Common Paediatric Skin Conditions
&
Birthmarks
INTRODUCTION
Learning to recognize common skin conditions is a skill that is extremely valuable in all areas of
medicine. In paediatrics in particular it is important to have the ability to identify skin lesions, as
such knowledge will enable you to both recognize potentially significant systemic diseases, such as
meningococcemia or chicken pox, and reassure concerned parents. The skin serves as a critical
barrier to infection and dehydration and as such it is important to keep in mind that disease or
impairment of the skin’s normal function can lead to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly
in infants as they are more vulnerable to heat loss, dehydration and infection 1. Further, as skin
disease is so very common, with approximately 1/3 of visits to family practitioners being for
dermatologic concerns, you will certainly encounter skin disease during your training and career,
regardless of what specialty you pursue 1,2.
This module aims to give you a quick and effective guide to recognizing and dealing with some of the
more common paediatric skin conditions and birthmarks that you are likely to encounter. However,
this is by no means a complete list. If there is any uncertainty regarding the diagnosis of a skin lesion
you are encouraged to consult a specialist.
To review the approach to identification and description of skin lesions please refer to the Approach
to Skin Lesions module on this site.
10 COMMON PAEDIATRIC SKIN CONDITIONS
1) ATOPIC DERMATITIS (ECZEMA)
Definition
Atopic dermatitis, or eczema, is a common inflammatory condition of the skin characterized by
intense itching (pruritis), hence it is commonly referred to as “the itch that rashes 2, 3.” The condition
is associated with atopy, which refers to a predisposition toward developing hypersensitivity
reactions such eczema, asthma and allergic rhinitis. Atopic dermatitis has a strong familial
association and is very common in kids, affecting 5-20% of children worldwide. In most cases onset
of the condition occurs before five years of age 2, 4. The severity of the condition may wax and wane
with most patients having three or more flare ups annually 5.
Clinical Presentation
Pruritis is typically the most outstanding clinical feature and secondary lesions due to chronic
rubbing and scratching are very common 2, 4. The appearance of lesions can be varied and may
present with any of the following:
xerosis (dry, scaly skin)
ill-defined erythema
small coalescing edematous papules or vesicles
lichenification and/or excoriations (secondary to relentless scratching)
crusting (if secondarily infected)
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
© John L. Bezzant, Med.Utah
Three age-related stages of atopic dermatitis have been identified 2, 4:
Infantile (2 months – 2 years)
Often pruritic, red, scaly or crusted lesions
Facial and extensor distribution predominates, especially cheeks and scalp
Entire body may be affected, however diaper area is commonly spared
Childhood (2-12 years)
Greater lichenification and excoriations
Often has a flexural distribution – antecubital and popliteal fossae, wrists and ankles
Adult (>12 years)
Typically lichenified and more localized (primarily to the hands)
Flexural areas commonly involved
The condition generally improves with age and may remit by early adulthood
Pathogenesis
Though the specific cause of atopic dermatitis is unknown two major theories exist:
1. The leading theory suggests that atopic dermatitis may result from impairment of
the skins function as a protective barrier due to intrinsic structural or functional
abnormalities of the skin. Thus the disease evolves as an outside-in process 4.
2. The more traditional theory revolves around the idea of immune dysfunction in
which immune cells modulate an inflammatory response to environmental factors.
More recently, the association of allergies and asthma in the pathogenesis of atopic
dermatitis has been called into question4.
Diagnosis4
Atopic dermatitis is a clinical diagnosis. Diagnosis requires:
1. Evidence of pruritis (eg. scratching or rubbing reported by parent)
2. Plus three or more of the following:
Involvement of skin creases (antecubital or popliteal fossae, ankles, neck,
eyes)
Dry skin within the past year
Visible involvement of flexural surfaces (cheeks, forehead, outer
extremities)
Symptoms beginning in a child before two years age (this criterion not used
for children under four).
If diagnosis is uncertain, referral to a specialist is recommended.
