.

v-L.: cz;zhf;nfhz;lhd;>
cz;zhr;nrd;whd;
cz;zhj; je;jhd; - nra;ah vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk
cz;zhg;Nghapdhd;; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

ck;ikj;njhifapy; tUk; Mfhu <W

ck;ik njhf;Fepd;w ,UngaHj;njhifr; nrhy;ypil jtwhJ mfuk;

kpf;F KbAk;.

223. ck;ik vQ;rpa ,UngaHj; njhifnkhop

nka;k;ikahf mfuk; kpFNk. (E}. 21)

,J Mfhu <w;W ck;ikj;njhiff;F KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: cthmg; gjpdhd;F- td;fzk;

,whm tOJzq;fha;- ,ay;Gfzk;.

,ay;ghFk; Mfhu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs;

M> kh vd;Dk; ngaHfSk;> Nra;ik tpspahfpa caHjpizg; ngaUk;>

kh vd;Dk; gytpd;ghy; tpdhg;ngaUk;> m/wpizg; gd;ikg; nghUspid
czHj;Jk; Mfhu <w;W Kw;Wk;> Kd;dpiyf;fz; Vtw;nghUz;ikiaf;
fUjpa nrhy;nyhL tUk; ciuairahfpa kpah vd;Dk; Mfhu <w;W
,ilr;nrhy;Yk;> jdJ njhopiy mwptpf;Fk; nrhy;nyhL tUk; Mfhu <w;W
tpdhr;nrhy;Yk; Mfpa midj;Jr; nrhw;fSk; ,ay;ghFk; vd;gH
njhy;yhrpupaH.

224. MTk; khTk; tpspg;ngaHf; fpstpAk;

ahvd; tpdhTk;> gytw;W ,WjpAk;
Vty; Fwpj;j ciuair kpahTk;
 102

jd;njhopy; ciuf;Fk; tpdhtpd; fpstpnahL

md;wp midj;Jk; ,ay;Gvd nkhopg. (E}. 22)

,J Mfhu <w;Wr; nrhw;fSs; ehd;fDf;F va;jhjJ va;Jtpj;jYk;>

%d;wDf;F va;jpaJ tpyf;fYk; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: M FwpJ> kh FwpJ- M> kh ,ay;ghapd.

Cuh nfhs; - tpspg;ngaH ,ay;ghapw;W.
ah Fwpa - ah tpdh ,ay;ghapw;W.
cz;zh Fjpiu - Mfhu <w;W Kw;W ,ay;ghapw;W
Nfz;kpah nfhw;wh - ciuair kpah ,ay;ghapw;W.
cz;fh nfhw;wh - jd; njhopy; ciuf;Fk; tpdh ,ay;ghapw;W.
Ntw;Wikapy; Mfhu <W

Mfhu <w;Wg;ngaH my;topf;fz;zd;wp Ntw;Wikf;fz;Zk; mfu <w;W

my;topNahL xUjd;ikj;jha; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

225. Ntw;Wikf;fz;Zk; mjNdhuw;Nw. (E}. 23)

,J Mfhu Ntw;Wik KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: jhuhf;fhy;> jhuhr;rpwF> jhuhj;jiy> jhuhg;Gwk; - Mfhu <W

Ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;ypdk; kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

Fwpw;fPo; tUk; Mfhu <Wk;> jdpnkhop Mfhu <Wk;

226. Fwpajd; Kd;dUk; XnuOj;J nkhopf;Fk;
mwpaj;Njhd;Wk; mfuf; fpstp. (E}. 24)

,J Mfhu <w;Wf;F NkYk; xU rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

Fwpypd; Kd; epd;w Mfhu <w;Wf;Fk;> XnuOj;njhUnkhopahfpa Mfhu

<w;Wf;Fk; mfukhfpa vOj;J epiynkhopf;fz; tpsq;fj; Njhd;Wk;.

v-L.: gyhmf;NfhL> gyhmr;nrjps;> gyhmj;Njhy;> gyhmg;g+ - Fwpy;Kd;

epd;w Mfhuk; Ntw;Wikf;fz; mfuk; ngw;wJ.

fhmf;Fiw> fhmr;nra;if> fhmj;jiy> fhmg;Gwk;-XnuOj;njhU

nkhopahfpa Mfhuk; Ntw;Wikf;fz; mfuk; ngw;wJ.

,uh vd;Dk; nrhy;

227. ,uhvd; fpstpf;F mfuk; ,y;iy. (E}. 25)

,uh vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F Kd;dHf;$wpa mfug;NgW tUjy; ,y;iy.

 103

v-L.: ,uhf;nfhz;lhd;> ,uhtpw;nfhz;lhd; vdtUk;.

epyh vd;Dk; nrhy;

epyh vd;Dk; nrhy; mfur;rhupia md;wp mj;Jr;rhupianahLk;

nghUe;jp tUk; ,ay;gpid cilaJ.

228. epyhvd; fpstp mj;njhL rptZk;. (E}. 26)

v-L.: epyhmj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;

epyhmj;Jr; nrd;whd;. - ,tw;wpy; epyh vd;Dk; fpstp
epyhmj;Jj; je;jhd; mj;Jr;rhupia
epyhmj;Jg; Nghapdhd; ngw;W te;jpUj;jiyf; fhz;f.

kug;ngaHfs; Gzu;jy;

ah> gplh> jsh vd;Dk; %d;W kug;ngaHfSf;Fk; ty;nyOj;J kpFk;.

229. ahkuf; fpstpAk; gplhTk; jshTk;
MKg;ngaUk; nky;nyOj;J kpFNk. (E}. 27)

,J Mfhu <w;W kug;ngaHfs; %d;wDf;F va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ

tpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: ahmq;NfhL> gplhmq;NfhL> jshmq;NfhL- ah> gplh> jsh vDk; %d;W

kug;ngaHfSk; nky;nyOj;J kpf;fd.
230. ty;nyOj;J kpfpDk; khdkpy;iy. (E}. 28)

Nkw;$wpatw;Ws; rpWghd;ik ty;nyOj;J kpFe;Jk; tUk;.

v-L.: kh> gplh> jsh vd;Dk; %d;W kug;ngaHfSk; nky;nyOj;Nj md;wpg;

nghJtpjpahd; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbapDk; Fw;wk; ,y;iy vd;gjhk;.

ahmf;NfhL> gplhmf;NfhL> jshmf;NfhL - vd;gjpy; ah> gplh> jsh

vDk; Kg;ngaUk; nky;nyOj;Nj md;wpg; nghJtpjpahd; ty;nyhw;Wk;
kpf;F Kbe;jik fhz;f.

kh vd;Dk; kug;ngaUk;> M> kh vd;Dk; tpyq;Fg;; ngaHfSk;

kh vd;Dk; kug;ngaHr;nrhy;Yk;> M> kh vd;Dk; tpyq;Fg;

ngaHr;nrhw;fSk; Mfpa mk;Kg;ngaHr;nrhw;fSk;> ah> gplh> jsh
vd;gtw;NwhL xU jd;ik ciladtha; nky;nyOj;Jg; ngw;W KbAk;. M>
kh vd;Dk; ,uz;bYk; mfuKk;> ty;nyOj;Jk; Mfpa mit epiyahjpUf;f>
dfu xw;Wg; ngw;W KbAk;.
 104

231. khkuf; fpstpAk; MTk; khTk;

MKg; ngaUk; mtw;W Xud;d
mfuk; ty;nyOj;J mitmtd; epiyah
dfuk; xw;Wk; MTk; khTk;. (E}. 29)

,J kh (kuk;)> M (tpyq;F)> kh (tpyq;F)r; nrhw;fSs; Kd;djw;F

va;jpaJ tpyf;fYk;> Vidad ,uzlDf;Fk; va;jpaJ tpyf;fp va;jhjJ
va;Jtpj;jYk; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: khq;NfhL> khQ;nrjps;> khe;Njhy;> khk;g+-khkuf; fpstp va;jp epd;w

ty;nyhw;Wk; mfuKk; nfl;L Kbe;jJ.

Md;NfhL> Md;nrtp> Md;wiy> Md;Gwk;- M vDk; ngaH (tpyq;F)

nky;nyhw;Wk;> ty;nyhw;Wk; mfuKk; nfl;L dfuk; ngw;W Kbe;jJ.

khd;NfhL> khd;nrtp> khd;wiy> khd;Gwk;- kh vDk; ngaH (tpyq;F)

nky;nyhw;Wk; ty;nyhw;Wk; mfuKk; nfl;L dfuk; ngw;W Kbe;jJ.

Md; vd;Dk; nrhy;

Md; vd;gjd; Kd; ngw;W epd;w xw;Wj; jdpj;J epw;wNyhL>

mfuj;njhLk; epw;wy; cilj;J.
232. Md;xw;W mfunkhL epiyapld; cilj;Nj. (E}. 30)

,J Nkw;$wpatw;Ws; Mfhu <w;Wf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp $Wfpd;wJ.

v-L.: Md;ghy;> Mnda;> Md;kzp vdtUk;.

md;Kd; t&ck; <fhu gfhuk;

Md; vd;Dk; nrhy; Kd;dH tUk; <fhuj;NjhL $ba gfunkhop> jhd;

kpf;Fj; Njhd;wp FWfp epw;wYk; cupj;J.

233. jhd;kpfj; Njhd;wpf; FWfYk; cupj;Nj. (E}. 31)

v-L.: Mg;gP> Md;gP.

Mfhu <W FWfp cfuk; ngWjy;

FwpiyaLj;J ,Wjpf;fz; epd;w Mfhuj;jJ rpidahfpa xU

khj;jpiunfl> Mz;L cfuk; Gyg;gl tUjy; nra;Al;fz; cupj;J vd;gjhk;.

234. Fwpajd; ,Wjpr; rpidnfl cfuk;

mwpa tUjy; nra;ASs; cupj;Nj. (E}. 32)

,J Mfhu <w;Ws; rpytw;wpw;Fr; nra;As; KbG $WfpwJ.

 105

v-L.: ,wh> ,wT; fdh-fdT> epyT-epyh vdtUk;.

,fu <W

Ntw;Wikapy; ,fu <w;Wg;ngaH

,fu ,Wjpg; ngaHr;nrhy; Kd;dH Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;GzHr;rpf;fz;

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

235. ,fu ,Wjpg; ngaHepiy Kd;dH

Ntw;Wik Mapd; ty;nyOj;J kpFNk. (E}. 33)

,J ,fu <w;Wg;ngaHf;F my;top KbG njhifkugpd;fd; $wpg;

Nghe;jikapd; Ntw;Wik KbG $WfpwJ. ,J nghJtpjp.

v-L.: fpspf;fhy;> fpspr;rpwF> fpspj;jiy> fpspg;Gwk; - Ntw;Wikf;fz;

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

,fu <w;W tpidr;nrhy;Yk; ,ilr;nrhy;Yk;

,dp vd;Dk; fhyj;ij czHj;Jk; ,ilr;nrhy;Yk;> mzp vd;Dk;

,lj;ij czHj;Jk; ,ilr;nrhy;Yk;> tpidnar;rKk;> Rl;bilr;nrhy;Yk;
Kw;$wpathW ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk; ,ay;gpdthFk;.

236. ,dp> mzp vd;Dk; fhiyAk; ,lDk;

tpid vQ;R fpstpAk; Rl;Lk; md;d. (E}. 34)

rpy tpidr;nrhw;fSf;Fk;> ,ilr;nrhw;fSf;Fk; KbG $Wfpd;wJ

,e;E}w;gh.

v-L.: ,f;nfhw;wd;> ,r;rhj;jd;> ,j;Njtd;> ,g;g+jd; - ,fur;Rl;bilr;nrhy;

ty;nyhw;W kpf;fJ.

,d;wpf;nfLk;> md;wpf;nfLk;-vd;gjpy; vjpHkiwf; Fwpg;G

tpidnar;rq;fs; ty;nyOj;J kpf;fd.

,d;wp vd;Dk; nrhy; Gzu;jy;

,d;wp vd;Dk; vjpHkiwf; Fwpg;G tpidnar;rj;J ,Wjpf;fz; epd;w

,fuk; cfukha;j; jpupjy; njhd;Wnjhl;L ,ad;WtUk; gFjpiaAila
nra;Al;fz; cupj;jhk; vd;gu; ,sk;g+uzu;.

237. ,d;wp vd;Dk; tpidvQ;R fpstp

epd;w ,fuk; cfuk; Mjy;
 106

njhd;W,lk; kUq;fpd; nra;Aspy; cupj;Nj. (E}. 35)

,J ,fu <w;W vjpHkiwf; Fwpg;G tpidnar;rk; xd;wDf;Fr; nra;As;

KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: ehsd;W Nghfpg; Gs;spil el;g. (Gwk;. 124) vdtUk;.

Rl;Lg;GzHr;rp

,fur;Rl;bd; ,ay;G ,ay;Gfzj;Jk;> capHf;fzj;Jk;> nra;Al;fz;Zk;

Kd; mfur;Rl;bw;Ff; $wpa jd;ikj;jhFk;.

238. Rl;bd; ,aw;if Kd; fpse;jw;Nw. (E}. 36)

,J ,fur; Rl;Lg;ngaH> xope;j fzq;fNshL GzUkhWk;> nra;Al;fz;

ePSkhWk; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: ,Q;Qhyk;> ,e;E}y;. ,k;kzp- nkd;fzk; tu nky;nyOj;Jg; ngw;wJ.

,t;aho;> ,t;ntl;L> ,t;til> ,t;thil-,ilapdKk; capupdKk; tu
cfu xw;Wg;ngw;wJ.

J}zp Kd; gjf;F

gjf;F vd;Dk; msTg;ngaH Kd;tupd; J}zp vd;Dk; msTg;ngaH

Kjw;fz; tpje;Jnrhd;d Ntw;Wik Kbgpd; ,ay;gpw;wha; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F
KbAk;.

239. gjf;F Kd;tupNd J}zpf; fpstp

Kjy;fpse;J vLj;j Ntw;Wik ,aw;Nw. (E}. 37)

,J msTg;ngaHfSs; xd;wDf;F va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: J}zpg;gjf;F.

J}zpf;nfhs;> J}zpr;rhik> J}zpj;Jtiu> J}zpg;gaW- gpw ngaH

tUq;fhy; ty;nyOj;J kpf;fJ.

J}zpj;J}zp-jd;Kd; jhd; tu ty;nyOj;J kpf;fJ.

J}zpf;Fj; J}zp-jd;Kd; jhd; tu ,f;Fr;rhupia ngw;wJ.

 107

ehop Kd; cup

cup vd;Dk; msTr;nrhy;> tUnkhopaha; tUq;fhy;> ehop vd;Dk;

msTr;nrhy;ypdJ <w;wpy; epd;w ,fuk;> jhd; CHe;Jepd;w nka;nahLk; nfLk;.
mt;tplj;Jg; nghUe;jpa lfuk; xw;wha; tUk;.

240. cuptU fhiy ehopf; fpstp

,Wjp ,fuk; nka;nahLk; nfLNk
lfhuk; xw;Wk; Mtapdhd. (E}. 38)

,J va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp tFf;fpwJ.

v-L.: ehLup

ehop+cup=ehLup vdtUk;.

gdp vd;Dk; fhyg;ngaH

gdp vd;Dk; fhyNtWghl;bid czHj;Jk; ngaHf;fz; mj;J> ,d;

vd;gd rhupiafshf tUk;.

241. gdpvd t&ck; fhyNtw;Wikf;F

mj;Jk; ,d;Dk; rhupia MFk;. (E}. 39)

,e;E}w;gh gdp vd;Dk; fhyg;ngaHf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: gdpaj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;- mj;Jr;rhupia ngw;wJ

gdpapw; nfhz;lhd; - md;rhupia ngw;wJ.

tsp vd;Dk; g+jg;ngaH

tsp vd;Dk; g+jf;fpstpAk;> mj;J> ,d; vd;Dk; rhupiafisg; ngw;W

tUk;.

242. tspvd t&ck; g+jf;fpstpAk;

mt;,ay; epiyay; nrt;tpJ vd;g. (E}. 40)

v-L.: tspaj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;> tspapw;nfhz;lhd; vdtUk;.

cjp vd;Dk; kug;ngaH

cjp vd;Dk; kuj;ij czHj;Jfpd;w nrhy; GzUq;fhy; ty;nyOj;J

kpfhJ. nky;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.
243. cjpkuf; fpstp nky;nyOj;J kpFNk. (E}. 41)
 108

,J ,fu <w;W kug;ngaHf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: cjpq;NfhL> cjpQ;nrjps;

cjpe;Njhy;> cjpk;g+ - cjpkuf;fpstp nky;nyOj;J kpf;fJ.

Gsp kug;ngaH

Gsp vd;Dk; kuj;ij czHj;Jk; nrhy; mk;Kr;rhupia ngw;WtUk;.

244. Gsp kuf;fpstpf;F mk;Nk rhupia. (E}. 42)

v-L.: Gspaq;NfhL> GspaQ;nrjpy;> Gspae;Njhy;> Gspak;g+- vd Gspkuf;fpstp

mk;Kr;rhupia ngw;W te;jJ.

Gsp+mk;+NfhL=Gspaq;NfhL.

Gsp vd;Dk; Ritg;ngaH

kug;ngaud;wpr; Ritia czHj;Jk; Gspg;ngaH te;jhy; ty;nyOj;J

kpfhJ nky;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

245. Vidg; Gspg;ngaH nky;nyOj;J kpFNk. (E}. 43)

,J Gsp vd;Dk; Ritg;ngaHf;Fupa rpwg;Gtpjp czHj;Jfpd;wJ.

v-L.: Gspq;$o;> GspQ;NrhW> Gspe;japH> Gspk;gok; vdtUk;.

246. ty;nyOj;J kpfpDk; khdk; ,y;iy
xy;top mwpjy; tof;fj;jhd. (E}. 44)

Ritg;ngaHKd; nky;nyOj;Nj md;wp> nghJtpjpahd; va;jpa

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbapDk; Fw;wk; ,y;iy. mJ tof;fpd;fz; nghUe;Jk;
,lj;jpid mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.

v-L.: Gspf;$o;> Gspr;NrhW> Gspj;japH> Gspg;ghjk;- ,q;F Ritg;Gspg;ngaH

ty;nyOj;J kpf;fJ fhz;f.

,fu <w;W ehl;ngaHfs;

,fu <w;W ehl;ngaHfspd; Kd;dHj; Njhd;Wk; tpidr;nrhw;F Md;

rhupia ,ilte;J KbAk;.

247. ehs;Kd; Njhd;Wk; njhopy;epiyf; fpstpf;F

Md;,il tUjy; Iak; ,d;Nw. (E}. 45)
 109

,J ,fu<w;W ehl;ngaHKd; tpid tUq;fhy; KbAk; Kbgpidf;

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: guzpahw; nfhz;lhd;

guzpahw;nrd;whd;
guzpahw;we;jhd;
guzpahw;Nghapdhd;-tpid tu ehl;ngaH Md; rhupia ngw;W te;jJ.
,fu <w;Wj; jpq;fl;ngaH

,fu <w;Wj; jpq;fl;ngaHKd; tpidr;nrhy; tupd; ,f;Fr;rhupia ngWk;.

248. jpq;fs; Kd; tupd; ,f;Nf rhupia. (E}. 46)

,J jpq;fl;ngaHKd; tpidtUq;fhy; KbAk; Kbgpidf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Mbf;Ff;nfhz;lhd;>
Mbf;Fr;nrd;whd;
Mbf;Fj;je;jhd;
Mbf;Fg;Nghapdhd;- vd;gjpy; ,fu <w;Wj; jpq;fl;ngaH ,f;Fr;rhupia
ngw;W epd;wik fhz;f.

<fhu <W

<fhu <w;Wg; ngaH my;topf;fz; Mfhu <w;W my;top Kbgpw;wha;

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

my;topapy; <fhu <w;Wg;ngaH

249. <fhu ,Wjp Mfhu ,aw;Nw. (E}. 47)

,/J <fhu <w;Wg;ngaHfs; my;topf;fz; KbAkhW $WfpwJ. ,J

nghJtpjp.

v-L.: <f;fbJ> <r;rpwpJ> <j;jPJ> <g;ngupJ - my;topf;fz; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F

Kbe;jJ.

eP> kP Kjypa ngaHfs;

eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy xUikg;ngaUk;> gfu <fhukhfpa

,lf;flHg;ngaUk;> Xuplj;jpid tiue;JzHj;Jk; kP vd;Dk; k&cr;nrhy;Yk;
Mfpa mk;%tplj;Jk; ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ ,ay;ghFk;.
 110

250. ePvd; ngaUk; ,lf;fHg; ngaUk;

kPvd kuP,a ,lk;tiu fpstpAk;
Mtapd; ty;nyOj;J ,aw;if MFk;. (E}. 48)

,J <fhu <w;Wr;nrhw;fs; %d;wDf;F va;jpaJ tpyf;FfpwJ.

v-L.: eP Fwpia> eP rpwpia>
eP jPia> eP ngupia - Kd;dpiy xUikg;ngaH ,ay;ghapw;W.

gP FwpJ> gP rpwpJ
gP jPJ> gP ngupJ - ,lf;fHg; ngaH ,ay;ghapw;W.

kPfz; - ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ ,ay;ghdJ.

kP vd;gjw;Fr; rpwg;G tpjp

,lg;gFjpia tiue;JzHj;Jk; kP vd;Dk; nrhy; ,ay;gha; KbahJ

ty;nyOj;J kpf;Fj; jk;Ks; ,iae;J epw;Fk; nkhopfSk; cs;sd vd;gH
njhy;yhrpupaH.

251. ,lk;tiu fpstp Kd; ty;nyOj;J kp$ck;

cld;epiy nkhopAk; csvd nkhopg. (E}. 49)

,J kP vd;Dk; fpstpf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: kPf;Nfhs;> kPg;gy;.

Ntw;Wikapy; <fhu <w;Wg;ngaH

252. Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk; mjd; Xuw;Nw. (E}. 50)

,J <fhu <w;Wg;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; KbAkhW $WfpwJ.

<fhu <w;Wg;ngaH Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rpf;fz;Zk;> <fhu <w;W

my;topNahL xUjd;ikj;jha; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

v-L.: <f;fhy;> <r;rpwF> <j;jiy> <g;Gwk; - <fhu <w;Wg;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz;

ty;nyOj;J kpf;fJ.

eP vd;Dk; ngaH

253. ePvd; xUngaH cUgpay; epiyAk;

Mtapd; ty;nyOj;J ,aw;if MFk;. (E}. 51)
 111

,J eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy xUikg;ngaHf;F va;jpa tpjp tpyf;fpg;

gpwpJ tpjp $WfpwJ.

eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy xUikg;ngaH cUG GzHr;rpf;fz; $wpathW

neLKjy; FWfp> dfu xw;Wg;ngw;W KbAk;. mt;thW KbAk;top ,iaG
ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ.

v-L.: epd;if> epd;nrtp> epd;jiy> epd;Gwk; vd tUk;.

cfu <W

cfu <w;Wg;ngaH my;topf;fz; mfu <w;W my;top ,ay;gpw;wha;

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

254. cfu ,Wjp mfu ,aw;Nw. (E}. 52)

,J Kw;Wfu <Wfs; td;fzj;NjhL KbAkhW $WfpwJ. Fw;Wfu

<Wfisf; Fw;wpaYfug; GzupaYs; $WthH MrpupaH.

v-L.: fLf;FwpJ> fLr;rpwpJ> fLj;jPJ> fLg;ngupJ - ,jpy; cfu <w;Wg;ngaH

my;topf;fz; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jik mwpf.

cfur;Rl;L

cfur;Rl;bd; Kd;dUk; Kw;Wfu <w;Wg; ngaHNghy ty;nyOj;J kpf;F

KbAk;.
255. Rl;bd; Kd;dUk; mj;njhopw;whFk;. (E}. 53)

,J cfur;Rl;L td;fzj;NjhL KbAkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: cf;nfhw;wd;> cr;rhj;jd;> cj;Njtd;> cg;g+jd; - cfur;Rl;L

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jJ.
256. Vdit tupNd Nky;epiy ,ay;Ng. (E}. 54)

cfur; Rl;bd; Kd;dH capH> nkyp> ,ilf;fzq;fs; tUkhapd; mit

Nky; mfur;Rl;L Kbe;Jepd;w ,ay;gpdthFk;.

v-L.: cQ;Qhz;> ce;E}y;> ck;kzp - nky;ypdk; kpf;fd.

ct;tha;> ct;tl;b> ct;til> ct;thil- ,ilapdKk;> capupdKk;

kpf;fd.
257. Rl;LKjy; ,Wjp ,ay;ghFk;Nk. (E}. 55)
 112

Rl;bid Kjyhf cila Kw;Wfu <w;Wg;ngaH Kw;$wpathW

ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ ,ay;ghFk;.

v-L.: mJ FwpJ> mJ rpwpJ> mJ jPJ> mJngupJ-Rl;L Kjy; Kw;Wfu

<w;Wg;ngaH my;topf;fz; ,ay;ghapw;W.

nra;Aspy; Rl;L

Rl;L Kjy; cfug; ngaHKd; md;W vDk; nrhy; tUq;fhyj;J

<w;Wfuk; Mfhukha;j; jpupe;J KbjYk;> xfhur;rhupia ,il tUq;fhyj;Jj;
jhd; vHe;j nka;apid tpLj;Jf; nfLjYk; nra;Al;fz; cupj;njdf; $WtH
njhy;yhrpupaH.

258. md;W tUfhiy M MFjYk;

ItU fhiy nka;tiue;J nfLjYk;
nra;As; kUq;fpd; cupj;njd nkhopg. (E}. 56)

,J Rl;L Kjyhf cila cfu <w;Wg;ngaHf;Fr; nra;As; KbG

$WfpwJ.
v-L.: mjhmd;wk;k> ,jhmd;wk;k> cjhmd;wk;k - md;W tUq;fhy; cfuk;
Mfhukhapw;W.

mijkw;wk;k> ,ijkw;wk;k> cijkw;wk;k - Ifhur;rhupia

tUq;fhyj;J cfuk; jhd; CHe;j nka;apid tpLj;Jf; nfl;lJ.

