155
Int. 1. Speleol., 27 B (114), (1998): 155-162.
CHEMICAL DEPOSITS IN VOLCANIC CAVES OF ARGENTINA
Carlos Benedetto " Paolo Forti ", Ennanno Galli "', Antonio Rossi '"
ABSTRACT
During the last Conference of the FEALC (Speleological Federation of Latin America and Caribbean
Islands) which was held in the town of Malargue, Mendoza, in February 1997, two volcanic caves not far from
that town were visited and sampled for cave mineral studies.
The first cave (Cueva del Tigre) opens close to the L1ancanelo lake. some 40 kms far from Malargue and
it is a classical lava tube. Part of the walls and of the fallen lava blocks arc covered by white translucent libres
and grains.
The second visited cave is a small tectonic cavity opened in a lava bed some 100 km southward of
Malargue. The cave HEI Abrigo de el Manzano" is long no more than 10-12 meters with an average width of 3
meters and it hosts several bird nests. the larger of which is characterized by the presence of a relatively thick
pale yellow. pale pink Ilowstone.
Small broken or fallen samples of the secondary chemical deposits of both these caves have been collect-
ed in order to detect their mineralogical composition.
In the present paper the results of the detailed mineralogical analyses carried out on the sampled material
are shortly reported.
In the Cueva del Tigre lava tube the main detected minerals arc Sylvite, Thenanlite. Bloedite and
Kieserite, all related to the peculiar dry climate of that area.
The Ilowstone of "EI Abrigo de el Manzano" consists of a rather complex admixture of several minerals,
the large majority of which arc phosphates but also sulfates and silicates, not all yet identilied. The origin of all
these minerals is related to the interaction between bird guano and volcanic rock.
Keywords: cave minerals. volcanic caves, Argentina
INTRODUCTION
During the last Conference of the FEALC (Speleological Federation of Latin
America and Caribbean Islands) which was held in the town of Malargue, Mendoza, in
February 1997 (Forti & Rivalta 1997), two volcanic caves not far from that town have
been visited (Fig. I).
The first cave (Cueva del Tigre) opens close to the Llancanelo lake, some 40 kms far
from Malargue, its geographical co-ordinates being 69° 19'02" Wand 35°45'48" S; and
it is a classical lava tube consisting of a subhorizontal gallery with a total length of about
300 meters and an average diameter of 6-8 meters (Fig, 2). The entrance of the cave is a
vertical pit of 6-7 meters reaching the central part of the tube and it has been adapted for
the tourism by fixing metallic ladders to its wall: unfortunately the tourist activity inside
the cave led to its heavy pollution at least in the first tens of meters from the entrance. In
the inner part of the cave portions of the walls and of the fallen lava blocks are covered
by white translucent tibres and grains (Fig. 3) of bitter salty minerals.
The second visited cave (El Abrigo de el Manzano) is a small tectonic cavity
• INAE. Malargue. Argentina .
•• Italian Instillite of Speleology. University of Bologna, Italy .
••• Earth Science Department, University of Modena, Italy.
156 C. Benedello - P. Forti - E. Galli - A. Rossi
i.J.J
-
-..J
::c
u
Cerra Nevada 0
..v 6
<t' ","
...
o
o
1 ~Salina
Llicanelo ,,~'v
~
Index Map
. o. «;.''1'
<y'<'
'" '
u~:
o e,'
... o
6
Cerro Payun
o
.
o
o 3680
Fig. I - Location Illap for the two volcanic caves: I Cueva del Tigre: 2- EI Abrigo de cl Manzano.
opened in a lava bed of about 20 meters of high few meters apart of the National Route
40 some 100 km southward of Malargue (Fig. 4): its geographical co-ordinates are
69°43'06" Wand 35°04'24" S. The hosting rock is a basalt with a transitional composi-
tion between alcaline and sub-alcaline rocks, which may be defined as trachibasalt
(Irvine & Baragar 1971). The cave (Fig. 5) is long no more than 10-12 meters with an
average width of 3-4 meters and it's known for hosting a small red painting, which is
not in good condition nowadays. The cavity is presently a shelter for different animals
and in particular it hosts several bird nests, the larger of which is characterized by the
presence of a relatively thick pale yellow-pale pink llowstone some tens of centimeters
long (Fig. 6),
Small broken or fallen samples of the secondary chemical deposits have been col-
lected from both these caves in order to detect their mineralogical composition.
