Introduction to MR Logging

fundamentals,, applications
pp
and benefits
Tor Eiane & Yoseph Ghezai
Baker Hughes
Objective

Explain the basic measurement principles and

i t
interpretations
t ti needed
d d to
t understand
d t d MR formation-
f ti
evaluation techniques and to discuss a few examples of
these methods.
Agenda
Introduction to MR physics
MR applications
Fluid identification by use of MR technology
MR tool specifications
Summary of applications
Introduction to MR Physics
What is NMR?
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
• What we study

el Prize in Physsics
− Nuclei
• Which property
Bloch
− Nuclear magnetic moments
• How to detect

1952 Nobe
− At resonance condition
• How to reach resonance condition
− Need a static field and an RF magnetic
g field
Purcell

Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

ƒ Clinical MR images are determined from -

– Quantity of 1H present in the specimen
– Relaxation times present in the tissue
ƒ Hospital
– Large Machine, small sample, lots of time.
ƒ Wellbore
– Small Machine,, large
g sample,
p , log
g fast.
 NMR: An Unusual Use!

Alcohol NMR
scanning.
Some bottles of wine are worth thousands of
dollars But if oxygen has leaked past the
dollars.
cork, it could be thousand-dollar vinegar -- and
there’s no way to tell without opening the
bottle. Now chemists at the University of
California, can check an unopened bottle for
spoilage
il using
i nuclear
l magnetic
ti resonance
(NMR), the same technology used for medical
MRI scans.
Applications for MR Logging

Porosity Permeability

NMR
Logging

Fluid
Saturations properties
T1 and wait time, TW
T1 Recovery Curve
120
M0 100
80
M (%)

60 M = Mo*(1-e(-t/T1))
40 M = Mo*(1- e(-t/T1) )
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
ƒ T1 t/T1
– NMR definition
ƒ T1 - longitudinal time constant - spin lattice relaxation
– Well logging definition
ƒ T1 - time constant that characterizes the time it takes for the spins
p to align
g with the static magnetic
g field,, B0
ƒ TW – wait time
– The time between NMR experiments at the same frequency
– It takes 3 * T1 to get 95% of spins aligned, for full recovery NMR logging TW ≥ 3 * T1

8
Measurement Sequence

TE : Inter-Echo Spacing

TW : Wait Time
RF Pulses
NE : Number of Echos Echo Signals

Excita-
tion Refocus Refocus Refocus Refocus Refocus
Amplitude
A

TW TE Time
NE : 1000
F : 500 kHz
TE : 0.6 ms G : 2.0 G/cm
TW : 6 s

10
T1 acquisition

Copyright Baker Hughes Inc. 2007

T1 & T2
T1 ≥ T2
• An analogy for T1 vs. T2 is what happens when a toilet is flushed. It flushes fairly fast – T2 , but it
takes much longer for the tank to refill – T1
Both T1 and T2 can be used to measure porosity and fractional fluid volumes CBW, BVI & BVM
Most MR logging employs T2 measurement techniques because T2 is easier to measure
• Most models are based on T2 data
T1 is harder to measure and it is a more time-consuming measuerent, but provides better data
• T1 is not affected by the things that affect T2
− Internal field gradient in the formation
− Magnetic field inhomogeneities from the logging instrument
− Diffusion
For the BVM component T1 & T2 represent intrinsic properties of the fluid and are useful for
hydrocarbon typing and quantification
• Using both T1 & T2 provides more accurate & robust analysis
T1 and T2 - Definitions -
Spin-Lattice Relaxation Time,
Time T1
• Transfer of energy to and from the spin system, resulting in a spin-
state change
Spin-Spin
Spin Spin Relaxation Time, T2
• Loss of magnetization from the x-y plane
• Resulting from a loss of phase coherence in x-y plane
Relationship

Intrinsic T2 T ≥T
1 2
• refers to the T2 of the fluid if effects of diffusion are removed (G(G*TE
TE
= 0).
It is very comparable to T1.
1 1 S 1
= + ρ + γ G 2 TE 2 D
T2 T2bulk V 12
MR Applications
Reservoir Description Data from MR Logging

