BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Internal Combustion Engine

Introduction to I. C. E.

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 Definition

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE EXTERNALCOMBUSTION ENGINE

 any engine that burns fuel inside  the products of combustion of air and
the engine to create the necessary fuel transfer heat to a secondary fluid
movement of interrelated which in this case is the motive fluid or
mechanical parts to produce working fluid for producing power…
mechanical work…
 any engine that burns fuel outside the
 the products of combustion engine and uses another “substance”
(expanding gases) are directly the to cause movement…
motive fluid or working fluid for
producing power…

The fuel in a steam engine burns

outside the engine to create
steam and the steam creates
motion inside the engine.
Definition

 Prior to the discovery of petroleum

(from gas lamp fuel), ECEs were the
predominant kind of prime movers
until the development the ICEs.
Traction Engine operating with steam engine

 Internal combustion engine is a lot

more efficient (takes less fuel per
mile) and is a lot smaller than
external combustion engine

Cutaway view of an ICE

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 Definition How it works?

if you put a tiny amount of high-energy fuel (i.e. gasoline) in a

small, enclosed space and ignite it, an incredible amount of
energy is released in the form of expanding gas.

Cutaway view of an ICE

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Historical Background

 Variations in forms of ICE started before the 19th century but

that their usage was hindered until the commercial drilling
and production of petroleum in the mid 1850’s (with
demand for gas lamp oil being the culprit)…

 By the late 19th century engineering advances led to their

wide application in a variety of applications initially using
gunpowder and then petroleum to power its operation…
Historical Background

 1680 – Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens did

the very first experimentation on an internal
combustion engine that primarily makes use of
gun powder to create a vacuum…

• Huygens realized that for a pump to work it

needed force to keep it in motion and
wondered if an internal energy could do it.
• He realized that gunpowder explosion
could do the trick and it proved to be
correct…
• This prime mover was primarily designed to
supply water to a palace and was inferred
to as HUYGENS GUNPOWDER and AIR
ENGINE that uses a piston and an engine…
Historical Background

Huygen’s Engine Parts:

A. A uniform well polished from the inside hollow cylinder
B. A moveable piston
C. Two apertures around ½ the size of the cylinder diameter.
E. Holdfasts acting out as the foundation of the cylinder.
F. A rope connecting the piston and a load.
G. A pulley
H. small box containing gunpowder
Principle of Operation:
1) With a controlled explosion of a certain amount of gunpowder, piston B will
move up.
2) Air trapped inside will then forced to move out into points CD and CD.
3) Piston B again going-down thus forcing the lids of the apertures at C to
open up and then draw-in air once again.
4) Cycle repeats itself over and over again with work being accomplished.
Historical Background

 1807 - Isaac De Rivaz attempts to modify

Huygen’s model and made the first
primitive internal combustion engine

 1862 - Alphones Beau De Rochas patented his design of

an ICE which was the precursor of all 4-stroke internal
combustion engine.
 He emphasized the importance of compressing the
air-fuel mixture before ignition

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Historical Background

 1860-1867 - Lenoir and Otto developed

atmospheric engine wherein combustion of fuel-air
mixture during first half of outward stroke of a free
piston which accelerates the piston connected to
a rack assembly. The free piston would produce
work during second half of the stroke creating
vacuum in the cylinder and the atmospheric
pressure then would push back the piston.

Nikolaus Otto’s Atmospheric Engine

Lenoir Engine MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME

Historical Background

 On the downward stroke, the piston draws in an

air/fuel mixture until it reaches about half of the
stroke.
 And the air/fuel mixture will be ignited and the
resulting expansion of gases pushes the piston
downward and provides power.
 The piston is forced up expelling the burned gases
and then the cycle repeats.

- Note that the air/fuel mixture does not get

compressed in this type of motor.

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Historical Background

 1868 - Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir developed

a spark ignition engine using petroleum and
primitive carburetor and attaching this to a
three wheeled wagon that was able to
successfully a historic three mile trip.

 1872 - George Brayton was an American

engineer who developed an unsuccessful
two stroke engine that ran on kerosene.
 It was the very first safe oil engine but the
concept was commercially unsuccessful
as this design of an engine was too large
and too slow.
Brayton’s Petroleum Engine
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Historical Background

 1876 - Nikolaus Otto developed 4-stroke spark-ignition

engine wherein the fuel-air charge was compressed
before being ignited.

 1878 - Dougald Clerk developed the first successful

2-stroke engine.

