Be aCe aye Vocabulary and Grammar Nick Brieger Nees) e311 iContents @ Introduction 4 4 Production 1 6 2 Produetion 2 8 3 Research and development 1 10 4 Research and development 212 5 Information technology 1 14 6 Information technology2 16 7 Logistics 18 “8 Quality 20 9 Health and safety 22 10 Engineering ae 11 Automotive 26 12 Chemical 28 43 Pharmaceutical 1 30 14 Pharmaceutical 2 32 15 Construction 34 16 Hectrical 36 17 Electronics 1 a8 18 Electronics 2 40 19 Energy 42 20 Civil engineering 1 44 24. Civil engineering 2 46 22 Mining 48 23 Petroleum 1 50 24 Petroleum 2 32 25 Pla 54 26 Agroindustry 56 27 Pulp and paper 58 28 Telecoms 1 60 29 Telecoms 2 62 30 Textiles 64 Crna 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Present tenses Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Past tenses Past simple Past continuous Past perfect Future forms Conditionals Verb phrases Active vs passive Causation Obligation and requirements Cause and effect Ability and inability Seale of likelihood Relative clauses Subordinate clauses of result and purpose Countable and uncountable nouns Comparison of adjectives Adjectives and adverbs Prepositions of time Preps tions of place Quantifiers Contrasting ideas Glossary of grammatical terms Answer key Checklist Glossary of technical vocabulary 66 68 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106Introduction What is Technical English: Vocabulary and Grammar and who is ‘Technical English: Voeabulary and Grarnmnar will help you increase your knowledge of technic English and develop your vocabulary and grammar, By working through the materials you will become more accurate and more appropriate in a range of key technical contexts. You on your own (self-access) or in class (as part of a course) an use it What isin Technical English: Vocabulary and Grammar? ‘There are 50 topic areas divided into vocabulary (30) and grammar (20): © 1-9 Vocabulary: Professional activities © 10-30 Vocabulary: Company profiles © 31-50 Grammar uses In addition to the topic areas there is @ an answer key © a grammar glossary explaining key grammatical terms © a vocabulary glossary of 1500 vocabulary items, based around the technical themes covered in the topics 1-30 A multilingual glossary is available on our website at wwwsummertown.co.uk Bach topic consists of input on the left-hand page, and exercises and tasks on the right-h page, The left-hand page presents language through: A. sample sentences to show the language forms in use B an explanation and extension of the language forms C examples and descriptions of the uses of these forms The right-hand page presents exercises and tasks to: 1 familiarize you with the language forms 2 provide a controlled task to check that you can apply the language 3 help you practise using the language in a practical context Using the material The book may be used either in class or for seli-study. For classroom use, teachers should choose topic areas to supplement the language areas covered by the English course book being followed, cither to consolidate the presentation of language forms or to provide additional exercises. For tidy use, students should choose topics according to their own interests or to problems they or their teachers have identified, For both teachers and students, the contents at the front of the book and the detailed index at the end will help to locate appropriate units sel: Having chosen a topic area, we recommend you work through the language presentation on the left-hand page: A read through the sample sentences and note the use of the language forms B study the language forms presented study the use of these forms ‘The glossary will help you to understand any words and phrases that you don’t know.‘Next you can move on to the practice exercises and tasks on the right-hand page. Before you start, © make sure you clearly understand the task © look at any examples that have been given © refer back to the language forms and uses on the left-hand page, if necessary After you have finished an exercise: check your answer with the key at the back of the book © if your answers to an exercise are wrong, look again at the left-hand page. If you are not sure, then ask your teacher. ‘An introduction to the Unit number The words in bold are The fist exercise aims to The second exercise topic, with examples of efined in the glossary femilarize you with the provides a controled task the vocabulary of language forms to check that you can frammer in context ‘apply the language = 7 Logistics [An extension of the unit Examples of the Further key words from The third exercise asks topic with further language presented each topic are {you to use the language vocabulary forms and ine ronge of practice! presented and defined around a practical context grammer patterns contexts inthe glossary1 Production 1 A. Production management is concerned with planning and controlling industrial processes which produce and distribute products and services. Techniques of production management are also used in service industries; here they are called operations management. During production processes, Inputs are converted into outputs, These processes take many forms: from basic agriculture to large-scale manufacturing, Much manufacturing takes place in factories, where assembly lines allow a steady flow of raw materials (inputs) and finished products (outputs) People in production foc productivity. To achieve overall succes processes. However, ather activities also contribute to success: quality control, storage, logistics. on efficiency and effectiveness of processes in order to maximize itis important to measure, analyse and evaluate these jurchasing. inventory control, B) Production varies according to the inputs, processes and outputs. Other important factors are the