Treatment6
Avoidance of irritating factors
Emollients and moisturizers to re-establish the cutaneous permeability barrier
Topical glucocorticoids (creams or ointments)
Topical immunomodulators (eg. Tacrolimus)
Antibiotics if staphylococcus infection
Oral antihistamines for sedation & control of itching
2) SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS (CRADLE CAP)7
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
Greasy yellow scale on erythematous base
Common on scalp, eyebrows, ears, diaper area & in skin folds
Affected regions may also develop fissures, weeping & maceration
May persist until 1 year of age
Specific cause unknown
Requires no treatment, however, anti-seborrheic shampoos or topical steroids may speed
resolution
3) TRANSIENT NEONATAL PUSTULAR MELANOSIS5, 8
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
Occurs in 4% of infants, more common in dark skinned infants
Typically present at birth
2-5mm pustules with hyperpigmented, non-erythematous base
Over time develops central crust & leaves hyperpigmented macules with collarette of white
scale
Cause unknown
Benign & self-limited
Pustular lesions resolve within 24-48 hours, hyperpigmented macules fade over
weeks/months
4) ERYTHEMA TOXICUM NEONATORUM5, 9
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© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
Most common rash in infants, seen in up to 50% of newborns
Begins as blotchy macular erythema
Progresses to pustular/papular rash over trunk, face & extremities
Usually appears on 2nd/3rd day of life, can appear as late as 2-3 weeks
Distinguished from infection by lack of tenderness, warmth, or induration
Cause unknown
Self-resolving, typically by 5-7 days after appearance, usually by 2 weeks age
Requires no treatment
5) MILIARIA/HEAT RASH/PRICKLY HEAT8
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
1-3mm erythematous papules (miliaria rubra), pustules (miliaria pustulosa) or crystal-clear
vesicles resembling water droplets (miliaria crystallina)
Appear on face, scalp and trunk,
Due to obstruction of eccrine sweat ducts with leakage of sweat into dermis/epidermis
Occur secondary to heat (eg. warm climates) in skin areas with high heat generation or
covered by clothing
Common, particularly in infants and children because of underdeveloped sweat glands
Self-resolving, can be hastened by removal of wraps/clothing
6) MILIA5, 10
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
Common (50% of infants)
Multiple 1-3mm, white-yellow papules on nose, chin & cheeks
Keratin filled epithelial cysts
Usually appear in 1st month of life & may persist several months, but may occur at any age
Benign, self-resolving, require no treatment
Can be excised and contents expressed
7) NEONATAL ACNE5, 7, 9
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Open & closed comedones (papules/pustules), on face and upper trunk
Thought to be due to androgens (maternal & infant)
Common (20% of infants),
Often present at birth or develops in second to third week of life
Self-resolving, usually by three months age, require no treatment
8) IMPETIGO7,10
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
Contagious bacterial infection of epidermis
Can affect any skin region
Transmitted by direct contact with infected persons or fomites
Primary impetigo: more common in children, infection via minor breaks in skin
Secondary impetigo: any age, secondary infection of trauma/wounds
Clinical diagnosis, confirmed by gram stain or culture of crust or fluid from bullae
Clinical features:
Bullous impetigo
o Always caused by S. aureus,
o Can affect intact skin
o Vesicles and flaccid bullae (large vesicles) contain clear yellow or slightly turbid fluid
+/- surrounding erythema
o Common in neonates and children <5 years
o Systemic symptoms common
Nonbullous impetigo
o More common than bullous
o Usually due to S. aureus or S. pyogenes
o Typically affects trauma sites
o Scattered discrete 1-3cm lesions with honey-coloured crust and surrounding
erythema
o Most common around mouth/nose
o Patients may have lymphadenopathy
Local infections treated with topical saline or aluminium acetate, then 2% mupirocin
ointment
If systemic symptoms present, use beta-lactamase resistant antiobiotic eg. Cephalexin
If impetigo due to MRSA use Clindamycin
9) DIAPER RASH
Please refer to Diaper Rash: Clinical Considerations and Evaluation
10) ACNE IN TEENS
Please refer to Acne in Teens
COMMON BIRTHMARKS
1) MONGOLIAN SPOTS/SLATE-GREY NEVUS OF CHILDHOOD/DERMAL
MELANOSIS5, 10
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
Bluish grey patches over buttocks/back/legs
May look like bruises
Common in dark skinned infants
Due to atypical presence of melanocytes within the dermis
Tend to fade over 1st year of life, can occur in adulthood
Requires no treatment
2) HEMANGIOMA OF INFANCY/CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMA/STRAWBERRY
