PROBLEM

ON
STEAM NOZZLE
05
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
 PROBLEM 05:
Estimate the mass flow rate of steam in a nozzle with the following data:
Inlet pressure and temperature = 10 bar and 200°C
Back pressure = 0.5 bar
Throat diameter = 12 mm

Given Data:
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫
𝑫𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎
To find:

Mass flow rate of steam in the nozzle (ṁ) =?

 Formula
𝐴𝑡 × 𝐶𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 ṁ =
𝜗𝑡
𝜋
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑡 = × 𝐷𝑡2
4

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑡 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎt

Where,
𝑚3
𝜗𝑡 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡,
𝑘𝑔
ℎ1 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑡 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
STEAM TABLES
METHOD
Solution:
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 200°C

𝑻𝑺𝟏 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟗°𝑪 𝑻𝑺𝟏 < 𝑻𝟏 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂; 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝒉𝟏 = 𝒉𝒔𝒖𝒑𝟏 = 𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟔. 𝟖 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂; 𝐒𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝒔𝟏 = 𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒑𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟐 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈 𝑲

𝒔𝟏 = 𝒔𝒕 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟐 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈 𝑲
 𝒏
𝑷𝒕 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒊𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝑷𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝟏.𝟑
𝑷𝒕 𝟐 𝟏.𝟑−𝟏
=
𝑷𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑 + 𝟏
𝑷𝒕
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫
𝑷𝟏

𝑷𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝑷𝟏

𝑷𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎

𝑷𝒕 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝒃𝒂𝒓
@ throat; 𝐏𝒕 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫 𝒔𝒕 = 𝒔𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟐 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈 𝑲

𝒔𝒈𝒕 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟖𝟗 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈𝑲

𝒔𝒕 < 𝒔𝒈𝒕 𝑾𝒆𝒕

@ throat; 𝐏𝒕 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐰𝐞𝐭 𝒔𝒕 = 𝒔𝒇𝒕 + 𝒙𝒕 . 𝒔𝒇𝒈𝒕

𝒔𝒕 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈𝑲 𝒔𝐟𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈𝑲

𝒔𝐟𝐠𝒕 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈𝑲

6.692 = 1.894 + 𝑥2 × 4.895

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖
 @ throat; 𝐏𝒕 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐰𝐞𝐭 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖

𝒉𝒇𝒕 = 654.76 kJ/kg

𝒉𝒕 = 𝒉𝒇𝒕 + 𝒙𝒕 . 𝒉𝒇𝒈𝒕

𝒉𝐟𝐠𝐭 = 𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟔. 𝟕𝟔 kJ/kg

𝒉𝒕 = 𝟔𝟓𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 × 𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟔. 𝟕𝟔

𝒉𝒕 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈
@ throat; 𝐏𝒕 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐰𝐞𝐭; 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖
𝝑𝒕 = 𝝑𝒇𝒕 + 𝒙𝒕 . 𝝑𝒇𝒈𝒕

𝝑𝒕 = 𝝑𝒇𝒕 + 𝒙𝒕 . 𝝑𝒇𝒈𝒕 𝝑𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝟑 Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝝑𝒕 = 𝝑𝒇𝒕 + 𝒙𝒕 . (𝝑𝒈 −𝝑𝒇 ) 𝝑𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟖𝟕 𝒎𝟑 Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝝑𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 × (𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟒𝟖𝟕- 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 )

𝝑𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑡 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎt

𝐶t = 2000 2826.8 − 2709.58 𝒉𝟏 = 𝒉𝒔𝒖𝒑𝟏 = 𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟔. 𝟖 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝐶t = 𝟒𝟖𝟒. 𝟏𝟗 𝒎/𝒔 𝒉𝒕 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟗. 𝟓𝟖 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝜋
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑡 = × 𝐷𝑡2
4 𝑫𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎
𝜋
𝐴𝑡 = × 12 × 10−3 2
4
𝑨𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟐
 𝐴𝑡 × 𝐶𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 ṁ = 𝑨𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟐
𝜗𝑡

