1

kd,ka o d úoHd,h - fld<U

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< úNd.h
12 jk fY%aKsh
ridhk úoHdj 2 jk tallh

ridhksl nkaOk - nyqjrK - A ldKavh

1. my; olajd we;s wKq hq.,hlg ks¾O%eùh fõo@

1& SO3 iy BF3 2& NF3 iy BCl3 3& SO3 iy PCl3
4& PCl3 iy NF3 5& BF3 iy PCl3

2. NO 2 whkhl we;s nkaOk bf,lafg%dak .Kk jkqfha"

1& 6 2& 17 3& 2 4& 6 5& 4

3. TeCl4 wKqfõ yevh"

1& ;%sfldaKdldr msróãh 2& wIaG;,Sh
3& iSfida 4& p;=ia;,Sh
5& iup;=ri% msróvh

4. (CH3)3N ixfhda.h ms<n

s | my; l=ula ksjerÈ f;dr;=re ,nd fohso@
N jgd bf,lafg%dak N jgd yevh N j, N - C nkaOk
cHdñ;sh uqyï
q lrKh ieleiau
1. p;=ia;,Sh p;=ia;,Sh sp3 sp3 - sp2
2. p;=ia;,Sh msróãh sp2 sp2 - sp3
3. msróãh msróãh sp3 sp3 - sp3
4. msróãh p;=ia;,Sh sp3 sp3 - sp3
5. p;=ia;,Sh msróãh sp3 sp3 - sp3

5. c,fha Tlaiscka Èh ù mej;Sug my; l=uk nkaOk m%fNaoh wkqj myod Èh yelso@
1& oaùO%ej - fm%aß; oaùO%ej nkaOk iy ,kavka n,
2& fm%aß; oaùO%ej - fm%aß; oaùO%ej nkaOk
3& yhsv%cka nkaOk
4& oaùO%ej - oaùO%ej nkaOk
5& whk - fm%aß; oaùO%ej nkaOk

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U
 2

6. SO42 whkfha yevhg ie,lsh hq;= ;rï fjkia yevhla we;s whkh $ wKqj jkqfha"

1& NH 4 2& BCl 4 3& SF4

4& S2O 32 5& CH4

7. XeOF4 wKqfõ yevh iy bf,lafg%dak hq., cHdñ;sh ms<f

s j,ska"
1& ;%sfldaKdldr oaùmsróvdldr iy wIag;,Sh fõ
2& iup;=ri% msróvdldr iy ;%sfldaKdldr oaùmsróvdldr fõ
3& ;%sfldaKdldr oaùmsróvdldr iy iup;=ri% msróvdldr fõ
4& wIag;,Sh iy iup;=ri% msróvdldr fõ
5& iup;=ri% msróvdldr iy wIag;,Sh fõ

8. SOCl2 ys s jgd bf,lafg%dak hq., cHdñ;sh iy wKqfõ ms<sfj,ska msyg

s d we;af;a my;
l=uk m%;spdrfhao@
1& p;=ia;,Sh" ;,Sh ;%sfldaKdldr
2& ;%sfldaKdldr msróãh" p;=ia;,Sh
3& ;,Sh ;%sfldaKdldr" ;,Sh ;%sfldaKdldr
4& p;=ia;,Sh" p;=ia;,Sh
5& p;=ia;,Sh" ;%sfldaKdldr msróãh

9. tlu ;,hl mrudKq y;rla fkdmj;skafka l=uk wKqfõo@

1& BF3 2& C2H2 3& PCl5
4& CH4 5& IF3

10. ixY=oaO øjHhl mej;sh yels wka;¾ wKql wdl¾YK n, úfYaIhla jkqfha"
1& whk - oaùO%ej wdl¾YK n,
2& whk - fm%aß; oaùO%ej wdl¾YK n,
3& oaùO%ej - fm%aß; oaùO%ej wdl¾YK n,
4& yhsv%cka nkaOk
5& by; lsisjla fkdfõ