Mineralogy Independent Total and Effective Porosity

Clay-Bound Water Volume
Capillary-Bound Water & Free Fluid Volumes
Pore Size Distribution
Permeability Index
Shale Volume & Distribution
Residual Fluid Saturations
Oil Viscosity
 MagTrak®

Magnetic Resonance

- Total Pore Volume

- Free Fluid
- Bound fluids: Cap & Clay
- Permeability Indication

16
 Echo Train T2 Distribution

20 Porosity
Multi- 4 T2 cutoffs
Echo Amplitude

Parttial Porosity
15 Exponential 3

10
Decomposition 2

5 1

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Time (ms) T2 (ms)

Dry Clay- Capillary

Matrix Rock bound bound Movable water
Clay
water water
Heavy Medium Light
Oil Oil Oil
Volumetrics

17
 Magnetic Resonance Porosity

CBW
φTotal = CBW + BVI + BVM
mplitude
e

MBVI φEffective = BVI + BVM

Measured Am

T2 Decay Curve

BVM

Time
MR Porosity – Real data, Test Pit Verification

Limestone Block Berea Sandstone Block

φ core = 25.5% φ core = 20.3%

25 20

φMR = 26.25 ppu φMR = 19.82 pu

20 BVM = 20.30 pu 15 BVM = 15.61 pu
o Amplitude

Echo Amplitude
BVI = 5.95 pu BVI = 4.21 pu
15
10
Echo

10

5 5

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150

Time (ms) Time (ms)
T2 and Pore Size Distributions

Clay Silt Fine Coarse

T2 ms
0.5 1.0 10 100 1,000

Clay Domain Sand Domain

ρ2 = 1 μm/s ρ2 = 5μm/s
 Magnetic Resonance Porosity

MR porosity measurement
• Calibrated to 100% water tank
• Amplitude of measured signal as % of calibrated signal is MR total
porosity

100 pu ↔ Mcal
Calibration
Tank

Mlog
MR
Tool
Ti
Time
M log φ
∝
M cal 100
MR Permeability - kNMR

kNMR
• Calculated from MR data, not measured by MR logging tools
• Based on models that show permeability increases with increasing porosity and
increasing pore size
• Accurate when calibrated to core permeability
 Permeability from T2 distribution

ƒ Coates-Timur Permeability Model predicts absolute permeability from irreducible

water volume and porosity:

m n
⎛ MPHE ⎞ ⎛ MPHE − BVI ⎞
κ =⎜ ⎟ ×⎜ ⎟
⎝ C ⎠ ⎝ BVI ⎠
where k = absolute permeability
─ C, m, and n are constants with clastic default values 10, 4 and 2 respectively
─ Middle East carbonate reservoirs default value c = 25
Correlation of k and T2 Distributions
T2 Cutoff – 33 ms

2.5
2.5
2
Parrt Ø [frac]

Part Ø [frac]
1.5 Ø = 2 5 .8 1.5 Ø = 2 4 .8
1
k [md] = 1181 1
0.5
0.5
k [md] = 250
0
0
T2 [ms]

2.5

2 2.5
Part Ø [frac]

1.5
Ø = 2 5 .5
2
Ø = 1 9 .0

ac]
1
k [md] = 834

Part Ø [fra
1.5
0.5

0
1 k [md] = 1.65
0.5

0
2.5

2
Part Ø [frac]

1.5
Ø = 2 4 .8
1 k [[md]] = 737 25
2.5
0.5
2
Ø = 1 8 .0

Part Ø [frac]
0
1.5 k [md] = 0.14
1
2.5
0.5
2
Part Ø [frac]

0
1.5 Ø = 2 5 .1 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
1 T2 [ms]
k [[md]] = 502
0.5

2.5

2
Part Ø [frac]

1.5 Ø = 2 4 .6
1

05
0.5
k [md] = 360
0

0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000

T2
(ms)
Magnetic Resonance While Drilling
Proving the Value of MR-LWD Data

25
Field Gradient: Benefits & Drawbacks

High Gradient Low Gradient

BRF BRF

Diffusion Effect No Diffusion Effect

26
Field Gradient: Benefits & Drawbacks

Wireline LWD
High
g Gradient Low Gradient

BRF BRF

Vibration Vibration
Intolerant Tolerant

27
Effect of Diffusivity on Gas

T2,app
2 app Spectum
p T1 Spectrum
p

4 T2 cutoffs 4 T1 cutoffs
Partial Porosity

Partial Porosity
3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10 100 1000
T2 (ms) T1 (ms)
( )

