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A comparative study of harmonic extraction methods for single phase shunt

active power filter

Article · May 2011

DOI: 10.1109/PowerEng.2011.6036515

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Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives Torremolinos (Málaga), Spain. May 2011

A Comparative Study of Harmonic Extraction

Methods for Single Phase Shunt Active Power Filter
Ilhami Colak, Member IEEE, Ramazan Bayindir, Member of IEEE, Erdal Irmak, Orhan Kaplan
Gazi Electrical Machines and Energy Control Group
Gazi University, Technology Faculty, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract-In recent years, interest to active power filters has been The series active power filter is connected in serial with the
increased. This paper presents a comparative evaluation for two distribution line through a matching isolation transformer [7,
types of harmonic extraction methods used widely for single
phase shunt active power filters which are the p-q theory and 8]. The main goal of using the series active power filter is to
the sine multiplying method. These control theories are maintain the pure sinusoidal waveform of grid voltage, for
investigated in detail considering their mathematical models. this aim it generates pulse with modulation signals (PWM)
The performance of each theory is examined on the simulation adding/subtracting these signals to/from grid voltage. Hybrid
circuit built in MATLAB/Simulink toolbox. Results show that filters are known as a combination of the active shunt and
the sine multiplying method is better than the single phase p-q
theory in terms of THD. passive shunt filter or active series and passive shunt filter
[4]. The harmonics filtering task is performed by both the
passive filter and the active power filter collectively. While
the passive filter suppresses high order harmonics, the active
I. INTRODUCTION
power filter eliminates lower order harmonics.
In recent years inverters, uninterruptible power supplies, Recently, so many papers have been published about the
arc furnaces and speed control devices are considerably used usage of active power filters in single phase and three phase
in the AC systems. Non-linear loads draw non-sinusoidal power systems [9-12]. In these studies, three main points are
currents from the power grid; therefore these loads create emphasized as harmonic extraction method, current control
power quality problems such as harmonics and low power technique and DC bus voltage control. In this paper, sine
factor. Particularly harmonics generated by the non-linear multiplying method and p-q theory, two harmonic extraction
loads cause distortions on the voltage waveform, capacitor methods commonly used in single phase shunt active power
bank failure, excessive neutral currents, reduction of usage filters, is compared.
time of electronics devices, waved torque in motors and
overheating of cables as well as transformers in the power II. SINGLE PHASE SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER
systems, and resonance problems [1]. Classically passive
filters are used to solve the power quality problems caused by Single phase shunt active filter consists of a DC capacitor
nonlinear loads due to their simple structure and low cost. In (Cf) located in the DC busbar as an energy storage element, a
the other hand, they have many deficiencies such as limited H-bridge inverter and a filter inductor (Lf) used to smooth the
harmonic filtration, bulky size and may cause series or switching ripples and to limit the converter current [6]. Shunt
parallel resonance [2]. active filter produces current harmonics that is equal but
Active power filters, developed in 1970s, has being a opposite to harmonic current components generated by the
dynamical solution for power quality [3]. In last decades, the non-linear loads. Figure 1 shows a single phase shunt active
usage of active power filters has increased due to power filter which is commonly used in voltage source
technological progresses in power electronics devices. Active inverter type.
power filters can mainly be classified as single phase and
three phases according to power system where it is used.
Also, they can be classified as series active power filter,
parallel active power filter and hybrid power filters
considering of their design structures [4]. The common
purpose of all type of active power filters is to mitigate
several significant power quality problems. Shunt active
power filters use to compensate the current harmonics and the
reactive power flowing in the power grid [5]. The operation
principle of shunt active power filters can be considered as
ideal source current injecting the harmonics and reactive
component of load current at Point of Common Coupling [6]. III. HARMONIC EXTRACTION METHODS

Fig. 1 Topology circuit of single phase shunt active filter

978-1-4244-9843-7/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE

A. Single Phase p-q Theory −1
icα   vα vβ   − ~ p 
The instantaneous power theory known as p-q theory has i  = − v vα  − (q + q~ )
(4)
been firstly introduced for three-phase power systems by H.  cβ   β
Akagi et al. in 1984 [14]. The theory has been intensely used
The reference compensation current which is injected by
to generate the reference compensation current of three-phase
the shunt active power filter can be obtained using Equation 5
shunt active power filter because of fast response time and
on a-b-c coordinate plane.
not including complex calculations. While the theory was
limited only three-phase systems, Lui et al. extended and used
it to control a single phase hybrid power filter consisting of a i*f (t ) =
1
vα2 + v 2β
[
vα .(− ~
p ) + v β .(− q ) ] (5)
series active power filter and a passive filter [15]. Haque used
the single phase p-q theory to control a three-phase shunt In this control theory, the accuracy of extracting reference
active power filter [16]. In this study, authors emphasized that compensation current is influenced by the distortions on the
the single phase p-q theory is more effective than original grid voltage in similar to original three phase p-q control
three-phase p-q theory considering unbalanced phase currents theory. More accurate reference compensation current can be
or voltages conditions. extracted using phase-locked loop (PLL) in case of the grid
In the single phase p-q theory, the source voltage and load voltage including distortions.
current slide up to degrees forward or backward to obtain a
virtual coordinate plane. While original voltage and current B. Sine Multiplying Method
magnitudes of the system is expressed in α plane, forward or The sine multiplying method has been introduced firstly by
backward shift of voltage and current components constitute Jou H.L. et al. in 1994 [18]. The method contains a simple
β plane. The block diagram of the single phase p-q theory can algorithm to compute the reference compensation current.
be denoted as shown in Figure 2 [17]. This method has been expressed by the authors as follow
[18].
If the grid voltage is in a pure sinusoidal wave form, the
instantaneous value of the voltage and the non-linear load
current can be expressed as in Equations 6 and 7 respectively.

