L CONCIETE O I I O G E DEVELOPMENT GROUP
A
r
A Implementation of European
concrete and aggregate
standards and their
influence on the use of
L recycled aggregates i n
p o n c r e t e for bridges
Prepared for the
Concrete Bridge Development Group
by Chris A Clear
British Cement Association
Concrete Bridge Development Group
Technical Paper 8
1
Implementation of European concrete and aggregate standards and their influence on the use
of recycled aggregates in concrete for bridges
Technical Paper No 8
First published 2004
Q Concrete Bridge Development Group 2001
Published by the Concrete Bridge Development Group
Century House, Telford Avenue, Crowthorne, Berkshire RG45 6YS, UK
Tel: +44 (0)1344 725727 - Fax: +44 (0)1344 772426
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advice, recommendations or information it may give either in this publication or elsewhere is accurate, no
liability or responsibility of any kind (including liability for negligence) howsoever and from whatsoever
cause arising it, is accepted in this respect by the Group, its servants or agents.
Implementation of European concrete and aggregate standards and their
influence on the use of recycled aggregates in concrete for bridges
A brief report for the Concrete Bridge Development Group on recent changes in British and European
Standards and Specificationsthat influence the use of recycled aggregates in concrete by Chris A Clear, British
Cement Association
Concrete Standards EN 206-1 and BS 8500.
On 1December 2003 the European and its complementary British Standards for concrete, EN 206-1 and
BS 8500 Parts 1 and 2, were fully implemented. These standards set out various requirements for
aggregates used as a component in concrete and these are summarised.
I n accordance with BS EN 206-1 constituent materials shall not contain harmful ingredients in such
quantities that may be detrimental to the durability of the concrete or corrosion of the reinforcement and
shall be suitable for the intended use in concrete. Where general suitability is established for a
constituent material, this does not indicate suitability in every situation and for every concrete
composition. Only constituents with established suitability for the specified application shall be used in
concrete conforming to BS EN 206-1. This includes normal and heavy-weight aggregates conforming to
EN 12620 and lightweight aggregates conforming to EN 13055-1. These requirementsdo not exclude air-
cooled blastfurnace slag, pulverized fuel-ash as a filler aggregate, or china clay sand.
BS 8500 confirms that in addition to EN 12620 and EN 13055-1 aggregates general suitability is
established for aggregate from natural sources to BS 882, air-cooled blastfurnace slag to BS 1047 and
lightweight aggregates to BS 3797. The reference to BS 882, BS 1047 and BS 3797 aggregates is
necessary as these standards will not be formally withdrawn until June 2004. However the aggregate
industry has voluntarily agreed to work to EN 12620 and EN 13055-1from 1January 2004 and so formal
reference to the British aggregates standards from 1January 2004 should not be necessary.
I n addition to EN 12620 and EN 13055-1aggregates BS 8500 includes provisions for the use of recycled
aggregate (RA) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA).
As defined in BS 8500 RA is aggregate resulting from the reprocessing of inorganic material previously
used in construction and RCA is recycled aggregate principally comprising crushed concrete. For BS 8500
only coarse RA and RCA, that is material greater than 4 mm, is considered for use in concrete as the finer
material can have detrimental effects on water demand. To conform to BS 8500 the coarse RA and
coarse RCA shall conform to the general requirements for aggregates specified in BS 882 and BS EN
12620, as well as a number of additional requirements on composition.
As the potential composition of RA is so wide, the additional specification requirements should be
assessed on a case by case basis taking into account the specific composition of the RA. I n particular the
project specification for the RA should include:
Maximum acid-soluble sulfate;
Method of determination of chloride content;
Classification with respect to alkali-aggregate activity;
Method of determination of the alkali content;
Any limitations on use in concrete.
Particular sources of RA will be suitable for use in concrete but the data required to ensure any risk is
minimised may restrict their use to either extensiveor reliable long term sources that can be commercially
justified.
CBDGilP8 Page 1 of 5
March 2004
Generically RCA, particularly where there may be some knowledge of the concrete application in its
previous role, presents a far lower risk and BS 8500 sets out where this can be incorporated into
concrete. An important option in BS 8500 is to specify a Designated concrete, that is identifying a
concrete by its application. Table 1 is a summary of the guidance on the selection of designated
concrete by application, including an indication of the exposure class and the recommended consistence
range. For reinforced concrete the appropriate strength class is given using the standard nomenclature of
'C'followed by cylinder/cube strength. That is a RC30 is a concrete with a strength class of C25/30where
25 is the cylinder strength and 30 is the cube strength. Table 2 is a summary of the appropriate exposure
classes for concrete that can include RCA. I n accordance with BS 8500 100% of the coarse aggregate in
GEN concretes can be RCA, but in RC concretes the maximum proportion of coarse aggregate that can be
RCA is 20%.