place of production and the resources. In addition, stock, a major cost, needs to be carefully controlled, and the equipment must be regularly maintained to remain productive and prevent breakdowns, Py ry is} iy cs oa = fo Fy a A = 4 Ee Production place factory + layout + plant + site * unit + workshop Process assemble + batch » component * convert * effectiveness cfficioncy = linc + lot + maximize + optimize Resources equipment + fictures » machinery + materials handling © raw materials Stock inventory * stock store Maintenance breakdown + failure * fault * maintain * repair © Study the Productivity Conceptual Model below: A simple way of looking at productivity in a business organization is to think of it in terms of the productivity model. The Productivity Conceptual Model below takes the form of a ‘productivity tree’. The roots denote the inputs to the system, the trunk the conversion process and the leaves and fruit the system outputs,TASK EL Mate the words that go together and then complete the sentences below. quality material finished manager industrial = lines ‘production process: large-scale levels assembly contol raw products productivity ‘manufacturing 1 Improved. has led to higher efficiency in production. 2 The manufacture of paper is an 3. Crude oll is the basic. for the plastics industry. 4 Increased have reduced the number of manufacturing workers. 5. The large warehouse is used to store waiting for delivery. 6 Large car manufacturers use __________ in production. 7 The company began in a single room but has now developed into. 8 The manufacturing process is the responsibility of the 12 Complete the sentences below: The first letter of the missing word has been given, A quantity of goods prepared at the same time is known as a b ‘To put parts together to produce the final product is to a_ 1 2 3. Production processes convert inputs to 0_ 4 5 ‘The process of buying inputs is known as p_ A part which is used in the final product is called ae 6 To get the best possible level of production is to 0 _. PPS) dere is part of a memo from a company director to the production manager. Complete it with, ‘words from the box. MEMO From Robert George To Sarah Bridge Re Premises ‘We are making good progress with the new (a) development. A new (b) close to the river ‘has been acquired. Designers are currently working on the (6) of the area and exact location of the factory building. All (d)__ andl fittings willbe carried out by Alan Shores Ltd. The new ‘manufacturing (e)_______has been ordered and we hope to be able to install it ahead of schedule. New 0 ‘will be purchased for the engineering (6) once they have been completed. ‘The present machinery is old and several (h) recently have caused production backlogs. We will continue to (i) and @) these machines until the new ones are up and running. T would ask you to carry out a full) inventory as soon as possible. Any (I)__ goods should be romoved from store and disposed of, geet et ac SS2 Production 2 PA. a production planning system is essential to ensure that a company’s processes, machinery, equipment, labour skills and material are organized efficiently for better profitability There many factors that need to be considered in the planning system. For example, a firm may ‘large number of different components. Also demand can vary daily in this ever-changing ‘world, New sales orders come in. Some get cancelled: there may be breakdowns in the backlogs build up; there may be late or early delivery from suppliers. Its difficult to keep all these changes manually. To handle these situations, many companies keep safety stock. However. if a company has an effective production planning system there is no need to keep safety stock. The money blocked in the excessive safety stock can be released. At the same opportunity costs due to stock-outs can be minimized. MM ens ot maingersen require carta plowing and ong. Planing ond organ production is essential for efficient operations. Plant Work organization PE study the Market Needs Analysis Model below: ‘There are two principal aims of the Market Needs Analysis Model below: © tojidentify market needs for your product ‘© to analyse the market potential for new products or services "The product performance specifications detail the operational features of the product. At the product design stage, designers and product managers = will redefine how the product is to = ‘work and how itis to be made. aes porn At the production system erformance specifications stage, we focus on speitioncom the manufacturing requirements. Prodace Investment decision methods focus desicn on the alternative methods for = financing the investment needed. ee ‘The abjective of production system methods ] design is to standardize both the methods of production system design and the machine units for production system construction. A production cost model calculates production costs and capacity factors.YE choose the correct answer in the following, 1 Recent faults with machines have cost the company a great deal of __. 1a) maintenance) slack time —_¢). downtime 2. Once the mock-up of the new design lias been tested, we can build the a) prototype —-b) update) setup 3. 11s unprofitable to manufacture small quantities because of the machine __. a) leadtime —b) set-uptime —_@) sequence. 4 ‘The production manager has to produce a production a) setup b) schedule) output 5 Once the order has been agreed and production begun, the designer is still responsible forthe __. a) workin progress) workload ©) back order 6 These items are produced together as one a) cycle —b) delivery} lot for the next four weeks. ! Matet the correct word with each definition, 8) the works manager is showing a group around the factory. The letters of the missing words are mixed up. Complete the dialogue with the missing words. |We're not particularly busy at the moment. Believe it or not, the (a) (manedd) for furniture is Seasonal. ‘$0, do you {b)__ (kaemot-osckt)? Well, all our units are made: (c)_(ot-teord). However, we make components.to- stock. When are your busy times? Normally from September to May but there is always a great deal of (d) (cerunintyta) and it's difficult to (e)_____(recatfos) sales trends. So does the (f) (adel mite) vary? ‘No, not really. Our (g) __ (adel mite) is usually 8 to 10 weeks. When we are ‘very busy, the workforce usually do (h) __{miteyero) to try to avoid a () ____(lockbg) of orders. If necessary we introduce a () __(fisht) system when we're working at full capacity to avoid (k)__ (beckslotten) ‘at key machines. During a busy period do you have (I) (toskotous)? Seldom. We use the time when work is (m)___ (lacks) to build up stock of Wide)! ! ‘components. We don't like machines or workers to be (n)3 Research and development 1 AL Research and development (R and D) is the search for new and improved products and industrial processes. Both industrial firms and governments earry out R and D. Innovations in products or processes normally follow a path from laboratory (lab) idea, through pilot or prototype production and manufacturing start-up, to full-scale production and market introduction. There are two main types of research. Pure or basic research aims to clarify scientific principles without fa specific end product in view: applied research uses the findings of pure research in order to achieve a particular commercial objective. Development describes the improvement of a product or process by scientists in conjunction with engineers, Industry spends vast sums to develop new products and the means to produce them cheaply, efficiently, and safely. TB) Research is important in many disciplines and there are different iypes of research with different research professionals. The type of research reflects the environment and the objectives. In addition, many research words have entered the general language. ‘Types of research Research professionals General terms *Mlfreister a patent TIE Notice the stress in the word families below often changes: verb ‘noun (process) noun (person) adjective ‘analyse an'alysis ‘analyst analytical ‘innovate inno'vation ‘innovator innovative de'velop development de'veloper develop’ mental ex’periment ‘experimen'tation ex'perimenter experi'mental in'vent in'vention in'ventor in'ventive "What a breakthrough = we've bred the first germ we can attack with everyday household objects!"T rs PPE Maren the term with the correct definition, PPA) Use the word in brackets to form a word which fits in the sentence. 1. The scientists have presented a detailed __of the results, (analyse) 2. They have brought in a food to help in the research, (analyse) 3 All process materials are tested using highly developed techniques. (analyse) 4 The researchers have come up with an idea for the use of recycled plastics (innovate) 5 Charles Dyson is the of a vacuum cleaner which works on a new principle, (invent) 6 The advent of the ballpoint pen was a wonderful -tinvent) 7 They employ a large team of software (develop) 8 A report has been prepared on the tests that have been carried out. (develop) 9 Increasing numbers of people can now work from home thanks to__in telecommunications, (develop) 10. These methods of production are still at an. stage. (experiment) 11 The__iscontinuing work on the new drug. (experiment) 12. Many people are agai animal . (experiment) PS the following email has been received by the R and D department, Complete it using words from the list. 3 Dear Frank | had a preliminary meeting with Maria Atefors regarding her (a) for a new children’s pushchair I's a simple but b)__ invention which will alow two children of different ages to be transported in a single unit, She has already registered ‘a(o)__and I'd like us to develop a (d) Could you arrange a ‘meeting with the (e) {0 discuss this? We will have to carry out ()___tests to assess safety features and (g)_____with different weight loads. ‘This could be a real (h)__in pushchair design! Regards Ruth4 Research and development 2 (IAL tr you want to get feedback on a product or service, you can use qualitative research, Qualitative research uses open-ended interviewing to explore and understand the attitudes, opinions, feclings and behaviour of individuals or a group of individuals. Qualitative research has many common uses, including: © investigating current product/servi © identifying strengths and weaknesses {© exploring alternative communication messages © understanding why customers buy and use a product or service © evaluating the impact of advertising or public relations campaigns /brand positioning TB Research is based around a wide range of activities ~ from detailed analysis to product improvement. Results from research activities need to be scientifically measured and then reported, Research activities Measuring the results Reporting the results| ‘The following words can be used as both nouns and verbs: ‘We plan to conduct a study of consumer attitudes. We are going to study consumer attitudes. We intend to test the reactions to our new advertising campaign. ‘We will carry out the tests in order to get feedback on our advertising campaigns. ‘The trials produced some very interesting results. ‘We aim to trial our new products over the coming months. ‘We have evaluated the reliability of the experiments. Itis important to experiment with new processes. Notice the following verb and noun patterns Form noun ending Noun compile -ation ‘compilation standardize standardization evaluate evaluation identify “ation identification modify modification assess “ment ‘assessment develop development improve improvement== ‘Choose the correct word from the box to complete the following, ‘The collecting, classifying and analysing of information showa in numbers is known as tae ate, ‘The middle value of a set of numbers is known as the (b) ‘The average value is also known as the (¢) : ‘The value which occurs most often is the (4) 1,480 ball bearings were measured as part of quality control. The results are shown in a histogram, The histogram shows requency (e) _ The figures are based on a 0 ‘of 2,000 ball bearings. They were chosen at (g)_: i no particular order, ‘me or pattern. The measurement (h) isin millimetres. The (I) of 14.96mm is two. Answer the following questions from the graph below. ‘The median is) ‘The mode of distribution is (k) The mean is (1) : {tora sampies 2480 200. i 00. Tae Th86 Tar Thee foe vom TsO Teor 1509 1504 Tea taretor (i em) Complete the following sentences with an appropriate verb from Research Activities on the page opposite, You will have to put the verb in the correct form, 1 They report on future energy requirements. ‘The temperature was measured every hour and carefully Following the accident, fire experts have to____ the cause of the fire. ‘These clothes have not worn well so we will have to try and the quality. Scentists continue to fora cure for cancer. aun ‘They are trying to a solution to the problem of fri Put the following sentences in the correct order to describe the steps in the process of developing anew drug. ‘a After hospital specialists have evaluated the drug, information gathered from clinical trials is analysed b Data is subsequently sent to the Committee on Safety of Medicines. ¢ Then an application Is made to the government for a clinical licence. Tests are then carried out on volunteers, They are monitored closely for any other unwanted effects which were not identified earlier. fA decision is made by the committee and a licence issued before the new product is introduced. 8. Any side effects or toxicity are identified at this early stage. hh First of all, a new substance Is tested in the laboratories.5 Information technology 1 PA. information systems collect, organize, store, process, retrieve and display information in different formats (text, video, and voice). Information technology allows very fast, automated ‘manipulation of digital data and their transformation from and to analogue. ‘Two basic technologies have been responsible for the development of the necessary hardware: integrated circuits and digital communications. Parallel advances have been made in software, particularly easy-to-use software products to create, maintain, manipulate, and query files and records, Many of these software programs are designed for use both by computer professionals and enthusiastic amateurs. Another important factor is the development of computer networks (6) (NB) As technology develops, new models and types of computer appear. At the heart of all computers is the hardware, However, without software, computers are just dumb boxes, unable to perform any calculations or operations. Models and types of computer Computer hardware (PEN Many words in the field of U7 come from American English, So you may see the following, spellings: British English __ American English programme program analogue analog ‘The area of IT is developing very quickly; and the language to describe hardware, software and applications is also evolving at a high speed. AS a result new noun + noun combinations often. change to single nouns noun + noun, single noun lap top. laptop note book notebook work station workstation desk top desktopes PHY combine one word from A and one word from B and match it with the appropriate definition inc. A B t create products ‘a monitor will do this on a computer screen central information this describes the format of O and 4 in which Information is stored software processing unit these enable a computer to perform word processing, to create databases, and to manipulate numerical data isplay card ‘when two or more components are combined and then incorporated into a single package digital files. —————— to make new programs, utilities or documents expansion network a group of electronic machines connected by cables or other means which can exchange information and share equipment (such as printers and disk drives) integrated data the principal microchip that the computer is built around ‘computer circuits you plug this into a slot to add features such as video, sound, modem and networking, PS! complete each gap in the following text with a phrase from the table above. 1 The computer monitor will ‘so you can see it on screen. 2. Information is stored on a computer as 3. Spreadsheet and graphic software are examples of 4 Digital communications and have allowed developments in hardware to be made. In order to organise data you should where you can store data. When several computers are linked together you have a Naw ‘The part of the computer which interprets and carries out instructions is the 8 An ___can be inserted in your computer to give your computer extra capabilites.6 Information technology 2 RA, A network includes: © techniques ‘= ~ physical connections = ~ computer programs ‘used to link two or more computers. Network users can: © —share files, printers and other resources © send electronic messages © —run programs on other computers Each network operates according to a set of computer programs called network protocols for computers to talk to one another. Computer networks can now be interconnected efficiently through gateways. The biggest network is the World Wide Web. It consists of a large number of smaller interconnected networks called internets. These internets may connect tens, hundreds, or thousands of computers. They can share information with euch other, such as databases of information. The internet allows people all over the world to communicate with cach other ceflectively and inexpensively. DB) Before a network can operate, it needs physical connections so that signals can be transmitted. Alter the network has been connected, itis ready for operation. Network connections YE’ A presi comes at the beginning of a word and usually has a specific meaning, for example inter = between, Look at the following prefixes and their use in the above IT words/phrases: prefix meaning of prefiy example of use inter- between internet, interconnect, interactive, international intra. within intranet, e.g. company intranet trans. across transmit, transfer, transaction co,/eom-/eon- with combine, compatible, connect, configure wp up (to internet) upload own. ‘down (from intemet) download, downtime, i.e. when the network is down (not working)ee PPD choose the correct word in each of the following. 1 ‘The speed with which a modem can process data is measured in a) bandwidth —_b) bits per second (bps) __¢)_ signal 2 Cables consisting of several copper wires each with a shield are known as a) twisted pair) optical fibre) power cables 3 Computers that are connected together within one building form a a) WAN) ISP) LAN 4 If you transfera file from a remote computer to your computer, you. a) download —b) upload ©) run ‘To send out information isto a) signal —b) packet) transmit 6 A document containing information and graphies that can be accessed on the internet is cables, a) awebsite —b) awebpage —_¢)_ the World Wide Web PP? compiete the words in the following sentences by adding the prefix inter-, intra, (rans-, come, ‘con, up- or downs. 1 Last month computer _time cost the company over 110,000 in lost production, 2. The computers in the production department have now been successfully connected with those in the planning department. 3 Once you have completed payment details the data will be __mitted via a secure link. 4 We cannot network these computers because the systems are not _patible. ‘Many companies distribute internal documents on their own _net, Once the home page has been completed, we'll be ready to __load the site. Cables are being laid throughout the building as the network requires phy Using the network he was able to _bine the data from diflerent reports. nections, eau (PPS Here is a list of instructions for somcone wanting to sct up a small network. Put the instructions in the correct order. Make wiring and layout plans for your network. Hook up the network cables by connecting everything to the hub. Check that each computer has an IP address and give it a name. If you're installing a small network, twisted palr will be adequate. However, In order to span greater distances and to minimize magnetic and electrical interference use fibre optic cable, © Decide on the type of network you want to install. To enable you to transfer large amounts of data, choose Fast Ethernet (100Basel). F Install network adapters in the computers. 8 Add an internet gateway to your network to set up a shared internet connection. hh Install driver software for the adapter driver and install client software to share printers and files. 1 Check which protocols are installed and add any other protocols you require. j Get the hardware you need: an Ethernet adapter card for each computer that doesn’t have an Ethernet port, a hub if you've got more than two computers, cables and wall jacks.7 Logistics IAL Lozistics describes the organized movement of physical materials in a factory. It is usually subdivided into materials management, which is control of the efficient and effective flow of materials in the factory, from the arrival of raw materials to the packaging of the product; and distribution management, which includes the storage of goods und their transportation to distributors and consumers. (EEE 4 the same time. ecient loplstics needs efficent docimentation low forthe goods fom storage to destination. The process of distribution involves different means of transportation and requires secure packaging. Documentation 2 ods PRE @: Boge 23 a Means of transportation ES Read the following extract from a delivery note: Delivery Note 774 Booth Street South, YORK YO1 6PL_ Ref: 80000402, Delivery address: 67 Toshoro Avenue, Rotaronga City, Republic of Rotaronga Customer no.: 45673457 Purchase order date: 12/12/02 Purchase order no.: 346696 ‘Order date: 02/12/02 Order no.: 705555 TRANSPORTATION DETAILS ‘Terms of delivery: CLF Volume Gross wt: 340 kes Net wt: 300 kes ITEM DETAILS tem Material Weight Quantity 000010 ‘60000543 340 kes 7,500 Material description: RP-335,BG,50 Customer article number: R-2082 Batch number: 0395,aa Mateh the sentences with the pictures. Heavy goods are sent by truck. Milk is transported in a tanker. Goods for export are being sent by ship. Local deliveries are made in the van Pat the documents in an envelope and send them by post. ‘The goods are packed in cartons. Fresh fruit and vegetables are sent by air freight. ‘The goods are packed on a pallet. ‘These are moved using a forklift truck, ee Find a word or phrase on the opposite page which means: 1a contract with a shipper to transport goods. 2. the control of flow of materials and goods within the factory. 3 tobring goods in from another country. 4 aplace where large quantities of materials, equipment or goods are stored until they are needed 5 goods packed together and wrapped up ready for transportation, 6 goods carried on a plane, ship or truck. 7 the system of distribution of goods from producer to customer, 8 in the process of being transported. 9 to put goods onto a ship, lorry or plane. 10 the act of moving goods from one place to another. Here is an email from Woodman Ltd., a manufacturing company, to a customer. Fill in the blanks with words from the box. L Ret: MS423 Dear Cive ‘We have just (a) the (b) of goods, order no. MS423, to you, We have used our usual (c) . MJ Irving. The chairs have been packed ina wooden (¢) ‘and marked WD MS Belfast. | am attaching the ) the ()__________ is enciosed with the goods. ‘The crate shoud be (g) to Ireland on Thursday and Irving has promised 0) 10 your in Belfast on Friday morning. Regards Barry8 Quality TA ouality means meeting the minimum set of requirements in a product's specification and then being delighted that the customer's expectations have been met and exceeded. Therefore, the goal of a business should be to find out customer needs and then fine tune the process to ensure that they are met. Quality improvement concepts have developed over several decades. They began simply as a ‘method for detecting defective products by inspection at the end of the production line. In recent years the emphasis has changed from inspection to prevention, Today sampling methods monitor processes and keep them under control. The ultimate aim, of course, is zero defects. PB nrecent years different approaches to quality improvement have been developed, The overall aim is to prevent defects through: continuous process improvement customer focus Defect prevention TE Below are three examples of useful quality summary charts: A Pareto chart is a type of bar chart typically used to improve quality, process capability, or to conserve materials and energy. PParoto chart Vertical bar chart Pio chart 148. ata i 50% ton aig sed: * & * Me Awe a ™ PPPPISE wirie's C= cating aad? ‘worsen Pepaint shop A= assembly BH cetets rote iron Warehouse ee A bar graph uses either horizontal or vertical bars to show comparisons among categories. Appiee chart helps you to visualize the relative importance of several categories of a variable,PPD choose the correct word in the following sentences. 1. Wemust check/control the temperature regularly to make sure it doesn't rise 2 Tocompare the number of defects over the last ten years it would be best to use a Pareto/bar chat. We try to detect/define faulty products before they’ are sent fo our customers. But it’s better idea to protect/prevent faulty products inthe first plac. Making sure that materials are stored correctly i part of process/inventory control. We're sending our engineer who will epair/remake the faulty motor, We have had problems with the electronic equipment due to power errors/failures. This process is very inefficient because of the volume of serap/error leftover Here isa list of things we could do to improve quality, and now we must define/prioritize them, 10. Improving the design quality of these cars will add value/variabilty. warauee 2] choose the correct ending from B to complete each of the following sentences in A and then produce a short article about Japanese cars. 3) Here is a memo from the head of quality control to the managing director. Complete it with words from the box. eee aaa areTOT From Sue Braun To Alvis Vieent Re Quality contol As you know we recently carried out a (3) analysis of the bottle manufacturing plant. ‘Our aim was quality (0) ‘and to reduce the number of (0) products As you ean see from the attached (d) chart, raw materials and system failures are the arcas ‘we must improve on. ‘We will introduce new systems to change our (e) methods and () raw ‘material more carefully: We carried outa system failure (g) and we are now repairing the moulding machine, This will (h) ature failures and reduce (i) » With )____ process improvement, our aim i(k) defects.F 9 Health and safety S2/LINLoy INoIssasoud AILINQEIOA 22 A The average person finds it difficult to assess risks. For this reason, work practices need to be regulated. Examples of dangerous activities are ‘welding or grinding without goggles working on a construction site work without a hard hat working in noisy lactories, cabs, on airport tarmacs and with outdoor machinery without ear protection working in chem al areas without protective clothing smoking near hazardous substances Without regulation some employees will take risks. Health and safety is a part of employment (labour) law. It covers general matters such as; ‘occupational health ac prevention regulations speciall regulations for hazardous occupations such as mining and building provisions for risks such as poisons, dangerous machinery, dust, noise, vibration, and radiation the fall range of dangers arising from modern industrial processes, for example the widespread use of chemicals ‘The key concerns for health and safety are to assess the risks and hazards by identifying and quantifying the effects so that appropriate protective measures can be taken. Risks and hazards combustion * contamination * drains * dust * explosion flammable * fiction « fumes + fumigation * gas harmful » shock » spraying * toxic » vapour Fffect adverse effects » birth defect + bum + cancer + dizziness drowsiness + genetic damage + impair fertility + irreversible effect » vomiting Protective measures ‘avoid contact with * dispose of + dry + handle + keep precautionary + protect * recycle * rinse * seal tightly © wash » well-ventilated "The following health and safety notices show some protective measures that can be taken: rr Cod De sed Pe ca} eePPD choose the correct word in each sentence. 1 Store containers in a well-ventilated/good-ventilated place 2. Wipe up any spillages immediately and wash/inse with soapy water. 3 Process cooling water can be returned/recycled, 4 This chemical is toxic/intoxicating if swallowed. 5 Leftover chemicals should be disproved disposed of sally 6 Please wear protective gloves when fingering/handling this material. 7 Remember that asbestos Mbres can cause cancer coma. 8 Pregnant women should not take this medicine as it may cause birth defects/effects 9. Increased levels of radiation may lead to compared/impaired fertility 10. Donot empty chemical paint products into the drains/grains. 11. Protect/Avoid contact with skin and eyes, 12. Donot use with other products as it may release dangerous fumes/Tumigation, TP] complete the following sentences with a form of the word in brackets. 1 When working in this area, please wear clothing (protect 2. Don’t pour used chemicals into the drains as they will cause (contaminate) 3. Heating this liquid may cause an (explode). 4 These chemicals must be kept in a locked cupboard because they are (harm). 5. While they repair the roof, we will close this department as a measure (precaution), 6 health is one part of Health and Safety (occupation) 7 Working in a noisy factory without ear protectors isa__aetivity (danger). 8 Petrol and oil are chemicals (Name), 9 Make sure the containers are closed (tight. 10. Make sure you are wearing breathing equipment before starting (fume), PS) the manager in charge of health and safety is explaining things 10 some new employees. Complete what he says by filling the blanks with the correct word from the box. aoe the workplace. As your | Necessary safety equipment. You must wear to protect your € G re on this esa eA should ont ear (c) because the )___ from the machines is high enough to cause damage to your hearing. ‘And gine (e)___In the air, so please wear masks to stop reathing it in. But, you too are responsible for your safety and for preventing happening. EMPLOYEE: Are we looking at fire risks? MANAGER: Yes, of course. Remember that it is very dangerous to (g) " chemical store, In fact, we have a no smoking policy throughout the ‘themselves ate, of course, (h)____ 0 they should never enter your mouth, ‘They could cause (i)_____if you get them on your skin. if you leave them without a lid, (j) _______may escape and cause headaches, ()______ or dizziness.Pa ry 9 = = = =| < ° Hy Es Fy Ps 3 10 Engineering Engineering is based principally on physies, chemistry, and mathematics, and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, transfer and rate processes, and systems analysis. ygineering as a profession involves different tasks. It can refer specifically to the manufacture or assembly of engines, machine tools and machine parts. Its also used more generally to describe the creative application of scientific principles to design. develop, construct and forecast the behaviour of structures, apparatus, machines, manufacturing processes and works, ‘The function of scientists is to know, while that of engineers is to do: they must solve specific problems, See also: Chemical (12), Civil (20, 21), Electrical (16), Blectronic (17, 18), Mining (22), Petroleum (23, 24), Production (1, 2), Construction (15), Different branches of engineering require different equipment and are based on different processes. Branches of engineering ‘The following words/phrases are all followed by ‘engineering’ chemical + civil + electrical * electronic + highway * hydraulic + industrial mechanical * mining * petroleum production * production « structural Equipment in engineering boller ¢ crane * gas engine * machine tool * pump « tumine Processes in treating metals ‘anneal + anodize + electroplate + forge + found + galvanize grind harden + mint * plate + roll + soften temper tinplate Notice the following adjective endings: | * physical + structural ‘Notice the following nouns which are a plural form but are normally used with a singular verbsn Match the following verbs with the correct definition. anneal to melt motal and then pour it into a form, e.g. ron components anodie _to make thin sheets of metal by passing it between large rollers, e.g, steel electroplate to shape metals by heating and then hammering, @.8. horse shoes forge to make materials tough by cooling them slowly, e.g, glass found to make something softer, e.g. fires galvanize to heat and then coo! metals to obtain the required hardness and elasticity, e, steel ring to cover with a thin layer of metal using electrolysis, e.g. car components roll to protect from rusting by coating in zinc, e.g, food cans plate to give a metal a protective coat by using it as an anode in electrolysis, 6. car components soften to polish or sharpen by rubbing on a rough surface, e.g. stone temper to cover one metal with a thin layer of another, ¢.g. silver plate ‘Complete the following sentences with a form of the word in brackets. 1 Inthe ____industry, develop processes for producing plastics, fibres, medicines, ete, from simple chemicals, (chemistry) 2. Producing steel using the Bessemer process is one of the best-known, processes. (industry) 3 Most devices need oil as a lubricant, (mechanics) 4 Following the earthquake, every building had to be inspected to see whether it had suflered any damage. (structure) Certain chemivals are added to glue to It (hardy Excavators and power shovels are two types of equipment used by when they are removing rocks from the ground, (mine) Here is an extract from a speech made by a careers advisor to a group of students choosing their future courses of study at university. Complete the speech by choosing one of the words from. the box. machines * highway * mechanical * chemical + civil + physics electrical « develop + production * electronic Engineering students should have an understanding of maths, (e) and chemistry. Working with pharmaceuticals, food, mineral processing and chemical manufacturing, a (b)_____ engineer is trained to understand, design, control, and investigate material flows. If you enjoy problem solving and find projects such as the Channel Tunnel and the Three Gorges Dam interesting, (c) __ engineering may be for you. You will produce creative designs at an economical price while paying due concern to the