Certificate No.

AJA19-0226

Name: Date:

Course: Section:

LESSON 2

Perform Mensuration and Calculation

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to
do the following:

LO 1. select components to be measured; and

LO 2. carry out mensuration and calculation.

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Definition of Terms

Bit - a fundamental unit of information having just two possible values, as either of the
binary digits 0 or 1.

Byte - a unit of digital information in computing and telecommunications that most

commonly consists of eight bits.

Booting – starting (a computer) by loading an operating system from a disk.

Electronic storage - a device for recording (storing) information (data).

Firewire - Apple Computer's version of a standard, IEEE 1394, High Performance Serial
Bus, for connecting devices to your personal computer.

Hot-swappable - the connection and disconnection of peripherals or other components

without interrupting system operation.

Interface - the point of interaction or communication between a computer and any other
entity, such as a printer or human operator.

Laser - a device that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through a process of optical
amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons.

Magnetic platter - a thin, high precision disk that is coated on both sides with a high
precision magnetic material and which is used in a hard disk drive
(HDD) to store data.

Memory module - a narrow printed circuit board that holds memory chips.

Magnetic storage media - any storage medium in which different patterns of magnetization
are used to represent stored bits or bytes of information

Operating system - a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and
provide common services for application software.

Optical storage media - any storage in which data is written and read with a laser for
archival or backup purposes.

Acronyms

HDD – hard disk drive

IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics

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LEARNING OUTCOME 1

Select components to be measured

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

1. Object or component to be measured is identified.

2. Correct specifications are obtained from relevant source.
3. Accurate measurements are obtained for job.

Materials
1. Workshop
2. Tables and Chairs
3. Computers
4. LCD
5. Different types of Memory
6. Different types of Storage Devices
7. Paper
8. Pencil/Ballpen

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What You Already Know?

Let us determine how much you already know about components in Computer
Hardware Servicing to be measured. Take this test.

Pretest LO 1

Direction. Match items on Column A with Column B. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

___ 1. Chips that are located on the motherboard. A. Registers

___ 2. A magnetic storage device that is installed B. Flash drive or Thumb drive
inside the computer.

___ 3. Early drive controller interface that connects C. Read-only memory

computers and hard disk drives which an
interface that uses a 40-pin connector.

___ 4. Temporary storage for data and programs D. IDE

that are being accessed by the CPU.

___ 5. A storage device that uses lasers to read data E. Floppy drive
on the optical media.

___ 6. A storage device that uses removable 3.5- F. Random access memory
inch disks.

___ 7. Soldered the memory chips on a special G. Optical drive

circuit board.

___ 8. A removable storage device that connects to H. DDR

a USB port.

___ 9. Memory cells built right into the CPU that I. Hard drive
contain specific data needed particularly the
Arithmetic and Logic Unit.

___ 10. Technology that doubles the maximum J. Memory module

bandwidth of SDRAM.

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What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.1.

Information Sheet 1.1

MEMORY

Although memory is technically any form of electronic storage,

it is used most often to identify fast, temporary forms of storage.
If your computer's CPU had to constantly access the hard drive
to retrieve every piece of data it needs, it would operate very
slowly. When the information is kept in memory, the CPU can
access it much more quickly. Most forms of memory are
intended to store data temporarily.

The CPU accesses memory according to a distinct

hierarchy. Whether it comes from permanent storage (the
hard drive) or input (the keyboard), most data goes in random access memory (RAM) first.
The CPU then stores pieces of data it will need to access, often in a cache, and maintains
certain special instructions in the register.

Read-only memory (ROM) chips are located in the motherboard. ROM chips contain
instructions that can be directly accessed by the CPU. Basic instructions for booting the
computer and loading the operating system are stored in ROM. ROM chips retain their
contents even when the computer is powered down. The contents cannot be erased or
changed by normal means.