In the present paper the results of the detailed mineralogical analyses (still in
progress) of the sampled materials are shortly reported.
SAMPLE ANALYSES
Samples from the Cueva del Tigre lava. tube consist of well crystalline materials
therefore it was sufficient to analyze them by means of X-ray powder diffraction in
order to detect their mineralogical composition.
Beside gypsum, which was known from that cave long since, the detected minerals
are: Sylvite, Thenardite, Bloedite and Kieserite. All these minerals have been already
known from lava tubes and their origin is related to the peculiar dry climate of that area,
which allow a fast evaporation of the seeping water reaching the cave, while all the
involved ions come from the weathering of the lava bed (Hill and Forti, 1997).
More complex resulted the analysis of the llowstone found in the "EI Abrigo de el
CHEMICAL DEPOSITS IN VOLCANIC CAVES OF ARGENTINA 157
Manzano" which consists of a rather complcx admixturc of sevcral minerals, the largc
majority of which are phosphates.
At the naked eye this Ilowstone consist of several thin laycrs, thc color of which
may greatly change following their chemical variance: from whitish to pale ivory to
pink to reddish-brown.
The observation with the binocular microscopc put in evidence that the different
layers often have a differcnt structure (globular, terrigcnous, fibrous, strongly to weakly
cemcnted).
The observation of thin sections perpendicular to the layers shown thc presencc of
Fig. 2 - Inside the Cueva del
Tigre lava tuhe.
Fig. 3 - The white crystalline powder of the Cueva del Tigre
lava lUbe.
158 C. [lenedetto - r. Forti - E. Galli - A. Rossi
5 m
Fig. 4 - Plan amJ vertical sec-
tion or the EI Abrigo Lie cl
l\fanzano cave (after Urbani
& Benedetto 1998).
widespread tension cracks, thc existence zones rich in spherical cavities, and areas with
redissolutional and/or corrosion'll features.
The X-ray diffraction over powdered samples selected by using the binocular
microscope to reduce their compositional variability gave scarce results due to the
impossibility to have enough pure materials and due to the presence of scarcely crys-
talline compounds.
Better results were achieved by combining the X-ray diffraction (obtained by the
Gandolfi camera) over a few of single crystals selected under the binocular
microscope with the SEM observation and EDS semiquantitative analyses.
Up to now over 500 samples have been selected for the SEM and EDS analyses, 40
of which have been also used for the X-ray diffraction.
The SEM analyses shown that the speleothem sometimes consists of an admixture
of very small (few microns or few tens of microns) euhedral crystals of different miner-
als even if more frequently it is composed by spherical or tubular structures which are
clearly remnants of the microbiological activity inside the guano.
The EDS analyses put in evidence that most of the speleothem consists of phos-
phates with some sulfates, urates, chlorides and silicates; some organic compounds are
also present.
The presently identified minerals are listed in Tab. I together with their chemical
composition and peculiar characteristics.
Tah. 1- Thc prcscntly idcntified mincrals of thc volcanic cavc "EI Ahrigo de el Manzano"
Mineral Chemical composition Occurrence
Carbonate-h ydrox ilapat ite Cas(PO" CO,) , (OH) in a pale-yellow layered crust mixed to syngenite
Bl1Ishite (Fig.7 A) CaHPO,.2H2O stocky tabular monoclinic clystals
Hannayite (Fig.7B) (NH,hMg,H,(PO,),.8H2O transparent, vitreous crystals
Monetite (Fig.7C) CaHPO, tabular whitish elongated prismatic euhedral crystals
Sulfur (Fig.7D) S yellow crypto-crystalline aggregates
Syngenite (Fig.7E) K2Ca(SO,h .H2O tabular transparent vitreous euhedral prismatic crystals
Uricite (Fig. 7F-G) CsH,N,O, small aggregates of transparent monoclinic clystals
CHEMICAL DEPOSITS IN VOl.CANIC CAVES OF ARGENTINA 159
Fig. 5 - Overview on the Rio
Grande valley from EI Ahrigo
de el Manzano.