−4 𝑪𝒕 = 𝟒𝟖𝟒. 𝟏𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
1.13 × 10 × 484.19
ṁ =
0.33799
𝝑𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈

ṁ =0.1618 kg/s

Answer

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 ṁ = 0.1618 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

MOLLIER CHART
METHOD
 PROBLEM 05:
Estimate the mass flow rate of steam in a nozzle with the following data:
Inlet pressure and temperature = 10 bar and 200°C
Back pressure = 0.5 bar
Throat diameter = 12 mm

Given Data:
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂

@ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫
𝑫𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎
To find:

Mass flow rate of steam in the nozzle (ṁ) =?

 Formula
𝐴𝑡 × 𝐶𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 ṁ =
𝜗𝑡
𝜋
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑡 = × 𝐷𝑡2
4

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑡 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎt

Where,
𝑚3
𝜗𝑡 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡,
𝑘𝑔
ℎ1 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ𝑡 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒, 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂 S𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅

1
 𝒏
𝑷𝒕 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒊𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝑷𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝟏.𝟑
𝑷𝒕 𝟐 𝟏.𝟑−𝟏
=
𝑷𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑 + 𝟏
𝑷𝒕
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 @ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫
𝑷𝟏

𝑷𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝑷𝟏

𝑷𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎

𝑷𝒕 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝒃𝒂𝒓
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎°𝐂 @ throat; 𝐏𝒕 = 𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐛𝐚𝐫

ℎ1 = 2830 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
1
ℎt = 2720 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
t
𝝑𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑡 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎt

𝐶t = 2000 2830 − 2720 𝒉𝟏 = 𝒉𝒔𝒖𝒑𝟏 = 𝟐𝟖𝟑𝟎 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝐶t = 𝟒𝟔𝟗. 𝟎𝟒 𝒎/𝒔 𝒉𝒕 = 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟎 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝜋
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑡 = × 𝐷𝑡2
4 𝑫𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎
𝜋
𝐴𝑡 = × 12 × 10−3 2
4
𝑨𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟐
 𝐴𝑡 × 𝐶𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 ṁ = 𝑨𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟐
𝜗𝑡

−4 𝑪𝒕 = 𝟒𝟔𝟗. 𝟎𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
1.13 × 10 × 469.04
ṁ =
0.33
𝝑𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈

ṁ =0.1606 kg/s

Answer

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 ṁ = 0.1606 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

 PROBLEM
ON
STEAM NOZZLE
08
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
 PROBLEM 08 :
Calculate the throat and exit diameters of a convergent-divergent nozzle which will
discharge 820 kg of steam per hour from a pressure of 8 bar superheated to 250°C into a
chamber having a pressure of 1.5 bar. The friction loss in the divergent part of the nozzle
may be taken as 0.15 of the total enthalpy drop.

Given Data: @ state 1; P1 = 8 bar; T1 = 250°C 1 t 2

@ state 2; P2 = 1.5 bar
kg kg
ṁ = 820 = 0.2277 𝜂𝑑 = 0.85
h s
To find:
Throat diameter of nozzle ( 𝑫𝒕 ) =?
Exit diameter of nozzle ( 𝑫𝟐 ) =?
Formula
𝐴1 ×𝐶1 𝐴𝑡 ×𝐶𝑡 𝐴2 ×𝐶2
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ = = =
𝜗1 𝜗𝑡 𝜗2
𝜋
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝐴2 = × 𝐷22
4 t
1 2
𝜋
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑡 = × 𝐷𝑡2
4

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑡 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎt

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝐶2 = 2000[ ℎ1 − ℎt + ℎt − ℎ2 × 𝜂𝑑 ]

MOLLIER CHART
METHOD
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟖 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂 Superheated

1
 𝒏
𝑷𝒕 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒊𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝑷𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒏
𝑷𝒕 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
=
𝑷𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑 + 𝟏
𝑷𝒕
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒6
𝑷𝟏

𝑷𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝑷𝟏 @ State 1; P1 = 8 bar