Otto 4-stroke SI engine Clerk 2-stroke engine MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME

Historical Background

 1882 - Atkinson develops an engine having longer expansion stroke

than the compression stroke for improvement in engine thermal
efficiency at cost of specific engine power. The Atkinson cycle is finding
application in the modern hybrid electric vehicles (HEV).

 1892 - Rudolf Diesel takes patent on engine having combustion by

direct injection of fuel in the cylinder , air heated solely by compression,
the process known as compression ignition.

Atkinson engine First Diesel engine

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 Historical Overview in I.C.E.
 1896 - Henry Ford develops the first automobile powered by the IC engine.

 1897 - Rudolf Diesel developed compression ignition engine prototype, also called
as Diesel engine.

 1923 - tetraethyl lead (anti-knock additive) discovered by the General motors

became commercially available
- provides boost to development of high compression ratio spark ignition
engines.
 Knocking (or pinging) occurs when the
fuel and air mixture is incorrect which
causes the fuel to burn in uneven
pockets rather than uniform bursts.
 This can be caused by low octane rating
gasoline and incorrect spark plugs.
Ford’s first automobile MEIC422-BRIANJTUAZONME
 Historical Overview in I.C.E.

Gasoline is primarily a mixture of two volatile liquids,

heptane and isooctane.
Pure heptane, a lighter fuel, burns so quickly that it produces
a great amount of knocking in an engine.
Pure isooctane evaporates slowly and produces virtually no
knocking.
The ratio of heptane to isooctane is measured by the octane
rating.
Historical Background

 1957 - Felix Wankel developed rotary internal combustion engine.

 1989-1990 - Electronic fuel injection on heavy duty diesel is introduced

Wankel Rotary Engine Electronic Fuel Injection

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Types of I.C.E. According to Engine Movement

Rotary Engines Reciprocating Engines

• which technically is a half • also called PISTON ENGINES in
turbine-half reciprocating engine that they use a PISTON to
is also called a WANKEL ENGINE accomplish their forward
• INTAKE, COMPRESSION, backward motion that is
COMBUSTION and EXHAUST are mounted on a CRANKSHAFT
done at specific portions of its through a PISTON ROD moving
own housing and only requires a BACK and FORTH along a
single revolution. cylinder.
• INTAKE, COMPRESSION,
COMBUSTION, and EXHAUST
either requires one or two
revolutions to accomplish the
task

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 COMPARATIVE DATA BETWEEN A
RECIPROCATING ENGINE & ROTARY ENGINE:

VS
MID 90’S CORVETTE MAZDA 2010 RX-8
16 VALVE RECIPROCATING ENGINE NO VALVE ROTARY ENGINE
300 HP AT 5,000 RPM 238 HP AT 8,500 RPM
330 FT-LBS TORQUE 159 FT-LBS TORQUE
AT 4,000 RPM AT 5,500 RPM
5.7 LITER DISPLACEMENT 1.3 LITER DISPLACEMENT
Parts of I.C.E.
 Piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and
down inside the cylinder.

 Piston rings provide sliding seal between the outer edge

of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder.

• Prevent the fuel/air mixture and

exhaust in the combustion chamber
from leaking into the sump during
compression and combustion.
• Keep oil in the sump from leaking
into the combustion area, where it
would be burned and lost

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Parts of I.C.E.
 Connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft and it
can rotate at both ends so that its angle can change as the
piston moves and the crankshaft rotates.

 Crankshaft turns the piston’s up and down motion into

circular motion.

 The intake and exhaust valves open at the proper time to

let in air and fuel, and to let out exhaust. Note that both
valves are closed during the compression and combustion
so that the chamber is sealed.

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Parts of I.C.E.
 The camshaft makes it possible for the
valves to open and close at the right
time. The asymmetrical lobes of the
cam correspond to the engine valves
timing to open and close.

 Spark plug supplies the spark that

ignites the air/fuel mixture so that the
combustion can occur. The spark must
happen at just the right moment for
things to work properly.

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Parts of I.C.E.
 Cylinder is the core of the engine wherein the
piston moves up and down.

 Lawn mowers typically have one cylinder but most cars have more
than one cylinder (four, six, eight cylinders are very common).
 In a multi-cylinder engine, the cylinders can be arranged in three
ways: inline, V, or flat (horizontally opposed or boxer).
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Parts of$ I.C.E.

cylinders are arranged cylinders are arranged in cylinders arranged in

inalineinasinglebank. two bank sets at an two banks on opposite
angletooneanother. sidesoftheengine.