environment. If your interest is in road building then you may decide to follow a specialized course in (d) engineering. By studying (@)__and (f engineering you learn about the design of complete systems, such as computers, controllers, power end transport systems. (@) ___ engineers plan, design and (n) __ a wide range of things: washing machines, cars and spacecraft. ()|__ engineers work very closely with mechanical engineers, to make new products at the right price, on time and in the correct quantity. As well as designing and selecting () ‘and materials, they also organize people end finance.11 Automotive Building a car takes @ long time ~ from research, through design to final development. First researchers need to determine what consumers want, and then suggest what kind of automobile to make. Daring the design phase, new ideas are converted into tangible parts or products. At the same time engineers modily existing parts and features for the new model and draft new plans for the prototype (a working example of a new design). Then manufacturers begin to construct a {ew prototypes. These are extensively tested in wind tunnels and dust tunnels, factory tracks, ‘water-proofing bays, desert heat, Aretic cold, and crashes, At the next stage a plant is set up to build the new model and the necessary components. Product planners monitor the process to ensure that the new ear programme finishes on time and within budget. Managers must also coordinate diflerent activities, including producing the cars, purchasing materials, and training the workers. Marketing teams must then sell the car. Every year the major car manufacturers launch their new models, but a single car design can take several years from the drawing board to the showroom (lor. A typical company will therefore have several new designs in various stages of development at any given time. Automobiles have developed over the years, both in terms of mechanies and design. ‘Today's ‘automobile system is more eflicient and safer, and the range of models more varied. A central part of car manulacture is the workshop where car bodies are shaped and painted (the bodyshop). Models bus + oxccutive + 4x4 + Joop = lorry + luxury + medium + mini multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) * people carrier * pickup * small family sports * supermini » truck * van Body shaping and painting body panel + cast * cut + fibreglass + forge + machine operator mould * paint shop * press shop + spray gun + stamp + steel Automobile system Brake pedal Clutch Steering whee! Siencer/muffier Jel pipe Accelerator Fuel tank Col springs. Drum brake © Exhaust system Aerator. re Fuel ine wee actor gine leering system nee ® Power train Distributor Mastor brake eyinder minectea sisters 1 Coolant system engine ‘ise brake es e Fuel system Differential Transmission 1m Brake system Advertising plays an important role in promoting the features of cars, Read the following: advanced braking system (ABS) + air conditioning + airbag + alarm alloy wheels + central locking * climate control + electric windows immobilizer + power assisted steering (PAS) + sunroof=a ‘There are several steps in the process of developin; order. Put the following steps in the correct a A plantis set up to build the new model, o ‘Marketing teams work to promote the new model and the new car is launched. Researchers analyse the answers and suggest the type of car to be built. Engineers work to modify existing parts for the new model. ‘Customers are asked questions about the sorts of features they would like in. cat. seas Product planners make sure that the new car is ready on time, 1 A prototype is built. are carried out in different conditions. Designers work to design a new car based on these suggestions, Match the part of the car with its function. steering wheel holds brake fluid exhaust manifold provides the power radiator stores electricity fuel tank ‘ensures that the rear wheels turn at a different speed to each other “when a car corners i brake line produces electricity silencer/muffler sends an electric current to the spark plugs battery carries waste gases to the exhaust pipe clutch makes the car go faster whon it is prossed differential used by the driver to turn the car engine holds fuel brake cylinder cools water from the engine accelerator connects the brake cylinder to the brakes distributor reduces the exhaust noise alternator disconnects the engine from the gearbox while the gears are changed PS dere is a newspaper article reviewing a new small family car. Fillin the blanks with words from the page opposite. ‘The first letter is given to help you. _itmbetisenanerinic” | sous ve meteuneis abo | tn pana: awl arte competitor’ failure, the | how farto open the windows as | driver. A car (a is new LOTE A1 is the perfect the driver has full control of fitted as standard and an car for Mum, Dad and two the (fe windows. w. will prevent kids. Just back from its in the back, and of course, someone starting the ear @ in the heat ec without your permission, of the (b)d___ and. saves telling the kids to lock It’s a great-looking the cold of the Arctic, the their doors. vehicle, bigger than the LOTE is the perfect small Driving ths litle beauty is | (rm) m «less roomy wot car The 4: rea pleasure (h) B than the (0) interior is classy and Bebe Bee ¢____ but faster than a comfortable with surprisingly makes those corners easy (o)y {With good leg room in the back The | and the (a aluminium (p) a (a © is |b 2 wit | we and a price that's highly efficient for the heat of | stop you comfortably in those | les than anything ese in this summer bat if you preferthe | tight moments Safety is also | range, its one that’s hard to catefive image, you can open | high on the agenda here with | beat the(e)s ____. There fitted Qa for the