11. PH3 ys nkaOk fldaKhg wdikaku nkaOk fldaKhla we;af;a"

1& NH3 2& H2S 3& H2O
4& CCl4 5& BF3

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U
 3

H H
12. H - aC - bC  cC - dC - eO - H hk ixfhda.h ms<sn| i;H jkafka"
H H
1& a, b, c, d yd e mrudKq tlu ir, f¾Ldjl msyg
s hs'
2& c mrudKqj jgd yevh f¾Çh fõ'
3& b, c, e mrudKq sp uqyï
q lrKhg ,laj we;'
4& cde fldaKh 120o ls'
5& cde mrudKq sp3 uqyï
q lrKhg ,laj mj;S'

13. whksl ixfhda. ms<n

s |j i;H m%ldYh jkafka"
1& >k yd øj ixfhda. úÿ,sh ikakhkh lrhs'
2& c,fha Èh l< úg tys mj;sk ip, bf,lafg%dak ksid úÿ,sh ikakhkh lrhs
3& ish¨u whksl ixfhda. c,fha fyd¢ka Èh fõ'
4& >k wjia:dfõ§ ip, whk fkdmj;S'
5& >k wjia:dfõ§ whk w;r ,kavka n, mj;S'

14. iudk bf,lafg%dak cHdñ;shla we;s wKq jkafka"

(a) NH3 (b) CCl4 (c) SO2 (d) BeCl2
1& (a) yd (d) muKs 2& (a) yd (b) muKs 3& (b) yd (d) muKs
4& (c) yd (d) muKs 5& (a) yd (c) muKs

O

15. HSO whkhg [ H - O - S - O ] we¢h yels ia:dhS iïm%hqla; jHqy ixLHdj jkqfha"
4

O
1& 1 2& 2 3& 3
4& 4 5& 5

16. C3H6O2 wKqfõ iels,s jHqy my; wdldr fõ'

H O H
(1) (2) (3)
H-C -C -O -C-H
H H

by; jHqyfha C(1) , C(2) f,i f,an,a lr we;s ldnka mrudKq fol yd O(3) f,i f,an,a
lr we;s Tlaiscka mrudKq wjg bf,lafg%dak hq., cHdñ;sh" yevh iy tu mrudKqj,
uqyï
q lrKh ms<f
s j,ska jkqfha"

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U
 4

C(1) C(2) O(3)

1& p;=ia;,Sh" p;=ia;,Sh" sp3 p;=ia;,Sh" ;,Sh p;=ia;,Sh" msróãh" sp3
;%sfldaKdldr" sp3
2& p;=ia;,Sh" msróãh" sp2 ;,Sh ;%sfldaKdldr" ;,Sh ;,Sh ;%sfldaKdldr"
;%sfldaKdldr" sp2 fldaKsl" sp2
3& p;=ia;,Sh" p;=ia;,Sh" sp3 ;,Sh ;%sfldaKdldr" ;,Sh p;=ia;,Sh" fldaKsl"
;%sfldaKdldr" sp2 sp3
4& p;=ia;,Sh" msróãh" sp3 ;,Sh ;%sfldaKdldr" ;,Sh p;=ia;,Sh" fldaKsl"
;%sfldaKdldr" sp2 sp3
5& p;=ia;,Sh" p;=ia;,Sh" sp3 ;,Sh ;%sfldaKdldr" fldaKsl" p;=ia;,Sh"
p;=ia;,Sh" sp2 sp3

17. propyne wKqj iïnkaOfhka wi;H m%ldYh jkqfha"

1& propyne ys C mrudKq ish,a, tlu f¾Ldjl mj;S'
2& propyne ys C mrudKq ish,a, sp uqyï
q lrKfha mj;S'
3& propyne ys ish¨ C - C nkaOk È. iudk fkdfõ'
4& propyne ys C - C - C nkaOk fldaKh 180o ls'
5& propyne ys C mrudKq ish,a, yd tla H mrudKqjla tlu ;,hl mj;S'

