1. Consider the specific heat capacity of the following metals.

–1 –1
Metal Specific heat capacity / J kg K
Cu 385
Ag 234
Au 130
Pt 134

Which metal will show the greatest temperature increase if 50 J of heat is supplied to a 0.001 kg
sample of each metal at the same initial temperature?

A. Cu

B. Ag

C. Au

D. Pt
(Total 1 mark)

2. Consider the following reactions.

1 12 Ө 1
S(s) + O2(g)  SO3(g) H = 395 kJ mol
1
Ө 1
SO2(s) + 2 O2(g)  SO3(g) H = 98 kJ mol

Ө –1
What is the H value (in kJ mol ) for the following reaction?

S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g)

A. –297

B. +297

C. – 493

D. +493
(Total 1 mark)

1
3. The following reaction is spontaneous only at temperatures above 850C.

CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Which combination is correct for this reaction at 1000C?

G H S
A. – – –
B. + + +
C. – + +
D. + – –
(Total 1 mark)

4. Which statement is correct for an endothermic reaction?

A. Bonds in the products are stronger than the bonds in the reactants.

B. Bonds in the reactants are stronger than the bonds in the products.

C. The enthalpy of the products is less than that of the reactants.

D. The reaction is spontaneous at low temperatures but becomes non-spontaneous at high

temperatures.
(Total 1 mark)

5. (a) Define the term average bond enthalpy.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2)

2
(b) Use the information from Table 10 in the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change
for the complete combustion of but-1-ene according to the following equation

C4H8(g)  4CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) Predict, giving a reason, how the enthalpy change for the complete combustion of but-2-
ene would compare with that of but-1-ene based on average bond enthalpies.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(1)

3
(d) The enthalpy level diagram for a certain reaction is shown below.

H R
E n th a lp y
e n th a lp y o f
re a c ta n ts
H P
e n th a lp y o f
p ro d u c ts

T im e

State and explain the relative stabilities of the reactants and products.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

4
6. Consider the following information.

Compound C6H6(l) CO2(g) H2O(l)

Ө –1
Hf / kJ mol +49 +394 –286

7 12
C6H6(l) + O2(g)  6CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Which expression gives the correct value of the standard enthalpy change of combustion for
–1
benzene (l), in kJ mol ?

A. 12(394) + (286) 2(49)

B. 12(394) + 6(286) 2(49)

C. 6(394) + 3(286)  (49)

D. 6(394) + 3(286)  (49)

(Total 1 mark)

7. Which equation represents the lattice enthalpy of magnesium oxide?

1
A. Mg(s) + 2 O2(g)  MgO(s)

2+ 2–
B. Mg (g) + O (g)  MgO(g)

1
2+
C. Mg (g) + 2 O2(g)  MgO(s)

2+ 2
D. Mg (g) + O (g)  MgO(s)
(Total 1 mark)

5
 Ө
8. (a) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation, Hf .
(2)

(b) (i) Use the information in the following table to calculate the enthalpy change for the
complete combustion of but-1-ene according to the following equation.

C4H8(g) + 6O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

Compound C4H8(g) CO2(g) H2O(g)

Ө –1
Hf / kJ mol +1 – 394 – 242
(3)

(ii) Deduce, giving a reason, whether the reactants or the products are more stable.
(2)

(iii) Predict, giving a reason, how the enthalpy change for the complete combustion of
but-2-ene would compare with that of but-1-ene based on average bond enthalpies.
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

9. According to the enthalpy level diagram below, what is the sign for H and what term is used to
refer to the reaction?

H re a c ta n ts

p ro d u c ts

re a c tio n p ro g re s s

H reaction
A. positive endothermic
B. negative exothermic
C. positive exothermic
D. negative endothermic
(Total 1 mark)

6
7
10. When 40 joules of heat are added to a sample of solid H2O at –16.0°C the temperature increases
to –8.0°C. What is the mass of the solid H2O sample?

–1 –1
[Specific heat capacity of H2O(s) = 2.0 J g K ]

A. 2.5 g

B. 5.0 g

C. 10 g

D. 160 g
(Total 1 mark)

Ө
11. The H values for the formation of two oxides of nitrogen are given below.

1
Ө –1
2 N2(g) + O2(g)  NO2(g) H = –57 kJ mol

Ө –1
N2(g) + 2O2(g)  N2O4(g) H = +9 kJ mol

Ө
Use these values to calculate H for the following reaction (in kJ):

2NO2(g)  N2O4(g)

A. –105

B. – 48

C. +66

D. +123
(Total 1 mark)

8
 Ө Ө
12. The H and S values for a reaction are both negative. What will happen to the spontaneity
of this reaction as the temperature is increased?

A. The reaction will become more spontaneous as the temperature is increased.

B. The reaction will become less spontaneous as the temperature is increased.

C. The reaction will remain spontaneous at all temperatures.

D. The reaction will remain non-spontaneous at any temperature.

(Total 1 mark)

13. The reaction between ethene and hydrogen gas is exothermic.

(i) Write an equation for this reaction.

(1)

(ii) Deduce the relative stabilities and energies of the reactants and products.
(2)

(iii) Explain, by referring to the bonds in the molecules, why the reaction is exothermic.
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Ө
14. (i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation, Hf .
(2)

Ө
(ii) Construct a simple enthalpy cycle and calculate the value of Hf (C2H5OH(l)) given the
following data.