Ntw;Wikg;GzHr;rp

cfu <w;Wg;ngaH Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;GzHr;rpf;fz;Zk; mt;tPw;W

my;topnahL xUjd;ikj;jha; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

259. Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk; mjNdh uw;Nw. (E}. 57)

,J cfu <w;Wg;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; KbAkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: fLf;fha;> fLr;nrjps;> fLj;Njhs;> fLg;g+-cfu <W Ntw;Wikf;fz;

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

fLf;FWik> fLr;rpWik> fLj;jPik> fLg;ngUik - ,jpy; cfu <W

FzNtw;Wikf; fz;Zk; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

vU> nrU vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;

vU> nrU vDk; nrhw;fs; MuhAq;fhy; ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ mk;

rhupia ngWk;. nrU vd;Dk; nrhy; mk;kpd; kfuk; nfl;L ty;nyOj;J kpf;F
KbAk;.
 113

260. vUTk; nrUTk; mk;nkhL rptzpj;

jpupgpl Dila njupAq;fhiy
mk;kpd; kfuk; nrUtapd; nfLNk
jk;nkhw;W kp$ck; ty;nyOj;J ,aw;if. (E}. 58)

,J cfu <w;Ws; xd;wDf;F ty;nyOj;J tpyf;fpr; rhupiag;NgWk;

xd;wDf;F ty;nyOj;jpndhL rhupiag; NgWk; tpjpf;fpwJ.

v-L.: vUtq;Fop> vUtQ;NrW> vUte;jhJ> vUtk;g+op-vU vd;gJ ty;nyOj;J

tpyf;Fz;L mk;Kr;rhupia ngw;wJ.

nrUtf;fsk;> nrUtr;Nrid> nrUtj;jhid> nrUtg;ghiw - nrU

vd;gJ mk;Kr;rhupia ngw;W mjd; kfuk; nfl> ty;nyOj;J kpf;F
Kbe;jJ.

ofu cfu <W

cfu <w;Wr;nrhw;fSs; ofuj;njhL $ba cfuk; ePz;L KbAk;

,lq;fis cilj;J. mt;tplj;Jg; nghUe;jpa cfuk; tUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

261. ofu cfuk; ePbld; cilj;Nj

cfuk; tUjy; Mtapdhd. (E}. 59)

ofu cfuj;jpw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjpapid ,e;E}w;gh $WfpwJ.

v-L.: v*cf;fjT> v*cr;rpiw> v*cj;jhid> v*cg;gil - ofu cfuk;

tof;fpd;fz; ePz;L cfuk; ngw;wJ.

xL kug;ngaH

xL vd;Dk; kug;ngaH cjpkuj;J ,ay;gpw;wha; nky;nyOj;Jg; ngw;W

KbAk;.
262. xL kuf;fpstp cjp ku ,aw;Nw. (E}. 60)

,J cfu <w;W kug;ngaH xd;wDf;F ty;nyOj;J tpyf;fp>

nky;nyOj;J tpjpf;fpd;wJ.

v-L.: xLq;NfhL> xLQ;nrjps;> xLe;Njhy;> xLk;g+ - xL kug;ngaH

nky;nyOj;J kpf;fJ.

Rl;Lg; ngaHf;Fr; rhupia

Rl;nlOj;Jfis KjyhfTila Kw;Wfu <w;Wr;nrhw;fs; cUG

GzHr;rpf;fz; $wpathW md; rhupia ngw;W> cfuk; nfl;L> kpFk;.
,ay;ghfpa ty;nyhw;Wf;fs; ,ilf;fz; kpfh.
 114

263. Rl;L Kjy; ,Wjp cUgpay; epiyAk;

xw;W,il kpfhm ty;nyOj;J ,aw;if. (E}. 61)

,J Kw;Wfu <w;Wr; Rl;Lg;ngaHfSf;F va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp

tFf;fpwJ.

v-L.: mJ+md;+NfhL →mjd;NfhL> mjd;nrjps;> mjd;Njhy;> mjd;g+ -

vd;gjpy; Rl;LKjy; Kw;wpaYfuk; md; rhupia ngw;W cfuk; nfl;L
ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ Kbe;jJ.

Cfhu <W

Cfhu <w;Wg;ngaH my;topf;fz; Mfhu <w;W my;top ,ay;gpw;wha;

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

264. Cfhu ,Wjp Mfhu ,aw;Nw. (E}. 62)

,/J Cfhu <w;Wg;ngaH my;topf;fz; KbAkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: nfhz;%f; fbJ>
nfhz;%r; rpwpJ - Cfhu <w;Wg;ngaH my;topf;fz; ty;nyOj;J
nfhz;%j; jPJ kpf;F Kbe;jJ.
nfhz;%g; ngupJ

Cfhu <w;W tpidr;nrhy;

Cfhu <w;W tpidnar;rKk;> Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhy;Yk;

Nkw;$wpathW ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

265. tpidvQ;R fpstpf;Fk; Kd;dpiy

nkhopf;Fk;
epidAk; fhiy mt;tif tiuahH. (E}. 63)

,/J Cfhu <w;W tpidnar;rj;jpw;F va;jhjJ va;Jtpj;jYk;>

Kd;dpiy tpidf;F va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp tFj;jYk; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: cz;Z}f;nfhz;lhd;
cz;Z}r; nrd;whd; - Cfhu <w;W tpidnar;rk; kpf;F Kbe;jJ.
cz;Z}j; je;jhd; ,J nra;a+ vd;Dk; tha;ghL.
cz;Z}g; Nghapdhd;
p

ifJ}f;nfhw;wh
ifJ}r;rhj;jh
ifJ}j;Njth
ifJ}g;g+jh - Kd;dpiy tpid ty;nyOj;J kpf;fJ.
 115

Ntw;Wikapy; Cfhu <W

Cfhuk; <w;Wg;ngaH Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;GzHr;rpf;fz;Zk; MfhutPw;W

my;top ,ay;gpw;wha; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.
266. Ntw;Wikf;fz;Zk; mjNdh uw;Nw. (E}. 64)

,J Cfhu <w;W Ntw;Wik Kbgpidf; $WfpwJ.

nfhz;%f;Fohk;>
nfhz;%r;nryT - Cfhu <w;Wg; ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz;
nfhz;%j;Njhw;wk; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jJ.
nfhz;%g;giw
Fwpy;fPo; CfhuKk; jdpnkhop CfhuKk;

Fw;nwOj;ijj; njhlu;e;J tUk; CfhuKk; jdpnkhop CfhuKk;

kpFjpngWk; Ntisapy; cfuk; epiyngWk;.

267. Fw;nwOj;jpk;gUk; XnuOj;J nkhopf;Fk;

epw;wy; Ntz;Lk; cfuf; fpstp (E}. 65)

v-L.: c^f;Fiw> J}cf;Fiw

g+ vd;Dk; ngaH

Cfhu <w;Wg;ngaHfspy; g+ vd;Dk; xU ngaHf;F cfuKk;

ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;W KbAk; mt;tpay;G ,y;iy. mt;tplj;J nky;nyOj;Nj
ad;wp ty;nyOj;Jk; kpf;F Kbjy; cupj;J.

268. g+vd;xU ngaH Mapay;G ,d;Nw

Mtapd; ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk; cupj;Nj. (E}. 66)

v-L.: g+q;nfhb> g+Q;Nrhiy> g+e;jhkk;> g+k;ge;J vd;gjpy; g+ vd;Dk; vfhu

<w;Wg; ngaH nky;nyOj;J kpf;fJ.

C vd;Dk; ngaH

269. C vd;xU ngaH MnthL rptZk;. (E}. 67)

Cfhu <w;W C vd;Dk; xUngaH Mfhu <w;Ws; M vd;Dk;

nrhy;NyhL nghUe;jp> cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk; ngwhJ dfuk; ngw;W KbAk;.

v-L.: Cd;Fiw> Cd;nra;if> Cd;wiy> vd;Gwk;- C vDk; ngaH cfuKk;

ty;nyOj;Jk; ngwhJ dfuk; ngw;wJ. (Cd;-jir.)
 116

,jw;F NkYk; xU KbG

270. mf;F vd; rhupia ngWjYk; cupj;Nj

jf;ftop mwpjy; tof;fj;jhd. (E}. 68)

C vd;Dk; ngaH Kw;$wpa dfuj;NjhL mf;Fr; rhupiaapidg; ngw;W

KbjYk; cupj;J. tof;fpd;fz; mk;Kbgpw;Fj; jf;f ,lk; mwpf.

v-L.: Cdf;Fiw> Cdr;nra;if> Cdj;jiy> Cdg;Gwk;- vd;gjpy; C

vd;Dk; ngaH cfuk; ngwhJ> dfuKk; mf;Fr;rhupiaAk; ngw;wJ.

M^c> kf^c vd;Dk; ngaHfs;

MLc> kf^c vd;Dk; ,UngaUk; ,ay;gha; KbjNyhL ,d; rhupia

,ilNa tupDk; Fw;wk; ,y;iy.

271. M^c kf^c MapU ngaHf;Fk;

,d;,il tupDk; khdkpy;iy. (E}. 69)

v-L.: M^ctpd; if> M^ctpd; nrtp> M^ctpd;wiy> M^ctpd;Gwk; -

vd;gjpy; M^c vd;gJ ,d;rhupia ngw;wJ.

vfu> xfu <Wfs;

Kd;dpiy nkhopapdthfpa ngaHfl;F my;topf;fz; vfuKk;> xfuKk;

KiwNa Njw;wg;nghUl;fz;Zk;> rpwg;Gg; nghUl;fz;Zk; <whfkhl;lh vd;wdH
GytH. vdNt> glHf;ifg; ngaHf;Fk; tpidf;Fk; <whFk;.

272. vfu xfuk; ngaHf;F <WMfh

Kd;dpiy nkhopa vd;kdhH GytH
Njw;wKk; rpwg;Gk; my;topahd. (E}. 70)

,/J vfu> xfuk; <whFk; ,lj;jpidf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: mtNdv nra;jhd;> cz;Nlv kWik - vfuk; glHf;ifg;ngwh> tpid

<uplj;Jk; Njw;wg;nghUl;fz; msNghirapd; <whapw;W.

Xxrhj;jd;> Xxnrk;nghd;> Xxngupad;> XxngupJ> Xxctkd; - xfuk;

glHf;ifg;ngaH> tpid <uplj;Jk; caHT rpwg;Gg; nghUl;fz;
msNghirapd; <whapw;W.

Xxnfhbad;> Xxjpad;-Xfuk; glHf;if tpidaplj;J ,opT rpwg;Gg;

nghUl;fz; msNghirapd; <whapw;W.
 117

vfu> xfu ,ilr;nrhw;fs;

273. Njw;w VfhuKk; rpwg;gpd; xt;Tk;

Nkw;$W ,aw;if ty;nyOj;J kpfh. (E}. 71)

Nkw;$wpa ,ay;gpd;gb glHf;ifg;ngaH> tpidf;fz; tUk; Njw;wg;

nghUs; vfuKk; rpwg;Gg;nghUs; xfuKk; ty;nyOj;J kpfg;ngwh.

v-L.: mtNdv nra;jhd;> cz;Nlv kWik - Njw;wg;nghUspy; te;j vfuk;

,ay;ghapw;W.

Xx rhj;jd;> Xxnrk;nghd;> Xxngupad;> XxngupJ-rpwg;Gg;nghUspy; te;j

xfuk; ,ay;ghapw;W.

Vvf;nfhw;wh> Xxf;nfhw;wh-Kd;dpiy tpidf;fz; te;j vfu xfuq;fs;

kpf;fd.

Vfhu <W

Vfhu <w;Wg; ngaH my;topf;fz; Cfhu <w;W my;top ,ay;gpw;wha;

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

274. Vfhu ,Wjp Cfhu ,aw;Nw. (E}. 72)

,/J Vfhu <w;W my;top KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Vf;fbJ> Vr;rpwpJ> Vj;jPJ> Vg;ngwpJ - Vfhu <W my;topf;fz;

ty;nyOj;J kpf;fJ.

Vfhu ,ilr;nrhw;fs;

khWNfhliyAila vr;rg;nghUz;ikf;fz;Zk;> tpdhg; nghUz;ikf; -

fz;Zk;> vz;Zg; nghUz;ikf;fz;Zk; tUk; Vfhuk; ty;nyOj;J tupd;
kpfhJ ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

275. khWnfhs; vr;rKk; tpdhTk; vz;Zk;

$wpa ty;nyOj;J ,aw;if MFk;. (E}. 73)

,J Vfhu <w;W ,ilr;nrhy; KbG $WfpwJ.

v.L.: ahNd nfhz;Nld;? - khWnfhs; vr;rg;nghUspy; Vfhuk; ,ay;ghapw;W.

ahd; nfhz;bNyd; vd;gJ nghUs;.

ePNa nfhz;lha;?-tpdhg;nghUspy; te;j Vfhuk; ,ay;ghapw;W.

 118

Ntw;Wikapy; Vfhug; GzHr;rp

Vfhu <W> Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;GzHr;rpf;fz;Zk;> vfhu <w;W

my;topNahL xUjd;ikj;jha; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

276. Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk; mjNdh uw;Nw. (E}. 74)

,J Vfhu <W Ntw;Wikf;fz; KbAkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Ntf;Flk;> Ntr;rhb> Ntj;J}ij> Ntg;ghid - vd;gjpy; Vfhu <W

Ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

277. Vvd; ,Wjpf;F vfuk; tUNk. (E}. 75)

Vfhu <w;Wg;ngaHf;F Ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;nyOj;njhL vfuk; tUk;.

v-L.: Vvf;nfhl;by;> Vvr;rhiy> Vvj;Jis> Vvg;Gio-Vfhu <w;Wg;ngaH

Ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;nyOj;njhL vfuk; ngw;wJ.

Nr vd;Dk; kug;ngaH

278. Nrvd; kug;ngaH xL ku ,aw;Nw. (E}. 76)

Nr vd;Dk; kug;ngaH xL ku ,ay;gpw;wha; nky;nyOj;J kpf;F

KbAk;.

v-L.: Nrq;NfhL> NrQ;nrjps;> Nre;Njhy;> Nrk;g+.

Nr vd;Dk; tpyq;fpd; ngaH

279. ngw;wk; Mapd; Kw;w ,d; Ntz;Lk;. (E}. 77)

Kd;dHf;$wpa Nr vd;gJ tpyq;fpidf; (ngw;wk;) $Wkhapd; Kw;w ,d;

rhupia nrw;W tUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

v-L.: Nrtpd;NfhL> Nrtpd;nrtp> Nrtpd;Nwhy;> Nrtpd;Gwk;-Nr vd;Dk;

tpyq;fpd; ngaH ,d; rhupia ngw;W te;jJ.

Ifhu <W

Ifhu <w;Wg;ngaHr;nrhy; Kd;dH Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;GzHr;rpf;fz;

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

280. ,fhu ,Wjpg; ngaHepiy Kd;dH

Ntw;Wik Mapd; ty;nyOj;J kpFNk. (E}. 78)

,/J Ifhu <W Ntw;Wikf;fz; KbAkhW $WfpwJ.

 119

v-L.: ahidf;NfhL> ahidr;nrtp> ahidj;jiy> ahidg;Gwk; vd;gjpy; Ifhu

<w;Wg;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

Rl;Lg;ngaH

mit> ,it> cit vd;Dk; Rl;nlOj;Jf;fis Kjyhf cila

Ifhu <w;Wg;ngaHfs; cUgpaypd;fz; $wpathW tw;Wg;ngw;W> Ifhuk;
nflhJk;> nfl;Lk; tUk;.

281. Rl;L Kjy; ,Wjp cUG,ay; epiyAk;. (E}. 79)

,J Ifhu <w;Wr; Rl;Lg;ngaHf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: mitaw;Wf;NfhL>
,itaw;Wf;NfhL - vd;gjpy; Rl;L Kjy; Ifhu <w;Wg;ngaHfs
citaw;Wf;NfhL; Ifhuk;nflhJ Kbe;jJ.

mtw;Wf;NfhL>
,tw;Wf;NfhL> - vd;gjpy; Rl;L Kjy; Ifhu <w;Wg;ngaHfs;
ctw;Wf;NfhL tw;Wg;ngw;W Ifhuk; nfl;L Kbe;jJ.

tpir> nQik> eik vd;Dk; kug;ngaHfs;

282. tpirkuf; fpstpAk; nQikAk; eikAk;

mit Kg;ngaUk; Nrku ,ay. (E}. 80)

tpir> nQik> eik vd;Dk; %d;W kug;ngaHr; nrhw;fSk; Nr

kuj;ijg; Nghy; ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ> nky;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

v-L.: tpirq;NfhL> tpirQ;nrjps;> tpire;Njhy;> tpirk;g+ - tpir kuf;fpstp

Ntw;Wikf;fz; nky;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

gid> miu> Mtpiu ngWk; kug;ngaHfs;

283. gidAk; miuAk; Mtpiuf; fpstpAk;

epidAq;fhiy mk;nkhL rptZk;
Ivd; ,Wjp miu tiue;J nfLNk
nka;mtz; xopa vd;kdhH GytH. (E}. 81)

gid. miu> Mtpiu vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; MuhAq;fhyj;J mk;Kr;

rhupianahL nghUe;jp KbAk;. mt;tplj;J Ifhu <W miu vd;Dk;
nrhy;ypid ePf;fp Vida ,uz;ld;fz;Zk; jhD}He;j nka;naOj;J epw;ff;
nfLk; vd;gH GytH.
 120

v-L.: gdq;fha;> gdQ;nrjps;> gde;Njhy;> gdk;g+ vd;gjpy; gid vd;gJ

ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ mk;Kr;rhupia ngw;W> <w;W Ifhuk; nfl;L
Kbe;jJ.

Mtpuq;NfhL> MtpuQ;nrjps;> Mtpue;Njhs;> Mtpuk;g+ - Mtpiu vd;gJ

ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ mk;Kr;rhupia ngw;W> <w;W Ifhuk; nfl;L
Kbe;jJ.

miuaq;NfhL> miuaQ;nrjps;> miuae;Njhs;> miuak;g+- miu vd;gJ

ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ mk;Kr;rhupia ngw;W> <w;W Ifhuk; nfl;L
Kbe;jJ.

gid Kd; ml;L

284. gidapd; Kd;dH ml;L tUfhiy

epiyapd;whFk; I vd; capNu
Mfhuk; tUjy; Mtap dhd. (E}. 82)

gid vd;Dk; nrhy; Kd;dH ml;L vDk; nrhy; tUq;fhyj;J> <w;W

Ifhuk; epw;wy; ,d;W. mt;tplj;jpw;Nfw;w Mfhuk; tUk;.

v-L.: gid+ml;L=gdhl;L.

gdhl;L - gidapdJ jPq;fl;b.

gidKd; nfhb

285. nfhbKd; tupNd> Imtz; epw;gf;

fbepiy ,d;Nw ty;nyOj;J kpFjp. (E}. 83)

gid Kd;dHf; nfhb vd;Dk; nrhy; tupd;> Ifhuk; nflhJ epw;f>

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

v-L.: gid+nfhb=gidf;nfhb.

jpq;fs;> ehs; ngaHfs;

Ifhu <w;Wj; jpq;fl;ngaUk;> ehl;ngaUk; ,fu <w;Wj; jpq;fs;>

ehl;ngaHfisg; Nghy> KiwNa ,f;Fr; rhupiaapidAk; Md; rhupia -
apidAk; ngw;W KbAk;.

286. jpq;fSk; ehSk; Ke;J fpse;jd;d. (E}. 84)

,J Ifhu <w;Wj; jpq;fl;ngaHf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

 121

v-L.: rpj;jpiuf;Ff; nfhz;lhd;

rpj;jpiuf;Fr; nrd;whd; Ifhu <w;Wj; jpq;fl;ngaH ,f;Fr;
rpj;jpiuf;Fj; je;jhd; rhupia ngw;wJ.
rpj;jpiuf;Fg; Nghapdhd;
Nfl;ilahw; nfhz;lhd;>
Nfl;ilahw; nrd;whd;
Nfl;ilahw;we;jhd; Ifhu <w;W ehl;ngaH Md; rhupia ngw;wJ.
Nfl;ilahw;Nghapdhd;

kio vd;Dk; nrhy;

287. kio vd;Dk; fpstp tsp,ay; epiyAk;. (E}. 85)

kio vd;Dk; Ifhu <w;Wr;nrhy; tsp vd;Dk; ,fu <w;Wr; nrhy;Nghy

mj;Jr; rhupiaapidAk; ,d; rhupiaapidAk; ngw;W KbAk;.

v-L.: kioaj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;>

kioaj;Jr; nrd;whd;
kioaj;Jj; je;jhd; kio ,iaG ty;nyOj;njhL
kioaj;Jg; Nghapdhd; mj;Jr;rhupia ngw;W Kbe;jJ.

kioapw;nfhz;lhd;>
kioapw;nrd;whd;
kioapw;we;jhd; kio vd;gJ ,iaG ty;nyOj;jpd;wp ,d;
kioapw;Nghapdhd; rhupia ngw;W Kbe;jJ.

Ntl;if Kd; mth vd;Dk; nrhy;

nra;Al;fz; Ntl;if vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; <w;W xfhuk;> mth vd;Dk;

nrhy; jdf;F Kd;tupd;> jhd; CHe;j nka;nahLk; nflNtz;Lk;. Mz;L
epd;w lfhuk; zfhukhfNtz;Lk; vd;gH GytH.

288. nra;As; kUq;fpd; Ntl;if vd;Dk;

Ivd; ,Wjp mthKd; tupNd
nka;nahLk; nfLjy; vd;kdhH GytH
lfhuk; zfhuk; Mjy; Ntz;Lk;. (E}. 86)

,J Ifhu <w;Wr;nrhy; xd;wDf;Fr; nra;As; KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Ntzth eypa nta;a capuh (ew;. 61) vd;W tUk;.

 122

Xfhu <W

Xfhu <w;W my;top KbG

Xsfhu <w;Wg; ngaHr;nrhy; my;topf;fz; Vfhu <w;W my;top

,ay;gpw;wha; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

289. Xfhu ,Wjp Vfhu ,aw;Nw. (E}. 87)

,J Xfhu <w;W my;top KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Xf;fbJ> Xr;rpwpJ> Xj;jPJ> Xg;ngupJ-Xfhu <w;Wg;ngaH my;topf;fz;

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

Xfhu ,ilr;nrhy;

khWNfhliy cila vr;rg;nghUl;fz;Zk;> tpdhg;nghUl;fz;Zk;>

Iag;nghUl;fz;Zk; tUk; Ifhuk; ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

290. khWnfhs; vr;rKk; tpdhTk; IaKk;

$wpa ty;nyOj;J ,aw;if MFk;. (E}. 88)

,J Xfhu <w;W ,ilr;nrhy;Yf;F my;top KbG $WfpwJ.

v.L.: ahNdh nfhz;Nld;? khWnfhs; vr;rg;nghUspy; Xfhuk; ,ay;ghapw;W.

ahd; nfhz;bNyd; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;.

ePNah nfhz;lha;? - Iag;nghUspy; te;j Xfhuk; ,ay;ghapw;W.

Gw;Nwh? GjNyh? - Iag;nghUspy; te;j Xfhuk; ,ay;ghapw;W.

xopapir Xfhuk;

291. xope;jjd; epiyAk; nkhope;jtw;W ,aw;Nw. (E}. 89)

xope;jnjhd;widj; jUtjhfpa xopapirg; nghUspy; tUk; XfhuKk;>

Nkw;$wpa Xfhuq;fspd; ,ay;gpw;wha; ty;nyOj;J ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

v-L.: nfhsNyh nfhz;lhd; vd tUk;.

Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rp

Xfhu <w;W Ntw;Wikf;fz;Zk; Xfhu <w;W my;topnahL xj;J

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;. mt;tplj;J xfuk; tuNtz;Lk;.

292. Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk; mjNdh uw;Nw

Xfhuk; tUjy; Mtap dhd. (E}. 90)
 123

,J Xfhu <w;W Ntw;Wik KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Xxf;fLik
Xxr;rpWik Xfhuk; Ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;nyOj;njhL
Xxj;jPik Xfhuk; ngw;W Kbe;jJ.
Xxg;ngUik
Nfh Kd; ,y;

293. ,y;nyhL fpsg;gpd; ,aw;if MFk;. (E}. 91)

Nfh vd;Dk; Xfhu <w;W nkhopapid ,y; vDk; tUnkhopNahL

NrHj;Jf; $wpd; xfuk; tuhJ ,ay;ghFk;.

v-L.: Nfh+,y;=Nfhapy; vdtUk;.

rpy <Wfl;Fr; rhupia

294. cUgpay; epiyAk; nkhopA khUsNt

Mtapd; ty;nyOj;J ,aw;ifahFk;. (E}. 92)

Nfh vd;gJ cUG GzHr;rp ,ay;gpy; epiyngWk; nkhopaha; epw;wYk;

cz;L. mt;thW epw;Fq;fhy; ty;nyOj;J ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

v-L.: Nfhxd;if> Nfhxd;nrtp> Nfhxd;wiy> Nfhxd; Gwk; - Nfh vd;gJ

Ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ xd; rhupia ngw;W te;jJ.

Xsfhu <W

my;top> Ntw;Wik vDk; ,UtopAk; Xsfhu <w;Wg; ngaHKd; tUk;

ty;ypdk; kpf;FKbAk;. mt;tplq;fspy; cfur;rhupia tUjy; nrt;tpJ vd;gH
rpwe;NjhH.

295. Xsfhu ,Wjpg; ngaHepiy Kd;dH

my;topahDk; Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk;
ty;nyOj;J kpFjy; tiuepiy ,d;Nw
mt;,U <w;Wk; cfuk; tUjy;
nrt;tpJ vd;g rpwe;jprp NdhNu. (E}. 93)

,/J Xsfhu <w;Wg;ngaH my;topf;fz;Zk;> Ntw;Wikf;fz;Zk;

KbAkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: nfsTf; fbJ> nfsTr;rpwpJ> nfsTj;jPJ> nfsTg;ngupJ-xsfhu

<w;Wg;ngaH my;topf;fz; cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;wJ.
 124

nfsTf;fLik> nfsTr;rpWik> nfsTj;jPik> nfsTg;ngUik-Xsfhu

<w;Wg;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;W Kbe;jJ.

,t;tpaypy; epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bait

 GzHr;rpapd; ,yf;fzk;> mfu <w;Wg; GzHr;rp epiy>

,ay;ghFk; mfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs;
 gy> rpy vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;>
 Mfhu <W> Ntw;Wikapy; Mfhu <W>
 ,fu <Wfs;> ehop> J}zp> gdp> Gsp> ehs;> jpq;fl; ngaHg;GzHr;rp
 cfu <Wfs; GzHjy;> M^c> kf^c ngaHfs; GzHr;rp
 Ifhu <w;Wg; GzHr;rp> tpir> nQik> eik> gid> miu> mtpiu>
kio> Ntl;if GzHr;rpfs;
 Xfhu> Xsfhu <w;Wg;GzHr;rpfs;
 vOj;Jf;fspd; tuptbtk;>
 125

myF - 4.2. Gs;sp kaq;fpay;

caphPW jd; vjpNu tUk; td;fzj;NjhLk; rpWghd;ik Vidf;
; zq;fNshLk; GzUk; Kiwia Gs;sp kaq;fpay; tpsf;FfpwJ.
f

,Jtiu capuPW epd;w tUnkhopfNshL GzUkhw;iw czHj;jpa

njhy;fhg;gpau;> Gs;spaPW epd;W tUnkhopfNshL GzUkhw;iw ,t;tpaypy;
czHj;Jfpd;whH.

nkhopf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; Q> z> e> k> d> a> u> y> t> o> s Mfpa
gjpNdhU Gs;sp<WfSk; ngUk;ghYk; td;fzj;NjhLk;> rpWghd;ik Vidf;
fzj;NjhLk; GzUkhw;iw ,t;tpay; $Wjypd; ,J Gs;spkaq;fpay; vd;Dk;
ngaH ngw;wJ.

kaq;FyhtJ fyj;jy;. ,t;tpaypy; mfu<W njhlq;fp xsfhu <Wtiu

neLq;fzf;F thpirapy; itj;Jg; Gzh;r;rp ,yf;fzk; $wg;gLfpwJ. my;top>
Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rpfspy; ngah;> tpid vd tUk; nrhw;fs; njhlh;e;J
epw;Fq;fhy; Vw;gLk; vOj;njhyp khw;wq;fs; thpir Kiwg;gb tpsf;fg;gL-
fpd;wd. (caph;f;fzk;> nka;naOj;Jf;fspy; td;fzk;> nkd;fzk;>
,ilf;fzk; vd;gJ ,yf;fz tof;fhW vd;gjid mwpf.)

nky;nyhw;W <Wfs;

Qfu <w;wpid <whf cila njhopw;ngaH Kd;dH my;top> Ntw;Wik

vd;Dk; ,Utopf;fz;Zk; ty;ypd Kjd;nkhop tUkhapd;> mt; ty;ypdk;
kpf;F KbAk;. mt;tplj;J cfuk; tUk;.

296. Qfhiu xw;wpa njhopw;ngaH Kd;dH

my;yJ fpsg;gpDk; Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk;
ty;nyOj;J ,iaapd; mt;ntOj;J kpFNk
cfuk; tUjy; Mtapdhd. (E}. 1)

,J Qfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH ,UtopAk; td;fzj;NjhL GzUkhW

$WfpwJ. mjhtJ> cupQ; vd;Dk; Qfhu xw;wpa njhopw;ngau; Kd;du;
my;topapYk;> Ntw;WikapYk; ty;nyOj;J ,iaapd; mt;ty;nyOj;J kpFk;.
cfuk; xypj;Jizahf mt;tplj;jpy; epiyngWk;.

v-L.: cupÒf;fbJ. cupÒr;rpwpJ. cupÒj;jPJ> cupÒg;ngupJ – vd;gjpy; Qfu

<w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH td;fzk; tu> my;topf;fz; cfuKk;
ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;W Kbe;jik mwpf.
 126

cupÒf;fLik> cupÒr;rpWik> cupÒj;jPik> cupÒg;ngUik- vd;gjpy;

Qfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH td;fzk; tu> Ntw;Wikf;fz; cfuKk;
ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;W Kbe;jik mwpf.

Q e k tTld; tUjy;

Qfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH Kd; td;fzkd;wp> nkd;fzKk;>

,ilf;fzj;J tfuKk; tupDk; cfuk; epiyngw;W KbAk;.

297. Q e k t ,iaapDk; cfuk; epiyAk;. (E}. 2)

,J Qfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH ,UtopAk; nkd;fzj;NjhLk;>

,ilf;fzj;J tfuj;NjhLk; KbAkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: cupÒ Qhd;wJ. cupÒ ePz;lJ. cupÒ khz;lJ – vd;gjpy; Qfu

<w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH nkd;fzk;tu. my;topf;fz; cfuk; ngw;W
Kbe;jJ.

cupÒ Qhw;rp> cupÒ ePl;rp> cupÒ khl;rp - vd;gjpy; Qfu <w;Wj;

njhopw;ngaH nkd;fzk; tu> Ntw;Wikf;fz; cfuk; ngw;W Kbe;jJ.

cupÒ typJ> cupÒ typik - vd;gjpy; Qfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH>

tfuk; tu my;top> Ntw;Wik ,uz;ld; fz;Zk; cfuk; ngw;W
Kbe;jJ.

efu <W - my;topapy;

efu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; ,uz;Lk; my;topf;fz;> Qfu <w;Wj; njhopw;

ngaupidg;Nghy ty;ypdk; tupd; cfuKk;> ty;nyOj;Jk;> nkd;fzKk;
,ilf;fzj;J tfuKk; tupd; cfuk; ngw;W KbAk;.

298. efu ,WjpAk; mjNdh uw;Nw. (E}. 3)

,J efu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; ,uz;Lk;> my;topf;fz; td;fzj;NjhLk;>

nkd;fzj;NjhLk;> ,ilf;fzj;J tfuj;NjhLk; KbAkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: nghUEf;fbJ> nghUEr;rpwpJ> nghUEj;jPJ> nghUEg;ngupJ – vd;gjpy;

efu <w;Wg; ngaHfSs; xd;wha nghUe; vd;gJ my;topf;fz;
td;fzk; tu> cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;W tUk;.

nghUE Qhd;wJ> nghUE ePz;lJ> nghUE khz;lJ> nghUe; typJ –

vd;gjpy; nghUe; vd;gJ my;topf;fz; nkd;fzKk;> ,ilf;fzj;J
tfuKk; tu> cfuk; ngw;W tUk;.

nghUe; - nghUEjy; - xUtiug;Nghy kw;nwhUtH Ntle;jupj;jy;.

 127

efu <W - Ntw;Wikg;GzHr;rpapy;

efu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;GzHr;rpf;fz; va;jpa

cfuk; nfl mfuk; epiyngw;W KbAk;.

299. Ntw;Wikf;F cf;nfl mfuk; epiyAk;. (E}. 4)

v-L.: nghUef;fLik> nghUer;rpWik> nghUej;jPik> nghUeg;ngUik-efu

<w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;ypdk; tUq;fhy; cfuk; nfl
mfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;wJ.

nghUe Qhl;rp> nghUe ePl;rp> nghUe khl;rp> nghUe td;ik-efu <w;Wj;

njhopw;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; nkd;fzKk;> ,ilf;fzj;J tfuKk;
tUq;fhy; cfuk;nfl mfuk; ngw;wJ.

ntupe; vd;Dk; nrhy;

ntupe; vd;Dk; ngaHr;nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp efuk; Ntw;Wikf;fz; jhd; Kd;

ngw;W epd;w cfuj;NjhL vQ;rhkw; nfl;ltplj;J> nky;nyOj;J kpFkplid
cilj;J.

300. ntupe; vd;,Wjp KOJk; nfLtop

tUk; ,lk; cilj;Nj> nky;nyOj;J ,aw;if. (E}. 5)

ntupe; (KJF) vd;w nrhy;ypd; Kd;du; ty;ypdk; te;jhy;> mjd; ,Wjp

mope;J ,d nky;nyOj;Jj; Njhd;Wk;.

v-L.: ntupq;Fiw> ntupQ;rpiw> ntupe;jiy> ntupk;Gwk; - vd;gjpy; ntupe;

vDk; ngaHr;nrhy;ypd; efuk;> jhd; ngw;w cfuj;NjhLk; nfl
nky;nyOj;J kpf;F epd;wjidf; fhz;f.

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F tUjy;

ntupe; vd;Dk; ngaHr;nrhy;ypd; efu <W> jhd; ngw;w cfuj;NjhLk;

nfl;L epd;wtplj;J nky;nyOj;Nj md;wp ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbjYk;
cilj;J.

301. Mtapd; ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk; cupj;Nj. (E}. 6)

,J ntupe; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F Ntw;Wikf;fz; NkYk; xU rpwg;Gtpjp

$WfpwJ.
 128

v-L.: ntupf;Fiw> ntupr;nra;if> ntupj;jiy> ntupg;Gwk; - ,jpy; ntupe;

vd;Dk; ngaHr;nrhy;ypd; efuk;> jhd; ngw;w cfuj;NjhL nfl;ltplj;J
nky;nyOj;Nj md;wp ty;nyOj;Jk; kpf;F te;Js;sjidf; fhz;f.

Ntw;Wikapy; zfu <W

zfu <w;Wr; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp zfuk;> ty;nyOj;jpid Kjyhf

cila nkhop te;J nghUe;jpd; Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rpf;fz; lfukha;j; jpupe;J
KbAk;.

302. zfhu ,Wjp ty;nyOj;J ,iaapd;

lfhuk; MFk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Nf. (E}. 7)

,J zfu <w;Wr;nrhy; Ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;nyOj;njhL GzUkhW

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: kz;+Flk;=kl;Flk;> kl;rhb> kl;^ij> kl;ghid – vd;gjpy; zfuk;

Ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;ypdk; tu zfuk; lfukha;j; jpupe;J epd;wik
mwpf.

Mz;> ngz; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;

caHjpizf;fz; tUk; Mz;> ngz; vDk; ngaHfs; ,uz;Lk;

m/wpiz tpuTg;ngaHNghy; ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

303. MZk; ngz;Zk; m/wpiz ,aw;if. (E}. 8)

,J Mz;ik> ngz;ik vd;Dk; Kjdpiyfshfpa Mz;> ngz;

vd;gtw;Wf;F Ntw;Wik KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Mz;if> Mz;nrtp> Mz;liy> Mz;Gwk;-caHjpizf;fz; jdpj;J

tUk; Mz;> Ntw;Wikf;fz; ,ay;ghapw;W.

Mz; vd;Dk; kug;ngaH

304. Mz; kuf;fpstp miuku ,aw;Nw. (E}. 9)

Mz; vd;Dk; kug;ngaH miu vd;Dk; kug;ngaH Nghy> mk;Kr;rhupia

ngw;W tUk;.

v-L.: Mzq;NfhL> MzQ;nrjps;> Mze;Njhy;> Mzk;g+ - ,jpy; Mz;

vd;Dk; kug;ngaH mk;Kr;rhupia ngw;wJ.
 129

tpz; vd;Dk; nrhy; nra;Aspy; Vw;Fk; KbT

tpz; vd;Dk; Mfhaj;ij czHj;Jk; ngaHf;fz; nra;Asplj;J>

tpidr;nrhy; tUq;fhyj;J> mj;J vd;Dk; rhupia tUjYk; cupj;J.
thuhikAk; cupj;J.

305. tpz; vd t&ck; fhag;ngau; tapd;

cz;ikAk; cupj;Nj mj;J vd; rhupia
nra;As; kUq;fpd; njhopy; tU fhiy. (E}. 10)

,J tpz; vd;Dk; nrhw;Fr; nra;ASs; va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: tpz;;+nfhl;Fk;= tpz;zj;Jf; nfhl;Fk;

tpz;zj;Jf; nfhl;Fk;=tpz;+mj;J+nfhl;Fk;.

zfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH

zfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaHfs; vy;yhk; Qfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaupidg;

Nghy my;top> Ntw;Wik ,UtopAk;> td;fzk; te;Jop cfuKk;>
ty;nyOj;Jk; nkd;fzKk;> ,ilf;fzj;J tfuKk; te;Jop cfuKk; ngw;W
KbAk;.

306. njhopw; ngaH vy;yhk; njhopw;ngaH ,ay. (E}. 11)

,J zfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH my;top> Ntw;Wik ,UtopAk;

GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

kfu <w;Wj;njhopw;ngau; kz;Zjy; (fOTjy;) vd;Dk; tpidiaf;

Fwpj;JtUk; NghJ> cfuk; Vw;WtUk;.

v-L.: kz;Zf;fbJ> kz;Zr;rpwpJ> kz;Zj;jPJ> kz;Zg;ngupJ - vd;gjpy;

zfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH> ty;ypdk; tu cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk;
ngw;W Kbe;jJ.

kz;Z Qhd;wJ> kz;Z ePz;lJ> kz;Z khz;lJ - vd;gjpy; zfu

<w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH> nky;ypdk; tu cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;W
Kbe;jJ.

kz;Z typJ - vd;gjpy; zfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH> ,ilf;fzj;J

tu cfuk; ngw;W Kbe;jJ.
 130

kz;Zf;fLik> kz;Zr;rpWik> kz;Zj;jPik> kz;Zg;ngUik -

vd;gjpy; zfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH> Ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;ypdk; tu
cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;W Kbe;jJ.

kz;Z Qhw;rp> kz;Z ePl;rp> kz;Z khl;rp - vd;gjpy; zfu <w;Wj;

njhopw;ngaH> Ntw;Wikf;fz; nky;ypdk; tu cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk;
ngw;W Kbe;jJ.

kz;Z tsik - vd;gjpy; zfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH> my;topf;fz;

,ilf;fzj;J tu cfuk; ngw;W Kbe;jJ.

zfu <w;Wf; fpisg;ngaH

zfu <w;W ,dg;ngaHfs; vy;yhk; jpupgpidf; nfhs;Sjy; ,y;iy.

307. fpisg;ngaH vy;yhk; nfhsj; jpupG ,yNt. (E}. 12)

zfu <w;Wf; fpisg;ngau;fs; (rhjpg;ngau;fs;) ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

v-L.: ckz;Fb> ckz;Nrup> ckz;Nlhl;lk;> ckz;ghb- vd;gjpy; ,dg;ngaH

Ntw;Wikf;fz; jpupahJ Kbe;jik fhz;f.

vz; vd;Dk; czTg;ngaH

my;topf;fz; vz; vDk; czTg;ngaH Ntw;Wik KbGGNghyj; jpupe;J

tUjYk; cz;L.

308. Ntw;Wik my;top vz;vd; czTg;ngaH

Ntw;Wik ,aw;if epiyaYk; cupj;Nj. (E}. 13)

,J vz; vDk; czTg;ngaH xd;wDf;F my;topf;fz; va;jpajd;Nky;

rpwg;G tpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: vl;fbJ> vl;rpwpJ> vl;BJ> vl;ngupJ – vd;gjpy; my;topf;fz; vz;

vDk; czTg;ngaH ty;ypdk; tuj; jpupe;jJ.

vz;fbJ> vz;rpwpJ> vz;BJ> vz;ngupJ - vd;gjpy; Kd;dHf; $wpaJ

Nghy ,ay;gha; Kbe;jJ.

Kuz; vd;Dk; njhopw;ngaH

Kuz; vd;Dk; njhopw;ngaH zfu <w;W my;topf;Fk; Ntw;Wikf;Fk;

Kjw;fz;$wpa ,ay;gpd;fz; epiyngw;W KbAk;.
 131

309. Kuz;vd; njhopw;ngaH Kjy;,ay; epiyAk;. (E}. 14)

Kuz; vd;Dk; njhopw;ngau; cfuk; Vw;fhJ ,ay;ghf epw;Fk;.

v-L.: Kuz;fbJ> Kuz;rpwpJ> Kuz;jPJ> Kuz;ngupJ -
Kuz;Qhd;wJ> Kuz;khz;lJ> Kuz;ahJ> Kuz; typJ - vd;gjpy;
Kuz; vd;Dk; njhopw;ngaH my;topf;fz; ehw;fzq;fSk; tu
,ay;ghapw;W.

Ntw;Wikapy; kfu <W

kfu <w;Wg; ngaHr;nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp kfuk; Ntw;Wikf;fz; Kw;wf;nfl;L

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

310. kfu ,Wjp Ntw;Wik Mapd;

Jtuf;nfl;L ty;nyOj;J kpFNk. (E}. 15)

,J kfu <w;Wr;nrhy; Ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;nyOj;njhL GzUkhW

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: kuf;NfhL> kur;nrjps;> kuj;Njhy;> kug;g+ - vd;gjpy; kfu <W

Ntw;Wikf;fz; td;fzk; tuf; nfl;L ty;nyhw;W kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

kfu <w;wpw;F NkYk; ,UKbGfs;

kfu <w;Wr;nrhy;Kd; mfu> Mfhuq;fis KjyhfTila nkhopfs;

tUq;fhyj;J> <w;W kfuk; nfl> mjd;Nky; epd;w mfuk; ePshiknahL ePz;L
KbjYk; cz;L.

311. mfuMfhuk; t&ck; fhiy

<w;Wkpir mfuk; ePlYk; cupj;Nj. (E}. 16)

kfu <w;Wr;nrhw;fs; Kd; mfu> Mfhuk; tUk;NghJ <w;W kfuk; nfl;L

mfuk; ePStJk; cz;L.

v-L.: kuhmb> FshMk;gy; - vd;gjpy; mfu> Mfhuk; tUq;fhuj;J <w;Wkfuk;

nfl> mjday; ePshJ epd;wjidf; fhz;f.

NkYk; xUKbT

ty;nyOj;jpNdhL nky;nyOj;J cwo;e;J KbAk; kfu <w;W

nkhopfSk; cs. tof;fpd;fz; mit toq;Fk; ,ld; mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 132

312. nky;nyOj;J cwOk; nkhopAkhH csNt

nry;top mwpjy; tof;fj;jhd. (E}. 17)

kfu <w;Wg;ngau;fspy; nky;nyOj;Jg; ngw;W tUtdTk; cs;sd. mJ

tof;fpd;top mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;.

v-L.: Fsq;fiu> Fsf;fiu>

FsQ;NrW> Fsr;NrW
Fse;jhJ> Fsj;jhJ
Fsk;g+op> Fsg;g+op - vd;gjpy; kfuk; nfl ty;nyOj;J>
nky;nyOj;NjhL cwo;e;J Kbe;J epw;wiyf;
fhz;f.
,y;yk; vd;Dk; kug;ngaH

,y;yk; vd;Dk; kuj;ij czHj;Jk; ngaH> tpir vd;Dk; kuj;J

,ay;gpw;wha; nky;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

313. ,y;yk; kug;ngaH tpirku ,aw;Nw. (E}. 18)

,y;yk; vd;Dk; kug;ngau;> tpir kuj;ijg; Nghy nky;nyOj;Jg;

ngw;W KbAk;.

v-L.: ,y;yk; +NfhL = ,y;yq;NfhL> ,y;yQ;nrjps;> ,y;ye;Njhy;> ,y;yk;g+-

,y;yk; vDk; kug;ngaH <w;W kfuk; nfl;L nky;nyOj;J kpf;F
Kbe;jJ.

my;topapy; kfu <W

my;topf;fz; vy;yhk; kfu <W nky;nyOj;jha;j; jpupe;J KbAk;.

314. my;top vy;yhk; nky;nyOj;J MFk;. (E}. 19)

my;topapy; kfu <w;Wr;nrhw;fs; ty;ypdr; nrhw;fSf;F vjpuhf

tUk;NghJ kfuk; jpupe;J ,dntOj;jhf mikAk;.

v-L.: kuq;FwpJ> kuQ;rpwpJ> kue;jPJ> kuk;ngupJ – vd;gjpy; kfu <W

my;topf;fz; nky;nyOj;jhapw;W fhz;f.

mfk; vd;Dk; nrhy;Kd; if

if vd;Dk; nrhy; Kd; tupd;> mfk; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd;fz; Kjypy;

epw;Fk; mfuk; nflhJ epw;f> mjd; Kd;dpd;w ffu mfuKk;> kfuKk;
 133

nfl;Lk;> nflhkYk; epw;Fk;. mjid ePf;Fk; epiyik njhy;yhrpupaHf;F

,d;W. mt;tplj;J nky;nyOj;J kpFk;.

315. mfk; vd; fpstpf;Ff; if Kd;tupNd

Kjy;epiy xopa Kd;dit nfLjYk;
tiuepiy ,d;Nw MrpupaHf;F
nky;nyOj;J kpFjy; Mtapdhd. (E}. 20)

mfk; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F Kd;du; if vd;Dk; nrhy; te;jhy; Kjy;

vOj;jhfpa m ePq;fyhf vy;yh vOj;Jk; nfLjiyAk; Mrpupau; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;tu; vd;gjid mwpf.

v-L.: mq;if> mfq;if vdtUk;.

,yk; vd;Dk; nrhy; Kd; gL

,yk; vDk; nrhy;ypw;F Kd; gL tUfhiy nra;Al;fz; <w;W kfuk;

jpupahJ ,ay;gha; epw;wYk; cupj;J.
316. ,yk; vd; fpstpf;Fg; gLtU fhiy
epiyaYk; cupj;Nj nra;Ashd. (E}. 21)

,yk; vd;Dk; nrhy; Kd;du; gL vDk; nrhy; tUk;NghJ kfu <W

Kd;du;f; $wpaJ Nghy nra;Aspy; nflhJ epw;gjw;F cupajhFk;.

v-L.: ,yk;gL Gy Nuw;wif epiwa. (kiygL. 576) vd tUk;.

Mapuk; vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngaH

Mapuk; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp kfuk; jdf;F mfg;gl;ldtha;

vz;Zg;ngaHfs; Kd; tUq;fhyj;J mj;Jr; rhupianahL nghUe;jp KbAk;.
317. mj;njhL rptZk; Mapuj;J ,Wjp
xj;j vz;Zk; Kd;tU fhiy. (E}. 22)

,J vz;Zg;ngaHfSs; xd;wDf;F va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp

tFf;fpwJ.

Mapuk; vd;w vz;Zg; ngaupd; kfu <W> mjw;Ff; Fiwe;j vz;Zg;

ngau; Kd;dhy; te;jhy; mj;Jr;rhupia ngw;W tUk;.

v-L.: Mapuk;+xd;W=Mapuj;njhd;W

Mapuj;njhd;W=Mapuk;+mj;J+xd;W.
 134

milaLj;j Mapuk;

Mapuk; vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngaH milnkhopNahL tupDk; Kw;$wpathW

mj;Jr; rhupia ngw;W KbAk;.
318. milnahL Njhd;wpDk; mjd; Xuw;Nw. (E}. 23)

Mapuk; vd;w vz;Zg; ngaupd; <W milaLj;J epd;whYk; mj;Jr;

rhupia ngw;WtUk;.

v-L.: <uhapuj;njhd;W> %thapuj;njhd;W.

E}whapuj;njhd;W> ,UE}whapuj;njhd;W.

Mapuj;jpd; Kd; msTg;ngaUk; epiwg;ngaUk;

jdpj;Jk; milaLj;Jk; epd;wMapuk; vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngaHKd;

msTg;ngaUk;> epiwg;ngaUk; tupd; kfu <w;W Ntw;Wik Kbgpd;
,ay;gpw;wha; <Wnfl;L ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

319. msTk; epiwAk; Ntw;Wik ,ay. (E}. 24)

Mapuk; vd;w ngaupd; Kd;du; msTg;ngaUk; epiwg;ngaUk;

tUkhapd;> kfu <W Ntw;Wik Nghyf; nfl;L ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

v-L.: Mapuf;fyk; - msTg;ngaH; rhb> J}ij> ghid vd;gdtw;NwhLk;

,t;thNw xl;Lf.

Mapuf;foQ;R - epiwg;ngaH; njhb> gyk; vd;gdtw;NwhLk; ,t;thNw

xl;Lf.

Ntw;Wikapy; caHjpizg; ngaUk; tpuTg;ngaUk;

vy;yhUk; vd;Dk; glHf;ifg; ngaUk;> vy;yPUk; vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg;

ngaUk;> neLKjy; FWfp KbAk; jhk;> ehk;> ahk; vDk; ngaHfSk;
Ntw;Wikf;fz; cUG GzHr;rpf;fz;Nz $wpa ,ay;gpd;fz; epd;W KbAk;.
mt;tplj;J nky;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbjy; Ntz;Lk;.

320. glHf;ifg; ngaUk; Kd;dpiyg; ngaUk;

njhlf;fk; FWFk; ngaHepiyf; fpstpAk;
Ntw;Wikahapd; cUG ,ay; epiyAk;
nky;nyOj;J kpFjy; Mtapdhd. (E}. 25)

,J rpy caHjpizg; ngaHf;Fk;> tpuTg;ngaHf;Fk; Ntw;Wikf;fz;

cUgpaNyhL khl;nlwpe;J KbG $WfpwJ.
 135

vy;yhUk; vd;Dk; glu;f;ifg; ngaUk;> vy;yPUk; vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg;

ngaUk; jhk;> ehd; vd;Dk; njhlf;fk; nfhz;L FWFk; ngau;fSk; (jk;>
Ek;) Ntw;Wikg; Gzu;r;rpapd;gb elf;Fk;. mt;tplj;jpy; nky;nyOj;J kpFk;.

v-L.: vy;yhHjq;ifAk;> vy;yPH Eq;ifAk;> nrtpAk;> jiyAk;> GwKk; vdTk;>

jq;if> Eq;if> vq;if> nrtp> jiy> Gwk; vdTk; xl;Lf.

vy;yhUk;+jhk; +if = vy;yhu;jq;ifAk;

vy;yPUk;+ehk;+if = vy;yPu;Ek;ifAk;

my;topapy; caHjpizg; ngaUk; tpuTg;ngaUk;

Nkw;$wpa glHf;ifg;ngaUk;> Kd;dpiyg;ngaUk;> njhlf;fq; FWFk;

ngaUk; my;topf;fz; ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

321. my;yJ fpsg;gpd; ,aw;if MFk;. (E}. 26)

,J glHf;ifg; ngaUf;Fk;> Kd;dpiyg; ngaUf;Fk;> njhlf;fq;

FWFk; ngaHf;Fk; my;top KbG $WfpwJ.

my;topg; Gzu;r;rpapy; Nkw;Fwpj;j glu;f;ifg; ngaUk;> Kd;dpiyg;

ngaUk;> njhlf;fk; FWFk; ngau;epiyf;fpstpAk; rhupia ngwhJ ,ay;gha;
KbAk;.

v-L.: vy;yhUq;FwpaH> vy;yhUQ;rpwpaH

vy;yhUe;jPaH> vy;yhUk;ngupaH – vd;gjpy; glHf;ifg;ngaH
my;topf;fz; rhupia ngwhJ <W jpupe;J Kbe;jJ.
vy;yPUq;FwpaPH> vy;yPUQ;rpwpaPH
vy;yPUe;jPaPH> vy;yPUk;ngupaPH - vd;gjpy; Kd;dpiyg;ngaH
my;topf;fz; rhupia ngwhJ <W jpupe;J Kbe;jJ.

jhq;FwpaH> jhQ;rpwpaH> jhe;jPaH> jhk;ngupaH – vd;gjpy; jhk; vd;Dk;

tpuTg;ngaH <W my;topf;fz; nky;nyOj;Jj;
jpupe;J Kbe;jJ.

vy;yhk; vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngaH

my;topf;fz;Zk;> Ntw;Wikf;fz;Zk; vy;yhk; vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngaH

m/wpizg; nghUspid czHj;Jq;fhyj;J cUG GzHr;rp ,ay;gpy; epd;W
 136

tw;Wr; rhupiaapidAk;> ,Wjpf;fz; ck;Kr;rhupiaapidAk; ngw;W KbAk;.

my;topf;fz; tw;Wr;rhupia ngwhJ.

322. my;yJ fpsg;gpDk; Ntw;Wikf;fz;Zk;

vy;yhk; vDk;ngaH cUG ,ay; epiyAk;
Ntw;Wik my;topr; rhupia epy;yhJ. (E}. 27)

vy;yhk; vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngau; cUgpaypy; Fwpj;jthW Ntw;Wikapy;

rhupia ngw;Wk;> my;topapy; ,ay;ghfTk; tUk;.

v-L.: vy;yhf;FwpaTk;> rpwpaTk;> jPaTk;> ngupaTk; vdTk;>

vy;yhtw;Wf;NfhLk;> nrtpAk;> jiyAk;> GwKk; vdTk;
vy;yhQhd;wd> ePz;ld> khz;ld vdTk;>
vy;yhQhZk;> E}Yk;> kzpAk;> ahg;Gk;> typikAk;> milAk;>
Ml;lKk; vdTk; tUk; vd;gjid mwpf.