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U
 5

C ldKavfha m%Yak

Wmfoia (
tla tla m%Yakh i|yd m%ldY fol ne.ska bÈßm;a lr we;' tu m%ldY hq.,hg fyd¢kau
.e,fmkqfha my; j.=fõ ±lafjk mßÈ (1) (2) (3) (4) yd (5) hk m%;spdrj,ska ljr m%;spdrh
±hs f;dard W;a;r m;%fhys WÑ; f,i ,l=Kq lrkak'

m%;spdrh m<uqjeks j.ka;sh fojeks j.ka;sh

(1) i;Hh i;H jk w;r m<uqjekak ksjerÈj myod fohs
(2) i;Hh i;H jk kuq;a m<uqjekak ksjerÈj myod fkdfohs
(3) i;Hh wi;Hhhs
(4) wi;Hhhs i;Hh
(5) wi;Hhhs wi;Hhhs

m<uq j.ka;sh fojk j.ka;sh

1. CH3CHBrCl wKqfõ nkaOk fldaK ish,a, tys iEu C mrudKqjlu sp3 uqyqïlrKh ù
i¾jiu fõ' we;'
2. ICl 4 whkh p;=ia;,Sh fõ' ICl 4 ys whãka mrudKqj jgd úl¾Il tall
yhla we;'
3. NO 3 whkfha N - O nkaOk ;=k È.ska NO 3 whkh i|yd iïm%hqla; jHqy ;=kla
iudkh' we¢h yel'
4. uOH mrudKqj jgd nkaOk bf,lafg%dak iudk yev iys; wKqj, uOH mrudKqj
hq.,a cHdñ;shla we;s wKq foflau jgd bf,lafg%dak hq.,a cHdñ;sh iudk fõ'
iEuúgu iudk yev we;'

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U
 6

jHqy.; rpkd - A ldKavh

01. a) N2O3 wKqj i|yd iels,s igyk my; § we;'

O
O N1 N2 O

i) § we;s iels,a, mokï lr .ksñka wKqj i|yd iïm%hl

q a; jHqy w¢kak'

A B C

ii) wKqj i|yd WÑ; ¨úia jHqyh w¢kak'

iii) N1 yd N2 mrudKq weiqfrka my; § we;s j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

uqyï
q lrKh bf,lafg%dak hq., cHdñ;sh yevh
N1

N2

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U
 7

02. my; olajd we;af;a C3H5ON wKqjl iels,a,ls'

O H
C1 C2 C3 N
H H
H H

i) fuys jvd;au ms<s.; yels ¨úia jHqyh w¢kak'

ii) fuu wKqj i|yd iïm%hl

q a; jHqy folla w¢kak'

iii) my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

C1 C2 C3 N
1& bf,lafg%dak hq., cHdñ;sh

2& mrudKqj jgd we;s yevh

3& mrudKqfõ uqyï

q lrKh

iv) by; (i) jHqyfha  nkaOk iE§u i|yd iyNd.S jk mrudKql ldCIsl $ uqyï
q
ldCIsl y÷kd.kak'
1& C1 - C2 ; C1 ____________ C2 _____________
2& C2 - C3 ; C2 ____________ C3 _____________
3& C3 - N ; C3 ____________ N _____________

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U
 8

03. HN3 wKqj iïnkaOfhka (i) isg (iv) f;la fldgia i|yd ms<s;=re imhkak' tys iels,a,
my; § we;'

H N1 N2 N3

i) fuu wKqj i|yd jvd;a ms<s.; yels ¨úia jHqyh w¢kak'

ii) fuu wKqj i|yd b;sß iïm%hl

q a; jHqy fol w¢kak' tajdfha ia:dhS;dj ms<sn| woyia
olajkak'

iii) ia:dhS ¨úia jHqyh weiqfrka my; ±lafjk j.=j mqrjkak'

N1 mrudKqj N2 mrudKqj
bf,lafg%dak hq., cHdñ;sh
yevh
uqyï
q lrKh

iv) by; (i) fldgfiys w¢k ,o ¨úia jHqyfhys my; olajd we;s nkaOk iE§u i|yd
iyNd.S jk mrudKq $ uqyï
q ldCIsl y÷kd.kak'
a) N1 yd N2 w;r '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
b) N1 yd H w;r '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U
 9

04. N3H4O+ whkfha mrudKql iels,a, my; ±lafõ'

O O H
H Na Nb Nc H
i) by; whkh i|yd jvd;a ms<s.; yels ¨úia jHqyh w¢kak'

ii) by; whkh i|yd we¢h yels ;j;a iïm%hl

q a; jHqy w¢kak'

iii) by; (i) yd (iii) ys w¢k ,o jHqy 1" 2" 3 f,i kï lr tajdfha ia:dhS;djhka
wdfrdayKh jk wkqms<f
s j,g tu wxl ,shd olajkak'
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

iv) Tfí ms<s;=rg fya;= olajkak'