Designed concrete
Application Exposure Designated Recommended
class Concrete Consistence
Class Slump Range
Blinding to foundations DC-1 GENl 53 100 to 150 mm
Mass concrete fill foundations DC-1 GENl 53 100 to 150 mm
Strip footing foundations DC-1 GENl 53 100 to 150 mm
Mass concrete foundations DC-1 GEN 1 53 100 to 150 mm
Trench fill foundations DC- 1 GEN1 s4 160 to 210 mm
Fully buried reinforced foundations DC-1 RC30 s3 100 to 150 mm
Kerbbedding and backing I- 1 GENO I s1 10 to 40 mm
Drainage works to give immediate support DC- 1 GENl s1 10 to 40 mm
Other drainage works DC-1 GENl s3 100 to 150 mm
Oversite below suspended slabs DC-1 GENl 53 100 to 150 mm
House floors, no embedded metal, permanent finish to XCO GEN1 52 50 to 90 mm
be added
House floors, no embedded metal, no permanent finish XCO GEN2 s2 50 to 90 mm
to be added
Garage floors, no embedded metal xco GEN3 s2 50 to 90 mm
Wearing surface: light foot and trolley traffic xc4 RC30 53 100 to 150 mm
Wearing surface: general industrial xc4 RC40 53 100 to 150 mm
Wearing surface: heavy industrial xc4 RCSO 53 100 to 150 mm
Reinforced concrete Compressive strength class 20/25 XCO, XC1, RC25
for slabs,beams, Compressive strength class 25/30 xc2, xc3, RC30
walls and columns. XC4, XF1,
Compressive strength class 28/35 DC1 RC35 s3 100 to 150 mm
Compressive strength class 32/40 RC40
Compressive strength class 35/45 RC45
Compressive strength class 40/50 RC50
Table 1. Summary of the guidance on the selection of designated concrete by application to BS 8500.
Page 2 of 5
March 2004
Class Class description Informative examples applicable in the UK
Designation
xo For concrete without Unreinforced concrete surfaces inside structures
reinforcement or embedded Unreinforced concrete completely buried in non-aggressive
metal: all exposures except soil
where there is freeze thaw , Unreinforced concrete permanently submerged in non-
abrasion or chemical attack. For aggressive water
concrete with reinforcement or Unreinforced concrete in cyclic wet and dry conditions not
embedded metal: very dry. permanently submerged in non-aggressive water
xc1 Dry or permanently wet Reinforced or prestressed concrete surfaces inside structures
except structures with areas of high humidity
Reinforced or prestressed concrete surfaces permanently
submerged in non-aggressive water
xc2 Wet, rarely dry Reinforced or prestressed concrete completely buried in non-
aggressive soil
XC3 and Moderate humidity or cyclic wet External reinforced or prestressed concrete surfaces sheltered
xc4 and dry from rain
Reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces inside
structures with high humidity (e.g. bathrooms and kitchens)
Reinforced and prestressed concrete surfaces exposed to
alternate wetting and drying.
XF1 Moderate water saturation Vertical concrete surfaces such as facades and columns
without de-icing agent exposed to rain and freezing
Non-vertical concrete surfaces not highly saturated, but
exposed to freezing and to rain or water
~~~
DC1 Non-aggressive soil and minimum Non aggressive soil complies with all the following:
concrete section not less than Sulfate, SO4, content from a 2 : l water soil extract ~ 1 . g/1
2
150 mm Sulfate, SO4, content from a groundwater <0.4 g/I
Total potential sulfate, SO4, content <0.24 g/1
Mobile water pH in natural soil > 5.5
Mobile water pH in brownfield > 6.5
Table 2. Summary of BS 8500 exposure classes where RCA can be used.
Specification for Highway Works
The Specification for Highway Works as amended in November 2003, states with respect to aggregate for
the use in structural concrete in clause 1702.2:
'Unless otherwise specified, aggregates shall comply with on of the following British Standards, as
appropriate:
0 BS 882 (Aggregates from natural sources for concrete)
ii) BS 1047 (Air-cooled blastfurnace slag coarse aggregate for concrete)'
and adds a number of additional requirements for flakiness, chloride content and drying shrinkage. On
the face of it such requirements will not promote the use of secondary aggregates in concrete bridges but
it does not prohibit its use as a designer could specify it. As I understand the position the November
2003 amendment to the SHW is an interim measure and that a further amendment currently being
drafted will provide more encouragement for the use of recycled materials.
Currently, where a designer wishes to specify recycled aggregate he would need to take account of
relevant specifications and guidance as set out in the concrete standards.