𝑷𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝟖

𝑷𝒕 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 𝒃𝒂𝒓
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟖 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂 @ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫
ℎ1 = 2935 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔 1
ℎ1 = 2810 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
𝝑𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
t

ℎ2 = 2610 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
𝝑𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
2

@ Throat; 𝐏𝒕 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑡 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎt
𝒉𝟏 = 𝒉𝒔𝒖𝒑𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟓 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈
𝐶t = 2000 2935 − 2810 𝒉𝒕 = 𝒉𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒕 = 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈
𝐶t = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎/𝒔 𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟎 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝐶2 = 2000[ ℎ1 − ℎt + ℎt − ℎ2 × 𝜂𝑑 ]

𝐶2 = 2000[ 2935 − 2810 + 2810 − 2610 × 0.85] 𝜼𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓

𝐶2 = 𝟕𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
 𝐴𝑡 × 𝐶𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ = 𝜗𝑡 = 0.45 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝜗𝑡
𝐴𝑡 × 500 𝐶𝑡 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
0.2277 =
0.45
kg
ṁ = 0.2277
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑡 = 2.0493 × 10−4 𝑚2 s
𝜋
3.286 × 10 = × 𝐷𝑡2
−4
4
𝐷𝑡 = 0.01615 m

𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐷𝑡 = 16.15 mm

 𝐴2 × 𝐶2 𝜗2 = 1.2 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ =
𝜗2
𝐶2 = 768.11 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴2 × 768.11
0.2277 = kg
1.2 ṁ = 0.2277
s
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝐴2 = 3.557 × 10−4 𝑚2
𝜋
3.557 × 10 = × 𝐷22
−4
4

𝐷2 = 0.02128 m

𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝐷2 = 21.28 mm

 PROBLEM
ON
STEAM NOZZLE
08
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
 PROBLEM 08 :
Calculate the throat and exit diameters of a convergent-divergent nozzle which will
discharge 820 kg of steam per hour from a pressure of 8 bar superheated to 250°C into a
chamber having a pressure of 1.5 bar. The friction loss in the divergent part of the nozzle
may be taken as 0.15 of the total enthalpy drop.

Given Data: @ state 1; P1 = 8 bar; T1 = 250°C 1 t 2

@ state 2; P2 = 1.5 bar
kg kg
ṁ = 820 = 0.2277 𝜂𝑑 = 0.85
h s
To find:
Throat diameter of nozzle ( 𝑫𝒕 ) =?
Exit diameter of nozzle ( 𝑫𝟐 ) =?
Formula
𝐴1 ×𝐶1 𝐴𝑡 ×𝐶𝑡 𝐴2 ×𝐶2
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ = = =
𝜗1 𝜗𝑡 𝜗2
𝜋
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝐴2 = × 𝐷22
4 t
1 2
𝜋
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑡 = × 𝐷𝑡2
4

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑡 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎt

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝐶2 = 2000[ ℎ1 − ℎt + ℎt − ℎ2 × 𝜂𝑑 ]

MOLLIER CHART
METHOD
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟖 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂 Superheated

1
 𝒏
𝑷𝒕 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
𝒏 = 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒊𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
𝑪𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 =
𝑷𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒏
𝑷𝒕 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏
=
𝑷𝟏 𝟏. 𝟑 + 𝟏
𝑷𝒕
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒6
𝑷𝟏

𝑷𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝑷𝟏 @ State 1; P1 = 8 bar

𝑷𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 × 𝟖

𝑷𝒕 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 𝒃𝒂𝒓
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟖 𝐛𝐚𝐫; 𝐓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎°𝐂 @ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫
ℎ1 = 2935 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔 1
ℎ1 = 2810 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
𝝑𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
t

ℎ2 = 2610 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
𝝑𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
2

@ Throat; 𝐏𝒕 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 𝐛𝐚𝐫
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑡 = 2000 ℎ1 − ℎt
𝒉𝟏 = 𝒉𝒔𝒖𝒑𝟏 = 𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟓 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈
𝐶t = 2000 2935 − 2810 𝒉𝒕 = 𝒉𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒕 = 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈
