Definition of Computer
• Computer is a programmable machine.
• Computer is a machine that manipulates data
according to a list of instructions.
• Computer is any device which aids humans in
performing various kinds of computations or
calculations.
Definition of Computer
Three principles characteristic of computer:
• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-
defined manner.
• It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
• It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of
data.
Earliest Computer
• Originally calculations were computed by humans,
whose job title was computers.
• These human computers were typically engaged in the
calculation of a mathematical expression.
• The calculations of this period were specialized and
expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics.
• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in
1613, referring to a person who carried out
calculations, or computations, and the word continued
to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th
century.
Napier's Bones . ffll-,, mMI~
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• Invented by John Napier in
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1614.
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• Allowed the operator to
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multiply, divide and ) .
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calculate square and cube 11•11 .• . .\•
roots by moving the rods John Napier
around and placing them in
specially constructed boards. I'
Napier's Bones
Slide Rule
• Invented by William Oughtred
in 1622.
• Is based on Napier's ideas
about l ogarithms.
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• Used primarily for
- multiplication Wi ll iam OughLred
- division
- roots
- logarithms
- Trigonometry
• Not norrmally used for addition
or subtraction. Sl ide Rule
Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in
1642.
• It was its limitation to addition
and subtraction.
• It is too expensive.
Blaise Pascal
Pa sca line
Stepped Reckoner
• Invented by Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add,
subtract, multiply and divide
automatically.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
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Stepped Reckoner
Jacquard Loom
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom,
invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
• It an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
Joseph-Marie Jacquard Jacquard Loom
Arithmometer
• A mechanical calculator invented
by Thomas de Colmar in 1820,
• The first reliable, useful and
commercially successful
calculating machine.
Thomas de Colmar
• The machine could perform the
four basic mathematic functions .
• The first mass-produced
calculating machine.
Arithmometer
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
• It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to
tabulate polynomial functions.
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
• It is the first mechanical computer.
Difference Analytical
Charles Babbage Engine Engine
First Computer Programmer
• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron
suggests to Babbage that he use
the binary system.
• She writes programs for the
Analytical Engine.
Augusta Ada Byron
Scheutzian Calculation Engine
• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in
1843.
• Based on Charles Babbage's
difference engine.
• The first printing calculator.
Per Georg Scheutz
Scheutzian Calculation Engine
Tabulating Machine
• Invented by Herman
Hollerith in 1890.
• To assist in summarizing
information and accounting .
Herman Hollerith
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Tabulating Machine
Havard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic
Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC).
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in
1943 Howard H. Aiken
• The first electro-mechanical
computer.
Mark 1
Z1
• The first programmable computer.
• Created by Konrad Zuse in
Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the 21 required that
the user insert punch tape into a
Konrad Zuse
punch tape reader and all output
was also generated through
punch tape.
21
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
• It was the first electronic digital computing device.
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and
graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State
University between 1939 and 1942.
Professor John Atanasoff Atanasoff-Berry Computer
ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Computer.
• It was the first electronic general-
purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper
Eckert and John W. Mauchl.
ENIAC
The First Portable Computer
• Osborne 1 - the first portable computer.
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer
Corporation.
Osborne 1
Computer Generations
There are five generations of computer:
• First generation - 1946 - 1958
• Second generation - 1959 - 1964
• Third generation - 1965 - 1970
• Fourth generation - 1971 - today
• Fifth generation - Today to future
The First Generation
• The first computers used vacuum
tubes for circuitry and magnetic
drums for memo ry, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms .
• They were very expensive to operate
and in addition to using a great deal of
electricity, generated a lot of heat,
which was often the cause of
malfunctions.
Vacuum tube
The First Generation
• First generation compu ters relied on machine
language, the lowest-level progra mming langua ge
understood by compu ters, to perfor m operations,
and they could only solve one proble m at a time.
• Input was based on punch ed cards and paper tape,
and output was displa yed on printouts.
The Second Generation
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
and ushered in the second generation
of computers.
• One transistor replaced the
equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.
• Allowing computers to become
smaller, faster, cheaper, more
energy-efficient and more reliable.
• Still generated a great deal of heat Transistor
that can damage the computer.
The Second Generation
• Second-generation computers moved from cryptic
binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly,
languages, which allowe,d programmers to specify
instructions in words.
• Second-generation computers still relied on punched
cards for input and printouts for output.
• These were also the first computers that stored their
instructions in their memory, which moved from a
magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
The Third Generation
• The development of the integrated
circuit was the hallmark of the third
generation of computers.
• Transistors were miniaturized and
placed on silicon chips, called I
semiconductors, which drastically
■
increased the speed and efficiency of
computers. I a
• Much smaller and cheaper compare Integrated Circuit
to the second generation computers.
• It could carry out instructions in
billionths of a second.
The Third Generation
• Users interacted with third generation computers
through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with
an operating system , which allowed the device to
run many different applications at one time with a
central program that monitored the memory.
• Computers for the first time became accessible to a
mass audience because they were smaller and
cheaper than their predecessors.
The Fourth Generation
• The microprocessor brought the
fourth generation of computers, as
thousands of integrated circuits
were built onto a single silicon chip.
• As these small computers became
more powerful, they could be linked
together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development
Microprocessor
of the Internet.
• Fourth generation computers also
saw the development of GU ls, the
mouse and handheld devices.
The Fifth Generation
• Based on Artificial Intelligence (Al).
• Still in development.
• The use of parallel processing and superconductors
is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
• The goal is to develop devices that respond to
natural language input and are capable of learning
and self-organization.
• There are some applications, such as voice
recognition , that are being used today.
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