CBDGlTP8 Page 3 of 5
March 2004
For information a summary of the nomenclature and requirements for aggregates to the
European Standard, BS EN 12620
Aggregate sizes
Aggregate sizes are expressed in terms of lower and upper sieve sizes, expressed as d/D. The break
point between fine and coarse aggregate is set a 4 mm and fines are defined a material less than 63 pm.
The standard sizes for d or D for coarse aggregate are: 80, 63/40, 31.5, 20, 16, 14, 10 8 and 6.3 mm.
EN 12620 is more flexible in the sizes of material that can be specified and defines grading categories.
For example PD 6682-1 suggests that an appropriate equivalent to a BS 882 20 mm single size aggregate
is a 10/20 G, 85/20, where:
10 =d
20 =D
G = Grading category
C = coarse
85 = Minimum OO/ passing D
20 = Maximum OO/ passing d.
Other suitable EN 12620 equivalents designations for BS 882 aggregates suggested by PD 6682-1 are
given in Table 3
I Standard I Bs882
20 mm single size
I Bs EN 12620
10120
I
Size 10 rnrn single size 4/10
20 to 5 rnrn graded 4/20
Fines Less than 75 prn Less than 63 pm
Grading Suggested for 4/20 G, 90115
Suggested for 4/10 or 10120 - G, ss/zo
Suqqested for 216.3 G, 80120
Table 3. BS 882 and BS EN 12630 terms for coarse aggregate for size and grading.
I t should be noted that the suggested size and grading requirements set out in Table 3 are only
suggested as they correspond to what was available as natural aggregate to BS 882. The philosophy of
BS EN 12620 permits greater flexibility in specifying the grading of RCA.
EN 12620 and PD 6682-1 do not include requirements for resistance to fragmentation or maximum
aggregate drying shrinkage and as these are considered necessary in the UK for concrete BS 8500 states
that values should be specified or a requirement met.
BS 8500 requires that the project specification shall specify the resistance to fragmentation of the
combined coarse aggregate by setting a Los Angeles coefficient category, as classified in EN 12620.
Where a category is not specified it shall meet the requirement for b0.
BS 8500, like the SHW, limits the drying shrinkage to not more than 0.075% when determined in
accordance with BS EN 1367-4 unless otherwise specified.
CBDG/TPB Page 4 of 5
March 2004
References
Specification for Highway Works - Volume 1(Amended November 2003). Series 1700 -Structural
Concrete.
-
Specification for Highway Works Volume 2 (Amended November 2003). Series NG 1700 -
Structural Concrete. Notes for Guidance.
British Standards Institution (2003). BS EN 206-1: 2000 Concrete - Part 1: Specification,
performance, production and conformity. Incorporating amendment 1, 20 October 2003. BSI, London.
British Standards Institution (2003). BS 8500-1: 2002 Concrete. Complementary British Standard to
BS EN 206-1. Method of specifying and guidance for the specifier. Incorporating amendment 1, 20
October 2003. BSI, London.
British Standards Institution (2003). BS 8500-2: 2002 Concrete. Complementary British Standard to
BS EN 206-1. Specification for constituent materials and concrete. Incorporating amendment 1, 20
October 2003. BSI, London.
British Standards Institution (2003). PD 6682-1 Aggregates - Part 1: Aggregates for concrete -
Guidance on the use of BS EN 12620. BSI, London.
British Standards Institution (2002). BS EN 12620: 2002 Aggregates for concrete. BSI, London.
British Standards Institution (1998). BS EN 1097-2: 1998 Tests for mechanical and physical
properties of aggregates - Part 2: Methods for the determination of resistance to fragmentation. BSI,
London.
British Standards Institution (1998). BS EN 1744-1: 1998 Tests for chemical properties of
aggregates. Chemical analysis. BSI, London.
British Standards Institution (1998). BS EN 1367-4: 1998 Tests for thermal and weathering
properties ,of aggregates. Determination of drying shrinkage. BSI, London.