Flat
Inline V

 These different configurations have some advantages and disadvantages

in terms of smoothness, manufacturing cost and shape characteristics,
and depends on certain vehicles.

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Parts of I.C.E.

 The oil pan contains some amount of oil which serves as the oil sump
to surrounds the crankshaft.

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Parts of I.C.E.

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 How it works?
1 INTAKE STROKE
• Piston starts at the top
• As piston moves down,
intake valve opens to let the
engine take in a cylinder-full
of air and fuel.
Note:
Only the tiniest drop of gasoline needs to
be mixed into the air for this to work.

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 How it works?

2 COMPRESSION STROKE
• Piston moves back up to
compress the air-fuel mixture.

Note:
Compression makes the explosion more
powerful.

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 How it works?
3 POWER STROKE
• When piston reaches the top of its
stroke, spark plug emits a spark to
ignite the fuel.
• The fuel charge in the cylinder
explodes, driving the piston down.

Note:
Combustion or Burning, is the basic chemical
process of releasing energy form a fuel and air
mixture.

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How it works?

4 EXHAUST STROKE
• Once the piston hits the
bottom of its power stroke,
the exhaust valve opens as
piston moves up
• And let exhaust leaves the
cylinder to go out the tailpipe.

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How it works?

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ICE Classification
 Spark-Ignition (SI) Engine
• Also known as Otto engine or Gasoline engine or Petrol engine
• Uses spark plug to produce ignition or combustion of air-fuel mixture
• Air and fuel are introduced into the combustion chamber as a
gaseous mixture which is made in the carburetor and is regulated by
means of a butterfly valve.

 Compression-Ignition (CI) Engine

• Also known as Diesel engine
• The ignition is realized by compression.
• Air is introduced into the combustion chamber through ducts to the
suction valve and the fuel is introduced directly by means of an
injector. The air-fuel mixture is made in the combustion chamber.

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ICE Classification

Otto Engine Diesel Engine

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ICE Classification
 Other differences of Otto and Diesel Engines

• In Otto cycle, the heat addition • In Diesel cycle, the heat

takes place at constant volume addition takes place at constant
process. pressure process.
• The Otto cycle has less • Diesel cycle the compression
compression ratio (7:1 to 10:1) ratio is high (11:1 to 22:1).

• The Diesel cycle has higher efficiency than Otto cycle.

• The Diesel engine is usually heavier than Otto engine of the same
displacement because diesel engine runs at considerably higher
pressure and needs larger elements to withstand the pressure safely.

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ICE Classification
 Two-Stroke Engine
• Completes a power cycle with two strokes (up and down movements)
of the piston during only one crankshaft revolution

• The end of the compression stroke and the beginning of the

combustion stroke happens simultaneously, with the intake and
exhaust (scavenging) functions occurring at the same time.
• Note: Scavenging refers to the process of removing burnt gases
from the combustion chamber of the engine cylinder.

 Four-Stroke Engine
• Requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle

• Each process (intake, compression, combustion/power, exhaust)

happens at each stroke.
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ICE Classification
 Two-Stroke Engine  Four-Stroke Engine

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ICE Classification
 Summary of differences between Four-stroke and Two-stroke engines

Four-Stroke Two-Stroke
It has one power stroke for every It has one power stroke for each
two revolutions of the crankshaft. revolution of the crankshaft.
Engine is heavy. Engine is light.
Engine design is complicated due to Engine design is simple due to
valve mechanism. absence of valve mechanism.
More cost. Less cost.
Less mechanical efficiency die to Higher mechanical efficiency due
more friction on many parts. to less friction on a few parts.
More output due to full fresh
Less output due to mixing of fresh
charge intake and full burnt gases
charge with the hot burnt gases.
exhaust.
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ICE Classification
 Summary of differences between Four-stroke and Two-stroke engines

Four-Stroke Two-Stroke
Engine runs cooler. Engine runs hotter.
Engine is water cooled. Engine is air cooled.
More fuel consumption and fresh
Less fuel consumption and
charge is mixed with exhaust
complete burning of fuel
gases.
Engine requires more space Engine requires less space
More thermal efficiency Less thermal efficiency
Consumes less lubricating oil Consumes more lubricating oil
Used in mopeds, scooters,
Used in cars, buses, trucks, etc.
motorcycles, etc.

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