Random access memory (RAM) is the temporary storage for data and programs that are
being accessed by the CPU. RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents are
erased when the computer is powered off. The more RAM in a computer, the more capacity
the computer has to hold and process large programs and files, as well as enhance system
performance.

Early computers had RAM installed in the motherboard as individual chips. The individual
memory chips, called dual inline package (DIP) chips, was difficult to install and often became
loose on the motherboard. To solve this problem, designers soldered the memory chips on a
special circuit board called a memory module.

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Here are some types of memory modules:

Dual Inline Package (DIP) Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM)

Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) RAMBus Inline Memory Module (RIMM)

Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module

(SODIMM).

SIMMs have 30-pin and 72-pin configurations. DIMM is a circuit board that holds SDRAM, DDR
SDRAM and DDR2 SDRAM.

The speed of memory has a direct impact on how much data a processor can process because
faster memory improves the performance of the processor. As processor speed increases,
memory speed must also increase. For example, single-channel memory is capable of transferring
data at 64 bits. Dual-channel memory increases speed by using a second channel of memory,
creating a data transfer rate of 128 bits.

Double Data Rate (DDR) technology doubles the maximum bandwidth of SDRAM. DDR2 offers
faster performance while using less energy. DDR3 operates at even higher speeds than DDR2;
however, none of these DDR technologies are backward- or forward-compatible.

Even with a wide and fast bus, it still takes longer for data to get from the memory card to the CPU
than it takes for the CPU to actually process the data. Caches are designed to alleviate this
bottleneck by making the data used most often by the CPU instantly available. Registers are
memory cells built right into the CPU that contain specific data needed by the CPU, particularly
the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). An integral part of the CPU itself, they are controlled directly
by the compiler that sends information for the CPU to process.

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STORAGE DRIVES

Storage drives read or write information on magnetic or optical storage media. The drive can
be used to store data permanently or to retrieve information from a media disk. Storage drives
can be installed inside the computer case, such as a hard drive. For portability, some storage
drives can connect to the computer using a USB port, a FireWire port, or an SCSI port. These
portable storage drives are sometimes referred to as removable drives and can be used on
multiple computers. Here are some common types of storage drives: Floppy drive, Hard drive,
Optical drive and Flash drive.

Floppy Drive

A floppy drive, or floppy disk drive, is a storage

device that uses removable 3.5-inch floppy disks.
These magnetic floppy disks can store 720 KB or
1.44 MB of data. In a computer, the floppy drive is
usually configured as the A: drive. The floppy drive
can be used to boot the computer if it contains a bootable floppy disk. A 5.25-inch floppy drive
is older technology and is seldom used.

Hard Drive

A hard drive, or hard disk drive, is a magnetic storage device that

is installed inside the computer. The hard drive is used as
permanent storage for data. In a Windows computer, the hard drive
is usually configured as the C: drive and contains the operating
system and applications. The hard drive is often configured as the
first drive in the boot sequence. The storage capacity of a hard
drive is measured in billions of bytes, or
gigabytes (GB). The speed of a hard drive is measured in revolutions per minute (RPM).
Multiple hard drives can be added to increase storage capacity.

Traditional hard drives are magnetic. Magnetic hard drives have drive motors designed to spin
magnetic platters and the drive heads. In contrast, the newer solid state drives (SSDs) do not
have moving parts. Because there are no drive motors and moving parts, the SSD uses far
less energy than the magnetic hard drive. Non-volatile flash memory chips manage all storage
on an SSD, which results in faster access to data, higher reliability, and reduced power usage.
SSDs have the same form factor as magnetic hard drives and use ATA or SATA interfaces.
SSDs can be installed as a replacement for magnetic drives.

Optical Drive

An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read

data on the optical media. There are three types of optical
drives: Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) and
Blu-ray Disc (BD). CD, DVD, and BD media can be pre-
recorded (read-only), recordable (write once), or re-writable
(read and write multiple times).