CBDGlTP8 Page 5 of 5
March 2004
1. TECHNICAL GUIDES
TGl INTEGRAL BRIDGES
A 72-page Report of a Study Visit by CBDG delegation to USA in August 1997, sponsored by DTI
TG2 GUIDE TO TESTING AND MONITORING THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
An easy-to-use practical guide for bridge owners and designers produced by the CBDG Task Group
TG3 THE USE OF FIBRE COMPOSITES IN CONCRETE BRIDGES
A 36-page state-of-the-art review of the use of advanced composites authored by Dr J L Clarke
(Concrete Society)
TG4 THE AESTHETICS OF CONCRETE BRIDGES
A Guide produced by a CBDG Task Group led by John Bergg with 60 colour photographs
TECHNICAL PAPERS
TPI AN OVERVIEW OF THE THAUMASITE FORM OF ATACH
TP2 TOWARDS THE DESIGN OF SOIL LOADING FOR INTEGRAL BRIDGES
TP3 GUIDE TO COMPRESSIVE MEMBRANE ACTION
TP4 FLUSH BOND TESTS
TP5 THE EFFECT OF SHEAR ENHANCEMENT ON THE RESISTANCE OF AN INFILL DECK
TP6 JOINING CONCRETE BRIDGES
TP7 TESTING OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE BEAMS WITH LIMESTONE AGGREGATE
TP8 IMPLEMENTATION OF EUROPEAN CONCRETE AND AGGREGATE STANDARDS AND THEIR
INFLUENCE ON THE USE OF RECYCLED AGGREGATES IN CONCRETE FOR BRIDGES
EDUCATIONAL BROCHURES
a) Concrete Bridges
b) Concrete Substructures for Bridges
c) Concrete Bridge Decks
d) Ready Mixed Concrete in Bridge Construction
e) Precast Concrete in Bridge Construction
4. A CENTURY OF CONCRETE BRIDGES
A &page brochure showing the best examples of concrete bridges in the 20fhe century
5. CONCRETE BRIDGES - WALLCHART
A comprehensive introduction to concrete bridges for students
6. WHOLE LIFE COSTING
Collection of papers reproduced from 1994 seminar
7. ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE BRIDGES (1)
A report by CBDG Task Group
8. UPDATING HIGHWAYS AGENCY CODES, ADVICE AND STANDARDS RELATING TO BRIDGE TESTING
A report by a CBDG Task Group
9. LONG TERM MONITORING OF MOISTURE IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES
A 25-page report produced by a CBDG Task Group (University of Luton)
10. -
TR47 DURABLE BONDED POST TENSIONED CONCRETE BRIDGES
A report by the joint CBDGXoncrete Society Working Party
11. BRIDGE DETAILING GUIDE
The original CBDG Detailing Guide is now being incorporated into this major ClRlA publication sponsored by
the Highways Agency (now available from CIRIA)
12. MEMBERS’ PUBLICATIONS
The Strategy Document, Members Handbook, Newsletters (1992-2001), Technical Intelligence Directory 2001,
Seminar Papers (1992-2001) are all available FOC to members on application to the Secretary.
An additional charge of f2.50 will be made for postage and packing for UK addresses. Overseas charges by
negotiation. To order, please use website www.cbda.om.ukor contact the Secetay on 01344 725727.
he Concrete Bridge Development Group aims to promote excellence in the design, construction and
T management of concrete bridges.
With a membership that includes all sectors involved in the concrete bridge industry - bridge owners and managers,
contractors, designers and suppliers - the Group acts as a forum for debate and the exchange of new ideas. A
major programme of bridge assessment, strengthening and widening is underway to accommodate European
standards and the increasing pressure on the UK road network. The Group provides an excellent vehicle for the
industry to coordinate an effective approach and to enhance the use of concrete.
Through an active programme of events and seminars, task groups, newsletters, study visits and publications, the
Concrete Bridge Development Group aims to:
0 Address the challenge of the national bridge programme
0 Provide a focus for all those involved in concrete bridge design, construction and management
0 Promote an integrated approach and encourage development of innovative ideas and concepts
0 Promote best practice in design and construction through education, training and informationdissemination
0 Make representations on national and internationalcodes and standards
0 Identify future research and development needs
0 Maximise opportunities to develop the wider and better use,of concrete.
Membership of the Concrete Bridge Development Group is open to those who have an interest in promoting and
enhancing the concrete bridge industry. Five main types of membership are available:
0 Group membership for industry organisations and associations
0 Corporate membership for contractors, consultants, suppliers and specialist service companies
0 Associate membership for academic organisations
0 Bridge Owners for all organisations which commission, own, maintain and manage concrete bridges
0 Individualconsultants.
By being representative of the whole industry, the Concrete Bridge Development Group acts as a focus for the best
in concrete bridge design, construction, maintenance and management.
Concrete Bridge Development Group
Century House, Telford Avenue, Crowthorne, Berkshire RG45 6YS, UK
Tel: +44 (0)1344 725727
Fax: +44 (0)1344761214
ww.cbdg.0rg.uk
A Case Study of Cathodic Protection
using SacrificialAnodes on Que& Park
and Albert Royds Street Bridges
This Technical Paper is based on a report of a monmnng
programme canied out by RocMale Wtmpoiiin Borough
Council for the Concrete Bridge Development Group.
. Concrete Bridge Development Group
Technical Paper 11