NEVI5, 10
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
Raised pink/red/purple lesion, soft, compressible
Most common tumour of infancy; up to 10% in caucasians
Develop in first weeks of life
Represents clonal expansion of endothelial cells
Usually grow rapidly from 6 months – 1 year of age, up to 3 inches diam
Tend to fade/shrink with time, 50% by 5 years, 90% by 9 years, often disappearing
completely
Treatment with steroids/interferon/laser indicated only if multiple, very large or interferes
with function
3) PORT-WINE STAIN/NEVUS FLAMMEUS10
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
Flat pink/red/purple patches, typically on face, neck, limbs
Present at birth
Can be any size, grow proportionately with child
May thicken or develop bumps
Social/emotional complications
Some association with glaucoma & seizures
Do not resolve, are permanent
Laser treatment may be an option
Former USSR head of state Mikhail Gorbachev has a prominent port-wine stain on his
forehead
4) SALMON PATCH/ANGEL KISS/STORK BITE/NEVUS FLAMMEUS NUCHAE5, 10
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
© 2001-2011, Dermatlas
Minor vascular malformations - Macular stains
Flat, pink capillary hemagioma, often seen on eyelids, forehead & nape of neck
Occurs in up to 1/3 of all newborns
Clinical variant of portwine stain
Facial lesions usually fade over years, neck lesions may persist into adulthood
Harmless, no treatment required
CONCLUSION
As dermatological conditions are so common in the general population, you will find that familiarity
with the common conditions is an invaluable tool in your medical career. This may be particularly so
in paediatrics where significant systemic diseases may first become apparent by the clinicians
recognition of characteristic skin lesions. When assessing a patient remember that it is important to
bear in mind that the skin’s function as a barrier to infection is of paramount importance and as such
any break in the skin or mucous membranes must be treated appropriately to avoid infection. This is
especially true in infants who are innately more vulnerable.
REFERENCES
1) Buxton, P. ABC Atlas of Dermatology, 4th Ed (2003). BMJ Publishing, London.
2) Lui, H. Gross Anatomy/Pathology of the Skin and the Language of Dermatology. UBC
Medicine Lecture (2010).
3) Yang, J., Brierley, Y., Hong, Chih-ho., Shapiro, J. & Lui, H. UBC DermWeb (2007).
http://www.dermweb.com/teaching/. Accessed May 5, 2011.
4) Weston, W., Howe, W. Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of atopic
dermatitis (eczema). UpToDate (2011). http://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-
clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-atopic-dermatitis-eczema?
source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150#H12. Accessed September 5, 2011.
5) Lo, V., et al. “Chapter 5. Dermatology” (Chapter). Baxter, S. & McSheffrey, G. Toronto Notes
2010 26th Ed: Pediatrics chapter (2010). University of Toronto. Toronto.
6) Weston, W., Howe, W. Treatment of atopic dermatitis. UpToDate (2011).
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-atopic-dermatitis-eczema?
source=see_link#H22. Accessed September 5, 2011.
7) Bonfante, G & Rosenau, A. "Chapter 134. Rashes in Infants and Children" (Chapter). Tintinalli
JE, Stapczynski JS, Cline DM, Ma OJ, Cydulka RK, Meckler GD: Tintinalli's Emergency
Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 7e:
http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=6383200. Accessed September 13,
2011.
8) Fernandez, C & Smith M. "Chapter 102. Normal Skin Changes" (Chapter). In Richard P.
Usatine, Mindy A. Smith, Heidi Chumley, E.J. Mayeaux, Jr., James Tysinger: The Color Atlas of
Family Medicine: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=8204245. Accessed
September 13, 2011.
9) Doan, Q & Kissoon, N. "Chapter 111. Neonatal Emergencies and Common Neonatal
Problems" (Chapter). Tintinalli JE, Stapczynski JS, Cline DM, Ma OJ, Cydulka RK, Meckler GD:
Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 7e:
http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=6371090. Accessed September 13,
2011.
10) Wolff, K. & Johnson, A. Fitzpatrick’s Color Atlas & Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology 6th Ed
(2009). Mcgraw-Hill. New York. http://www.accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?
resourceID=45.
IMAGES SOURCED WITH PERMISSION FROM
11) Bernard, A. & Lehmann, C. Dermatlas (2011). http://www.dermatlas.com/derm/. Accessed
September 11,2011.
12) Bezzant, J. Dermatology Image Bank (2000). http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/derm/.
Accessed September 10, 2011.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Written by: Magnus Macnab, UBC Medicine, Class of 2012
Edited by: Anne Marie Jekyll, MD (Pediatric Resident)