,jw;F NkYk; xU KbG

NkNy Fwpj;j vy;yhk; vDk; ngaH my;topf;fz; ty;nyOj;Njad;wp

nky;nyOj;J kpf;F KbapDk; Fw;wk; ,y;iy.

323. nky;nyOj;J kpfpDk; khdk; ,y;iy. (E}. 28)

v-L.: vy;yhq;FwpaTk;> rpwpaTk;> jPaTk;> ngupaTk; vdTk;>

vy;yhq;Fwpa> rpwpa> jPa> ngupa vdTk; tUk;.

vy;yhk; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;F caHjpiz KbT

vy;yhk; vd;Dk; nrhy; cau;jpizahf tUkhapd; cUgpay;

tpjpf;Nfw;g ek; rhupia ngw;W tUk;.

324. caHjpiz Mapd; cUG ,ay; epiyAk;. (E}. 29)

,J vy;yhk; vd;gjw;F caHjpiz KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: vy;yhk; vd;gJ caHjpizaha; epw;Fkhapd; cUG GzHr;rpapd;

,ay;gpw;wha; ,ilf;fz; ek;Kk;> ,Wjpf;fz; ck;Kk; ngw;WtUk;.

Ntw;Wikapy; Ek; vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngaH

Ek; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; tpuTg;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; nky;nyOj;J

kpf;F KbAk;.
325. Ek;vd; xUngaH nky;nyOj;J kpFNk. (E}. 30)
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,J tpuTg;ngaH xd;wDf;F Ntw;Wik KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Ek;+if=Eq;if> EQ;nrtp> Ee;jiy> Ek;Gwk; - vd;gjpy; Ek; vDk;

tpuTg;ngaH kfuq;nfl;L nky;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jik fhz;f.

my;topapy; Ek; vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngaH

Ek; vd;Dk; ngaH my;topf;fz; $Wkplj;J cfuk; nfl> vQ;rpepd;w

efu nka;aplj;J <fhuk; te;J nghUe;j> ,fuk; xd;W ,ilf;fz; epiyngw>
<w;W kfuq;nfl> Mz;L ufuk; Gs;spnahL nghUe;jp epw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.
mg;gFg;G nkhopf;fz; ty;ypdk; ,ay;ghFk;.

326. my;yjd; kUq;fpd; nrhy;Yk; fhiy

cf;nfl epd;w nka;tapd; ctu
,,il epiy, <Wnfl ufuk;
epw;wy; Ntz;Lk; Gs;spnahL GzHe;Nj;
mg;ghy; nkhoptapd; ,aw;if MFk;. (E}. 31)

,J Ek; vd;gjw;F my;top KbG $WfpwJ.

Ek; vd;Dk; nrhy; my;topapy; GzUtjidf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ> mjd;

cfuk; nfl;L nka;apd; kPJ <fhuk; tUk;. Ek; vd;gJ ePk; vd MFk;. ,jd;
,ilapy; ,fuk; epd;W (eP,k;) gpd;du; kfuk; nfl;L ufuk; (ePapu;) vd
epiyngWk;.

v-L.: ePapH FwpaPH> ePapH rpwpaPH> ePapH jPapH> ePapH ngupaPH - vd;gjpy; Ek;kpd;
jpupgha ePapH vd;gjd;Kd; nky;nyOj;J kpfhJ ty;ypdk; ,ay;ghf
epw;wiyf; fhz;f.

kfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH

kfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngau;fSk; kw;w njhopw;ngau;fisg; Nghd;Nw

my;top> Ntw;Wik Mfpa ,U epiyfspYk; cfuk; ngw;W KbAk;.

327. njhopw;ngaH vy;yhk; njhopw;ngaH ,ay. (E}. 32)

,J kfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaHf;F my;top> Ntw;Wik ,UtopAk;

va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp tFf;fpwJ.

v-L.: nrk;+fbJ = nrk;Kf;fbJ> nrk;Kr;rpwpJ> nrk;Kj;jPJ> nrk;Kg;ngupJ -

my;top
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nrk;Kf;fLik> nrk;Kr;rpWik> nrk;Kj;jPik> nrk;Kg;ngUik-

Ntw;Wik

,tw;wpy; ty;ypdk; tu ,UtopAk; cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;W

Kbe;jik fhz;f.

328. <Kk; fk;Kk; cUk;vd; fpstpAk;

MKg; ngaUk; mtw;Nwh ud;d. (E}. 33)

<k;> fk;> cUk; Mfpa %d;W nrhw;fSk; njhopw;ngaNuhL xj;j

jd;ikadtha; cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;W KbAk;.

v-L.: <k;+fbJ = <Kf;fbJ> <Kr;rpwpJ> <Kj;jPJ> <;Kg;ngupJ – Ntw;Wik

<k;+fLik = <Kf;fLik> <Kr;rpWik> <Kj;jPik> <Kg;ngUik-

Ntw;Wik

<k; - RLfhL@ fk;-fk;kpau;> cU-,b

<k;> fk; ,Ungau;f;Fk; rhupia

Ntw;Wikg; Gzu;r;rpapy; <k;> fk; vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; mf;Fr; rhupia

ngw;W tUk;.

329. Ntw;Wik ahapd; Vid ,uz;Lk;

Njhw;wk; Ntz;Lk; mf;Fvd; rhupia (E}. 34)

v.L.: <k;+Flk; = <kf;Flk;

fk;+Nfhy;=fk;kf;Nfhy;

tfu kpir kfuk;

kfuk; xUnkhopf;fz; FWFjyd;wpj; njhlHnkhopf;fz; tfuj;jpd;NkYk;

FWFk;.
330. tfhuk; ,irAk; kfhuk; FWFk;. (E}. 35)

,J kfuk; GzHnkhopf;fz;Zk; FWFkhW $WfpwJ. jdpnkhopf;fz;

FWFjy; nkhopkugpd;fz; (njhy;. E}. 52) $wg;gl;lik fhz;f.

v-L.: epyk; typJ> tUk; tstd;.

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kfu <w;W ehl;ngaH

kfu <w;W ehl;ngaHr;nrhy; ,fu <w;W ehl;ngaH Nghy Md; rhupia

ngw;W KbAk;. mt;thd; rhupiaNky; mj;Jr;rhupia tUjYk; ePf;Fk;
epiyik ,d;W.

331. ehl;ngaHf; fpstp Nky;fpse;jd;d

mj;Jk; Md;kpir tiuepiy ,d;Nw
xw;Wnka; nfLjy; vd;kdhH GytH. (E}. 36)

,J kfu <w;W ehl;ngaUf;F Ntw;Wik KbG $WfpwJ. kfk;> Xzk;

Nghd;w ehl;ngau;f;fpstpfs; Kd;Rl;baJ Nghy> md; rhupiafs; ,izag;
ngw;WtUk;. mg;NghJ mjpy; cs;s xw;W nka;Ald; nfLk; vd;gu; Gytu;.

v-L.: kfj;jhw;nfhz;lhd;=kfk;+mj;J+Md;+nfhz;lhd;.
kfj;jhw;nfhz;lhd;> kfj;jhw;nrd;whd;
kfj;jhw;we;jhd;> kfj;jhw;Nghapdhd;.- kfk; vd;Dk; kfu <w;W
ehl;ngaH Md; rhupia NkYk; mj;Jr;rhupia ngw;W te;jJ.

Ntw;Wikapy; dfu <W

zfhu <W ty;nyOj;J te;J nghUe;jpd; Ntw;Wikf;fz; wfukha;j;

jpupe;J KbAk;.
332. dfhu ,Wjp ty;nyOj;J ,iaapd;
wfhuk; MFk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Nf. (E}. 37)

,J dfu <w;Wr;nrhy; Ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;nyOj;NjhL GzUkhW

$WfpwJ. dfhu <w;Wg; ngau; ty;nyOj;J Kjy; nkhop tUnkhopaha; te;J
nghUe;jpdhy; Ntw;Wikapy; wfukhfj; jpupAk;.

v-L.: nghd; +Flk; = nghw;Flk;> nghw;rhb> nghw;W}ij> nghw;ghid –

vd;gjpy; ty;ypd Kjd;nkhop tu> Ntw;Wikf;fz; dfuk;
wfukhapw;wikapidf; fhz;f.

kd;> rpd;> Md;> <d;> gpd;> Kd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;

kd;> rpd;> Md;> <d;> gpd;> Kd; vd;Dk; MW ,ilr;nrhw;fSk;> sfu

<w;W tpidnar;rKk; Kw;$wpa ngauPw;W dfuk; Nghy> <w;W dfuk; wfukha;j;
jpupe;J KbAk; vd;Wiug;gH GytH.

333. kd;Dk; rpd;Dk; MDk; <Dk;

gpd;Dk; Kd;Dk; tpidvQ;R fpstpAk;
 140

md;d ,ay vd;kdhH GytH. (E}. 38)

,J kd;> rpd;> Md;> <d;> gpd;> Kd; vd;Dk; MW nrhw;fSf;Fk;> dfu

<w;W tpidnar;rj;jpw;Fk; my;top KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: mJkw;nfhz;fd; NjNu>

fhg;Gk; g+z;brpw; filAk; Nghfiy vdTk;>
Mw;nfhz;lhd;> cw;nfhz;lhd;> gpw;nfhz;lhd;> Kw;nfhz;lhd;>
nrd;whd; je;jhd;> Nghdhd; vdTk;>
tupw;nfhs;Sk;> nry;Yk;> jUk; vdTk; tUk;.
,tw;wpy; dfu <W wfukha;j; jpupe;jJ fhz;f.

tapd; vd;Dk; nrhy; jpupG Kbgwy;

Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs; %d;widAk; Kjyhf cila tapd; vd;Dk;

nrhy;Yk;> vfu tpdhtpid Kjyhf cila tapd; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yk;> dfu
<w;W Ntw;Wikg; nghJKbgpd; jd;ikapy; epd;W> <w;W dfuk; wfukha;j;
jpupe;J KbAk;.

334. Rl;L Kjy; tapDk; vfuk; Kjy; tapDk;

mg;gz;G epiyAk; ,aw;ifa vd;g. (E}. 39)

,J dfu <w;W Vohk; Ntw;Wik ,lg;nghUs; czHj;Jk; ,ilr;nrhw;F

KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: mt;tapw;nfhz;lhd;> ,t;tapw;nfhz;lhd;

ct;tapw;nfhz;lhd; - vd;gjpy; Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs; %d;widAk; Kjyhf

cila tapd; vd;gjd; dfuk; wfu khapw;W.

vt;tapw;nfhz;lhd; - vd;gjpy; vfu tpdhtpid Kjyhf cila

tapd; vd;gjd; dfuk; wfukhapw;W.

Fapd; vd;Dk; nrhy; KbG ngWk; ,lk;

Fapd; vd;Dk; nrhy; jpupahJ ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

335. Fapd; vd; fpstp ,aw;if MFk;. (E}. 40)

Fapd; vd;w nrhy; ty;nyOj;J kpfhkYk;> jpupahkYk; ,ay;ghf tUk;.

(Fapd;-Nkfk;)

v-L.: Fapd;Fohk;> Fapd;nryT> Fapd;Nwhw;wk;> Fapd;giwT – vd;gjpy;

Fapd; vd;gjd; <w;W dfuk; ,ay;gha; Kbe;jik fhz;f.
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vfpd; vd;Dk; kug;ngaH mk; rhupia ngWk;

vfpd; vd;gJ kug;ngauhapd; Mz; kuj;jpd; ,ay;gpw;wha; mk;Kg;

ngw;W KbAk;.
336. vfpd; kukhapd; Mz;ku ,aw;Nw. (E}. 41)

vfpd; vd;w nrhy; kujijf; Fwpj;J tukhapd; mJ Mz;kuj;ijg;

Nghd;W ,ay;ghf KbAk;.

v-L.: vfpdq;NfhL> vfpdQ;nrtp> vfpde;Njhy;> vfpdk;g+ - vd;gjpy; vfpd;

vDk; kug;ngaH mk;Kr;rhupia ngw;W epd;wik fhz;f.

vfpd; vd;Dk; gwitapd; ngaH KbT

kuk; my;yhj vfpd; vd;Dk; ngaupd;fz; mfuk; tUk;. Mz;L tUk;

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

337. Vid vfpNd mfuk; tUNk

ty;nyOj;J ,aw;if kpFjy; Ntz;Lk;. (E}. 42)

vfpd; vd;w nrhy; gwitiaf; Fwpg;gjhapd; (md;dk;) mJ

mfur;rhupiag; ngw;W> ty;nyOj;Jld; KbAk;.

v-L.: vfpdf;fhy;> vfpdr;nrtp> vfpdj;jiy> vfpdg;Gwk; - ,jpy; kuky;yhj

vfpd; vd;Dk; ngaH mfuk; ngw;W ty;nyOj;J kpf;fJ mwpf.

dfu <w;Wf; fpisg;ngaHfs;

dfhu <w;Wf; fpisg;ngaH vy;yhk; zfhu <w;Wf; fpisg;ngaH Nghyj;

jpupahJ ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

338. fpisg; ngaH vy;yhk; fpisg;ngaH ,ay. (E}. 43)

dfu <w;W ,dg;ngau;> zfu <w;Wf; fpisg;ngau; Nghy KbAk;.

v-L.: vapd;Fb> vapd;Nrup> vapd;Njhl;lk;> vapd;ghb - vd;gjpy; dfu <w;Wf;

fpisg;ngaH ,ay;gha; Kbe;jJ.

kPd; vd;Dk; nrhy; KbG

kPd; vd;Dk; nrhy; jd; jpupG ty;nyOj;jpndhL cwo;e;J KbAk;.

339. kPd;vd; fpstp ty;nyOj;J kpFNk. (E}. 44)

kPd; vd;Dk; nrhy; ty;nyOj;Jg; ngw;Wk;> ,ay;ghfTk; tUjy; cz;L.

 142

v-L.: kPd;fz;> kPw;fz;> kPd;rpid> kPw;rpid> kPd;wiy> kPw;wiy> kPd;Gwk;>

kPw;Gwk; - kPd; vd;gjd; dfuk; jd; jpupG ty;nyOj;jpndhL cwo;e;Jk;
,ay;ghfTk; epd;Ws;sikapidf; fhz;f.

Njd; vd;Dk; nrhy; ngWk; KbGfs;

Njd; vd;Dk; nrhy; ty;nyOj;J Kjy;nkhop te;J nghUe;jpd;>

Nkw;$wpa kPd; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypidg;Nghyj; jd; jpupG ty;nyOj;jpNdhL>
cwo;e;J KbjYk;> tUk; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbjYkhfpa mk;Kiwik
,uz;lidAk; cupj;jhjYk; cilj;J. ty;nyOj;Jkpf;F KbAkplj;J
,Wjpahfpa dfuk; nfLk;.

340. Njd; vd; fpstp ty;nyOj;J ,iaapd;

Nky;epiy xj;jYk; ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk;
MKiw ,uz;Lk; cupikAk; cilj;Nj
ty;nyOj;J kpFtop ,Wjp ,y;iy. (E}. 45)

Njd; vd;w nrhy; ty;nyOj;NjhL Nru;e;jhy; NkNy Fwpj;j> kPd;

vd;gjw;Fupa jpupgpidAk; ngw;WtUk;. my;yJ ,Wjp mopa ty;nyOj;J
kpfyhk;. ty;nyOj;J kpFk;NghJ ,Wjpnka; nfl;L epw;Fk;.

v-L.: Njd;Flk;> Njw;Flk;

Njd;rhb> Njw;rhb
Njd;W}ij> Njw;W}ij
Njd;ghid> Njw;ghid - vd;gjpy; Njd; vd;gjd; dfuk; jpupG
ty;nyOj;jpndhL cwo;e;J Kbe;jJ fhz;f.

Njf;Flk;> Njr;rhb> Njj;J}ij> Njg;ghid - vd;gjpy; Njd; vd;gJ

<W nfl;L ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;jJ.
NkYk; xU KbG

Nkw;$wpa Njd; vDk; nrhy; ty;ypdk; tUq;fhy; ty;ypdk; kpFjNy

md;wp> nky;ypdk; kpf;F KbapDk; Fw;wk; ,y;iy.

341. nky;nyOj;J kpfpDk; khdk; ,y;iy. (E}. 46)

v-L.: Njq;Flk;> NjQ;rhb> Nje;J}ij> Njk;ghid vdtUk;.

nky;nyOj;J Kjd;nkhop te;J nghUe;jpd; Njd; vd;gjd; ,Wjp

nfLjYk; nflhikAkhfpa cwo;r;rpaha; KbAk;.
 143

342. nky;nyOj;J ,iaapd; ,WjpNahL cwOk;. (E}. 47)

v-L.: Njd;nQup> NjnQup

Njd;Ddp> NjDdp
Njd;Kup> NjKup - vd;gjpy; nky;ypdk; tuj; Njd; vd;gjd; <W
nfl;Lk; nflhJk; cwo;e;J epw;wik fhz;f.
Njd; Kd; ,why;

Njd; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,why; vd;Dk; nrhy; tUq;fhy; <w;W dfuk;

nflhJ ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

343. ,whmy; Njhw;wk; ,aw;if MFk;. (E}. 48)

,why; vd;Dk; nrhy; Njd; vd;w nrhy;NyhL GzUk;NghJ <w;W dfuk;

nflhJ ,ay;gha; epw;wYk; cz;L.

v-L.: Njd;+,why; = Njdpwhy; vdtUk;.

344. xw;WkpF jfunkhL epw;wYk; cupj;Nj. (E}. 49)

Njd; vd;gJ ,whnyhL GzUkplj;J NkYk; XH xw;wha; kpFk;

jfuj;NjhL epw;wYk; cz;L.

v-L.: Njd;+,why; = Njj;jpwhy; vdtUk;.

kpd;> gpd;> gd;> fd;

kpd;> gpd;> gd;> fd; vd;Dk; ehd;F nrhw;fSk; Qfu <w;Wj;

njhopw;ngaH Nghy my;top> Ntw;Wik ,uz;bYk; ty;nyOj;J tUtop>
cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk;> nky;nyOj;Jk; ,ilf;fzj;J tfuKk; tUtop
cfuKk; ngw;W KbAk;.

345. kpd;Dk; gpd;Dk; gd;Dk; fd;Dk;

me;ehw; nrhy;Yk; njhopw;ngaH ,ay. (E}. 50)

kpd;> gpd;> gd;> fd; vd;Dk; ehd;F nrhw;fSk; my;topapYk;>

Ntw;WikapYk; Qfu xw;Wj; njhopw;ngau; Nghy cfuk; ngw;W ty;nyOj;J
kpf;F KbAk;.

v-L.: kpd;Df;fbJ> kpd;Dr;rpwpJ> kpd;Dj;jPJ> kpd;Dg;ngupJ - my;top

kpd;Df;fLik> kpd;Dr;rpWik>
 144

kpd;Dj;jPik> kpd;Dg;ngUik- Ntw;Wik. ,jpy; my;top> Ntw;Wik

,uz;bDk; ty;nyOj;J tu cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;W Kbe;jJ.

kpd;DQhd;wJ> kpd;D ePz;lJ> kpd;Dkhz;lJ-my;top

kpd;DQhw;rp> kpd;DePl;rp> kpd;Dkhl;rp-Ntw;Wik. ,jpy; my;top>

Ntw;Wik ,uz;bDk; nky;nyOj;J tu cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;W
Kbe;jJ.

fd; NkYk; xU KbG

fd; vd;Dk; nrhy; Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;GzHr;rpf;fzhapd; kuky;yhj

vfpd; vd;Dk; ngaNuhL xj;J> mfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;W KbAk;.

346. Ntw;Wik Mapd; Vid vfpndhL

Njhw;wk; xf;Fk; fd;vd; fpstp. (E}. 51)

v-L.: fd;df;Flk;> fd;dr;rhb> fd;dj;J}ij> fd;dg;ghid - vd;gjpy;

Ntw;Wikf;fz; ty;ypdk; tu mfuKk;> ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;W Kbe;jJ.

,aw;ngaH Kd;dHj; je;ij vd;Dk; Kiwg;ngaH

dfhu <w;W tpuTg;ngaH Kd;dHj; je;ij vd;Dk; Kiwg;ngaH

tUkhapd; mjd;Kjw;fz; epd;w nka;kl;Lk; nfl> mjid vHe;j mfuk;
epiyngWk;. epWj;j nrhy;yha; epd;w mt;tpaw;ngaupd; md; vDk; ,Wjp
jhD}He;j nka;apid tpLj;Jf; nfl;L KbAk;.

347. ,aw;ngaH Kd;dHj; je;ij Kiwtupd;

Kjw;fz; nka;nfl mfuk; epiyAk;;
nka;xopj;J md;nfLk; mt;,aw;ngaNu. (E}. 52)

mjhtJ> rhj;jd;> nfhw;wd;> jhd;> Ngd;> Nfhd; vd;gd Nghd;w dfu

<w;W ,aw;ngau; Kd;dhy; je;ij my;yJ kfd; vd;Dk; cwT Kiwg;ngau;
tUk;NghJ Kjw;fz; epd;w nka;nfl;L mfuk; epiyngWk;. ,aw;ngaupy;
cs;s nka; xope;J> md; nfl;L ,izAk; vd;gjhk;.

v-L.: rhj;je;ij> g+j;je;ij>

rhj;je;ij=rhj;jd;+je;ij. g+j;je;ij=g+jd;+je;ij.
 145

Mjd;> g+jd; ,aw;ngaHfs;

Mjd;> g+jd; vd;Dk; ,U tpuTg;ngaHfs; je;ij vd;Dk;

Kiwg;ngaNuhL Kbe;jhy; Kw;$wpa nra;iffNshL md; nfl epd;w ngaupd;
xw;Wk;> xw;Wf;nfl epd;w Kiwg;ngaupd; mfuKk; nfl;L KbAk;.

348. MjDk; g+jDk; $wpa ,ay;nghL

ngaH xw;W mfuk; Jtuf; nfLNk. (E}. 53)

Mjd; g+jd; vd;w ,aw;ngau;fs; je;ij vd;Dk; Kiwg;ngaNuhL

KbAk;NghJ Kw;$wpa ,ay;NghL ngau; xw;wpd; mfuKk; Kw;wpYk; nfl;L
epw;Fk; vd;gjhk;.

v-L.: Me;ij> g+e;ij vdtUk;.

Me;ij=Mjd;+je;ij.

NkYk; xU KbG

,aw;ngaH rpwg;Gg;ngaNuhL tUq;fhy; Kw;$wpa ,Unkhopr; nra;ifAk;

,d;wp ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

349. rpwg;nghL tUtop ,aw;if MFk;. (E}. 54)

v-L.: ngupa+rhj;jd; +je;ij = ngUQ;rhj;jd;we;ij> ngUq;nfhw;wd;we;ij.

,aw;ngaH Kd;dH kfd; Kjypa ngaHfs;

mt;tpaw;ngaH je;ij Kiwg;ngaH md;wp kf;fs; Kiwg;ngaH te;J

NrUkplj;Jk;> jhD}He;j nka;apid tpLj;J md; nfLq;fhy; mk; vd;Dk;
rhupia epw;wy; cupj;jhFk;.

350. mg;ngaH nka;xopj;J md;nfL topNa

epw;wYk; cupj;Nj mk;vd; rhupia
kf;fs; Kiw njh$ck; kUq;fpdhd. (E}. 55)

v-L.: rhj;jq;nfhw;wd;> nfhw;wq;nfhw;wd;.

rhj;jq;nfhw;wp> nfhw;wq;nfhw;wp vdtUk;.

jhd;> Ngd;> Nfhd; vd;Dk; ,aw;ngaHfs;

jhd;> Ngd;> Nfhd; vd;Dk; ,aw;ngaH %d;Wk;> je;ij> kf;fs;

Kiwg;ngaHfNshL GzUq;fhy; epWj;jnrhy;> Fwpj;JtU fpstp ,uz;lw;Fk;
jpupAk; epiy ,y;iy.
 146

351. jhDk; NgDk; NfhDk; vd;Dk;

MKiw ,aw;ngaH jpupG,ld; ,yNt. (E}. 56)

v-L.: jhd;we;ij> Ngd;we;ij> Nfhd;we;ij

jhd;nfhw;wd;> Ngd;nfhw;wd;> Nfhd;nfhw;wd;.

Ntw;Wikapy; jhd;> ahd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;

jhd; vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngaUk;> ahd; vd;Dk; caHjpizg; ngaUk; cUG

GzHr;rpf;fz; $wpa ,aypy; (,yf;fzj;jpy;) epiyngWk;.

352. jhd;> ahd; vDk; ngaH cUG ,ay; epiyAk;. (E}. 57)

jhd;> ahd; vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngaUk;> ahd; vd;Dk; cau;jpizg; ngaUk;

cUgpaypy; nrhy;ypathW neLKjy; FWfp tUk;.

v-L.: jhd;+if=jd;if> jd;nrtp> jd;wiy

ahd;+if=vd;if> vd;nrtp> vd;wiy vdtUk;.\

my;topapy; mr;nrhw;fs;

jhd;> ahd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; mt;topapy; FWFjYk; jpupjYk; ,y;iy.

353. Ntw;Wik my;top FWfYk; jpupjYk;
Njhw;wk; ,y;iy vd;kdhu; Gytu; (E}. 58)

v.L.: ahd;+rpwpad;=ahd; rpwpad;

jhd;+ngupad;=jhd;ngupad;

mod; vd;Dk; nrhy;

Ntw;Wikf;fz; mod; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; <Wnfl ty;nyOj;J kpf;F

KbAk;.

354. mod; vd; ,Wjpnfl ty;nyOj;J kpFNk. (E}. 59)

mod; vd;w nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s dfuk; nfl ty;nyOj;J

kpf;F KbAk;.

v-L.: mof;Flk;> mor;rhb> moj;J}ij> mog;ghid - vd;gjpy; mod;

vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; <Wnfl ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbe;J epd;wik fhz;f.
 147

Kd; vd;gjw;F Kd; ,y;

Kd; vd;Dk; nrhy;Kd;dH tUk; ,y; vDk; nrhy;Nky; wfuk; xw;wha;

te;J epw;wy;> gioa ,aypd;fz; kUtpte;j ,ayhFk;.

355. Kd;vd; fpstp Kd;dHj; Njhd;Wk;

,y;vd; fpstpkpir wfuk; xw;Wk;
njhy;,ay; kUq;fpd; kuP,a kuNg. (E}. 60)

,J k&cr;nrhw;fSf;Fr; rpwg;G tpjp $WfpwJ.

Kd; vd;w nrhy;ypd; Kd;dhy; ,y; vd;Dk; nrhy; te;jhy; mjNdhL

wfu xw;W te;J Kbjy; njhd;ik kuGfspy; xd;whFk;.

v-L.: Kd;wpy;=Kd;+,y; vd te;Js;sik fhz;f.

nghd; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;F cupa nra;As; KbG

nra;Al;fz; nrhw;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlUk; epiyikf;fz; nghd;

vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; <w;W dfuk; nfl> mjd;Kd;dH yfuKk;> kfuKk;
KiwNa xd;wd;gpd; xd;wha; te;J epw;Fk;.