v s (t ) = v s sin(ωt ) (6)

Fig. 2 Block diagram of single phase p-q theory ∞

i L (t ) = ∑i n sin(nωt + θn ) (7)
After single-phase system is converted to α-β coordinate n=1
plane system, instantaneous active and reactive power of the
Equation 7 can be subdivided into the fundamental and
system can be expressed as in the original instantaneous
harmonic components as Equation 8.
power theory as Equation 1.
∞
 p  vα
 q  = − v
vβ  iα 
.  (1)
i L (t ) = i1 sin(nωt + θ1 ) + ∑i n sin(nωt + θn ) (8)
   β vα  iβ  n =2

The reference sinusoidal signal which is in the same phase

The power components of a system including harmonics
with the grid voltage at the fundamental frequency is
and reactive power can be indicated as Equations 2 and 3.
described as in Equation 9.
p= p+ ~
p (2) i r (t ) = sin(ωt ) (9)
q = q + q~ (3) The amplitude of the active component of the fundamental
load current can be extracted using the Fourier algorithm as in
In equations 2 and 3, p and q represent active power and
Equation 10.
reactive power in fundamental frequency respectively, ~p and
q~ are active power and reactive power of harmonic T
1
∫
components. If elimination of all harmonic components of the ix = i (t )i (t )dt (10)
line current and compensation of reactive power are aimed, T L r
0
the reference compensation current can be calculated on α-β
coordinate plane as Equation 4. i x = i1 cos θ1

Then, the active component of the fundamental load

current can be obtained by multiplying the reference
sinusoidal signal (ir(t)) with the amplitude of the active
component of the fundamental load current (ix) as in Equation
11.

i s (t ) = i x ir (t ) (11)

i s (t ) = i1 cos θ1 sin(ωt )

The reference compensation current can be calculated by

subtracting the non-linear load current (iL(t)) from the active
component of the fundamental load current (is(t)). It is shown
in Equation 12.

i *f (t ) = i L (t ) − is (t ) (12)

The block diagram of the sine multiplying method is given

in Figure 3.
Fig. 4 Simulation results

Fig. 3 Block diagram of sine multiplying method

IV. SIMULATION STUDY

The operation performances of both the single phase p-q (a) the first load connected
theory and the sine multiplying method have been analyzed in
a single phase power system built in the MATLAB/Simulink.
The switching signals have been generated using hysteresis
control for both the harmonic extraction methods. The
hysteresis band limits have been set as +0.1 and -0.1. The PI
controller has been used to control the DC voltage of shunt
active power filters. Kp and Ki parameters of the PI controller
have been set as 0.98 and 1.78, respectively. The system
parameters are illustrated in Table I.

TABLE I (b) the second load connected

THE CIRCUIT PARAMETERS
AC source voltage Vs 25 V (RMS) Fig. 5 Harmonic spectrum of the source current
Fundamental frequency f 50 Hz Once the performance analysis of phase p-q theory has
Source inductance Ls 1 mH been achieved, the sine multiplying method has been tested
Load1 R L // C L 12 Ω/330 µF under the same conditions to make a comparison between
Load2 5.5 Ω/330 µF them. The waveforms measured for the sine multiplying
R L // C L
method are shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 depicts the harmonic
DC bus capacitor C DC 1000 µF
spectrum of the source current. While the total harmonic
Filter inductor Lf 1.2 mH distortion (THD) ratio of the source current controlled by the
sine multiplying method is found 3.86% when the first load is
Firstly, performance of the single phase p-q theory has connected to the power system, THD ratio controlled by the
been analyzed using two different non-linear loads. The single phase p-q theory is found 4.62%. If the load 2 is added
waveforms measured under these load conditions have been to the system, the THD ratio of the source current decreases
given in Figure 4 and the harmonic spectrum of the source to 2.05% for the sine multiplying method and 2.07% for the
current has been given in Figure 5. single phase p-q theory. As it can be seen from the simulation
results clearly, the sine multiplying method has better expressed. Then, control theories widely used in literature are
response than the single phase p-q theory. described considering the related references. The paper
indicates performance of the single phase p-q theory and the
sine multiplying method using Matlab/Simulink toolbox
independent from the active filter and load. The simulation
results show that the sine multiplying method gives better
results than the single phase p-q theory in terms of THD.
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