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

v) by; (i) ys jHqyh i,ld my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

mrudKqj ixhqc;dj TlaislrK mrudKqj jgd uqyï
q lrKh yevh
wxlh bf,lafg%dak hq.,
cHdñ;sh
Na
Nb
Nc
O

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U
 10

05. a) tla;rd ixfhda.hla i|yd YsIHfhla bÈßm;a l< iïm%hl

q a; jHqy w;ßka tlla my;
±lafõ'

+ - -

: :
: :
:O  C N O:

i) by; jHqyh wia:dhS ùu i|yd fya;= folla olajkak'

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

ii) fï i|yd ms<s.; yels ¨úia jHqyhla fokak'

iii) fï i|yd ±laúh yels iïm%hl

q a; jHqy folla bÈßm;a lrkak'

iv) fuu ixfhda.fha C yd N mrudKq ms<n

s | my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
C N
bf,lafg%dak cHdñ;sh
yevh
uqyï
q lrKh

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U
 11

b) my; § we;s ixfhda. i|yd

i) oaùO%ej >Q¾Kh - Y=kH w.hla we;'
ii) m%d:ñl wka;¾ l%shd - O%eùh iyixhqc" ks¾O%eùh iyixhqc
iii) oaú;Shl
s wka;¾ l%shd - ,kavka n,
whk - oaùO%ej nkaOk
oaùO%ej - fm%aß; oaùO%ej nkaOk
yhsv%cka nkaOk

ixfhda.h oaùO%ej >Q¾Kh m%d:ñl wka;¾ l%shd oaú;Sl wka;¾ l%shd

CCl4(l)
NH3(g)
CH3OH(l)
O2(aq)

06. a) i) mrudKql l%udxlh 26 jk 'X' uQ,øjHfha iïmQ¾K bf,lafg%dak úkHdih

,shkak'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

ii) 'X' j, nyq, f,i mj;sk ia:dhS TlaislrK wjia:d fol ,shkak'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

iii) tla TlaislrK wjia:djla iys; 'X', A c,Sh ødjKfhys we;s w;r" wfkla
TlaislrK wjia:dj iys; 'X', B c,Sh ødjKfha we;' A yd B ødjK fol fjka
lr y÷kd.ekSu i|yd tla ridhksl mÍCIKhla fokak'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U
 12

b) i) my; i|yka tla tla wKqfjys iEu mrudKqjlu msgia;r u ljpfha ixhqc;d
bf,lafg%dak ieliqu ±laùug z;s;a l;srZ rEmigyk w¢kak'
POCl3 , HNO3

ii) my; ±lafjk tla tla úfYaIfhys yevh i|yka lrkak'

ClO4 , PH3

7. a) oaùNdIañl wï,hla jQ H2S2 Thiosulphurous acid ys S iy O mrudKq ilia ù we;s

iels,a, my; § we;'
S
O S O
i) H2S2O2 wKqj i|yd jvd;au ms<s.; yels ¨úia jHqyh w¢kak'

ii) S2O 32  whkh i|yd iïm%hqla; jHqy 3 la fldgq ;=< w¢kak'

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U
 13

iii) fuu jHqy j,ska jvd;au ia:dhS jHqyh fldgqj ;=< we| thg fya;= meyeÈ,s lrkak'

fya;=j ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

iv) H2S2O2 ys uOH mrudKq jQ S jgd"

I) bf,lafg%dak hq.,j, cHdñ;sh ^yevh& ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
II) mrudKq ilia ù we;s wdldrh ^yevh& ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

b) my; j.=fõ ±lafjk mßÈ tla tla øjHfhys"

(A) nkaOk iajNdjh wod< fldgqj ;=< olajkak'
(B) wKqfõ O%eùh;djh
(C) øjHfhys oaú;Shl
s wka;¾l%shdj