356. nghd;vd; fpstp <Wnfl Kiwapd;

Kd;dHj; Njhd;Wk; yfhu kfhuk;
nra;As; kUq;fpd; njhlH ,ayhd. (E}. 61)

nra;Aspy; nghd; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; dfuk; nfl> yfhu> kfhuk;

,ize;J nghyk; vd;whfp ,ay;ghf KbAk;.

v-L.: nghyk;gilg; nghype;j nfha;Rtw; Gutp vd tUk;.

(nghd;g+ - nghyk;g+)

,ilnahw;W <Wfs;

Ntw;Wikapy; afu <W

afu <w;Wg;ngaH ty;nyOj;J Kjy;nkhop te;J GzUq;fhy;

Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;GzHr;rpf;fz; te;j vOj;Nj kpf;F KbAk;.

357. afu ,Wjp Ntw;Wikg; nghUs;tapd;

ty;nyOj;J ,iaapd; mt;vOj;J kpFNk. (E}. 62)

,J afu <w;Wg;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; td;fzj;NjhL GzUkhW

$WfpwJ.
 148

afu ,Wjpr;nrhy;> Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzu;r;rpf;fz; ty;nyOj;J

Kjd;nkhop te;J ,iae;jhy; mt;ntOj;J kpFk;.

v-L.: eha;f;fhy;> eha;r;nrtp> eha;j;jiy> eha;g;Gwk; vd tUk;.

jha; vd;Dk; nrhy;

jha; vDk; nrhy; ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

358. jha;vd; fpstp ,aw;if MFk;. (E}. 63)

jha; vd;w nrhy; ,ay;ghf KbAk;.

v-L.: jha;if> jha;nrtp> jha;jiy> jha;Gwk; vdtUk;.

jha; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F NtnwhU KbG

jha; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; Kd; kfd; tpidiag; nga;J $wpd; afu

<w;Wg; nghJ Kbgpd;gb ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

359. kfd;tpid fpsg;gpd; Kjy;epiy ,aw;Nw. (E}. 64)

v-L.: kfd;wha;f;fhyk;> nrU> jhH> gil vdtUk;.

afu <w;Wf;F NtnwhU KbG

ty;nyOj;jpndhL nky;nyOj;J kpf;F cwo;e;J KbAk; nkhopfSk;

rpy cz;L.

360. nky;nyOj;J cwOk; nkhopAkhH csNt. (E}. 65)

afu <w;Wr; nrhw;fspy; rpy ty;nyOj;NjhL nky;nyOj;J tug;ngw;W

cwo;e;J KbAk;.

v-L.: Nta;f;Fiw> Nta;q;Fiw

Nta;r;rpiw> Nta;Q;rpiw
Nta;j;jiy> Nta;e;jiy
Nta;g;Gwk; Nta;k;Gwk; - vd;gdtw;wpy; ty;nyOj;njhL
nky;nyOj;Jk; kpf;F cwo;e;J epd;wik fhz;f.
my;topapy; afu <W

afu <w;Wg; ngaHfs; vy;yhk; my;topf;fz; ,ay;ghFk;.

361. my;top vy;yhk; ,ay;G vd nkhopg. (E}. 66)

v-L.: eha;fbJ> eha;rpwpJ> eha;jPJ> eha;ngupJ.

 149

Ntw;Wikapy; ufu <W

ufu <w;Wg; ngaH Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;GzHr;rpf;fz; afu <w;Wg; ngaH

,ay;gpw;wha; ty;nyOj;J kpf;Fk;> ty;nyOj;jpndhL nky;nyOj;J kpf;F
cwo;e;Jk; KbAk;.

362. ufhu ,Wjp afhu ,aw;Nw. (E}. 67)

v-L.: NjHf;fhy;> NjHr;nryT> NjHj;jiy> NjHg;Gwk; - ty;nyOj;J kpf;fJ.

NtHf;Fiw NtHq;Fiw
NtHr;rpiw NtHQ;rpiw
NtHj;jiy NtHe;jiy
NtHg;Gwk; NtHk;Gwk; - vd;gjpy; ty;nyOj;jpndhL nky;nyOj;J
kpf;F cwo;e;J Kbe;jik fhz;f.

MH> ntjpH> rhH> gPH vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; KbGfs;

MH> ntjpH> rhH> gPH vd;Dk; ufu <w;W kug;ngaHfs; cz;ikngw

nky;nyOj;J kpFk;.

363. MUk; ntjpUk; rhUk; gPUk;

nky;nyOj;J kpFjy; nka;ngwj; Njhd;Wk;. (E}. 68)

,J ufu <w;W kug;ngaHfSf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: MHq;NfhL> ntjpHq;NfhL> rhHq;NfhL> gPHq;NfhL- ufu <w;W kug;ngaHfs;

nky;nyOj;J kpf;F te;jd.

rhH Kd; fho; tUk; ,lj;J KbG

rhH vd;Dk; kug;ngaH fho; vd;gjNdhL GzUkplj;J ty;nyOj;J

kpf;F KbAk;.

364. rhH vd; fpstp fho;tapd; typf;Fk;. (E}. 69)

v-L.: rhHf;fho;

gPH vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F NkYk; xU KbG

gPH vd;Dk; nrhy; nky;nyOj;Njad;wp mk;Kr;rhupiaAk; ngw;W

KbAk;.
365. gPH vd; fpstp mk;nkhL rptZk;. (E}. 70)
 150

v-L.: gPu;+NfhL=gPuq;NfhL> gPuQ;nrjpy;> gPue;Njhy;> gPuk;g+ - kug;ngaH.

gPu+
; Nfhb=gPuq;nfhb - nfhbg;ngaH.

Ntw;Wikapy; yfu <W

yfu <w;Wg; ngaHfs; Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;GzHr;rpf;fz; ty;nyOj;J

Kjy;nkhop tupd; dfu <WNghy wfukha;j; jpupe;J KbAk;.

366. yfhu ,Wjp dfhu ,aw;Nw. (E}. 71)

v-L.: fw;Fiw> fw;rpiw> fw;wiy> fw;Gwk;

new;Fiw> new;NrhW> new;wiy> new;Gwk; vdtUk;.

367. nky;nyOj;J ,iaapd; dfhuk; MFk;. (E}. 72)

yfu <w;Wg; ngaH nky;nyOj;J te;J Gzupd; dfukha;j; jpupe;J

KbAk;.

v-L.: fd;nQup> fd;Dsp> fd;Kup.

my;topapy; yfu <W

yfu <w;Wg;ngaHfs; vy;yhk; my;topf;fz; jpupG ty;nyOj;jpndhL

cwo;e;J KbAk;.

368. my;top vy;yhk; cwo; vd nkhopg. (E}. 73)

,J yfu <w;Wg; ngaH my;topf;fz; KbAkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: fy;FwpJ> fw;FwpJ
fy;rpwpJ> fw;FwpJ
fy;ngupJ fw;ngupJ – vd;gjpy; yfu <w;Wg;ngaH my;topf;fz;
cwo;e;J Kbe;J epw;wiyf; fhz;f.
yfu nka; Ma;jk; Mjy;

jfu Kjd;nkhop tUq;fhy; yfuk; cwohJ Ma;jkha;j; jpupe;J

epw;wYk; Fw;wkpd;W vd;gH GytH.

369. jfuk; tUtop Ma;jk; epiyaYk;

GfH ,d;W vd;kdhH GyikNahNu. (E}. 74)

v-L.: f/wPJ> fw;wPJ.

 151

nebiy aLj;J ,Wjpf;fz; epd;w yfuk; jpupG ty;nyOj;jpndhL

cwo;jYk; Ma;jkha;j; jpupjYkd;wp ,ay;gha; KbAk; nrhw;fSk; rpy cs
vd;gjhk;.

370. nebajd; ,Wjp ,ay;GkhH csNt. (E}. 75)

v-L.: ghy;fbJ> ghy;rpwpJ> ghy;ngupJ.

ney;> nry;> nfhy;> nrhy; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; Vw;Fk; KbGfs;

ney;> nry;> nfhy;> nrhy; vDk; ehd;F nrhw;fSk; ty;ypdk; tupd;

my;topf; fz;Zk;> Ntw;Wik Kbgpw;wha; yfuk; wfukha;j; jpupe;J KbAk;.

371. ney;Yk; nry;Yk; nfhy;Yk; nrhy;Yk;

my;yJ fpsg;gpDk; Ntw;Wik ,ay. (E}. 76)

v-L.: new;fbJ> new;rpwpJ> new;wPJ> new;ngupJ vdtUk;.

,y; vd;Dk; ,d;ik czHj;Jk; nrhy;

,y; vd;Dk; nrhy;> thOk; ,y;ypid czHj;jhJ> xU nghUspdJ

,y;yhikia czHj;jpd; Ifhuk; ,il tUjYk;> mJ te;jtop
ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbjYk;> Mfhur; rhupia ,iltUjYk;> mJ te;jtop
ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbjYk;> ,uz;Lk; thuhJ ,ay;gha; KbjYk;
nfhs;sj;jFk; Kiwikahd; KbghFk; ,lDilj;J.

372. ,y;vd; fpstp ,d;ik nrg;gpd;

ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk; x,il tUjYk;
,aw;if MjYk; Mfhuk; tUjYk;
nfhsj;jF kugpd; MF,ld; cilj;Nj. (E}. 77)

,y; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,d;ik vd;w nghUspy; te;jhy;> ty;nyOj;J

kpFjYk;> Iapil tUjYk;> ,aw;ifahjYk;> Mfhuk; ngw;W tUjYk;
cz;L.

v-L.: ,y;iyf;fy; - ty;nyOj;J kpf;fJ

,y;iyfy; - Iapil te;jJ
,y;fy; - ,ay;gha; te;jJ
,y;yhf;fy; - Mfhuk; ePz;L te;jJ
,NjNghd;W Rid> Jb> giw vdtUk;.
 152

ty; vd;Dk; nrhy;

373. ty;vd; fpstp njhopw;ngaH ,aw;Nw. (E}. 78)

ty; vd;Dk; nrhy; my;top> Ntw;Wik ,uz;ld;fz;Zk; Qfu <w;Wj;

njhopw;ngaupd; ,ay;gpw;wha; td;fzk; tu> cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk;
nkd;fzKk;> ,ilf;fzj;J tfuKk; tu cfuKk; ngw;W KbAk;.

v-L. ty;Yf;fbJ> rpwpJ> jPJ> ngupJ; Qhd;wJ> ePz;lJ> khz;lJ> typJ

vdTk;> ty;Yf;fLik> ty;Yr;rpWik> ty;Yj;jPik> ngUik> Qhw;rp>
ePl;rp> khl;rp> typik vdTk; tUk;.

NkYk; xU KbG

ty; vd;Dk; nghUs;Kd; eha;> gyif vDk; ,Unrhw;fSk;

tUq;fhyj;J my;top> Ntw;Wik ,UtopAk; Kd;ngw;W epd;w cfuk;> nflhJ
epw;wNy md;wpf; nfl;L KbjYk; cupj;J. cfuk; nfLq;fhy; mfuk; epiy
ngWk;.

374. ehAk; gifAk; t&ck; fhiy

Mtapd; cfuk; nfLjYk; cupj;Nj
cfuk; nfLtop mfuk; epiyAk;. (E}. 79)

,J eha;> gyif tUq;fhy; ty; vDk; nrhw;F va;jpajd;Nky;

rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: ty;+
; gyif=ty;Yg;gyif> ty;Yeha; vdtUk;.

g+y;> Nty;> My; vd;Dk; yfu <w;W kug;ngaHfs;

g+Yk;> NtYk;> MYkhfpa %d;W kug;ngaHf;fz;Zk; Ntw;Wikf;fz;

jpupgpd;wp mk;Kr;rhupia ,ilte;J KbAk;.

375. g+y;Nty; vd;wh My;vd; fpstpnahL

MKg; ngaHf;Fk; mk;,il tUNk. (E}. 80)

g+y;;> Nty;;> My; vd;Dk; kug;ngau;fs; Ntw;Wikapy; mk; rhupia

ngw;W KbAk;.

v-L.: g+yq;NfhL> Ntyq;NfhL> Myq;NfhL (My;+NfhL=Myq;NfhL)

vdtUk;.
 153

yfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH

yfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH vy;yhk; my;topf;fz;Zk;> Ntw;Wikf;

fz;Zk;> Qfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH ,ay;gpdtha; td;fzj;J cfuKk;>
ty;nyOj;Jk; nkd;fzKk; ,ilf;fzj;J tfuKk; tUq;fhy; cfuKk;
ngw;W KbAk;.

376. njhopw;ngaH vy;yhk; njhopw;ngaH ,ay. (E}. 81)

yfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngau;fs; my;topapYk; Ntw;WikapYk; gpw

njhopw;ngau;fs; Nghy cfuk; ngw;W KbAk;.

v-L.: fy;Yf;fbJ> fy;Yr;rpwpJ> fy;Yj;jPJ> fy;Yg;ngupJ - my;top

fy;Yf;fLik> fy;Yr;rpWik> fy;Yj;jPik> fy;Yg;ngUik - Ntw;Wik
- ,tw;Ws; td;fzk; tu ,UtopAk; cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk;
ngw;W Kbe;jJ.
fy;Y Qhd;wJ> fy;YePz;lJ> fy;Ykhz;lJ - my;top
fy;YQhw;rp> fy;YePl;rp> fy;Ykhl;rp - Ntw;Wik. nkd;fzk; tu
,UtopAk; cfuk; ngw;W Kbe;jJ mwpf.
fy;Y typJ - my;top
fy;Y typik - Ntw;Wik-,ilf;fzj;J tfuk; tu ,UtopAk; cfuk;
ngw;W Kbe;jJ mwpf.

ntapy; vd;Dk; nrhy;

377. ntapy; vd; fpstp kio,ay; epiyAk;. (E}. 82)

ntapy; vd;Dk; nrhy; kio vd;Dk; nrhy;ypidg;Nghy; mj;Jr;

rhupiaapidAk; ,d; rhupiaapidAk; ngw;W KbAk;.
v-L.: ntapyj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;>
ntapyj;Jr; nrd;whd;
ntapyj;Jj; je;jhd;
ntapyj;Jg; Nghdhd; - ntapy; vd;Dk; nrhy; mj;Jr;rhupia ngw;wJ.

ntapypw; nfhz;lhd;
ntapypw; nrd;whd;
ntapypw; we;jhd;
ntapypw; Nghapdhd; - ntapy; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,d; rhupia ngw;wJ.
 154

Ntw;Wikapy; yfu <W

Rl;nlOj;Jf;fis KjyhfTila tfu <w;Wg;ngaHfs; %d;Wk; cUG

GzHr;rpf;fz; $wpathW tw;Wr; rhupia ngw;W KbAk;.

378. Rl;L Kjy; Mfpa tfu ,Wjp

Kw;glf; fpse;j cUG,ay; epiyAk;. (E}. 83)

,J tfu <w;Wg;ngaHfs; ehd;fDs; Rl;L Kjyhfpa tfu <w;Wr;

nrhw;fs; %d;wDf;F Ntw;Wik KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: mtw;Wf;NfhL> mtw;Wr;nrtp> mtw;Wj;jiy> mtw;Wg;Gwk;- vd;gjpy;

mfur;Rl;bid Kjyhf cila tfu <w;Wg; ngaH tw;Wr; rhupia
ngw;wJ.

my;top KbG

Rl;L Kjyhfpa tfu <W my;topf;fz; td;fzk; tUq;fhy;

Ma;jkha;j; jpupe;J KbAk;.

379. Ntw;Wik my;top Ma;jk; MFk;. (E}. 84)

,J Rl;L Kjy; tfu <w;Wf;F my;top KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: m/fba> m/rpwpa> m/jPa> m/ngupa - td;fzk; tur; Rl;LKjy;

tfuk; Ma;jkha;j; jpupe;jJ.

NtW KbGfs;

Rl;L Kjyhfpa tfu <W my;topf;fz; nky;ypdk; tUq;fhy; mt;tk;

nky;nyOj;jha;j; jpupe;J KbAk;.

380. nky;nyOj;J ,iaapd; mt;vOj;J MFk;. (E}. 85)

,J Rl;LKjy; tfuk; nkd;fzj;NjhL GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: mQ;Qhz;> me;E}y;> mk;kzp - Rl;LKjy; tfuk; tUk; nky;ypdkha;j;

jpupe;jJ.

Rl;L Kjyhfpa tfu <W my;topf;fz; xope;j ,il> capHf;fzq;fs;

te;J GzUkhapd; jpupahJ ,ay;gha; KbAk; vd;gH njhy;yhrpupaH.

381. Vdit Gzupd; ,ay;Gvd nkhopg. (E}. 86)

,J Rl;LKjy; tfuk; ,il> capHf;fzq;fNshL GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

 155

v-L.: mt;aho;> mt;tl;L> mt;til> mt;thil vdtUk;.

tfu <w;W cupr;nrhy; KbG

382. Vid tfuk; njhopw;ngaH ,aw;Nw. (E}. 87)

xope;J epd;w cupr;nrhy;yPw;W tfuk; ,UtopAk;> Qfu <w;Wj;

njhopw;ngaH ,ay;gpw;wha; td;fzj;J cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk;> nkd;fzKk;
,ilf;fzj;J tfuKk; tUq;fhy; cfuKk; ngw;W KbAk;.

v-L.: njt;Tf;fbJ> rpwpJ> jPJ> ngupJ> Qhd;wJ> ePz;lJ> khz;lJ> typJ

vdTk;> njt;Tf;fLik> rpWik> jPik> ngUik> Qhw;rp> ePl;rp> khl;rp>
typik vdTk; tUk;.

Ntw;Wikapy; ofu ,Wjp

ofhu <w;Wg;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; td;fzk; tUq;fhy;> ufu <w;W

,ay;gpw;wha; ty;ypdk; kpf;F KbAk;.

383. ofhu ,Wjp afhu ,aw;Nw. (E}. 88)

,J ofhu <w;W Ntw;Wik KbG $Wjy; Ejypw;W.

ofu ,Wjpg;ngau;fs; Ntw;Wikapy; ufu <w;Wg;Nghy ty;ypdk; tu

ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.

v-L.: g+o;f;fhy;> g+o;r;rpwF> g+o;j;jiy> g+o;g;Gwk; vdtUk;.

jho; vd;Dk; nrhy;Kd; Nfhy; tupd; ngWk; KbG

jho; vd;Dk; nrhy;> Nfhy; vd;Dk; nrhy;nyhL GzUq;fhy;

ty;nyOj;J kpFjNyhL mf;Fr;rhupia ,ilNa tUjYk; cupj;jhFk;.

384. jho;vd; fpstp NfhnyhL Gzupd;

mf;F,il tUjy; cupj;Jk; MFk;. (E}. 89)

,J jho; vd;Dk; fpstpf;F va;jpajd;Nkw; rpwg;G tpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: jhof;Nfhy; vdtUk;.

jkpo; vd;Dk; nrhy; KbG

jkpo; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yk; jho; vd;Dk; nrhy;NyhL xUjd;ikj;jha;

ty;nyOj;J kpFjnyhL mf;Fr;rhupia ,ilNa tUjYk; cupj;jhFk;.
 156

385. jkpo;vd; fpstpAk; mjNdh uw;Nw. (E}. 90)

v-L.: jkpof;$j;J> jkpor;Nrup> jkpoj;Njhl;lk;> jkpog;gs;sp vdtUk;.

Fkpo; vd;Dk; kug;ngaH KbG

Fkpo; vd;Dk; nrhy; Fkpo;j;jy; vd;Dk; njhopiy czHj;jhJ

kuj;ij czHj;Jkhapd;> gPH vd;Dk; nrhy;NyhL xU jd;ikj;jha;
nky;nyOj;Njh mk;Kr; rhupiaNah ngw;W KbAk;.

386. Fkpo;vd; fpstp kug;ngaH Mapd;

gPHvd; fpstpnahL XH,aw;W MFk;. (E}. 91)

Fkpo; vd;Dk; nrhy; kug;ngauhfp te;jhy; mJ gPu; vd;Dk; kug;ngau;r;

nrhy; Nghy nky;nyOj;J kpf;Fk;> mk; rhupia ngw;Wk; KbAk;.

v-L.: Fkpo;q;NfhL> Fkpo;Q;nrjps;> Fkpo;e;Njhy;> Fkpo;k;g+ - vd;gjpy; Fkpo;

vd;Dk; kug;ngaH gPH vd;Dk; ngaHNghy nky;nyhw;W kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

Fkpoq;NfhL> FkpoQ;nrjps;> Fkpoe;Njhy;> Fkpok;g+ - vd;gjpy; Fkpo;

vd;Dk; nrhy; gPH vDk; nrhy;Nghy mk; rhupia ngw;W Kbe;jJ.

gho; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; KbG

gho; vd;Dk; nrhy; ty;nyOj;NjhL nky;nyOj;J cwo;e;J KbAk;.

387. gho; vd; fpstp nky;nyOj;J cwo;Nt. (E}. 92)

v-L.: gho;f;fpzW> gho;q;fpzW>

gho;r;Nrup> gho;Q;Nrup
gho;j;Njhl;lk;> gho;e;Njhl;lk;
gho;g;ghb> ghok;ghb - vdtUk;.

Vo; md; ngWjy;

Vo; vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngaH cUG GzHr;rpf;fz; $wpa ,ay;gpd;fz;

epiyngw;W md; rhupia ngw;W KbAk;.

388. Vo; vd; fpstp cUG ,ay; epiyAk;. (E}. 93)

,J Vo; vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngaHf;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Vod;fhak;> Vod;Rf;F> Vod;Njhiu> Vod;gaW vdtUk;.

 157

Vo; vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngaH Vw;Fk; KbGfs;

msTg;ngaUk;> epiwg;ngaUk;> vz;Zg;ngaUk; tUq;fhy;> Vo; vd;gjd;

nebyhfpa KjnyOj;Jf; FWFjYk;> ,Wjpf;fz; cfuk; tUjYk;>
njhy;yhrpupaHf;F ePf;Fk; epiyik ,d;W.

389. msTk; epiwAk; vz;Zk; tUtop

neLKjy; FWfYk; cfuk; tUjYk;
fbepiy ,d;Nw MrpaHf;f. (E}. 94)

Vo; vd;Dk; msTg;ngaUk;> epiwg;ngaUk;> vz;Zg;ngaUk; GzUk;

NghJ neLKjy; FWfp> mfuk; tUtJ jtpu;jypy;iy vd;gu; Mrpupau;.

v-L.: VOfyk;> VOrhb> VOJ}ij> VOghid vdTk;>

vOfoQ;R> vOnjhb> vOgyk;> vOg/J> vO%d;W vdTk;>
vOg/J> vO%d;W vdTk; tUk;.
VOk; gj;Jk; GzUk; epiy

neLKjy; FWfp cfuk; ngw;w VO vd;wjd; Kd; tUk; gj;J vDk;

nrhy;ypd; ,ilepd;w xw;Wf; nfLkplj;J Ma;jkhfpa Gs;sp epw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.

390. gj;Jvd; fpstp xw;W,il nfLtop

epw;wy; Ntz;Lk; Ma;jg; Gs;sp. (E}. 95)

VO vd;gjw;F vjpNu gj;J vd;w nrhy; te;jhy; gj;jpd; ,ilxw;W

kiwe;J Ma;jk; mt;tplj;jpy; epiyngWk;.

v-L.: VO+gj;J=vOg/J

VOk; MapuKk;

391. Mapuk; tUtop cfuk; nfLNk. (E}. 96)

neLKjy; FWfp cfuk; ngw;w vO vd;gjd; Kd; Mapuk; tUq;fhy;

Kd; ngw;Wepd;w cfuk; nfLk;.

v-L.: VO+Mapuk;=vohapuk;.

VOk; E}Wk;

392. E}W CHe;J t&ck; Mapuf;fpstpf;Ff;

$wpa neLKjy; FWf;fk; ,d;Nw. (E}. 97)
 158

E}W vDk; vz;zpid CHe;JtUk; Mapukhfpa nrhy;ypw;F Nkw;$wpa

Vod; neLKjw; FWf;fKk; cfug;NgWk; ,y;iy.

v-L.: VO+E}whapuk;=Vo;E}whapuk;.

Ngnuz;fs; tupd;

,J Vo; vd;gjd; Kd; jhkiu> nts;sk;> Mk;gy; vDk; vz;Zg;ngaHfs;

tUq;fhy; va;jpaJ KoikAk; tpyf;FfpwJ.

393. I mk; gy; vd t&ck; ,Wjp

my;ngaH vz;Zk; Mapay; epiyAk;. (E}. 98)

I vdTk;> mk; vdTk;> gy; vdTk; tUk; ,WjpfisAila

nghUl;ngaHfs; my;yhj jhkiu> nts;sk;> Mk;gy; vDk; vz;Zg;ngaHfs;
(Ngnuz;fs;) tUq;fhyj;Jk; Vod; neLKjy; FWf;fKk; cfug;NgWk; ,d;wp
epw;Fk;.

v-L.: VO+jhkiu=Vo;jhkiu> Vo;nts;sk;> Vohk;gy;.

NkYk; xU KbG

394. capHKd; tupDk; Mapay; jpupahJ. (E}. 99)

msTg;ngaUk; vz;Zg;ngaUkhfpa capHKjd; nkhopfs; tupDk; Vo;

vd;gJ neLKjy; FWf;fKk; cfug;NgWk; ,d;wpKbAk;.

v-L.: VO+mfy;=Vofy;> VOof;F> Vnohd;W> Vopuz;L> Vioe;J> VohW>

Vnol;L> Vnohd;gJ vdtUk;.

fPo; vd;Dk; nrhy;

fPo; vd;Dk; gz;gbr;nrhy; td;fzk; tUq;fhy; cwo;e;J KbAk;.

395. fPo;vd; fpstp cwoj; Njhd;Wk;. (E}. 100)

fPo; vd;Dk; nrhy; ,ay;ghfTk;> ty;nyOj;J kpf;Fk; KbAk;.

v-L.: fPo;Fsk;> fPo;f;Fsk;>
fPo;rhiy> fPo;r;rhiy
fPo;Njhl;lk;> fPo;j;Njhl;lk;
fPo;ghb> fPo;g;ghb - td;fzk; tuf; fPo; vd;gJ cwo;e;J Kbe;jJ.
 159

Ntw;Wikapy; sfu <W

sfu <W Ntw;Wikf;fz; td;fzk; tupd; zfu <w;W ,ay;gpw;wha;

lfukha;j; jpupe;J KbAk;.

396. sfhu ,Wjp zfhu ,aw;Nw. (E}. 101)

,J sfu <w;Wg;ngaH Ntw;Wikf;fz; td;fzj;NjhL KbAkhW

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: Ks;+Fiw=Kl;Fiw> Kl;rpiw> Kl;liy> Kl;Gwk; vdtUk;.

