HAZRAT ABU

BAKR(R.A)
•His main achievements
•Difficulties encountered by him
•Relation with other states
GROUP MEMBERS 9-C
KOMAL TAHIR
ZAINAB MAZHAR
ZARMEEN ALAM
AMNA NOOR
AMNA RAJPUT
MANAL IMRAN
MUSKAN BROHI
AMNA HASAN
FATIMA ZEHRA
INTRODUCTION

Abu Bakr was the first caliph and shared an ancestor on

the paternal side with the Prophet (Peace be upon
him). The caliph was also the father in law to the
Prophet who had married his daughter Aisha. After the
passing of the Prophet, the established Muslim
community was under threat, with different groups
wishing to break away. Individuals within powerful
families appointed themselves leaders and sought to
establish their authority, however, it was known that
the likely successors were either Abu Bakr according to
the Sunnis or Ali according to the Shia. Given Ali’s
young age and the need to unify the Muslim
community, Abu Bakr was installed as the Caliph.
Main Achievements
Some of his achievements include:
• Crushing the rebellion that threatened the Muslim religious
community as posed by shifting tribal allegiances after the
passing of the Prophet
• It was during his leadership that the Qur’an was preserved in
text format
• He initiated the expansion of the Rashidun Empire by
destroying both the Persian and Byzantine Empires through
one of his strongest military leaders Khalid.
• Abu Bakr’s main achievement during this period was to unify
the Islamic world under the central authority of Medina in
the “wars of apostasy”
• A series of civil wars against other Muslims intended to unify
Islam and suppress dissent.
• His success in these wars led to a strong central government
in the Arabian peninsula and the beginning of the expansion
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY-ND
of Islam into Syria and Iraq.
• He also work to collect and preserve the sayings of the
Prophet in writing, into a form that became the Koran.
Difficulties encountered by him
Refusal to pay zakat

The issue of the refusal to pay Zakat was a great test of the
moral courage of Abu Bakr as the first Caliph of the Holy
Prophet. After the demise of the Holy Prophet many
surrounding tribes of Medina which had offered allegiance to
Islam, sent a deputation to Abu Bakr with the proposal that
their agreement with the Muslims had ended. A fresh
agreement was necessary in which they should be relieved
from the obligation to pay Zakat. Abu Bakr argued that Zakat
was a fundamental injunction of Islam and had to be paid.
Seeing their proposal being rejected these tribes decided to
forego Islam. Their decision was to attack Medina when the
main Muslim army was in Syria. They attacked at night but
found Abu Bakr with his army ready to fight. The apostates
were defeated; many tribesmen died while others fled in
confusion. After this battle many tribes sent their delegates
to Medina, offered allegiance and paid Zakat.
Apostasy Movement

After the Prophet’s death, some of the people

rose in revolt against the authorities in Medina
and renounced Islam. Abu Bakr, without any
delay, launched an expedition against this
movement. After collecting the troops at
Medina, he divided them into eleven battalions
each with an experienced commander, and sent
them in eleven different directions to crush
these revolts. He instructed each commander to
first invite these tribes to Islam. If any refused
to comply they were to be attacked. Some of
the tribes accepted Islam but the others were
stubborn and were dealt with harshly. All
campaigns were successful and Abu Bakr was
able to re-establish control of Islam throughout
the Peninsula.
 Aswad, tulaiha, sajjah , musailamah

False Prophethood
• The term Khatam an Nabiyyin is generally regarded to mean that Hazrat
Muhammad(SAW) was the last prophet sent by Allah(SWT) for the
guidance of man. I believer is not a true believer if he does not believe in
the prophet Muhammad (SAW) being the last prophet. The Shahadah or
Muslim profession of faith is not possible without belief in the last
prophet(SAW) moreover there are several Ahadith and verses of the holy
Quran which testify and provide evidence for this claim for example“
Allah (SWT) says: Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but he
is the messenger of Allah, and the seal of prophets.” also Hazrat
Muhammad (SAW) said “there will be no prophet after me” And many
more. e. The reason the holy prophet (SAW) is the seal of prophets is that
he was not a messenger sent to a specific tribe or nation he was sent as a
messenger to the whole universe the Quran (the book revealed to him)
did not only complete but also corrected some errors that had crept into
previous scriptures, the holy prophet (SAW) also completed the religion
of Islam and therefore there was no need of another prophet, everything
comes to an end especially if there is no more need of it and just like
every thing else the chain of prophets also came to an end as there was
no more need of a new Messenger.
• The last verses revealed to the holy prophet (SAW) were in
Chapter 5 Surah Maida Ayah 3 which translates to: "This day
I have perfected for you your religion and completed My
favor upon you and have chosen for you Islam as your
religion. However there have been several cases in history
where people have claimed to be prophets both during and
after the life of prophet Muhammad (SAW). the holy
prophet (SAW) has warned us about these people several
times for example: Narrated Abu Hurairah: Allah's Apostle
said: "The Hour will not be established until two big groups
fight each other whereupon there will be a great number of
casualties on both sides and they will be following one and
the same religious doctrine, until about 30 dajjals (false
prophets) appear, and each of them will claim that he is
Allah's Apostle..." (Related by Bukhari and Muslim)also
“as...Verily by God, the Last Hour will not come until 30
liars of prophecy will appear and the final one will be the
One-eyed False Messiah." (Narrated by Imam Ahmad as a
sound Hadith). In another authentic hadeeth, the Prophet
of Allah informed that of 27 dajjals, 4 of them would be
women: Huthaifa narrated, that the Prophet said: "In my
Ummah (community/nation), there are 27 dajjals of liars,
including 4 women (who will proclaim themselves
Prophets). I am the last Prophet and none will come after
me." (Related by Imam Ahmad and Al Tabrani as a sound
hadith) Some of the most famous false prophets during
early years of Islam include: MUSAILAMAH, ASWAD ANASI,
TULAIHA AND SAJJAH.
• MUSAILAMAH:
Musailamah was a false prophet, the most important Ridda war
was fought against Musailamah in central Arabia. He belonged
to the tribe of Banu Haneefa and visited the prophet (SAW) in
Madinah during his life and declared his prophethood on his
return, he wrote letters to holy prophet(SAW) asking him(SAW)
to divide Arabia between them. The prophet called him
Musailamah the liar however the prophet(SAW) passed away
before he could take an action against him. Musailamah
allowed his followers to do haram practices such as drinking
and adultery after the prophet’s(SAW) passing caliph Abu
Bakr(RA) sent IKRIMAH to fight Musailamah and later sent
SHURHBEEL BIN HASANAH with another column to assist him
however Ikrimah started fighting without waiting for Shurhbeel
due to which he lost and then Shurhbeel fought against him
but was also defeated so Abu Bakr sent Khalid bin Waleed and
a fierce battle took place in which Muslims came out as
victorious; Musailamah was killed by Wahshi who had Martyred
Hazrat Hamza the prophets (SAW) uncle but later reverted to
Islam, about 300 Muslims were martyred most of which were
hafiz of the Quran.
• ASWAD ANASI:
Aswad Ansi better known as Abhala bin Ka'b, was the
leader of the al-Ansi tribe and, was a false prophet. He
lived in Yemen and proclaimed his prophethood towards
the end of prophet Muhammad’s(SAW) lifetime. He was
known as the veiled prophet as he used to cover his face
to create an aura of mystery and according to Islam hide
his ugliness. Aswad claimed to have receive divine
inspiration in the form of words, similar to
Muhammad(SAW). He declared himself as a prophet
when prophet Muhammad(SAW) became ill after his final
pilgrimage. Aswad went on to invade Najran and most of
Yemen. He attacked Sana'a and Shahr who was the ruler
of Yemen and the son of Badhan was killed in battle
against Aswad. Aswad married Shahr's widow and
declared himself ruler of Yemen. After his invasion of
Yemen, he changed his title from "Prophet of God" to
"Rahman" "The Most Merciful". His rule of the Yemen was
short-lived as Abu Bakr(RA) sent an army against him
and he was slain.
• TULAIHA:
Tulaiha was a false prophet, He rebelled against prophet
Muhammad(SAW) in 631 when he claimed to be a messenger and
the recipient of divine revelation. Thus, Tulaiha became the third
person to claim prophethood among the Arabs against prophet
Muhammad (SAW) Many tribes acknowledged him as a prophet,
which made him sufficiently strong and powerful to lead
numerous tribes against the Muslims. In July 632, hazrat Abu
Bakr(RA) raised an army mainly from the Banu Hashim (the clan of
prophet Muhammad(SAW)). They fought the battle of Zhu. Qissa
against Tulaiha and his followers as they prepared to launch an
attack on Medina during the Ridda wars. The Rashidun
commanders held until they were reinforced by Abu Bakr. Tulaiha
was defeated and his forces were driven back to Zhu Hussa. Later
hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) sent Khalid bin Waleed to crush Tulaiha and
his followers, there armies met at a place called Buzaka in
632;the battle of Buzaka was fought In this engagement, the army
of Tulaiha was defeated and many of the rebellious tribes
surrendered and accepted Islam. However, Tulaiha escaped from
Buzaka and took refuge in Syria; however when Syria was
conquered by the Muslims, Tulaiha reverted to Islam. In 634, he
paid homage to hazrat Umar(RA) after the latter’s assumption of
the position of Caliph. Later on, Tulaiha took part in the
campaign against the sassanid empire in the battle of jalula, the
battle of al Qadisiyyah, and the battle of Nahavand.
• SAJJAH:
Sajjah bint Al-Harith ibn Suayd from tribe of Banu Tamim and
was an Arab Christian protected first by her tribe then cause a
split within Banu Tamim and finally defended by Banu Hanifa,
During the wars of apostacy which emerged following the death
of prophet Muhammad (SAW), Sajah declared she was a
prophetess after learning that Musailimah and Tulaiha had
declared themselves as prophets, Before claiming to be a
prophetess, Sajah had a reputation as a soothsayer someone
who has the ability to predict the future; Thereafter, 4,000
people gathered around her to march on Madinah. Others
joined her against Madinah. However, her planned attack on
Madinah was called off after she learned that Khalid bin Waleed
had defeated Tulaiha. She joined alliances with Muslimah to
oppose the threat of Khalid bin Waleed. A mutual
understanding was initially reached with Musailimah; However
Sajah later married Musailimah and accepted his self-declared
prophethood. Khalid bin Waleed then crushed the remaining
rebellious elements around Sajah, and then moved on to crush
Musailimah. After the Battle of Yamama where Musailimah was
killed she went to Iraq to her mothers tribe and lived her life
quietly, however when Muslims captured Iraq Sajah converted
to Islam alongside the rest of her tribe. Abu Bakr then sent
Khalid bin Waleed to the tribe of bany Tamim and the whole of
Banu Tamim embraced Islam.
 Compilation of Quran

In the battle of Yamamah several Huffaz laid down their lives. Hazrat Umar
approached Hazrat Abu Bakr about the compilation of the Holy Qur'an. He
was of the opinion that soon the preservation of the Qur’an will become a
major problem owing to the deaths of the Huffaz. Abu Bakr did not agree
in the beginning but was later convinced by Umar and he ordered the
compilation of the Holy Book under the supervision of Zaid bin Sabit.
At the time of the Prophet’s death no official copy of the Qur’an
existed in a complete written form. During the caliphate of Abu Bakr some
people declared themselves to be prophets. Among them was Musailima.
Abu Bakr waged a war against him and around 360 companions laid down
their lives in that battle, known as the battle of Yamamah. 70 of them
had committed the Holy Qur’an to memory. Hazrat Umar realized that
these ‘’oral copies’’ of the Qur’an would gradually diminish because of
natural death or martyrdom in future battles. He suggested to Abu Bakr
that the Qur’an should be compiled for the future generations or else it
would meet the same fate as the previous scriptures. Hazrat Abu Bakr,
however, hesitated and said that how could he do something that the Holy
Prophet did not do. Hazrat Umar argued that under the circumstances this
was an absolute necessity.
According to Hazrat Abu Bakr, ‘’Umar went on persuading me to
accept his suggestion till I was convinced that he was right so I
accepted his suggestion.’’
Abu Bakr directed Zaid bin Sabit, one of the scribes of the Qur’an, to
collect the Quranic verses from every part of the Islamic empire and
compile them in a book form. A commission was appointed and
headed by Zaid bin Sabit and its members were a number of
companions. Zaid collected the chapters of the Qur’an from every
person who had it in their possession. He collected it from palm
leaves, stones, and pieces of wood and people who had memorized it.
He not only collected it, but also verified it from people who had
heard it from the Holy Prophet. Though he himself was a Hafiz of the
Qur’an, he always tried to find a verse in writing before including it in
his manuscript. Zaid is reported to have said that he felt it would be
far easier to carry a mountain on his head than to shoulder such a
great responsibility.
The script prepared by Zaid remained with the first Caliph and after
his death was transferred to Hazrat Umar, the second Caliph. After
Hazrat Umar’s death it was transferred to Hazrat Hafsa, a widow of
the Holy Prophet and Umar’s daughter. This copy of the Qur’an came
to be known as Musaf al-Hafsa i.e. Hafsa’s copy of the Holy Book.
By the time of Usman’s Caliphate the Islamic state had expanded well
beyond Arabia. The new converts of these areas recited the Qur’an in their
own dialects. Disputes rose among these people and some of them insisted
that their style of recitation was correct and the others were not. One of
the companions of the Prophet approached the Caliph and told him about
the possible danger of the division of the Ummah. Usman took immediate
action and he declared that the Muslims should unite on a uniform way of
recitation.
He got the copy of the Qur’an from Hazrat Hafsa and gave it to a team of
four companions which was headed by Zaid bin Sabit. It was decided that
one standard version of the Qur’an would be written in the dialect of the
tribe of the Quraish. The Holy prophet was from the Quraish, the Quran
had been revealed in that dialect, and it was felt that this was the right
dialect for the recitation of the Qur’an. This team made several copies
from the original text and made sure the surahs, too, were arranged in
order. The Qur’an was read out loudly from the beginning to the end in the
Prophet’s mosque from these copies, so that not a shadow of doubt
remained in anyone’s mind that changes had been introduced in the text.
These copies were sent to the capital city of every province of the Muslim
states with a teacher to teach how to recite the Qur’an properly and
correctly. Instructions were also given that in the future, copies should be
made only from the official text and that if anyone had a copy with a
different text, it should be burnt.
•  Hazrat Usman is known as the Jami-al-Quran which
means that he brought the Muslims around to a uniform
reading of the Quran. The Quran that is being read today
is the same as in the time of Abu Bakr. Nothing has been
added or deleted from it and the arrangement of the
chapters and verses are in the same order as proclaimed
by the Holy Prophet, in accordance with Divine
instructions.
• The script prepared by Zaid remained with the first
Caliph and after his death was transferred to Hazrat
Omar, the second Caliph. After Hazrat Umar’s death
it was transferred to Hazrat Hafsa, a widow of the
Holy Prophet and Umar’s daughter. This copy of the
Qur’an came to be known as Musaf al-Hafsa  i.e.
Hafsa’s copy of the Holy Book. By the time of
Usman’s Caliphate the Islamic state had expanded
well beyond Arabia.
 The two Caliphs performed remarkable services to Islam by
compiling the Holy Quran. Both were driven by different
circumstances. Abu Bakr, being a staunch follower of the
Prophet, was reluctant to compile the Quran but on Omar's
insistence, was convinced of doing so. He realized if the
memorizers of the Quran were either killed or died naturally
with the passage of time, a situation of confusion might arise
throughout the Muslim world regarding the exact number of
verses and surahs of the Quran. If the future generations of
the Muslims had no single copy of the Quran, they might be
misled as the Quran is the basis of all thought and action for
the Muslims.
Usman, likewise, faced another challenging situation.
Several newly converted Muslims in non-Arab territories
began to argue about the ways of recitation of the Quran.
There was a danger of the growth of sects amongst Muslims
regarding the way of recitation because every group insisted
that their dialect was the correct one and the others were
wrong. This meant that various groups might oppose each
other and disunity amongst Muslims might threaten their
fraternity. So Usman took a wise, timely action by compiling
and standardizing the Holy Book and burning all the copies
which did not match the official and approved text.
Expansion outside Arabia
Expansion in Persia
BATTLE OF CHAINS:
• Khalid bin Waleed (RA) invited Hurmuz, the Persian
commander to accept Islam or pay jaziah or to fight
the Muslims. The Persians refused invitation of Islam,
and prepared for a battle. A fierce battle took place
at hafir in 633 AD. The Persians were defeated and
Hurmuz was killed. The Persian soldiers had tied
themselves to one another with chains in the battle,
that showed their do or die state of mind. Due to
that, the battle came to be known as The Battle of
Chains after that some other small skirmish took
place at madhar, walija ullis amber and ein tamr in
which the Muslims defeated the Persians one after
another.
• After those conquests, Khalid bin Waleed (RA)
conquers hira, dumatal-jandal, and farad after
another. after the fall of hira the whole south and
BATTLE OF WALAJAH:
• The Battle of Walaja was a battle fought in
Mesopotamia (Iraq) in May 633 between the
Rashidun Caliphate army under Khalid ibn
al-Walid and Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha against
the Sassanid Empire and its Arab allies. In this
battle the Sassanid army is said to have been
at least three times the size of the Muslim
army. Khalid decisively defeated the
numerically superior Sassanian forces using a
variation of the double envelopment tactical
manoeuvre, similar to the manoeuvre Hannibal
used to defeat the Roman forces at the Battle
of Cannae; however, Khalid is said to have
developed his version independently.
BATTLE OF AYN AL-TAMR
• The Battle of Ayn al-Tamr took place in
modern-day Iraq (Mesopotamia) between the
early Muslim Arab forces and the Sassanians along
with their Arab Christian auxiliary forces. Ayn
al-Tamr is located west of Anbar and was a
frontier post which had been established to aid
the Sassanids The Muslims under Khalid ibn
al-Walid's command soundly defeated the
Sassanian auxiliary force, which included large
numbers of non-Muslim Arabs who broke earlier
covenants with the Muslims. According to
non-Muslim sources, Khalid ibn al-Walid captured
the Arab Christian commander, Aqqa ibn Qays ibn
Bashir, with his own hands.
BATTLE OF MAZAR
 The lightly armed Muslim soldiers soon
overtook the heavily equipped Persians and
slaughtered them mercilessly. According to the
Muslim historian Tabari, 30,000 soldiers were
killed in the battle of Mazar. The Muslims won
the second victory against the Persians as well.
After the victory of Mazar the local inhabitants
offered submission and agreed to pay 'Jizya' to
the Muslims. Khalid established his
headquarters at Hufeir, and a team of Muslim
officials was appointed to attend to the
administration of the country and collect taxes.
BATTLE OF HEERA
The Battle of Hira was fought between
the Sassanians and the Rashidun Caliphate in
633. It was one of the early battles of
the Muslim conquest of Persia. The fight was
brief and the citizens of the city quickly
surrendered and brought gifts to Khalid ibn
al-Walid. In the aftermath, five castles in the
city, which were beautifully adorned, fell into
the hands of the Muslims and the inhabitants of
the city agreed to surrender and pay tribute.
The inhabitants also agreed to act as spies
against the Sassanians, just as the inhabitants of
Ullais had.
BATTLE OF AMBER
The Battle of Amber was also one of the Wars
of Apostasy or Ridda wars. It was also one of
those series of military campaigns launched by
the Caliph Abu Bakr against rebel Arabian
tribes during 632 and 633, just after
Hazrat Muhammad(s.a.w) died.
Expansion outside Arabia
Expansion in Syria

THE BATTLE OF AJNADAYN

• The Battle of Ajnadayn was fought in
July or August 634 (Jumada I or II, 13
AH), in an unknown location close to
Beit Guvrin in present-day Israel; it was
the first major pitched battle between
the Byzantine (Roman) Empire and the
army of the Arab Rashidun Caliphate.
The result of the battle was a decisive
Muslim victory.
THE SEIGE OF DAMASCUS
• The Siege of Damascus (634) lasted from 21
August to 19 September 634 AD before the city fell
to the Rashidun Caliphate. Damascus was the first
major city of the Eastern Roman Empire to fall in
the Muslim conquest of Syria.
• The last of the Roman-Persian Wars ended in 628,
after Heraclius concluded a successful campaign
against the Persians in Mesopotamia. At the same
time, Muhammad united the Arabs under the
banner of Islam. After his death in 632, Abu Bakr
succeeded him as the first Rashidun Caliph.
Suppressing several internal revolts, Abu Bakr
sought to expand the empire beyond the confines
of the Arabian Peninsula
THE BATTLE OF BOSRA
• The Battle of Bosra was fought in 634 between
the Rashidun Caliphate army and the Byzantine
Empire for the possession of Bosra, in Syria. The
city, then capital of the Ghassanid kingdom, a
Byzantine vassal, was the first important one to be
captured by the Islamic forces. The siege lasted
between June and July 634. The conquest of Bosra in
the second week of July 634 was the first important
victory gained by the Muslims in Syria. The Muslims
lost 130 men in the battle, while the Byzantines
suffered several thousand casualties. The conquest
of Bosra opened for the Muslim conquest of Syria.
Relation with other states

• Hazrat Abu Bakr laid the foundation of a truly

democratic states. He used to consult eminent
companions in all important matters. He
dispatched expeditionary forces to Iran , Syria
and Palestine. As a result, vast territories were
added to the Muslim empire. He safeguarded and
protected the rights of the non-Muslims subjects
who were granted religious and cultural freedom.
They were allowed to manage their affairs to
manage their affairs themselves. He defeated
separatist revolts, and initiated the expansion of
Islam into Syria and Iraq. He was also present at
the Treaty oh Hudaibiya and donated everything
he had at the time of Tabuk Expedition.
“
THANKYOU!
”
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