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External Flash Drive

An external flash drive, also known as a thumb drive, is a removable storage

device that connects to a USB port. An external flash drive uses the same
type of non-volatile memory chips as solid state drives and does not require
power to maintain the data. These drives can be accessed by the operating
system in the same way that other types of drives are accessed.

Types of Drive Interfaces

Hard drives and optical drives are manufactured with different interfaces that are used to
connect the drive to the computer. To install a storage drive in a computer, the connection
interface on the drive must be the same as the controller on the motherboard. Here are some
common drive interfaces:

• IDE – Integrated Drive Electronics, also called Advanced Technology Attachment

(ATA) is an early drive controller interface that connects computers and hard disk
drives. An IDE interface uses a 40-pin connector.
• SATA – Serial ATA refers to the serial version of the ATA drive controller interface. A
SATA interface uses a 7-pin data connector.
• SCSI – Small Computer System Interface is a drive controller interface that can
connect up to 15 drives. SCSI can connect both internal and external drives. An SCSI
interface uses a 50-pin, 68-pin, or 80-pin connector.

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How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 1.1

Direction. Match items on Column A with Column B. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

_____1. A magnetic storage device that is installed inside the A. Registers

computer.

_____2. Early drive controller interface that connects computers B. Flash drive or
and hard disk drives which an interface that uses a 40- Thumb drive
pin connector.

_____3. Temporary storage for data and programs that are being C. Read-only
accessed by the CPU. memory

_____4. A storage device that uses lasers to read data on the D. IDE
optical media.

_____5. A storage device that uses removable 3.5-inch disks. E. Floppy drive

_____6. Soldered the memory chips on a special circuit board. F. Random access
memory

_____7. A removable storage device that connects to a USB port. G. Optical drive

_____8. Chips that are located on the motherboard. H. DDR

_____9. Memory cells built right into the CPU that contain I. Hard drive
specific data needed particularly the Arithmetic and
Logic Unit.

_____10. Technology that doubles the maximum bandwidth of J. Memory module

SDRAM.

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

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How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?

Show that you learned something by doing this activity.

Operation Sheet 1.1

Direction: Identify what type of memory module is presented.

(The teacher will show several types of memory module.)

How Well Did You Perform?

Count you number of correct answer out of the number of memory modules that
your teacher will present.

How Do You Extend Your Learning?

Direction: The teacher will show several types of storage drives and will ask students to
identify the type of storage device and its interface is presented.

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LEARNING OUTCOME 2

Carry out mensuration and calculation

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

1. Calculation needed to complete work tasks is performed using the four

fundamentals operations (addition, subtractions, multiplication and division).
2. Numerical computation is self-checked and corrected for accuracy.

Materials
1. Workshop
2. Tables and Chairs
3. Computers
4. LCD
5. Different types of Memory
6. Different types of Storage Devices
7. Paper
8. Pencil/Ballpen

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What Do You Already Know?

Let us determine how much you already know about carrying out mensuration
and calculation. Take this test.

Pretest LO 2

Direction. Perform the following:

1) Convert 14 to binary.

2) If a 10 KB file is stored in a 1 MB folder, then approximately how many files can be

stored in that folder?

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 2.1.

Information Sheet 2.1

DIGITAL REPRESENTATION

Within a computer, information is represented and stored in

a digital binary format. The term bit is an abbreviation of
binary digit and represents the smallest piece of data.
Humans interpret words and pictures; computers interpret
only patterns of bits.

A bit can have only two possible values, a one digit (1) or a
zero digit (0). A bit can be used to represent the state of
something that has two states. For example, a light switch
can be either On or Off; in binary representation, these
states would correspond to 1 and 0, respectively.

Computers use binary codes to represent and interpret letters, numbers and special
characters with bits. A commonly used code is the American Standard Code for Information

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Interchange (ASCII). With ASCII, each character is represented by a string of bits. For
example:

Capital letter: A = 01000001

Number: 9 = 00001001

Special character: # = 00100011

Each group of eight bits, such as the representations of letters and numbers, is known as a
byte. Codes can be used to represent almost any type of information digitally: computer data,
graphics, photos, voice, video , and music.