NkYk; xU KbG

sfu <W Ntw;Wikf;fz; nky;nyOj;J Kjy;nkhop te;jhy;

Kjy;nkhop tUnkhopaha; te;J nghUe;jpd; zfukha;j; jpupe;J KbAk;.

397. nky;nyOj;J ,iaapd; zfhuk; MFk;. (E}. 102)

v-L.: Ks;+nQup=Kz;nQup> Kz;Zdp> Kz;Kup vdtUk;.

my;topapy; sfu <W

sfu <W my;topf;fz; vy;yhk; lfukha;j; jpupe;Jk; jpupahJk; KbAk;.

398. my;top vy;yhk; cwo;vd nkhopg. (E}. 103)

my;topapy; sfhuk; jpupe;Jk; jpupahJk; tUk;.

v-L.: Ks;fbJ> Kl;fbJ>
Ks;rpwpJ> Kl;rpwpJ
Ks;ngupJ> Kl;ngupJ- sfuk; my;topf;fz; ty;ypdk; tu cwo;e;J
Kbe;jJ.
NkYk; xU KbG

jfu Kjd;nkhop tUq;fhyj;J sfuk; lfukha;j; jpupjNyhL

Ma;jkha;j; jpupe;J epw;wYk; epiyik ,d;W.

399. Ma;jk; epiyaYk; tiuepiy ,d;Nw

jfuk; t&ck; fhiyahd. (E}. 104)

jfuk; tUk;NghJ Ma;jkhfj; jpuptJk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $bajhFk;.

v-L.: Ks;+jPJ = K/BJ.

 160

NkYk; xU KbG

my;topf;fz; nebyPw;W sfuk; cwohJ> ,ay;gha; KbtdTk;

Ntw;Wik ,ay;gpdtha;j; jpupe;J KbtdTkhfpa nkhopfSk; rpy cs.
mtw;iw Vw;Wf;; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

400. nebajd; ,Wjp ,ay;G MFeTk;

Ntw;Wik my;top Ntw;Wik epiyaYk;
Nghw;wy; Ntz;Lk; nkhopAkhH csNt. (E}. 105)

ths;> Nfhs;> ehs; Nghd;w nel;nlOj;jpd; ,Wjpr; nrhw;fs; ,ay;ghFk;

vd;gjw;Nfw;g> my;topapYk; ,ay;ghfTk;> rpyNeuq;fspy; Ntw;Wik Nghd;W
jpupe;Jk; tUtJk; cz;L. ,tw;iw Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.

v-L.: ths;fbJ> ths;rpwpJ> ths;ngupJ vdtUk;.

ths;+
; fbJ = ths;fbJ vdTk; tUk;> thl;fbJ vdTk; tUk;
vd;gjid mwpf.
sfu <w;Wj;njhopw;ngaH

sfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH vy;yhk; my;topf;fz;Zk;> Ntw;Wikf;

fz;Zk; Qfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH ,ay;gpdtha; td;fzj;J cfuKk;>
ty;nyOj;Jk;> nkd;fzKk; ,ilf;fzj;J tfuKk; tu cfuKk; ngw;W
KbAk;.

401. njhopw;ngaH vy;yhk; njhopw;ngaH ,ay. (E}. 106)

v-L.: Js;Sf;fbJ> Js;Sr;rpwpJ> Js;Sj;jPJ> Js;Sg;ngupJ vdTk;.

Js;Sf;fLik> Js;Sr;rpWik> Js;Sj;jPik> Js;Sg;ngUik vdTk;
Js;S Qhd;wJ> Js;S ePz;lJ> Js;S khz;lJ vdTk;>
Js;S Qhw;rp> Js;SePl;rp> Js;Skhl;rp vdTk;
Js;S typJ> Js;Stypik vdTk; tUk;.
,Us; vd;Dk; nrhy;KbG

,Us; vd;Dk; nrhy; Ntw;Wikf;fz; ntapy; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd;

,ay;gpw;wha; mj;Jr;rhupiaapidAk;> ,d; rhupiaapidAk; ngw;W KbAk;.

402. ,Us; vd; fpstp ntapy;,ay; epiyAk;. (E}. 107)

,Us; vd;Dk; nrhy; ntapy; vd;w nrhy; Nghd;W mj;Jk;> ,d;Dk;

ngw;W KbAk;.
 161

v-L.: ,Usj;Jf;nfhz;lhd;> ,Usj;Jr;nrd;whd;>

,Usj;Jj;je;jhd;> ,Usj;Jg;Nghdhd; - vdTk;>
,Uspw;nfhz;lhd;> ,Uspw;nrd;whd;>
,Uspw;je;jhd;> ,Uspw;Nghapdhd; - vdTk; tUk;.
Gs;> ts; vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; KbGfs;

Gs;> ts; vd;Dk; ,Unrhw;fSk; my;top Ntw;Wik ,UtopAk; Qfu

<w;Wj; njhopw;ngaH ,ay;gpw;wha; td;fzj;J cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk;>
nkd;fzKk; ,ilf;fzj;J tUq;fhy; cfuKk; ngw;W KbAk;.

403. Gs;Sk; ts;Sk; njhopw;ngaH ,ay. (E}. 108)

Gs;> ts; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; njhopw;ngau; Nghy cfuk; ngw;Wk;

ty;nyOj;J kpf;Fk; KbAk;.

v-L.: Gs;Sf;fbJ> Gs;Sr;rpwpJ> Gs;Sj;jPJ> Gs;Sg;ngupJ vdTk;>

Gs;Sf;fLik> Gs;Sr;rpWik> Gs;Sj;jPik> Gs;Sg;ngUik vdTk;
Gs;S Qhd;wJ> Gs;S ePz;lJ> Gs;S khz;lJ vdTk;>
Gs;S Qhw;rp> Gs;S ePl;rp> Gs;S khl;rp vdTk;
Gs;S typJ> Gs;S typik vdTk; tUk;.

kf;fs; vd;Dk; nrhy;

kf;fs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w ngaHr;nrhy;ypd; <w;W sfuKk;> jf;f

,lkwpe;J jd; jpupG ty;nyhw;wha;j; jpupe;J KbjYk; cupj;J.

404. kf;fs; vd;Dk; ngaHr;nrhy; ,Wjp

jf;ftop mwpe;J typj;jYk; cupj;Nj. (E}. 109)

kf;fs; vd;Dk; ngau;epiyf;fpstp <W> jf;f ,lq;fspy; ty;nyhw;wha;

KbtJk; cz;L.

v-L.: kf;fl;if> kf;fl;nrtp> kf;fl;Gwk; vdTk;>

kf;fs; if> kf;fs;nrtp> kf;fs;Gwk; vdTk; tUk;.

Gwdil

mwpAkhW $wg;gl;l Gs;spaPWfs; vy;yhk; tUnkhopNahL GzUk;

,ay;gpd;fz; Nky; Kbj;j KbGfNs md;wp> tof;fpDs; fz;L
 162

Kbj;jw;Fupad Njhd;wpatop> mtw;iwAk; cupa KbGfisf; fUjpj;

jf;fthW Kbj;Jf; nfhs;f.

405. czuf; $wpa GzH,ay; kUq;fpd;

fz;L nraw;F cupait fz;zpdH nfhsNy. (E}. 110)

,J Gs;sp kaq;fpaypy; $whjtw;wpw;Fg; Gwdil $WfpwJ.

,t;tpaypy; epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bait

 nky;nyhw;W <Wfs;> my;top> Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rpfs;> Mz;> ngz;>

tpz;> vz; vd;Dk; zfu <w;Wr;nrhw;fs; GzHr;rp
 kfu <w;Wr;nrhw;fs; GzHr;rp
 Mapuk; vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngaHg; GzHr;rp
 vy;yhk; vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngaHg; GzHr;rp> kfuk; FWFk; ,lq;fs;
 dfu <w;Wg; ngaHfs; GzHjy;> ,ilnahw;W <Wfs;> ofu
<w;Wr;nrhw;fs; GzHjy;
 Ngnuz;fs; GzHjy;
 163

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

myF-4.1 capu; kaq;fpay;

FWtpdhf;fs;

1. tpidnaQ;Rfpstp – tpsf;fk; jUf.

2. ‘ePl tUjy; nra;ASs; chpj;Nj’ - tpsf;Ff.
3. ,ay;ghf KbAk; mfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; ahit?
4. kug;ngau; fpstp nky;nyOj;J kpFNk – nghUSiuf;f.
5. Md;Kd; t&ck; vfhu gfuk; - tpsf;fpAiuf;f.
6. ,d;wp vd;Dk; nganuQ;R fpstp’ nra;Aspy; ngWk; khw;wk; ahJ?
7. ehop Kd; cup – Gzupay; khw;wq;fis vLj;Jiuf;f.
8. fhyj;ij czu;j;Jk; gdp vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;Fupa rhupiafs; ahit?
9. tsp vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;Fupa rhupiafs; ahit?
10. gidKd; ml;L vd;gjw;Fupa rhupiafs; ahit?
11. ‘xfhu ,Wjp Vfhu ,aw;Nw’ – tpsf;Ff.
12. Ntl;if Kd;; mth - tpjpAiuf;f.
13. ,y;nyhL fpsg;gpd; ,aw;if ahFk; - nghUs; jUf.

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;

1. Rl;Lr;nrhw;fspy; xw;Wf;fs; ngWk; khw;wq;fs; ahit?

2. my;topapy; mfu <w;Wg;ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp – tpsf;Ff.
3. gy rpy Mfpatw;Wf;F chpa rpwg;Gg; Gzh;r;rp tpjpfs; ahit?
4. xw;Wkpfhj mfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; GzUkhw;iwj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.
5. Mfhu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; my;topapy; GzUk; jpwj;jpid vLj;Jiuf;f.
6. ,fu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wikapy; GzUkhw;iwj; njhFf;f.
7. Gsp> gdp vd;Dk; ngau; Vw;Fk; gy;NtW KbGfs; ahit?
8. ehl;ngau;> jpq;fl;ngau; ngWk; Gzu;r;rp khw;wq;fis tpsf;Ff.
9. vU> nrU vd;Dk; nrhw;fSf;Fupa Gzu;r;rp tpjpfis vLj;Jiuf;f.
10. g+ vd;Dk;; nrhw;fspd; Gzh;r;rpia tptupf;f.
11. kug;ngaupYk; tpyq;Fg; ngaupYk; Nr vd;Dk; nrhy; ngWk;
Gzu;r;rpfis vLj;Jiuf;f.
12. Ifhu <w;Wr; nrhw;fspd; Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisr; rhd;Wld; vLj;Jiuf;f.
13. xfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fspd; Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisj; njhFf;f.
 164

14. Xsfhu tPW my;topapYk; Ntw;WikapYk; vt;thW KbAk;?

15. ,ay;ghFk; mfu<w;Wr; nrhw;fspd; Gzu;r;rpfisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.

myF-4.2 Gs;sp kaq;fpay;

FWtpdhf;fs;

1. Gs;spkaq;fpay; ngah;f;fhuzk; ciuf;f.

2. ‘cau;jpizahapd; ,k; ,il tUNk’ – fUj;Jiuf;f.
3. ‘njhopw;nga nuy;yhe; njhopw;nga hpay’– tpsf;Ff.
4. <k;> fk;> cUk; vd;Dk; ngah;fs; GzUkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.
5. msT> epiwg;ngah;fspd; Gzh;r;rpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
6. Me;ij> G+e;ij vd;Dk; nrhw;fisg; gphpj;Jg; Gzh;r;rp tpjp $Wf.
7. ntapnyd; fpstp kioapay; epiyAk; - Rl;bAiuf;f.
8. vy;yhUk;> vy;yPUk;> jhk;> ehk;> ahk;> Ek; Mfpa kfutPw;Wg;
ngah;fspd; Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisg; Gyg;gLj;Jf.
9. kfutPw;W ehl;ngah;fs; Gzu;r;rpia vLj;Jiuf;f.
10. jkpnod; fpstpAk; mjNdh uw;Nw – Fwpg;G tiuf.
11. Fapd;> vfpd;> tapd;> kPd;> Njd; Mfpatw;wpw;Fhpa Gzh;r;rp tpjpfs;
ahit?
12. E}W}u;e;J t&ck; Mapuf; fpstpf;F ,yf;fzKiuf;f.

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;

1. zfu> sfu <w;Wg; Gzu;r;rpfis vLj;Jiuf;f.

2. Njd; vd;Dk; nrhy; GzUk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
3. Gs;spaPw;Wr; nrhw;fspd; Gzh;r;rpfis vLj;Jiuf;f.
4. kfutPw;Wg; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wikapy; GzUkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.
5. Ek; vd;Dk; ngauPW Ntw;WikapYk; my;topapYk; GzUk; jpwj;jpid
tpsf;Ff.
6. kfu <w;W tpuTg;ngah;fSf;Fk;> njhopw;ngah;fSf;Fk; cupa tpjpfis
vLj;Jiuf;f.
7. je;ij> kfd; Kjyhd cwTg;ngau;fspd; Gzu;r;rpfis tptupf;f.
8. Mu;> ntjpu;> rhu;> gPu; vd;Dk; nrhw;fspd; <Wfs; ngWk; khw;wq;fis
vLj;Jiuf;f.
 165

9. yfu <w;wpy; KbAk; nrhw;fSf;fhd Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisj; njspTWj;Jf.

10. ofhutPw;Wg; ngah;fs; my;topapy; Gzu;ifapy; epfOk; khw;wq;fisj;
njhFf;f.
 166

myF-5. Fw;wpaYfug; Gzupay;

Nehf;fk;

Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; ,ay;Gg;ngau;> Kiw> njhif mwpjy;> Fw;wpaypfuk; tUk;

Kiw mwpjy;> Fw;wpaYfug; nghJg;Gzu;r;rp> tpdh> Rl;L> jpirg;ngau;fs;
Gzu;r;rp khw;wq;fis mwpjy;.

Fw;Wfu vz;Zg; ngau;r;rp mwpjy;> vz;Zg;ngau;fs; Kd;du; msT>

epiwg;ngau;fs;> xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ> gj;J Kjy; E}W> E}W Kjy; Mapuk;>
xd;W Kjy; xd;ghd; nghUl;ngau;fs; Gzu;r;rp khw;wq;fis mwpjy;

Fw;wpaYfuq;fs; vy;yhk; nka;naOj;Jf;fspd; tpfhukhjyhDk;> Gs;sp

ngWjy; xg;GikahDk; ,t;tPw;Wg; GzHr;rpiag; Gs;spkaq;fpaypd; gpd;
itj;jhH MrpupaH.

Fw;wpaYfuk; nghUl;ngaNuhLk;> vz;Zg;ngaH Kjypatw;NwhLk;

GzUkhw;iw ,t;tpay; czHj;Jjypd; ,J Fw;wpaYfug; Gzupay; vdg;
ngaHngw;wJ.

,t;tpaypy; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd;tif> rhupia ngWtd> jpirg;ngaHfs;>

vz;Zg;ngaHfs;> nra;As;KbG> Gzupay;epiyapil czuj; Njhd;whjd>
Gwdil vd;Dk; gFjpfs; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Fw;wpaYfug; nghJg;Gzu;r;rp

,uz;nlOj;Jf;fshdha nebw;nwhlH nkhopAk;> capHj;njhlH nkhopAk;>

,ilj;njhlHnkhopAk;> Ma;jj;njhlH nkhopAk;> td;nwhlHnkhopAk;>
nkd;nwhlH nkhopAk; Mfpa MWnkhopfNs cfuk; FWfpf; Fw;wpaYfukhFk;
,lq;fshk;.

406. <HvOj;J xUnkhop capHj;njhlH ,ilj;njhlH

Ma;jj;njhlHnkhop td;nwhlH nkd;nwhlH
MapU %d;Nw cfuk; FWF ,ld;. (E}. 1)

,/J cfuk; FWFk; ,lj;jpw;Fg; ngaUk; KiwAk; njhifAk;

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: ehF> tuF> njs;F> v/F> ehf;F> Fuq;F vdtUk;.

 167

mtw;Ws; <nuhw;Wj; njhlHfs;

Nkw;$wpatw;Ws; <nuhw;Wfs; cw;wanyOj;Jfsha; njhlHe;J epw;Fk;

nkhopfs; ,ilj;njhlHf; Fw;Wfuq;fs; Mfh.

407. mtw;Ws;
<Hxw;Wj; njhlHnkhop ,ilj;njhlH Mfh. (E}. 2)

,/J mt;thwDs; xd;wDf; nfa;jpa Iaj;jpid tpyf;FfpwJ.

my;topg;GzHr;rpf;fz; $wpDk;> Ntw;Wikg;GzHr;rpf;fz; $wpDk; MW

<w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuq;fSk; epiwe;Nj epw;Fk;.

v-L.: <Hf;F> nkha;k;G vdtUk;.

,UtopAk; Fw;Wfuk; tUk; epiy

408. my;yJ fpsg;gpDk; Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk;

vy;yh ,WjpAk; cfuk; epiwAk;. (E}. 3)

nkhopkugpd;fz; Fw;wpaYfuk;> jd; miu khj;jpiuapw; FWFk; ,lDk;

cz;L ; ck;ikahd; FWfh ,lDk; cz;L vd;whH. mtw;Ws; FWfh ,lid
,e;E}w;ghthd; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whH njhy;fhg;gpaH.

v-L.: ehF fbJ> tuF fbJ> njs;F fbJ> v/F fbJ> Fuq;F fbJ -
my;topf;fz; jd; miukhj;jpiu mstha; epd;wJ.

ehF fLik> tuFfLik> njs;F fLik> v/F fLik> Fuq;F fLik

- Ntw;Wikf;fz; Fw;wpaYfuk; jd; miukhj;jpiu mstha; epd;wJ.

my;topf;fz;Zk;> Ntw;Wikf;fz;Zk; ty;nyhw;Wj; njhlHnkhopf;

Fw;wpaYfuk;> ty;ypd Kjd;nkhop Fwpj;JtU fpstpaha; tUkplj;J Kd;G
nkhopkugpd;fz; $wpathW jd; miukhj;jpiuapw; FWfpepw;Fk; ,ay;gpy;
epw;wYk; cupj;J.

NkYk; xU KbG

409. ty;nyhw;Wj; njhlHnkhop ty;nyOj;J tUtop

njhy;iy ,aw;if epiyaYk; cupj;Nj. (E}. 4)

nkhopkugpd;fz; njhlHnkhopf; Fw;wpaYfuk; jd; miukhj;jpiuapd;

FWFk; ,lKk; cz;L; FWfh ,lDk; cz;L vd;whH. mtw;Ws; FWFk;
,lid ,e;E}w;ghthd; tiuaWf;fpd;whH.
 168

v-L.: nfhf;Ff;fbJ - my;top

nfhf;Ff;fLik- Ntw;Wik

,UtopAk; td;nwhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk; ty;ypd Kjd;nkhop tuj; jd;

miukhj;jpiuapw; FWfpw;W.

Fw;wpaypfuk; tUk; epiy

my;topf;fz;Zk;> Ntw;Wikf;fz;Zk; afu Kjd;nkhop tUq;fhy;

MW <w;Wf; Fw;Wfukha vOj;J Kw;wj; Njhd;whJ; afu ,iaghd; te;j
,fuk; miu khj;jpiuaha;f; FWFk;.

410. afuk; tUtop ,fuk; FWFk;

cfuf; fpstp Jtuj; Njhd;whJ. (E}. 5)

,J nkhopkugpd;fz; $wpa njhlHnkhopf; Fw;wpaYfuk; GzHnkhopf;fz;

tUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: ehfpahJ> tufpahJ> njs;fpahJ> v/fpahJ> nfhf;fpahJ> Fuq;fpahJ -

my;topf;fz; afuk; tu mjd; ,iaghd; te;j ,fuk; FWfpw;W.

Fw;wpaYfug; nghJg;GzHr;rp

<nuOj; njhUnkhopahfpa nebw;nwhlHnkhopf; Fw;wpaYfuKk;>

capHj;njhlH nkhopf; Fw;wpaYfuKk; Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rpahapd; ,dkhfpa
xw;W ,ilf;fz; kpf;F epw;wyhd; ty;nyOj;J kpFjp ,Wjpapy; Njhd;wp
Kbjy; Ntz;Lk;.

411. <HvOj;J nkhopAk; capHj;njhlH nkhopAk;

Ntw;Wikahapd; xw;W,il ,dkpfj;
Njhw;wk; Ntz;Lk; ty;nyOj;J kpFjp. (E}. 6)

,/J MwPw;Wf; Fw;Wfuq;fSs; Kd;epd;w ,uz;lw;F Ntw;Wik KbG

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: ahl;Lf;fhy;> ghl;Lf;fhy; - nebw;nwhlH ,dxw;W ,ilkpf <w;wpy;

ty;nyhw;W kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

ahL+fhy;→ ahl;L+fhy;→ahl;Lf;fhy;

ghW+fhy;→ ghw;W+fhy;→ghw;Wf;fhy; vdtUk;.

jd;ndhw;W ,ilf;fz; kpf;F Kbahj nkhopfSk; rpy cs.

mg;gFjpf;fz; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbjy; ,y;iy.
 169

mjw;F NtW KbG

412. xw;W,il ,dk;kpfh nkhopAkhH csNt

mj;jpwj;J ,y;iy ty;nyOj;J kpfNy. (E}. 7)

,J ,d xw;W ,ilkpfhr; nrhw;fis tiuaWf;fpwJ.

gfl;Lf;fhy;> Kapw;Wf;fhy; - capHj;njhlH ,dxw;W ,ilkpf <w;wpy;

ty;nyhw;W kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

v-L.: ehFfhy;> ehFrpid> ehFjiy> ehFGwk;- cfu%He;j ffu <w;W

nebw;nwhlH ,ay;ghapw;W.

tuFfjpH> tuFrpid> tuFjiy> tuFGwk; - cfu%He;j ffu <w;W

capHj;njhlH ,ay;ghapw;W.

,ilj;njhlH> Ma;jj;njhlH

,ilapd xw;W <w;wanyOj;jha;j; njhlUk; Fw;wpaYfu <Wk;> Ma;j

vOj;J <w;wanyOj;jha;j; njhlUk; Fw;wpaYfu <Wk; Kw;$wpa ,ay;G
Kbgpid cilad vd;gH GytH.

413. ,ilnahw;Wj; njhlUk; Ma;jj; njhlUk;

eilMapay vd;kdhH GytH. (E}. 8)

,/J MwPw;Wf; Fw;Wfuq;fSs; ,ilf;fz; epd;w ,uz;lDf;F

Ntw;Wik KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: njs;Ffhy;> njs;Frpiw> njs;Fjiy> njs;FGwk; - ,ilj;njhlH

Ntw;Wikf;fz; td;fzk; tu ,ay;ghapw;W.

td;njhlH> nkd;njhlH

ty;ypdk; <w;nwOj;jha;j; njhlUk; Fw;wpaYfu <Wk;> nky;ypdk;

<w;nwOj;jha;j; njhlUk; Fw;wpaYfu <Wk; tUnkhopaha; te;j
ty;nyOj;jpdJ xw;W ,ilf;fz; kpf;F KbAk;. nky;nyhw;Wj;
njhlHnkhopf;fz; epd;w nky;ypd nka;fs; vy;yhk; ,Wjpf;fz; epd;w
ty;nyhw;iwAk; jd; fpisnahw;whAk; jpupAk;.

414. td;nwhlH nkhopAk; nkd;nwhlH nkhopAk;

te;j ty;nyOj;J xw;W ,il kpFNk
nky;nyhw;Wj; njhlHnkhop nky;nyhw;W vy;yhk;
ty;nyhw;W ,Wjp fpisxw;W MFk;. (E}. 9)
 170

,/J <wPw;Wf; Fw;Wfuq;fSs; ,Wjpf;fz; epd;w ,uz;lDf;F

Ntw;Wik KbG $WfpwJ.

Fw;wpaYfu <w;W kug;ngaHfs;

td;nwhlH> nkd;njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfu <w;W kug;ngaHfshfpa

nrhy;ypw;F tUk; rhupia mk; MFk;.

415. kug;ngaHf; fpstpf;F mk;Nk rhupia. (E}. 10)

,J Fw;wpaYfu <w;W kug;ngaHf;F va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: Njf;fq;NfhL> Njf;fQ;nrjps;> Njf;fe;Njhy;> Njf;fk;g+ - td;nwhlH mk;

rhupia ngw;wJ.

FUj;jq;NfhL> FUj;jQ;nrjps;> FUj;je;Njhy;> FUe;jk;g+-nkd;nwhlH

mk; rhupia ngw;wJ.
416. nky;nyhw;W typah kug;ngaUk; csNt. (E}. 11)

njhlHnkhopf; Fw;Wfu <w;way; nky;nyhw;W ty;nyhw;wha;j; jpupahJ

KbAk; kug;ngaHfSk; cs;sd.

v-L.: Ntg;gq;NfhL> Ntg;gQ;nrjps;> Ntg;ge;Njhy;> Ntg;gk;g+-mk; rhupia

ngWjNyhL <w;way; nky;nyhw;W ty;nyhw;wha;j; jpupe;jJ.

nebw;nwhlH> td;nwhlH

<nuOj;J nkhopahfpa nebw;nwhlUk;> ty;ypdk; <w;wanyOj;jha;j;

njhlUk; td;nwhlUk; mt;tpay; (,yf;fzk;) elf;Fk; nkhopf;fz; ,ilNa
mk;Kr; rhupia te;J Kbjw;F cupadTk; rpy cs.

417. <HvOj;J nkhopAk; ty;nyhw;Wj; njhlUk;

mk;,il tuw;Fk; cupait csNt
mk;kuG xOFk; nkhoptapdhd. (E}. 12)

v-L.: Vwq;Nfhs; - nebw;nwhlH mk; rhupia ngw;wJ.

tl;lk;NghH - td;nwhlH (tl;L) mk; rhupia ngw;wJ.

nkd;nwhlH nkhopfspy; rpy

nkd;nwhlH nky;nyhw;Wj; jd; epiy jpupahJ mf;Fr;rhupiaNahLk;

tUk; mg;gFg;G nkhopfSk; rpy cs;sd vd;gH MrpupaH.
 171

418. xw;Wepiy jpupahJ mf;nfhL t&ck;

mf;fpis nkhopAk; csvd nkhopg. (E}. 13)

v-L.: Fd;wf;$if> kd;wg;ngz;iz.

vz;Zg;ngaHfshfpa nrhw;fs; cUG GzHr;rpapd; ,ay;gpd;fz; epd;W

md; rhupia ngw;W KbAk;.

vz;Zg;ngau;

419. vz;Zg; ngaHf; fpstp cUG,ay; epiyAk;. (E}. 14)

,J kug;nganuhope;j nebw;nwhlH> td;nwhlH nkhopfs; mk; rhupia

ngWkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: xd;wd;fhak;> xd;wd;Rf;F> xd;wd;Nwhiu> xd;wd;gaW – vd;gjpy;

vz;Zg;ngaH nghUl;GzHr;rpf;fz; md; rhupia ngw;W epd;wik
fhz;f.

xd;wd;Qhz;> xd;wd;D}y;> xd;wd;kzp - nky;ypdk;

xd;wd;aho;> xd;wd;tl;L - ,ilapdk;

xd;wdil> xd;wdhL - capupdk;

vd;gjpy; ,ay;Gfzj;Jk; md; rhupia ngw;W epd;wik fhz;f.

