DEPARTMENT : H & A.Sc.

SEMESTER : 3
SUBJECT NAME:PS
SUBJECT CODE : 3130006
FACULTY NAME : PARESH PATEL

CHAPTER: BASIC PROBABILITY

(1) Define Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive events with a suitable example

(2) Describe the sample space for the indicated random experiments.
(a) A coin is tossed 3 times. (b) A coin and die is tossed together.

(3) Four card are labeled with A, B, C and D. We select and two cards at random
without replacement. Describe the sample space for the experiments.

(4) If probability of event A is 9/10, what is the probability of the event “not A”.
.
(5) If A and B are two mutually exclusive events with P(A) = 0.30, P(B) = 0.45.
Find the probability of A′, A ∩ B, A ∪ B, A′ ∩ B′ .

(6) A fair coin is tossed twice. Find the probability of (a) Getting H exactly once.
(b) Getting T at least once.

(7) One card is drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Calculate
the probability that the card will be (a) An Ace (b) A card of black color
(c) A diamond (d) Not an ace.

(8) Four cards are drawn from the pack of cards. Find the probability that (a) all
are diamonds (b) there is one card of each suit (c) there are two spades and
two hearts.

(9) A box contains 5 red, 6 white and 2 black balls. The balls are identical in all
respect other than color.
(a) One ball is drawn at random from the box. Find the probability that the
selected ball is black.
(b) Two balls are drawn at random from the box. Find the probability that
one ball is white and one is red.

(10) If P(A) = 1/3, P(B) = 3/4 and P(A ∪ B) = 11/12 . Find P(A⁄B).

(11) If A and B are independent events, with P(A) = 3/8, P(B) = 7/8. Find
P(A ∪ B), P(A⁄B) and P(B⁄A).

(12) From a bag containing 4 white and 6 black balls, two balls are drawn at
random. If the balls are drawn one after the other without replacements, find
the probability that first ball is white and second is black.

(13) In a bolt factory, three machines A, B and C manufacture

25%, 35% and 40% of the total product respectively. Out Of these outputs
5%, 4% and 2% respectively, are defective bolts. A bolt is picked up at
random and found to be defective. What are the Probabilities that it was
manufactured by machine A, B and C?

Amiraj College of Engineering & Technology

 DEPARTMENT : H & A.Sc. SEMESTER : 3
SUBJECT NAME:PS
SUBJECT CODE : 3130006
FACULTY NAME : PARESH PATEL

(14) A company has two plants to manufacture hydraulic machine. Plat I

manufacture 70% of the hydraulic machines and plant II manufactures 30%.
At plant I, 80% of hydraulic machines are rated standard quality and at plant
II, 90% of hydraulic machine are rated standard quality. A machine is picked
up at random and is found to be of standard quality. What is the chance that
it has come from plant I?

(15) A microchip company has two machines that produce

the chips. Machine-I produces 65% of the chips, but 5% of its chips are
defective. Machine-II produces 35% of the chips, but 15% of its chips are
defective. A chip is selected at random and found to be defective. What is the
probability that it came from Machine-I?

(16) The probability distribution of a random variable X is given below.

Find a, E(X), E(2X + 3), E(X2 + 2), V(X), V(3X + 2)

X -2 -1 0 1 2
P(x) 1/12 1/3 A 1/4 1/6
(17) The probability distribution of a random variable X is given below.
X -1 0 1 2 3
P(x) 3/10 1/10 K 3/10 1/10

Find k, E(X), E (4X+3), E(X2), V(X), V(2X+3).

(18) A continuous random variable X has p.d.f. ( )=3 ; 0 ≤ ≤ 1. Find ‘b’

such
that p(X > b) = 0.05.

(19) A random variable X has p.d.f. ( ) = k (1 − ) ; 0 < < 1. Find the

value
of ‘k’ and hence find its mean and variance.

(20) If mean and standard deviation of a random variable x are 5 and 5

respectively. Find ( ) and (2 + 5) .

(21) The joint probability mass function of (X, Y) is given by P(x, y) = K(2x + 3y)
Where x = 0,1,2 and y = 1,2,3. Find the marginal probability of X.

(22) 3+2 ;2 ≤ ≤4
A random variable X has p.d.f. ( ) = . Find the
0 ; ℎ
standard deviation of the distribution.

(23) Let P(X = 0, Y = 1) = 1/3, P(X = 1, Y = −1) = 1/3, P(X = 1, Y = 1) = 1/3.

Is it the joint probability mass function of X and Y?. if yes, Find the marginal
probability function of X and Y.

Amiraj College of Engineering & Technology

 DEPARTMENT : H & A.Sc. SEMESTER : 3
SUBJECT NAME:PS
SUBJECT CODE : 3130006
FACULTY NAME : PARESH PATEL

(24) The random variables X and Y have the following joint probability
distribution. What is the expected value of X and Y?

Y=0 Y=1 Y=2

X=0 0.2 0.1 0.2
X=1 0 0.2 0.1
X=2 0.1 0 0.1
(25) Consider the joint density function for X and Y,
( , )= ; 0 < < 1 & < < , find the expected value of X.

(26) The joint probability mass function of (X, Y) is given by P(x, y) = K(2x + 3y)
Where x = 0,1,2 and y = 1,2,3. Find the marginal probability of X.

Amiraj College of Engineering & Technology

 DEPARTMENT : H & A.Sc. SEMESTER : 3
SUBJECT NAME:PS
SUBJECT CODE : 3130006
FACULTY NAME : PARESH PATEL

CHAPTER: SOME SPECIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

(1) Write assumption of Binomial Distribution.

(2) Find the binomial distribution for n = 4 and p = 0.3.

(3) 12% of the tablets produced by a tablet machine are defective. What is the
probability that out of a random sample of 20 tablets produced by the
machine, 5 are defective?
(4) If 3 of 12 car drivers do not carry driving license, what is the probability that
a traffic inspector who randomly checks 3 car drivers, will catch 1 for not
carrying driving license. (Use binomial dist.)
(5) What are the properties of Binomial Distribution? The average percentage of
failure in a certain examination is 40. What is the probability that out of a
group of 6 candidates, at least 4 passed in examination?
(6) The probability that in a university, a student will be a post-graduate is 0.6.
Determine the probability that out of 8 students (a) None (b) Two (c) At least
two will be post-graduate.
(7) A dice is thrown 6 times getting an odd number of success, Find probability
(a) Five success (b) At least five success (c) At most five success.
(8) A multiple choice test consist of 8 questions with 3 answer to each question
(of which only one is correct). A student answers each question by rolling a
balanced dice & checking the first answer if he gets 1 or 2, the second answer
if he gets 3 or 4 & the third answer if he gets 5 or 6. To get a distinction, the
student must secure at least 75% correct answers. If there is no negative
marking, what is the probability that the student secures a distinction?
(9) Obtain the binomial distribution for which mean is 10 and variance is 5.
(10) For the binomial distribution with n = 20, p = 0.35. Find Mean, Variance and
Standard deviation.
(11) If the probability of a defective bolt is 0.1 Find mean and standard deviation
of the distribution of defective bolts in a total of 400.
POISSON DISTRIBUTION

(12) In a company, there are 250 workers. The probability of a worker remain
absent on any one day is 0.02. Find the probability that on a day seven
workers are absent.
(13) For Poisson variant X, if P(X = 3) = P(X = 4) then, Find P(X = 0).
(14) In a bolt manufacturing company, it is found that there is a small chance of 1
500 for any bolt to be defective. The bolts are supplied in a packed of 30
bolts. Use Poisson distribution to find approximate number of packs, (a)
Containing no defective bolt and (b) Containing two defective bolt, in the
consignment of 10000 packets.
(15) Potholes on a highway can be serious problems. The past experience suggests
that there are, on the average, 2 potholes per mile after a certain amount of
usage. It is assumed that the Poisson process applies to the random variable
“no. of potholes”. What is the probability that no more than four potholes will
occur in a given section of 5 miles?

Amiraj College of Engineering & Technology

 DEPARTMENT : H & A.Sc. SEMESTER : 3
SUBJECT NAME:PS
SUBJECT CODE : 3130006
FACULTY NAME : PARESH PATEL

(16) 100 Electric bulbs are found to be defective in a lot of 5000 bulbs. Find the
probability that at the most 3 bulbs are defective in a box of 100 bulbs.
(17) If a bank receives an average six back cheques per day what are the
probability that bank will receive (a) 4 back cheques on any given day (b) 10
back cheques on any consecutive day
EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION

(18) The lifetime T of an alkaline battery is exponentially distributed with θ = 0.05

per hour. What are the probabilities for battery to last between 10 and 15
hours? What are the probabilities for the battery to last more than 20 hr?
(19) The time between breakdowns of a particular machine follows an exponential
distribution with a mean of 17 days. Calculate the probability that a machine
breakdown in 15 days period.
(20) In a large corporate computer network, user log-on to the system can be
modeled as a Poisson process with a mean of 25 log-on per hours. (a) What is
the probability that there are no log-on in an interval of six min.? (b) What is
the probability that time until next log-on is between 2 & 3 min.? (c)
Determine the interval of time such that the probability that no log-on occurs
in the interval is 0.90?
(21) Accidents occur with Poisson distribution at an average of 4/week (λ = 4). (a)
Calculate the probability of more than 5 accidents in any one week. (b) What
is probability that at least two weeks will elapse between accidents?
GAMMA DISTRIBUTION

(22) Suppose you are fishing and you expect to get a fish once every 1/2 hour.
Compute the probability that you will have to wait between 2 to 4 hours
before you catch 4 fish.
(23) The daily consumption of milk in a city, in excess of 20000 liters, is
approximately distributed as a gamma variate with r=2 and λ=1/10000. The
city has daily stock of 30000 liters. What is the probability that the stock is
insufficient on a particular day?
(24) The daily consumption of electric power in a certain city is a random variable
X having probability density function f(x) = { 1 9 x e − x 3 , x > 0 0 , x ≤ 0 .
Find the probability that the power supply is inadequate on any given day if
the daily capacity of the power plant is 12 million KW hours.

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

(25) The compressive strength ofthe sample of cement can be modelled by normal
distribution with mean 6000 kg/cm2 and standard deviation of 100 kg/cm2 .
(a) What is the probability that a sample strength is less than 6250 kg/cm2 ?
(b) What is probability if sample strength is between 5800 and 5900 kg/cm2 ?
(c) What strength is exceeded by 95% of the samples? [P(z = 2.5) = 0.9938,
P(z = 1) = 0.8413, P(z = 2) = 0.9772, P(z = 1.65) = 0.95]
(26) In a photographic process, the developing time of prints may be looked upon
as a random variable having normal distribution with mean of 16.28 seconds
and standard deviation of 0.12 seconds. Find the probability that it will take
(a) Anywhere from 16.00 to 16.50 sec to develop one of the prints; (b) At

Amiraj College of Engineering & Technology

 DEPARTMENT : H & A.Sc. SEMESTER : 3
SUBJECT NAME:PS
SUBJECT CODE : 3130006
FACULTY NAME : PARESH PATEL

least 16.20 sec to develop one of the prints; (c) At most 16.35 sec to develop
one of the prints. [P(z = 1.83) = 0.9664, P(z = 0.66) = 0.7454, P(z = 0.58) =
0.7190]
(27) A random variable having the normal distribution with μ = 18.2 & σ = 1.25,
find the probabilities that it will take on a value (a) less than 16.5 (b) Between
16.5 and 18.8. [ F(0.48)=0.3156, F(-1.36)=0.0869 ]
(28) In AEC company, the amount of light bills follows normal distribution with
standard deviation 60. 11.31% of customers pay light-bill less than Rs.260.
Find average amount of light bill.
(29) Weights of 500 students of college is normally distributed with average
weight 95 lbs. & σ =7.5. Find how many students will have the weight
between 100 and 110.
CHEBYSHEV’S INEQUALITY

(30) A random variable X has a mean 12, variance 9 and unknown probability
distribution. Find P(6 < X < 18).
(31) Determine the smallest value of ‘k’ in the chebyshev’s inequality for which
the probability is at least 0.95.
(32) A random variable X has mean 10, variance 4 and unknown probability
distribution. Find ‘c’ such that P{|X − 10| ≥ c} ≤ 0.04
(33) A random variable X has pdf f(x) = e −x , x ≥ 0. Use chebyshev’s inequality
to show that P{|X − 1| > 2} ≤ 1 4 and also find the actual probability.

Amiraj College of Engineering & Technology