(A) nkaOk iajNdjh - whksl" O%eùh iyixhqc" ks¾O%eùh iyixhqc

(B) wKqfõ O%eùh;djh - ks¾O%eùh" O%eùh
(C) øjHfhys oaú;Shsl wka;¾ l%shd - iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdl¾YK n," ,kavka wmlsrK n,"
oaùO%ej - oaùO%ej wdl¾IK n,

øjHh (A) nkaOk (B) wKqfõ (C) oaú;Shl

s wka;¾
iajNdjh O%eùh;djh l%shd
CO2(g)
Cl2O(g)
SiO2(g)
MgO(s)
XeO3(s)

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U
 14

8. a) my; ¨úia jHqyh mokï lrf.k (I) isg (III) olajd m%Yakj,g ms<;
s =re imhkak'
(-)

:
:O:
(+)

: :
:
: :
H O N = C =N Cl:

th my; mßÈ wxlkh lr we;'

N5
H N2 = C3 N
O1 Cl
4
=
I) my; i|yka is.aud ^  & nkaOk iE§ug iyNd.s jk mrudKql $ uqyqï ldCIsl
y÷kd.kak'
O1 - N2 O1 ......................... N2 .........................
N2 - C3 N2 ......................... C3 .........................
C3 - N2 C3 ......................... N4 .........................
N4 - O3 N4 ......................... O5 .........................
N4 - Cl N4 ......................... Cl .........................

II) by; i|yka jHqyfha my; i|yka  nkaOk iE§ug iyNd.s jk mrudKql
ldCIsl y÷kd.kak'
N2 - O3 N2 ......................... C3 .........................
C3 - N4 C3 ......................... N4 .........................

III) by; ¨úia jHqyfha my; nkaOk fldaKj,g ;sìh yels wdikak w.hka i|yka
lrkak'
H - O1 - N mrudKq w;r fldaKh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
O1 - N2 - C3 mrudKq w;r fldaKh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
N2 - C3 - N4 mrudKq w;r fldaKh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
C3 - N4 - Cl mrudKq w;r fldaKh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

b) i) HOONO wKqj i|yd jvd;au ms<.

s ; yels ¨úia ;s;a-bß jHqyh w¢kak' tys
iels,a, my; olajd we;'
H-O-O-N-O
ii) ta wKqj i|yd ;j;a ¨úia ;s;a-bß jHqyhla w¢kak'

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U
 15

c) CH2N2 wKqj i|yd w¢k ,o jvd;au ia:dhS ¨úia ;s;a-bß jHqyh my; olajd we;'

:
H C N1 = N2
H
i) tu jHqyh mokï lrf.k my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
C N1 N2
VSEPR hq.,a
bf,lafg%dak hq.,a cHdñ;sh
yevh
uqyï
q lrKh
TlaislrK wxlh

ii) by; (i) fldgfiys fok ,o ¨úia ;s;a - bß jHqyfha my; i|yka  nkaOk
iE§ug iyNd.s jk mrudKql $ uqyï
q ldCIsl y÷kd.kak'
H-C H ......................... C .........................
C - N2 C ......................... N2 .........................
N1 - N2 N1 ......................... N2 .........................

d) my; § we;af;a a, b, c yd d hk bf,lafg%dak 4 l  ^m%Odk lafjdkagï wxl& w.hka

fõ' tajdfha mrudKql ldCIslfha ku wod< ysia;efkys ,shkak'
n l mrudKql ldCIslh
I) a 4 0
II) b 3 2
III) c 3 1

9. i) HS2O 3 whkh i|yd jvd;au ms<s.; yels ¨úia ;s;a-bß jHqyh w¢kak' thg wod<
iels,a, my; ±lafõ'
O
H - Oa - Sa - O
O

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U
 16

ii) by; w¢k ,o ¨úia jHqyh yer HS2O 3 whkh i|yd mej;sh yels jHqyfha mrudKq
w;r ;%s;aj nkaOk fkdue;s iïm%hl
q a; jHqy ;=kla w¢kak' Tn úiska w¢k ,o jvd
wia:dhS jHqyh háka wia:dhS f,i ,shkak'

iii) by; (i) ys ¨úia jHqyh i,lñka my; j.=j mqrjkak' th my; mßÈ wxlkh lr
we;'

ridhk úoHdj 12 fY%aKh

s kd,kaod úoHd,h - fld<U