Fw;wpaYfur; rpwg;Gg; GzHr;rp

tz;L> ngz;L vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;

,J nkd;nwhlH nkhopAs; rpytw;Wf;F va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp

$WfpwJ.

420. tz;Lk; ngz;Lk; ,d;ndhL rptZk; (E}. 15)

tz;L> ngz;L vDk; ,Unrhw;fSk;> ,d; rhupiaNahL nghUe;jp

KbAk;.

v-L.: tz;bd;fhy;> tz;bd;nrtp> tz;bd;wiy> tz;bd;Gwk; - vdpy; tz;L

,d; rhupia ngw;wJ.

ngz;L vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;F ,d;Nd md;wp md; rhupiaAk; ePf;fhH

MrpupaH.

421. ngz;L vd; fpstpf;F md;Dk; tiuahH. (E}. 16)

 172

v-L.: ngz;ld;if> ngz;ld;nrtp> ngz;ld;wiy> ngz;ld;Gwk; - vd;gjpy;

ngz;L vd;Dk; nrhy; md; rhupia ngw;wJ.

tpdhg;ngaH> Rl;Lg;ngaH

ahJ vd;Dk; tpdhg;ngaupd; <w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuKk;> Rl;L Kjyhfpa

Ma;jj; njhlHnkhop <w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuKk;> cUG GzHr;rp ,ay;gpd;fz;
epd;W md; rhupia ngw;W> Rl;L Kjyhfpa Ma;jg;ngaupd; Ma;jk; nfl;L
KbAk;.

422. ahJvd; ,WjpAk; Rl;LKjy; Mfpa

Ma;j ,WjpAk; cUG ,ay; epiyAk;. (E}. 17)

,J nebw;njhlUs; tpdhg;ngaHf;Fk;> Rl;LKjy; Ma;jg; ngaHf;Fk;

NtW KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: ahjd;NfhL> ahjd;nrtp> ahjd;wiy> ahjd;Gwk; - vd;gjpy; ahJ

vd;Dk; tpdhg;ngaH md; rhupia ngw;wJ.

mjd;NfhL> mjd;nrtp> mjd;wiy> mjd;Gwk; - vd;gjpy; Rl;L

Kjyhfpa Ma;jg;ngaH md; rhupia ngw;wJ.

my;topapy; Rl;Lg;ngaH

jdf;FKd; capH tUq;fhy; my;topf;fz; Rl;LKjyhfpa

Ma;jj;njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; Ma;jk; nflhJ epiyngw;W KbaNtz;Lk;.

423. Kd;capH tUk;,lj;J Ma;jg;Gs;sp

kd;dy; Ntz;Lk; my;topahd. (E}. 18)

,J Rl;L Kjyhfpa Ma;jg;ngaHKd; my;topf;fz; capHtUq;fhy;

KbAk; KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: m/jil> ,/jil> c/jil-jdf;FKd; capH tur; Rl;L Kjyhfpa

Ma;jj; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; Ma;jk; nflhJ epd;wJ.
424. VidKd; tupNd jhd;epiy ,d;Nw. (E}. 19)

Rl;LKjy; Ma;jj; njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd;Kd; capHf;fz;k;

xope;jit tupd; my;topf;fz; mt;tha;jk; nfl;L KbAk;.

v-L.: m/J+fbJ=mJ fbJ

,/J+fbJ=,J fbJ
m/J+jPJ=mJ jPJ
 173

m/J+ngupJ=mJ ngupJ - td;fzk; tu my;topf;fz; Rl;LKjyhfpa

Ma;jj;njhlHf; Fw;wpaYfu Ma;jk; nfl;L Kbe;jJ.
,ay;gha; Kbjy;

my;topiaf; $Wkplj;Jf; Fw;wpaYfu <w;Wnkhopfs; vy;yhk;

njhy;yhrpupaH njhd;Wnjhl;Lf; $wpte;j gz;gpdhy; ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

425. my;yJ fpsg;gpd; vy;yh nkhopAk;

nrhy;ypa gz;gpd; ,aw;if MFk;. (E}. 20)

v-L.: ehFfbJ> tuFfbJ> njs;FfbJ> v/F fbJ> Fuq;FfbJ - ,jpy;

td;nwhlH xope;jd@ ,ay;gha; Kbe;jd.

td;nwhlH

td;nwhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk; td;fzk; tUk;top ty;nyOj;J kpf;F

KbAk;.

426. ty;nyhw;Wj; njhlHnkhop ty;nyOj;J kpFNk. (E}. 21)

,J Fw;wpaYfu <WfSs; xd;wDf;F va;jpaJ tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: nfhf;Ff;fbJ> nfhf;Fr;rpwpJ> nfhf;Fj;jPJ> nfhf;Fg;ngupJ - ,jpy;

my;topf;fz; td;nwhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk; td;fzk; tu ty;nyOj;J
kpf;F Kbe;jJ.

Mq;F> ahq;F Kjypa nkd;nwhlH nkhopfs;

Rl;lhfpa rpid vOj;J ePz;l nkd;nwhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuKk;> ah tpdh

Kjyhfpa nkd;nwhlHf;Fw;wpaYfuKk;> ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbjyhfpa
mt;tpay;gpy; jpupahJ KbAk;.

427. Rl;Lrpid ePba nkd;nwhlH nkhopAk;

ahtpdh Kjypa nkd;nwhlH nkhopAk;
Mapay; jpupah ty;nyOj;J ,aw;if. (E}. 22)

,/J Vohk; Ntw;Wik ,lg;nghUs; czuepd;w nkd;nwhlHf;

Fw;wpaYfu <w;W ,ilr;nrhy; KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Mq;Ff;nfhz;lhd;
Mq;Fr;nrd;whd; - mfur;Rl;L ePz;l nkd;nwhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;
Mq;Fj;je;jhd; ty;nyOj;J kpf;fJ.
Mq;Fg;Nghapdhd;;
 174

ahq;F vd;gjw;F NkYk; xU KbG

428. ah tpdh nkhopNa ,ay;Gk; MFk;. (E}. 23)

Nkw;$wpatw;Ws; ah Kjyhfpa nkd;nwhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk;

ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ ,ay;ghAk; KbAk;.

v-L.: ahq;Fnfhz;lhd;> ahq;Fnrd;whd;> ahq;Fje;jhd;> ahq;FNghapdhd; -

ah tpdh Kjyhfpa nkd;nwhlHnkhop ,ay;ghapw;W.
429. me;ehy; nkhopAk; jk;epiy jpupah. (E}. 24)

Nkw;$wpa ehd;F nkhopfSk; jk; nky;nyOj;J epiyapdpd;Wk; jpupah.

cz;L vd;Dk; nrhy;

cz;L vd;Dk; nrhy; Fwpg;G tpidKw;whfhJ> cz;ikj; jd;ikia

czHj;jpd;> ty;ypd Kjd;nkhop tUq;fhyj;jpy; Kd;dpd;w <w;Wf;
Fw;wpaYfuk; jhD}He;j nka;nahLq;nfLjYk;> mjw;FNky; epd;w zfu xw;W
sfukha;j; jpupjYk; mk; Kiwik ,uz;lidAk; cupj;jhjYk; cilj;J.

430. cz;Lvd; fpstp cz;ik nrg;gpd;

Ke;ij ,Wjpnka; nahLk; nfLjYk;
Nky;epiy xw;Nw sfhuk; MjYk;
MKiw ,uz;Lk; cupikAk; cilj;Nj
ty;nyOj;J t&ck; fhiyahd. (E}. 25)

,/J cz;ikj;jd;ik nrg;Gk; nkd;nwhlHf; Fw;wpaYfuk; xd;wDf;F

NtWik KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: cs;nghUs;> cz;L nghUs; vdTk;> cz;L fhzk;> cz;L rhf;fhL>

cz;L jhkiu vdTk;> cz;L Qhz;> E}y;> kzp> aho;> tl;L> mil>
Mil> vdTk; tUk;.

jpirg;ngaH

,uz;L jpirfs; jk;kpw; Gzupd; V vd;Dk; rhupia ,ilf;fz; te;J

GzUk;.

431. ,Ujpir Gzupd;V ,il tUNk. (E}. 26)

,J Fw;wpaYfu <w;W jpirg;ngaHf;F my;top KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: tlf;F+njw;F→tlf;Nf njw;F> fpof;Nf Nkw;F vd tUk;.

 175

jpirg;ngaH Kd; jpirg;ngaH

ngUe;jpirfSf;F Ntwha Nfhzj;jpirfisf; $wpd; epWj;j

nrhy;ypd; <w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuKk;> m/J}He;j xw;Wk; nfl;L Kba Ntz;Lk;.
njw;F vd;Dk; jpirnahL GzUq;fhyj;jpy; cfuKk; m/J}He;j xw;Wk; nfl
epd;w wfuxw;Wj; jd; tbT jpupe;J dfu xw;wha; epw;Fk;.

432. jpupG NtWfpsg;gpd; xw;Wk; <fhuKk;

nfLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;kdhH GytH
xw;Wnka; jpupe;J dfhuk; MFk;
njw;nfhL GzUk; fhiyahd. (E}. 27)

,J Nfhzj;jpirfs; GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: tlf;F+fpof;F→tlfpof;F> tlNkw;F
njd;fpof;F> njd;Nkw;F vdtUk;.
Fw;wpaYfu vz;Zg; GzHr;rp

gj;Jld; vz;Zg;ngaH

gj;Jk; vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngaHKd; xd;W Kjyhf vl;L <whf cs;s

vy;yh vz;Zg;ngaHfSk; tupd; epWj;j nrhy;ypd; (gj;jpd;) <w;Wf;
Fw;wpaYfuk; jhD}He;j nka;nahLk; nfl;L KbAk; ,uz;L my;yhj vz;Zg;
ngaHfsplj;J Kba ,d; te;J NrUk;.

433. xd;WKjy; Mf vl;ld; ,Wjp

vy;yh vz;Zk; gj;jd; Kd;tupd;
Fw;wpaYfuk; nka;nahLk; nfLNk
Kw;w,d; t&ck; ,uz;L myq;filNa. (E}. 28)

epWj;j KiwahNd MW <w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuKk; czHj;jp>

vz;Zg;ngaHfis Kbf;fg; GFe;j MrpupaH> ,e;E}w;ghthd; gj;J vd;Dk;
vz;Zg;ngaNuhL xd;W Kjy; vl;L vz;fs; GzUkhw;iwf; $Wfpd;whH.

v-L.: gjpndhd;W = gj;J+xd;W

gjpd;%d;W = gj;J+%d;W
gjpdhd;F = gj;J+ehd;F
gjpide;J = gj;J+Ie;J
gjpdhW = gj;J+MW
gjpNdO = gj;J+VO
 176

gjpndl;L = gj;J+vl;L vdtUk;.

gj;jpd; Kd; ,uz;L

,uz;L tUq;fhyj;J <w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuk; nka;nahLk; nfl;L> epd;w

gj;jd; jfu xw;Wf; nfl> xw;W te;J ,ul;Ljy; nghUe;jpw;W vd;gH
njhy;yhrpupaH.

434. gj;jd; xw;Wf;nfl dfhuk; ,ul;ly;

xj;jJ vd;g ,uz;LtU fhiy. (E}. 29)

,J Nky; ,d; ngwhnjd tpyf;fpa ,uz;lw;F NtW KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: gj;J+,uz;L = gd;dpuz;L vdtUk;.

gj;jpd; Kd; Mapuk;

gj;jd; Kd;dH xd;W Kjyhapd md;wp> Mapuk; tupDk; <w;Wf;

Fw;wpaYfuKk; m/J}He;j nka;Ak; nfl;L ,d; ngw;W KbAk; ,ay;gpy;
jpupahJ.

435. Mapuk; tupDk; Mapay; jpupahJ. (E}. 30)

,J gj;jpd;Kd; Mapuj;jpw;F KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: gj;J+,d;+Mapuk; = gjpdhapuk;.

gj;jpd;Kd; epiwg;ngaH> msTg;ngaH

gj;jpd;Kd; epiwg;ngaUk; msTg;ngaUk; tUq;fhyj;Jk; mt;. ,d;

vd;Dk; rhupia jtwhJ te;JKbAk;.

436. epiwAk; msTk; t&ck; fhiyAk;

FiwahJ MFk; ,d;vd; rhupia. (E}. 31)

,J gj;jpd;Kd; tUk; epiw> msTg;ngaHfSf;F KbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: gjpd;foQ;R> gjpd;nwhb> gjpd;fyk;-epiwg;ngaH tu> gj;jd; <w;Wf;

Fw;wpaYfuk; nka;nahLq;nfl> ,d; rhupia ngw;W Kbe;jJ.
gjpd;fyk;> gjpd;rhb> gjpd;W}ij> gjpd;ghid> gjpdhop> gjpd;kz;il
gjpd;tl;by;> gjpd;fy;> gjpDof;F - msTg;ngaH tu> gj;jd; <w;Wf;
Fw;wpaYfuk;> nka;nahLk;nfl ,d; rhupia ngw;W Kbe;jJ.
 177

vz;Zg;ngaNuhL gj;J

xd;W Kjyha; xd;gJ <wha;r; nrhy;yg;gLk; vz;Zg;ngaHfs; Kd;

Fwpj;J tUfpstpaha; te;J epd;w gj;jdJ ,ilnahw;Wf;nfl> mt;tplj;J
Ma;jk; te;J epiyngWk; ,ay;gpid cilj;J vd;gH njhy;yhrpupaH.
MwdJ> <W my;yhjtplj;Jf; Fw;wpaYfuk; Nkw;$wpa ,ay;gpw;wha;
nka;nahLq;nfl;L KbAk;.

437. xd;WKjy; xd;ghd; ,Wjp Kd;dH

epd;w gj;jd; xw;Wf;nfl Ma;jk;
te;J,il epiyAk; ,aw;ifj;J vd;g
$wpa ,aw;if Fw;wpaYfuk;
Mwd; ,Wjp my;topahd. (E}. 32)

,/J xd;WKjy; xd;gJ vz;fSf;FKd; tUk; gj;Jg; GzUkhW

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: xUg/J> ,Ug/J vdtUk;.

mjd;fz; xd;W ,uz;L vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;

mtw;Ws; Kjw;fz; epd;w ,uz;L vz;fspd; dfu> zfu xw;Wf;fs;

ufu xw;wha;j; jpupe;J epw;Fk;. mt;tplj;J cfuk; tu Ntz;Lk;.

438. Kjy;<H vz;zpd; xw;W ufuk; MFk;;

cfuk; tUjy; Mtapdhd. (E}. 33)

,J xd;W> ,uz;L vDk; vz;fSf;F va;jpajd; Nky; rpwg;Gtpjp

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: xUg/J vd tUk;.

,uz;L vd;gjw;F kw;Wk; xU KbG

,uz;L vd;Dk; vz;zpw;F mJ nghUs; jUk; ,lj;J ,ilepd;w ufu

capHnka; elf;Fk; ,lkpd;wpf; nfLk;.

439. ,ilepiy ufuk; ,uz;Lvd; vz;zpw;F

eilkUq;F ,d;Nw> nghUs;tapdhd. (E}. 34)

,/J ,uz;L vd;Dk; vz;zpw;F va;jpajd;Nky; rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: ,Ug/J (,UgJ) vdtUk;.

 178

%d;W> MW vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;

%d;W> MW vd;Dk; <nuz;fSk; neLKjy; FWfp KbAk;. %d;whtJ

dfu xw;Wg; gfu xw;wha;j; jpupAk;.

440. %d;Wk; MWk; neLKjy; FWFk;. (E}. 35)

441. %d;wd; xw;Nw gfhuk; MFk;. (E}. 36)

,/J %d;W> MW vd;Dk; vz;fSf;F va;jpajd;Nky; rpwg;Gtpjp

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: Kg;g/J> (Kg;gJ); mWg/J (mWgJ)

ehd;F vd;Dk; nrhy;

ehd;fdJ xw;W wfu xw;wha;j; jpupe;J KbAk;.

442. ehd;fd; xw;Nw wfhuk; MFk;. (E}. 37)

,/J ehd;F vd;Dk; vz;zpw;F va;jpajd;Nky; rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: ehw;g/J> (ehw;gJ)

Ie;J vd;Dk; nrhy;

Ie;jdJ xw;W kfukha;j; jpupe;J KbAk;.

443. Ie;jd; xw;Nw kfhuk; MFk;. (E}. 38)

,/J Ie;J vd;Dk; vz;zpw;F va;jpajd;Nky; rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Ie;J+g/J→Ik;g/J (Ik;gJ) vdtUk;.

vl;L vd;Dk; nrhy;

vl;ldJ lfu xw;W zfu xw;wha;j; jpupe;J KbAk;.

444. vl;ld; xw;Nw zfhuk; MFk;. (E}. 39)

,/J vl;L vd;Dk; vz;zpw;F va;jpajd;Nky; rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: vz;g/J> (vz;gJ)

xd;gJ vd;Dk; nrhy;

epWj;j nrhy;yhfpa xd;gJ vd;Dk; vz;zpdJ xfuj;jpd;Nky; jfu

xw;W te;J epw;Fk;. xfuj;jpd;fPo; epd;w dfu xw;W zfu xw;wha;j; jpupe;J
 179

,ul;bj;J epw;Fk;. Fwpj;JtU fpstpahd g/J vDk; nrhy;> jd;fz; gfu

capH nka;Ak; Ma;jKk;nfl> Cfhukhfpa vOj;J Mz;L te;J epw;f
Ntz;Lk;; vQ;rpepd;w jfucfuj;jpd;fz; xw;whfpa jfuk; wfu xw;whFk;.

445. xd;ghd; xfukpirj; jfuk; xw;Wk;

Ke;ij xw;Nw zfhuk; ,ul;Lk;
g/J vd; fpstp Ma;j gfuk;nfl
epw;wy; Ntz;Lk;> vfhuf; fpstp
xw;wpa jfuk; wfuk; MFk;. (E}. 40)

,/J xd;gJ vd;Dk; vz;zpw;F va;jpajd;Nky; rpwg;Gtpjp $WfpwJ.

v-L.: njhz;Z}W

xd;gJ+gj;J=njhz;Z}W

msT> epiwg;ngaHfs;

xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ vz;fspd;Kd; mse;jwpAk; msTg;ngaUk;>

epWj;jwpAk; epiwg;ngaUk; te;J GzUq;fhyj;Jg; gj;J tUnkhopaha;
GzUq;fhyj;Jf; $wpa ,ay;gpdtha; KbAk;.

446. mse;J mwp fpstpAk; epiwapd; fpstpAk;

fpse;j ,ay Njhd;Wk; fhiy. (E}. 41)

,e;E}w;ghtpy; xd;WKjy; xd;gJ vz;fNshL gj;Jg; GzUkhW $wp>

,dp msT epiwg;ngaHfs; GzUkhW $Wfpd;whH.

v-L.: xUfyk;> xUrhb> xUJ}ij> xUghid- msT

xUehop> xU kz;il - msT
xUtl;b - msT
xU foQ;R> xUnjhb> xUgyk; - msT

,jpy; xd;W vd;gjNdhL msTg;ngaHfSk; epiwg;ngaHfSk; GzHe;jd.

%d;Wld; msitg; ngau;fs;

447. %d;wd; xw;Nw te;jJ xf;Fk;. (E}. 42)

Fw;wpaYfuk; nka;nahLk; nfl epd;w %d;wdJ dfu xw;W>

tUnkhopaha msT> epiwg;ngaHfspd; Kjypy;te;j xw;nwhL xj;j xw;wha;j;
jpupe;J KbAk;.

v-L.: Kf;fyk;. Kf;fyk;-%d;W+fyk;

 180

Ie;Jld; msitg; ngau;fs;

448. Ie;jd; xw;Nw nky;nyOj;J MFk;. (E}. 43)

Fw;wpaYfuk; nka;nahLk; nfl> epd;w Ie;jd; efu xw;W tUnkhopaha

msT epiwg;ngaHfspd; Kjw;fz; epd;w ty;nyOj;jpw;F ,dkha
nky;nyOj;jha;j; jpupe;J KbAk;.

v-L.: Iq;fyk;> IQ;rhb> Ie;J}ij> Ik;gyk; vdtUk;.

449. frjg Kjy;nkhop t&ck; fhiy. (E}. 44)

msT epiwg;ngaHfSf;F KjyhFk; vOj;Jf;fs; xd;gjDs;

td;fzkhfpa frjgf;fs; Kjd;nkhopaha; te;j fhyj;J %d;wd; xw;W te;j
xw;whAk;> Ie;jd; xw;W nky;nyOj;jhAk; jpupAk;.

v-L.: mWfyk;> mWrhb> mWJ}ij vdtUk;.

vl;L vd;Dk; nrhy;

450. ekt vd;Dk; %d;nwhL rptzp

mfuk; tupDk; vl;ld; Kd; ,ay;Ng. (E}. 45)

Fw;wpaYfuk; nka;nahLk;nfl> epd;w vl;ld;Kd; ek vd;Dk;

nky;nyOj;JfSk; t vd;Dk; ,ilnaOj;Jkhfpa %d;wndhL NrHe;J
mfukhfpa capnuOj;J tupDk; (cfuk; tupDk;) Kw;$wpa ,ay;gha;
KbAk;.

v-L.: vz;fyk;> vz;rhb> vz;ehop> ghid> J}ij> kz;il vdtUk;.

Ie;J> %d;W jpupG

451. Ie;Jk; %d;Wk; e k tUfhiy

te;jJ xf;Fk; xw;W ,ay;epiyNa. (E}. 46)

%d;W> Ie;J vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngaHfs; ,uz;Lk; efu> kfu Kjd;nkhop

tUq;fhyj;Jj; jq;fz; epd;w xw;Wf;fs; ,aYk; epiyikaf; $wpd;> te;j
xw;nwhL xj;j xw;wha; KbAk;.

v-L.: Ke;ehop> Kk;kz;il> Ie;ehop> Ik;kz;il vdtUk;.

 181

%d;wd; Kd; tfuk;

452. %d;wd; xw;Nw tfhuk; tUtop

Njhd;wpa tfhuj;J cUMFk;Nk. (E}. 47)

tfu Kjd;nkhop tUkplj;J %d;wdJ dfu xw;W> tUnkhopaha;

Njhd;wpa tfuj;jpdJ cUtha; KbAk;.

v-L.: Kt;tl;b vd tUk;.

ehd;fd; Kd; tfuk;

453. ehd;fd; xw;Wk; yfhuk; MFk;. (E}. 48)

ehd;fdJ dfu xw;W tfu Kjd;nkhop tUq;fhy; yfhukhFk;.

v-L.: ehy;tl;b vdtUk;.

Ie;jd; Kd; tfuk;

454. Ie;jd; xw;Nw Ke;ijaJ nfLNk. (E}. 49)

tfu Kjd;nkhop tUq;fhy; Ie;jd; Ke;ijajhfpa efu xw;Wf;nfl;L

KbAk;.

v-L.: Itl;b.

xU> ,U Kd; capH Kjd; nkhopfs;

vz;Zg;ngaHfspd; Kjw;fz; epd;w xd;W> ,uz;L vd;gdtw;wpd;

jpupghfpa xU> ,U vDk; <nuz;fspd;Kd; capHKjyhfpa msTg;ngaH
tUq;fhyj;J cfukhfpa vOj;Jf; nfLf. mt;ntz;fspd; Kjw;fz; epd;w
vOj;Jfs; ePz;L Kbf vd;W $WtH njhy;yhrpupaH.

455. Kjy;<H vz;zpd;Kd; capHtU fhiy

jty;vd nkhopg cfuf; fpstp
Kjy;epiy ePly; Mtapdhd. (E}. 50)

,/J xd;W> ,uz;L vDk; vz;fspd; Kd; capHKjy; msTg;ngaH

tUq;fhy; va;Jk; Kbgpidf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Xufy;> XUof;F> <ufy;> <Uof;F.

 182

%d;W> ehd;F> Ie;J Kd; capH Kjd;nkhopfs;

%d;W> ehd;F> Ie;J vDk; vz;Zg;ngaHfs; capHKjy; msTg;ngaH

tUq;fhyj;J Kd;G Njhd;wp Kbe;j tfuj;jpdJ ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

456. %d;Wk; ehd;Fk; Ie;Jvd; fpstpAk;

Njhd;wpa tfuj;J ,aw;if MFk;. (E}. 51)

,/J %d;W> ehd;F> Ie;J vDk; vz;fspd; Kd; capHKjy;

msTg;ngaH tUq;fhy; va;Jk; Kbgpidf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Kt;tfy;> Kt;Tof;F- %d;wd; xw;W tfukhapw;W.

ehyfy;> ehTof;F - ehd;fd; xd;W yfukhapw;W.

Iafy;> IAof;F - Ie;jd; xw;Wf;nfl;lJ.

%d;W vd;gjw;F NkYk; xU KbG

cof;F vd;Dk; nrhy; tUnkhopaha; toq;Fkplj;J> %d;wdJ

Kjw;fz; Kd;FWfp epd;w vOj;J ePz;L KbjYk; cupj;J.

457. %d;wd; Kjy;epiy ePlYk; cupj;Nj

cof;F vd; fpstp tof;fj;jhd. (E}. 52)

v-L.: %d;W+cof;F=%Tof;F.

MW vd;Dk; nrhy;

MW vd;Dk; nrhy;Kd; FWfpa KjnyOj;J ePz;L KbAk;.

458. MW vd;gjw;Fk; mk;KbNg

MW vd; fpstp Kjy; ePLk;Nk. (E}. 53)

,/J MW vDk; vz;zpd; Kd; capHKjy; msTg;ngaH tUq;fhy;

va;Jk; Kbgpidf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: Mwfy;> MWof;F vd tUk;.

xd;gJ vd;Dk; nrhy;

msT> epiwg;ngaHfs; tUq;fhy; xd;gjd; <w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuk;> jd;

tbTepiy jpupahJ> ,d; rhupia ngw;W Kbjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 183

459. xd;ghd; ,Wjp cUG epiy jpupahJ

,d;ngwy; Ntz;Lk; rhupia nkhopNa. (E}. 54)

,/J xd;gJ vDk; vz;zpd; Kd; capHKjy; msTg;ngaH tUq;fhy;

va;Jk; Kbgpidf; $WfpwJ.

v-L.: xd;gjpd;fyk;> xd;gjpd;rhb> xd;gjpd;W}ij> xd;gjpd;ghid>

xd;gjpdhop> xd;gjpd;kz;il
xd;gjpd;tl;b
xd;gjpwfy;> xd;gjpWof;F
xd;gjpd;foQ;R>
xd;gjpd;nwhb
xd;gjpd;gyk; vd msT> epiwg;ngaHfs; tu> xd;gJ jpupahJ> ,d;
rhupia ngw;wJ.

xd;W Kjy; xd;ghd; vz;fspd; Kd; E}W

xd;W Kjy; xd;ghd; vz;fspd; Kd; E}W vDk; vz;Zg;ngaH tupDk;

Kd; gj;J vd;gjNdhL GzUk;topf;$wpa ,ay;gpdtha; KbAk;.

460. xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ vz;fspd; Kd; E}W

E}WKd; tupDk; $wpa ,ay;Ng. (E}. 55)

,/J xd;WKjy; xd;ghd; vz;fNshL E}W GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: xd;W+E}W=xUE}W> ,UE}W> mWE}W> vz;Z}W vd tUk;.

mjd;fz; %d;W vd;Dk; nrhy;

E}W tUq;fhy; <w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuk; nka;nahLq;nfl> epd;w %d;wd;

dfu xw;W efu xw;wha;j; jpupAk;.

461. %d;wd; xw;Nw efhuk; MFk;. (E}. 56)

v-L.: %d;W+E}W=Ke;E}W vdtUk;.

ehd;F> Ie;J vd;Dk; nrhy;

462. ehd;Fk; Ie;Jk; xw;Wnka; jpupah. (E}. 57)

v-L.:ehd;F+E}W=ehD}W> Ie;J+E}W=IE}W vdtUk;.

 184

xd;gJ vd;Dk; nrhy;

xd;gjd;fz; Kjw;fz; epd;w xfuk;> Kd;G gj;J vd;gjNdhL

GzUq;fhy; $wpathWNghyj; jfuk; xw;wha; tu> mjid CHe;J epw;Fk;.
mt;nthfuj;jpd;Kd; epd;w dfu xw;W> sfukha;j; jpupe;J ,ul;b epw;Fk;.
tUnkhopahfpa E}W vd;Dk; nrhy; efukhfpa nka;naOj;Jf;nfl> mjid
CHe;J epd;w Ifhuk; Mfhukha;j; jpupAk; ,ay;gpid cilj;J.
mr;nrhy;ypil ,fuKk; ufu mfuKk; tUjy; Ntz;Lk;. <whfpa
Fw;wpaYfuj;jpidAk;> m/J}He;j nka;apidAk; nfLj;J> kfu xw;W te;J
epw;Fk; vd;gH GytH.

463. xd;ghd; Kjy;epiy Ke;J fpse;jw;Nw

Ke;ij xw;Nw dfhuk; ,ul;Lk;
E}W vd;fpstp efhuk; nka;nfl
vM MFk; ,aw;ifj;J vd;g
Mapil tUjy; ,fhu ufhuk;
<Wnka; nfLj;J kfhuk; xw;Wk;. (E}. 58)

,J khl;NlW Vyhj xd;gjDf;F NtWKbG $WfpwJ.

v-L.: xd;gJ+E}W=njhs;shapuk;.

njhs;shapuk;=xd;gJ+E}W→njhd;gJ+E}W→njhs;s;+E}W→njhs;s+;
IW→njhs;s;+MW→njhs;s;+M,uW→njhs;s+ ; M,uk;→njhs;shapuk;
vdtUk;.

xd;W ,uz;L Kd; Mapuk;

xd;WKjy; xd;gJ vz;fspd; Kd; Mapuk; tUq;fhyj;J> xd;W>

,uz;L vDk; Kjypuz;L vz;fspd; jpupG tbTfshfpa xU> ,U
vd;gdtw;wpd; cfuk; nfl;L KbAk;.

464. Mapuf; fpstp t&ck; fhiy

Kjy;<H vz;zpd; cfuk; nfLNk. (E}. 59)

xd;W Kjy; xd;ghd; vz;fspd; Kd;dH Mapuk; GzUkhW $Wthd;

njhlq;fp> Kjw;fz; KjyPnuz;fNshL GzUkhW $Wfpd;whH. ,/J
va;jpajd;Nkw; rpwg;Gtpjp.

v-L.: xuhapuk;> ,uhapuk; vd tUk;.

 185

xuhapuk;=xd;W+Mapuk;→xd;+Mapuk;→xH+Mapuk;→xU+Mapuk;→
xH+Mapuk;→xuhapuk;.

,uhapuk;=,uz;L+Mapuk;→,uz;+Mapuk;→,uH+Mapuk;→,uU+Mapuk;→
,U+Mapuk;→,H+Mapuk;→,uhapuk;
465. Kjy;epiy ePbDk; khdk; ,y;iy. (E}. 60)

xd;W> ,uz;L vDk; Kjypuz;L vz;fspd; tpfhu tbTfshfpa> xH>

,H vd;gdtw;wpd; Kjw;fz; epd;w xfu ,fuq;fs; ePz;L KbapDk; Fw;wk;
,y;iy.

v-L.: Xuhapuk;> <uhapuk; vd tUk;.

Xuhapuk;=xd;W+Mapuk;→xd;+Mapuk;→xH+Mapuk;→xU+Mapuk;→
xH+Mapuk;→xH+Mapuk;→Xuhapuk;.

<uhapuk;=,uz;L+Mapuk;→,uz;+Mapuk;→,uH+Mapuk;→,uU+Mapuk;→
,U+Mapuk;→,H+Mapuk;→<H+Mapuk;→<uhapuk;.

%d;W Kd; Mapuk;

466. %d;wd; xw;Nw tfhuk; MFk;. (E}. 61)

%d;W vd;gjd; tpfhu tbthfpa Kd; vd;gjd; dfu xw;W> Mapuk;

tUq;fhy; tfukha;j; jpupAk;.

v-L.: Kt;thapuk;.

Kt;thapuk;→%d;W+Mapuk;→Kd;+Mapuk;→Kd;+Mapuk;→Kt;thapuk;.

ehd;F Kd; Mapuk;

ehd;F vd;gjd; tpfhu tbthfpa ehd; vd;gjd; dfu xw;W Mapuk;

tUq;fhy; yfukha;j; jpupe;J KbAk;.

467. ehd;fd; xw;Nw yfhuk; MFk;. (E}. 62)

v-L.: ehyhapuk;.

ehyhapuk;→ehd;F+Mapuk;→ehd;+Mapuk;→ehd;+Mapuk;→
ehy;+Mapuk;→ehyhapuk;.
 186

Ie;J Kd; Mapuk;

Ie;J vd;gjd; tpfhu tbthfpa xe; vd;gjd; efu xw;W Mapuk;

tUq;fhy; afukha;j; jpupe;J KbAk;.

468. Ie;jd; xw;Nw afhuk; MFk;. (E}. 63)

v-L.: Iahapuk;.

Iahapuk;→Ie;J+Mapuk;→Ie;+Mapuk;→Ia;+Mapuk;→Iahapuk;.

MW Kd; Mapuk;

Mwd;fz; epd;w Fw;wpaYfuk; Mapuk; tUq;fhy; jhd; CHe;j <whfpa

wfunka; nflhJ epw;gj; jhd; nfl;L KbAk;.

469. Mwd; kUq;fpd; Fw;wpaYfuk;

<Wnka; xopaf; nfLjy; Ntz;Lk;. (E}. 64)

Mwd; jpupG mW vd;gjhFk;.

v-L.: MW+Mapuk;=mwhapuk; vd tUk;.

xd;gJ Kd; Mapuk;

xd;gjd; ,Wjpf;fz; epd;w Fw;wpaYfukhfpa tbT> jd;dpiy jpupe;J

nflhJ> rhupiaahk; kugpidAila ,d; ngw;W Kbjy; Ntz;Lk;.

470. xd;ghd; ,Wjp cUG epiy jpupahJ

,d;ngwy; Ntz;Lk; rhupia kuNg. (E}. 65)

,e;E}w;gh xd;gjNdhL Mapuk; GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.; xd;gjpdhapuk;.

xd;gjpdhapuk;→xd;gJ+Mapuk;→xd;gJ+,d;+Mapuk;→xd;gjpdhapuk;.

xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ vz;Kd; E}whapuk;

E}W vDk; milaLj;j Mapuk; (E}whapuk;) xd;WKjy; xd;gJ

vz;fspd; Kd; tUq;fhyj;J> mtw;Ws; Kjypy; epw;wiyAila xd;W vDk;
vz;> E}W vDk; vz;nzhL GzHe;j ,ay;ghd; KbAk;.

471. E}whapuk; Kd; t&ck; fhiy

E}wd; ,aw;if Kjy;epiyf; fpstp. (E}. 66)
 187

,J xd;WKjy; xd;ghd; vz;fNshL E}whapuk; GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: xUE}whapuk;> ,UE}whapuk;.

xUE}whapuk;→xd;W+E}whapuk;→xd;+E}whapuk;→xH+E}whapuk;→
xUE}whapuk;.

E}W Kd; xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ tiu

E}W vd;Dk; nrhy;> xd;WKjy; xd;gJ vz;fNshLk; GzUq;fhy;>

<w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuKk;> mmJ}He;j nka;ahfpa rpidAk; nflhNj epw;g>
mr;rpidf;F ,dkhfpa wfu xw;W kpFk;.

472. E}Wvd; fpstp xd;WKjy; xd;ghw;F

<Wrpid xopa ,dxw;W kpFNk. (E}. 67)

xd;W Kjy; xd;ghd; vz;fNshL E}W GzUkhW $wpa MrpupaH>

,e;E}w;ghthd; E}w;nwhL xd;WKjy; xd;gJ GzUkhW $Wfpd;whH.

v-L.: E}w;nwhd;W> E}w;iwe;J> E}w;whW> E}w;Nwo; vdtUk;.

E}WKd; xUgj;J Kjypad

473. mitCH gj;jpDk; mj;njhopw;W MFk;. (E}. 68)

E}w;nwhL xd;WKjy; xd;gJ GzUkhW $wpa MrpupaH> mit

gj;jDf;F milaha topAk; GzUkhW $WfpwhH.

E}W vd;Dk; nrhy;> xd;WKjy; xd;ghd;fis CHe;Jte;j gj;jndhL

GzUq;fhyj;Jk;> <w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuKk;> m/J}He;j nka;ahfpa rpidAk;
nflhNj epw;g> mr;rpidf;F ,dkhfpa wfu xw;W kpf;F KbAk;.

v-L.: E}w;nwhUg/J> E}w;wpUg/J> E}w;WKg;g/J vdtUk;.

E}W vd;gjd; Kd; msTg;ngaH> epiwg;ngaH

E}W vd;gjNdhL msTg;ngaUk;> epiwg;ngaUk; GzUq;fhy;> Kw;$wpa

,ay;gpd; jpupahJ> <w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuKk; m/J}He;j nka;Ak; nflhNj epw;g>
,d xw;W kpf;F KbAk;. Fw;wpaYfuj;jpdpay;Gk; ty;nyOj;jpdpay;Gk; Nky;
td;nwhlHf; Fw;wpaYfu <w;WKd; ty;ypd Kjd;nkhop tUtopf; $wpa
,ay;gpd vd;gH mwpQH.
 188

474. msTk; epiwAk; Mapay; jpupah

Fw;wpaYfuKk; ty;nyOj;J ,aw;ifAk;
Kd;fpse;jd;d vd;kdhH GytH. (E}. 69)

,J E}w;NwhL msT> epiwg;ngaHfs; GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: E}w;Wf;fyk;> E}w;Wr;rhb> E}w;Wj;J}ij> E}w;Wg;ghid.

E}w;Wehop> E}w;Wf;foQ;R> E}w;Wj;njhb> E}w;Wg;gyk; vdtUk;.

xUgj;J Kd; msTg;ngaH> epiwg;ngaH

xd;W Kjyhfpa vl;L vz;fis vHe;j gj;J vd;Dk; nrhy;> xd;W

Kjy; xd;ghd; vz;fSk; tUnkhopaha; tUq;fhyj;J> ,ilf;fz; epd;w
Ma;jk; nfl;L Kbjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mz;Lj; jd; xw;whfpa jfuk; kpf;F KbAk;

475. xd;W Kjy; Mfpa gj;J CH fpstp

xd;WKjy; xd;ghw;F xw;W,il kpFNk
epd;w Ma;jk; nfLjy; Ntz;Lk;. (E}. 70)

,/J xd;WKjy; vl;Bwhfpa vz;fis CHe;j gj;jndhL xd;WKjy;

xd;ghd; vz;fs; GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: xUgj;njhd;W> ,Ugj;njhd;W> Kg;gj;njhd;W vdtUk;.

xUgj;njhd;W=xUg/J+xd;W.

mtw;wpd;Kd; Mapuk;

xd;WKjy; vl;Bwhfpa vz;fis CHe;j gj;jd;Kd; Mapuk; tUq;fhy;>

,ilf;fz; tUk; rhupia ,d;dhFk;. mt;tplj;J Kw;$wpa jfu xw;W
,ilf;fz; kpf;F Kbjy; ,y;iy.

476. Mapuk; tupNd> ,d;Mk; rhupia

Mtapd; xw;W,il kpFjy; ,y;iy. (E}. 71)

,/J xd;WKjy; vl;Bwhfpa vz;fis CHe;j gj;jndhL Mapuk;

GzUq;fhy; va;jpaJ xUtop tpyf;fpg; gpwpJ tpjp tFf;fpwJ.

v-L.: xUgjpdhapuk;> ,Ugjpdhapuk;> Kg;gjpdhapuk; vdtUk;.

xUg/J+Mapuk;=xUgjpdhapuk;.
 189

mtw;wpd;Kd; msTg;ngaH> epiwg;ngaH

xd;W Kjyhfpa vl;L vz;fis CHe;j gj;jd;Kd; msTg;ngaUk;>

epiwg;ngaUk; tUq;fhy; Kd; Mapuj;NjhL GzHe;j ,ay;gpd; jpupahJ
KbAk;.

477. msTk; epiwAk; Mapay; jpupah. (E}. 72)

,/J xd;W Kjy; vl;Bwhfpa vz;fis vHe;j gj;jndhL

msTg;ngaUk;> epiwg;ngaUk;> GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: xUgjpd;fyk;> xUgjpd;rhb> xUgjpd;W}ij> xUgjpd;gid>

xUgjpdhop> xUgjpd;kz;il

xUgjpd; tl;b> xUgjpwfy;> xUgjpWof;F>

xUgjpd;foQ;R> xUgjpd;nwhb> xUgjpd;gyk;- ,tw;wpy; xd;W Kjy;

vl;L vz;fis CHe;j gj;jd;Kd; msT> epiwg;ngaHfs; tu ,d;
rhupia ngw;W> Ma;jk; nfl;L> jd;ndhw;W (jfuk;) kpfhJ Kbe;jik
fhz;f.

xd;W vd;Dk; vz; Kd; nghUl;ngaH

Kjdpiy vz;zhfpa xd;W vDk; vz;zpd;Kd; frjg vDk; ty;ypd

Kjd;nkhop tupDk;> Qek vDk; nky;ypd Kjd;nkhop tupDk;> at vDk;
,ilapd Kjd;nkhop tupDk; Kd;nga;jpa KbGepiy va;jp KbAk;.

478. Kjy;epiy vz;zpd;Kd; ty;nyOj;J tupDk;

Qekj; Njhd;wpDk; atte;J ,iaapDk;
Kjy;epiy ,aw;if vd;kdhH GytH. (E}. 73)

,/J xd;WKjy; xd;ghd; vz;fNshL nghUl;ngaHfs; GzUkhW

$WfpwJ.

v-L.: xUfy;> xUQhz;> xUahid

xURid xUE}y; xUtl;L
xUjb xUkzp
xUgid vd tUk;.
 190

capHKjd; nkhopAk; afu Kjd;nkhopAk; tUk; ,lj;Jg; ngWk; tpjp

mt;nthd;wd; jpupghfpa xU vDk; vz;zpd;fz; capH Kjd;nkhop

tUq;fhyj;Jk;> afu Kjd;nkhop tUq;fhyj;Jk; Kjw;fz; epd;w xfuk;
XfhukhFk;. ,Wjpf;fz; ufuj;JNky; epd;w cfuk; Kw;wf;nfl;L KbAk;.

479. mjd;epiy capHf;Fk; ahtU fhiy

Kjy;epiy xfuk;X MFk;Nk
ufuj;J cfuk; Jtuf; nfLNk. (E}. 74)

,/J xd;WKjy; xd;ghd;fNshL capHKjyhfpa nghUl;ngaH

KbAkhWk;> Nkw;$wpa afu Kjyha nghUl;ngaH NtWgl KbAkhWk;
$WfpwJ. cz;L xd;W> xUtpd; Nkw;W.

v-L.: Xuil> XnuO

Xuhil XNuL
Xupiy Xiuak;
XuP XnuhOq;F
XUuy; XNuhiy
X&ry; Xnustpak; - ,tw;wpy; capH Kjd;nkhop tu> xU
vd;gjd; Kjw;fz; epd;w xfuk;> Xfhukhfp
ufuj; Jfuk; nfl;L Kbe;jJ.

,uz;L Kjy; xd;gJ tiuAs;s vz;fspd; Kd; kh vd;Dk; nrhy;

,uz;L Kjy; xd;gjPwhfpa vz;fspd; Kd;dH tof;fpd;fz; msT>

epiw> vz; vDk; %d;wDf;Fk; cupajha; elf;Fk; kh vDk; nrhy;
tUkhapd; ,ay;gha; KbjNyhL kfuk; Kjyha kz;il vDk;
msTg;ngaNuhL xj;J> tpfhukha; Kbjw;Fk; cupadthFk;.

480. ,uz;L Kjy; xd;ghd; ,Wjp Kd;dH

toq;F ,ay; khvd; fpstp Njhd;wpd;
kfu msnthL epfuYk; cupj;Nj. (E}. 75)

,/J ,uz;L Kjy; xd;ghd; Kd;dH msT> epiw> vz; vDk;

%d;wDf;Fk; cupa kh GzUkhW $WfpwJ.

v-L.: ,uz;Lkh-,Ukh> vdTk;> %d;Wkh-Kk;kh vdTk; tUk;.

 191

mjpfhug; Gwdil

mk;kugpidAila nkhopf;fz; Njhd;wp> yfuk; vdTk;> dfuk; vdTk;

$wtUk; Gs;spaPw;Wr; nrhw;fspd; Kd; ck; rhupiaAk;> nfOr;rhupiaAk;
csg;glg;gpw rhupiafSk; nra;Al;fz; nrhw;fs; njhlUkplj;J Ntw;Wik
fUjpa nghUl;GzHr;rpf;fz; nghUs;ngw epw;Fk;.

481. ydvd t&ck; Gs;sp ,Wjp Kd;

ck;Kk; nfOTk; csg;glg; gpwTk;
md;d kugpd; nkhopapilj; Njhd;wp
nra;As; njhlHtapd; nka;ngw epiyAk;
Ntw;Wik Fwpj;j nghUs; tapdhd. (E}. 76)

,J yfu> dfu <w;Wr;nrhw;fs; nra;Al;fz; KbAkhW $WfpwJ.

glyg;Gwdil

capnuOj;JfSk;> nka;naOj;JfSk; ,Wjpaha; epw;f> Fwpg;gpd;

fz;Zk;> gz;gpd;fz;Zk;> ,irapd;fz;Zk; Njhd;wp xUnewpg;gl thuhj
Fiwr;nrhw;fshfpa cupr;nrhw;fSk;> caHjpizAk;> m/wpizAkhfpa
mt;tpuz;L jpizf;fz;Zk; csthfpa Ie;Jghy;fisAk; mwpatUk;
gz;Gj;njhif nkhopfSk;> nra;Ak;> nra;j vDk; nganur;rq;fspd; fhy
vOj;njhL xUNru elf;Fk; ck;Kk;> mfuKkhfpa <Wfs; njhf;F epw;Fk;
tpidj;njhif nkhopfAk;> jk; ,ay;gpidf; $Wkplj;Jj; jkf;FKd; jhNk
tUk; vz;Zg;ngaHfspd; njhFjpAk; csg;gl mj;jd;ikapdthfpa gpw
nrhw;fSk;> vy;yhk; tof;fpd;fz; kUtpele;j gFg;gpd. mjdhy;> epWj;j
nrhy;Yk; Fwpj;JtU fpstpAkha;g; GzUk; epiyikf;fz; mtw;wpd; KbGfs;
tpsq;fj;Njhd;wh epd;wthNw nfhs;sg;gLk;.

482. capUk; Gs;spAk; ,Wjp Mfpf;

Fwpg;gpDk; gz;gpDk; ,irapDk; Njhd;wp
newpg;gl thuhf; Fiwr;nrhw; fpstpAk;
caHjpiz m/wpiz MapU kUq;fpd;
xk;ghy; mwpAk; gz;GnjhF nkhopAk;
nra;Ak;> nra;j vd;Dk; fpstpapd;
nka;xUq;F ,aYk; njhopy;njhF nkhopAk;
jk;,ay; fpsg;gpd; jk;Kd; jhk;t&ck;
vz;zpd; njhFjp csg;glg; gpwTk;
md;dit vy;yhk; kUtpd; ghj;jpa
GzH,ay; epiyapil czuj; Njhd;wh. (E}. 77)
 192

,g;glyj;Js; GzHf;fg;glhj nrhw;fis ,J tpje;NjhJfpwJ

Kd; tpje;Njhjpd my;yhjd nra;Al;fz; jpupe;J KbtdTk;>
tof;fpd;fz; ,aYkplj;J kUTjNyhL jpupe;J KbtdTk;> Kw;$wpa
,ay;gpdpd;Wk; NtWglj; Njhd;Wkhapd;> ey;ywptpdJ Muha;r;rpahd;>
tof;fpd;fz; ,aYkplj;J mtw;wpd; KbG Ntw;Wikfis mwpe;J elj;Jf
vdf; $WtH GytH.

Gweil

483. fpse;j my;y nra;ASs; jpupeTk;

toq;F ,ay; kUq;fpd; kUnthL jpupeTk;
tpsk;gpa ,aw;ifapd; NtWglj; Njhd;wpd;
toq;F,ay; kUq;fpd; czHe;jdH xOf;fy;
ehd;kjp ehl;lj;J vd;kdhH GytH. (E}. 78)

,J tpje;Njhjpatw;whDk; kpifahDk; Kbahjdtw;iwnay;yhk;

,jdhNd Kbj;Jf;nfhs;f vdg;glyg; Gwdil $WfpwJ.

,t;tpaypy; epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;bait

 Fw;wpaYfug; nghJg;GzHr;rp> ,ilj;njhlH> Ma;jj;njhlH> td;njhlH>

nkd;njhlH> neby;njhlH GzHr;rpepiy
 kug;ngaH GzHr;rp
 vz;Zg;ngaHg; GzHr;rp> Fw;Wfur; rpwg;Gg; GzHr;rp
 tpdhg;ngaUk; Rl;Lg;ngaUk; GzHjy;> jpirg;ngaH GzHr;rp
 Fw;Wfu vz;Zg;GzHr;rp epiy> gj;jpd; Kd; ,uz;Lk;> MapuKk;>
vz;Zg;ngaNuhL gj;J ,lk;ngWk; epiy>
 xd;gJ njhz;Z}W Mjy;> vz;Zg;ngaHfs; Kd;dH msT>
epiwg;ngaHfs;> xd;gJ Kd; E}W njhs;shapukhjy;.
 vOj;jjpfhuj;jpy; GzHf;fg;glhj nrhw;fs;
 193

gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;

myF - 5. Fw;wpaYfug; Gzupay;

FWtpdhf;fs;

1. MapU %d;Nw cfuk; FWF,ld; - Fwpg;G tiuf.

2. Fw;wpaYfuk; Gzh;nkhopAs; vt;thW tUk;?
3. kug;ngah; Gzh;r;rpfisr; Rl;Lf.
4. %d;W vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngah; vt;ntt;thW GzUk;? Ie;J vd;Dk;
5. vz;Zg;ngah; vt;ntt;thW GzUk;?
6. gj;jpd; Kd; ,uz;L – Fwpg;Giuf;f.
7. gj;jpd; Kd; Mapuk; - nghUs; jUf.
8. njhz;Z}W> njhs;shapuk; Mfpa nrhw;fspd; Gzh;r;rpfis tpsf;Ff.
9. xUg/J Kjypatw;wpd; Kd; vz;Zg;ngau;fs; vt;thW tUk;?
10. tz;L> ngz;L vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; GzUk; epiyfis vLj;Jiuf;f.
11. E}W vd;w vz;Zg;ngah;> xd;W Kjyhd vz;Zg;ngah;fNshL
vt;ntt;thW GzUk;?
12. msT> epiwg;ngah;fs; E}W vd;w vz;Zg;ngaNuhL vt;thW GzUk;?
13. jpirg;ngau; Gzu;r;rpiar; Rl;Lf..
14. msT> epiwg;ngah;fspd; Gzh;r;rp ,ay;Gfis vOJf.
15. y> d vd;Dk; nka;aPWfspd; nra;As; KbG ahJ?
16. gj;jpd; Kd; Mapuk; ngWk; Gzu;r;rp khw;wj;ij tptupf;f.

fl;Liu tpdhf;fs;

1. Fw;wpaYfug; Gzupay; fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.

2. Fw;wpaYfug; nghJg;GzHr;rp Fwpj;J tpsf;fk; jUf.
2. Fw;wpaYfu <w;W kug;ngaHfs; GzUkhw;iwg; Gyg;gLj;Jf.
3. jpirg;ngaUld; jpirg;ngaH GzHr;rpapy; epfOk; khw;wq;fisg;
Gyg;gLj;Jf.
4. gj;Jld; vz;Zg;ngaHfs; GzHtjpy; epfOk; khw;wq;fisj;
njhFj;Jiuf;f.
5. gj;jpd;Kd; epiwg;ngaHfs;> msTg;ngaHfs; GzUk; khw;wq;fisg;
Gyg;gLj;Jf.
6. vz;Zg;ngaHfspd; GzHr;rptpjpfisg; Gyg;gLj;Jf.
 194

7. xd;W> ,uz;L Kd; Mapuk; GzHtjw;fhd GzHr;rp tpjpfisg;

Gyg;gLj;Jf.
8. njhz;Z}W vd;gjd; GzHr;rp tpjpapidg; Gyg;gLj;Jf.
9. njhs;shapuk; vd;gjd; GzHr;rp khw;wj;ijg; Gyg;gLj;Jf.
10. Gzh;r;rp tpfw;gq;fisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.
 195

ghlE}y; :

1. njhy;fhg;gpak;> vOj;jjpfhuk; (,sk;g+uzu; ciu> fof ntspaPL>

nrd;id> 1978

ghu;it E}y;fs; :

1. mutpe;jd;> K.it> ciuahrpupau;fs;> kzpthrfu; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id>

1989
2. Re;ju%u;j;jp> F. (g.M.)> njhy;fhg;gpak;> vOj;jjpfhuk;> ,sk;g+uzu; ciu>
mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> mz;zhkiyefu;> 1984
3. jkpoz;zy;> njhy;fhg;gpau;> rhfpj;a mfhnjkp> GJjpy;yp> 2009