Fig. 6 - The tlowstonc found in the hottom of EI Ahrigo de
cl Manzano,
Fairly common are also aggregates of small spheres (Fig. 7H), the chemical composi-
tion of which is variable from spot to spot, being always high in organic matter. They seem
to be produced by the chemical precipitation of different minerals over some living
microorganisms, which has been identified as colonies of coccoidal bacteria, similar to
those living over ancient glasses (Krumbein et al. 1991). These bacteria evidently live not
only over artificial glass but also over natural (volcanic) glass: the El Abrigo de el Manzano
is the first place in which coccoidal colonies are surely identified in a cave environment.
Inside the speleothems several elongated organic fibers related to other bacteria or
fungi have been also observed.
160 C. Benedetto - P. Forti - E. Galli - A. Rossi
A) Brushite with some organic filaments. B) Hannayte.
C) Monetite. D) Single crystal of Sulfur.
E) Syngenite. F) Urieile.
G) Enlargement of F. H) Coccoidal baeleria.
Fig. 7- SEM images from el Abrigo de cJ Manzano.
CHEMICAL DEPOSITS IN VOLCANIC CAVES OF ARGENTINA 161
A) Organic compound. 8) Organic compound.
Fig. 8 - SElvl images of unidcnliticd materials from EI Abri-
go de cI Manzano.
C) Amorphous silicate.
Beside these minerals identified structures the flowstone is built up by someeveral
other compounds not yet definitively identified.
Among them a potash and sodium phosphate two organic compounds, the first of
which forms bidimensional radial aggregates of elongated prismatic greasy crystals
(Fig. 8A), and the second of which consists of spheroidal aggregates of acycular crys-
tals (Fig. 8B). Finally some part of the tlowstone is composed by an amorphous potash
sodium aluminum silicate, which forms vitreous weakly transparent layered uncement-
ed structures (Fig. 8C).
Fairly common are also aggregates of small spheres, the chemical composition of
which is variable from spot to spot: they seem to be produced by the chemical precipi-
tation of different minerals over some living microorganisms.
Finally several other uncommon phases and crystals are waiting to be understood.
Anyway the origin of all the presently detected minerals, as well as that of those
still not completely identified, is surely simply related to the interaction between bird
guano and volcanic rock often controlled by micro-organisms as testified by SEM
images of biogenic structures close to the well crystallized secondary minerals.
FINAL REMARKS
Even if the analyses are still in progress the achieved results allow to state that these
two caves arc already very important from the mineralogical point of view for Argentina,
moreover the "El Abrigo de el Manzano" will probably become one of the richest caves in
the world of different well crystallized cave phosphates and organic compounds.
162 C. Benedetto - P. Forti - E. Galli - A. Rossi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Authors are indebted to Dr Massimo Tonelli of the c.I.G.S. of the University
of Modena for SEM photographs
REFERENCES
FORTI P., and G. Rivalta 1997 Dagli Appennini alle Ande - ovvero: Ie peregrinazioni carsico-scientifico-turis-
tiche-collezionistiche di due speleologi di Bologna a Malargue. Sottoterra 104, p.20-25
HILL C.A. and P. Forti P. 1997 Cave Minerals of the World (second edition). National Speleological Society, 464 pp.
IRVINE T. N., and W. R. A. Baragar., 1971 A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic
rocks. Can. J. Eath Sc.. 8, p.523-528
KRUMBEIN W. E., C.E. Urzl and C. Gehrmann. 199\ Biocorrosion and Biodegradation of Antique and
Medieval Glass. Geomicrobiology J. v.9, p.139-160
URBANI F.. and C. Benedetto. 1998 Apuntes Mineraiogicos sobre Algunas Cuevas del Departemente de
Malargue, Mendoza, Argentina. Bull. Soc. Venez. Espel. In press.