CONVERT DECIMAL NUMBERS TO BINARY

To convert a decimal number to binary, all you have to do is divide the number by 2. Get the
quotient and the remainder. Bring down the quotient, divide it by 2, and get the quotient and
remainder again. Do it repeatedly until the quotient results to 0. Copy the remainder from
bottom to top, and that is the binary equivalent.

Example: 25

Quotient Remainder

25/2 12 1

12/2 6 0

6/2 3 0

3/2 1 1

1/2 0 1

25 = 11001

Checking: 1 1 0 0 1 multiplier

16 8 4 2 1 equivalents

16 8 0 0 1 results

16+8+1 = 25

CALCULATING DATA STORAGE

While a bit is the smallest representation of data, the most basic unit of digital storage is the
byte. A byte is 8 bits and is the smallest unit of measure (UOM) used to represent data storage
capacity.

When referring to storage space, we use the terms bytes (B), kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB),
gigabytes (GB), and terabytes (TB).

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One kilobyte is a little more than one thousand bytes, specifically 1,024. A megabyte
represents more than a million bytes or 1,048,576. A gigabyte is 1,073,741,824 bytes. A
terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776. The exact number is gained by taking 2^n power.

In general, when something is represented digitally, the greater the detail, the greater the
number of bits needed to represent it. A low-resolution picture from a digital camera will use
around 360KB, and a high-resolution picture could use 2 MB or more.

Kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes are typically used to measure the size or
storage capacity of a device. Examples of components and devices that use byte storage
include: random access memory (RAM), hard disk drive space, CDs, DVDs, and MP3 players.

CDs have a data storage capacity of approximately 700 MB. DVDs have a data storage
capacity of approximately 4.3 GB on a single-layer disc, and approximately 8.5 GB on a dual-
layer disc. BDs have a storage capacity of 25 GB on a single-layer disc, and 50 GB on a dual-
layer disc.

Once we know the size of a file or folder, it is possible to determine the number of bytes being
used. For example:

A file is 20 KB in size

1 KB = 1,024 Bytes

20 * 1,024 = 20,480 bytes in a 20 KB file

If a 20 KB file is stored in a 1 MB folder (1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes of space); then approximately

a total of 51 files can be stored in that folder (1,048,576 / 20,480 = 51.2).

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How
\ Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 2.1

Direction: Convert the decimal numbers shown below to binary. Perform checking to verify
answers.

1) 19

2) 28

3) 37

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

How Do You Apply What You Have Learned?

Show that you learned something by doing this activity.

Operation Sheet 2.1

Direction: Solve the problems indicated below. Show your solution.

1. How many 60 KB jpg files can be stored on a 2 MB folder in your hard drive?

2. How many 5 MB mp3 files can be stored on a 1 GB flash drive?

3. How many 750 MB avi files can be stored on a 4.3 GB DVD-R?

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How Well Did You Perform?

Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely.
Remember it is your learning at stake!

Interpretation of Scores

3 – Excellent

2 – Good

1 – Fair

0 – Poor

Congratulations! You did a great job!

Rest and relax a while then move on to
the next lesson. Good luck!

REFERENCES

LO1
• Ron Gilster, PC Repair Bench Book., Wiley Publishing Inc.,
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46256
• Barry Press, Marcia Press, PC Upgrade and Repair Bible,
Desktop Edition., Wiley Publishing Inc., 10475 Crosspoint
Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46256
• en.wikipedia.org
LO 2
• Ron Gilster, PC Repair Bench Book., Wiley Publishing Inc.,
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46256
• Barry Press, Marcia Press, PC Upgrade and Repair Bible,
Desktop Edition., Wiley Publishing Inc., 10475 Crosspoint
Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46256
• en.wikipedia.org

‘josephgacebo2020 EDUCICT 221 Troubleshooting Techniques