Ө –1 Ө –1
Compound Hf / kJ mol ΔH comb/ kJ mol
H2O(l) –286
CO2(g) –394
C2H5OH(l) –1371
(5)
(Total 7 marks)

9
15. (i) Define the term average bond enthalpy.
(2)

(ii) The equation for the reaction of ethyne and hydrogen is:

C2H2(g) + 2H2(g)  C2H6(g)

Use information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to calculate the change in enthalpy for
the reaction.
(2)

(iii) State and explain the trend in the bond enthalpies of the C–Cl, C–Br and C–I bonds.
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

16. How much energy, in joules, is required to increase the temperature of 2.0 g of aluminium from
–1 –1
25 to 30°C? (Specific heat of Al = 0.90 J g K ).

A. 0.36

B. 4.5

C. 9.0

D. 54
(Total 1 mark)

17. Which combination is correct for a chemical reaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings?

Type of reaction ΔH at constant pressure

A. Exothermic Positive
B. Exothermic Negative
C. Endothermic Positive
D. Endothermic Negative
(Total 1 mark)

10
18. Using the equations below:

ο –1
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H = –394 kJ mol

ο –1
Mn(s) + O2(g) → MnO2(s) ∆H = –520 kJ mol

What is ∆H, in kJ, for the following reaction?

MnO2(s) + C(s) → Mn(s) + CO2(g)

A. 914

B. 126

C. –126

D. –914
(Total 1 mark)

11
19. The data below is from an experiment used to measure the enthalpy change for the combustion
of 1 mole of sucrose (common table sugar), C12H22O11(s). The time-temperature data was taken
from a data-logging software programme.

Mass of sample of sucrose, m = 0.4385 g

–1
Heat capacity of the system, Csystem = 10.114 kJ K

(a) Calculate ΔT, for the water, surrounding the chamber in the calorimeter.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

12
(b) Determine the amount, in moles, of sucrose.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) (i) Calculate the enthalpy change for the combustion of 1 mole of sucrose.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) Using Table 12 of the Data Booklet, calculate the percentage experimental error
based on the data used in this experiment.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

13
 (d) A hypothesis is suggested that TNT, 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, is a powerful
explosive because it has:

• a large enthalpy of combustion

• a high reaction rate
• a large volume of gas generated upon combustion

Use your answer in part (c)(i) and the following data to evaluate this hypothesis:

Equation for combustion Relative Enthalpy of

rate of combustion
–1
combustion / kJ mol
Sucrose C12H22O11(s) + 12O2(g)  12CO2(g) + 11H2O(g) Low
TNT 2C7H5N3O6(s)  7CO(g) + 7C(s) + 5H2O(g) + 3N2(g) High 3406

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

20. (a) Define the term average bond enthalpy.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

14
 (b) Use the information from Table 10 of the Data Booklet to calculate the enthalpy change
for the complete combustion of but-1-ene, according to the following equation.

C4H8(g) + 6O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

ο
21. Which reaction has the most negative ∆H value?

+ –
A. LiF(s) → Li (g) + F (g)

+ –
B. Li (g) + F (g) → LiF(s)

+ –
C. NaCl(s) → Na (g) + Cl (g)

+ –
D. Na (g) + Cl (g) → NaCl(s)
(Total 1 mark)

22. Which equation represents the electron affinity of calcium?

+ –
A. Ca(g) →Ca (g) + e

– –
B. Ca(g) →Ca (g) + e

– –
C. Ca(g) + e → Ca (g)

+ –
D. Ca (g) + e → Ca(g)
(Total 1 mark)

15
23. Which reaction causes a decrease in the entropy of the system?

A. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)

B. 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)

C. 2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g)

D. 2SO3(g) → 2SO2(g) + O2(g)

(Total 1 mark)

ο ο
24. What are the signs of ∆H and ∆S for a reaction that is non-spontaneous at low temperature but
spontaneous at high temperature?

ο ο
H S
A. – –
B. + –
C. – +
D. + +
(Total 1 mark)

25. Consider the following reaction:

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

(i) Suggest why this reaction is important for humanity.

(1)

(ii) Using the average bond enthalpy values in Table 10 of the Data Booklet, calculate the
standard enthalpy change for this reaction.
(4)

(iii) The absolute entropy values, S, at 238 K for N2(g), H2(g) and NH3(g) are 192, 131 and
–1 –1 ο ο
193 J K mol respectively. Calculate ∆S for the reaction and explain the sign of ∆S .
(2)

16
 ο
(iv) Calculate ∆G for the reaction at 238 K. State and explain whether the reaction is
spontaneous.
(3)

(v) If ammonia was produced as a liquid and not as a gas, state and explain the effect this
ο
would have on the value of ∆H for the reaction.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

26. (i) Define the terms lattice enthalpy and electron affinity.
(2)

(ii) Use the data in the following table and from the data booklet to construct the Born-Haber
cycle for sodium chloride, NaCl, and determine the lattice enthalpy of NaCl(s).

1
ο –1
Na(s) + 2 Cl2(g) → NaCl(g) ∆H = –411 kJ mol

ο –1
Na(s) → Na(g) ∆H = +108 kJ mol
(4)

(iii) Describe the structure of sodium chloride.

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

17