Diffusion Effect No Diffusion Effect

Effect of Diffusivity on Gas

High
g Gradient Low Gradient

4 T2 cutoffs 4 T2 cutoffs
Partial Porosity

Partial Porosity
3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10 100 1000
T2 (ms) T2 (ms)
( )

Diffusion Effect No Diffusion Effect

Realtime log

30
Fluid Identification by use of
MR technology
Fluid Properties from MR Logging
Direct measurements of the fluids present in the formation investigated
Measure three properties of the pore fluids
• T1 relaxation time
− Time constant for the net magnetization to align with the static magnetic field
• T2 relaxation time
− Time constant for the echo train to decay
• Diffusivity, D – measure of the ability of the molecules to move at
random
d in
i the
h fluid
fl id

T1, T2, and D are intrinsic properties of the free fluid and are used to identify
• Fluid type – oil, gas or water
• Fluid quantity – saturation Sg.xo
• Fluid viscosity & properties – gas density
When Simple T2app Interpretation Works

CBW Irred. water Mov. Water H.C.

T2app

No overlap among fluids

Difficulties with Interpretation from T2app spectrum
Problem (1): fluids T2app overlap
Problem (2): Apparent, not intrinsic T2

Water, light oil, and gas Water, viscose oil, and gas
Composite T2 as seen
Composite
p T2 as seen
on log
l
on log

I di id l componentt T2s
Individual
NMR 1-Dimensional Analysis & Challenges
4 Gas
3ms 33ms BVMW

Porosity
3 BVI

pu))
φ (pu
2
1 CBW
BVM
0 BVI
Light Oil
BVI

osity
Poro
BVM
Heavy Oil

Porosityy
CBW

1 10 100 1000 10000

Resistivity & Fluid Volumes
T2,app (ms)
GR T2 Spectra
Permeability
1D NMR for Fluid Identification

Suitable when there is no overlap between water,

gas and oil T2app responses

T2app
ƒ Not effective when water, gas, and oil have significant T2app overlap
Challenges to Interpreting T2
NMR Fl
Fluids
id RResponse
CBW In porous media with G = 0
Irred. water
Movable Water

Tar Heavy Oil Medium Oil Light Oil High GOR

Gas
1 1 1
WBM OBM OBMF = + T2app
T 2 app T 2 int T 2 diff ( G ⋅ TE , D )
CBW
Irred water
Irred.
Mov. Water
Tar Heavy Oil Medium Oil Light Oil
Gas High GOR
WBM OBM OBMF

In porous media with G ≠ 0

NMR Fluid Properties Intrinsic T1, T2 & Diffusivity
To split out different fluids we measure two or more of the three
fluid properties seen by NMR:
• T1 Relaxation
• T2 Relaxation
• Diffusivity
Particularly useful in multi-fluid environments where there is
overlap between basic T2 response for different fluids, e.g.
• Low viscosity oil (few cp) and water
• OBM with free gas or high GOR oil

Bound Water Moveable Water Heavy Oil Light Oil Gas

T1 Very Short Medium Short Long Long
T2 Very Short Medium Short Long Short
D Slow Medium Slow Medium Fast
2D NMR Illustration
Additional Contrast (diffusion) to separate O-G-W
Gas

W t
Water
D

Oil

T2
Expanding the Fluid Typing Horizon
Multiple (G, TE) echo trains to exploit the diffusion
contrast among fluids
Multiple
p wait time ((TW)) echo trains to exploit
p the
polarization, or T1, contrast among fluids

TWS TWL

Water

T1 Buildup
Hydrocarbon
Fluid Diffusivity
Dw: constant at given Temperature and Pressure
Do: Linearly correlates with T2,oil
Dg: Depends on gas composition
The effect of Diffusivity is greatest on Gas :
•In general

D g > Dw > Do
Doped
»T1, which is notwater
effected by D, will be much
greater than T2,app when gas is present:
T1 >> T2,app
Viscose oil
Information Contents of 1D 2D for O-W System
1D 2D

100% Sw

D 68% Sw

100% Oil
T2int T2int
Superior hydrocarbon typing - OOA
Objective Orianted Acquisitions
Innovative NMR acquisition (OOA) techniques provide comprehensive NMR data
for thorough fluids analysis
• T1, T2 & Diffusion data acquired simultaneously while logging

2D NMR plots identify and quantify hydrocarbons

• Available from all hydrocarbon typing Objective Oriented Acquisitions
• Acquired as continuous logs (NOT stationary measurements!)
16 e-88
e-8

Gas Water
e-9 e-9 Water
4
e-10
Heavy Oil
Oil
D (m2/s)

D (m2/s)
T1/T2,app

CBW BVI e-10

e-11

1 e-11 e-12
2 32 512 2 16 128 1024 2 16 128 1024
T2,app (ms) T2,int (ms) T2,int (ms)
PoroPerm + Gas PoroPerm + Oil PoroPerm + Heavy Oil
2D NMR – Unimodal T2 Distribution

T2 (ms)

0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048

T2 (ms)
2D NMR – Diffusivity Distribution

1.E-11 1.E-10 1.E-09 1.E-08

D (m2/s)

1E.-11 1E.-10 1E.-09 1E.-08

D (m2/s)
2D NMR – A Clearer Picture

1E.-08
2048
1024
1E.-09 512
256
128
D (m2/s) 32
64
1E.-10 16 2
4
8 T (ms)
2
1
0.5
1E.-11 0.25
0 25
2D NMR Video
Summary of MR Application & Benefits

MR Logging measures
• Quantity of 1H present in the sample volume
• Relaxation times present in the sample
From the measurement of 1H quantity we get MR porosity
• Lithology independent measurement
From the measurement of relaxation times we g
get information on
• Fractional fluid volumes
− Bound water volumes – CBW & BVI
− Free fluid volume – BVM
• Pore size distribution
• Bulk fluid properties – for fluid typing & quantification
• Permeability – always best to calibrate
MR tool specifications
MREX tool technical information
Tool Length ~ 24 ft (with Energy Sub)
Tool Diameter - 5 Inches
Tool Weight ~ 620#
Maximum Temp – 347347°FF (175°C)
(175 C)
Maximum Pressure – 20,000 psi

Antenna Aperture – 18 inches

Depth of Investigation – 2.2
2 2 to 4
4.0
0 inches
Type of Magnetic Field – Gradient
Number of Operating Frequencies – 6 (typical)

03/Dec/2009
Suitable for virtually any borehole size
Depth Of Investigation:
2.2 - 4.0” independent
p of
– Borehole size
– Temperature

More environmentally robust

– Less affected by borehole rugosity
– Less conductive loss in saline muds
– Easy to log in deviated / horizontal wells
MAGTRAK tool technical information
Tool Length ~ 24 ft (7.4m)
Tool Diameter – 6 ¾ Inches
Tool Weight ~ 1450 kg
Maximum Temp – 300300°FF (150
(150°C)
C)
Maximum Pressure – 25,000 psi

Depth of Investigation – 2.1 inches

Type of Magnetic Field – Low Gradient
Vertical resolution of 4 feet with ROP of 100 feet/hr
and 1 PU accuracy

03/Dec/2009
MR application summary
Summary
Petrophysics Geology
Mineralogically-Independent ƒ Grain size distribution
Porosities
Pore Size Distribution (Single Phase ƒ Rock Fabric/Facies
Fluid Saturation) Characterization
Clay-Bound Water Volume, Capillary-
Bound Water & Free Fluid Volumes ƒ Mineralogy changes
Permeability
Fluid types, volumes, distributions,
ƒ Cross-Correlation
properties
Capillary Pressures, Swirr

Reservoir Engineering Drilling and Completions

ƒ Capillary Pressures ƒ Grain size
ƒ Fluid changes ƒ Sand production
ƒ Relative permeabilities ƒ Screen sizes
ƒ Effective permeabilities ƒ Completion intervals
ƒ Fractional flow ƒ Completion
p type
yp
ƒ Cumulative production prediction ƒ Perforation modeling

54
For more information please contact

Tor Eiane
Ph
Phone: + 47 91 89 26 31
email: [email protected]

or

Yoseph Ghezai
Phone: + 47 91 89 29 86
email: [email protected]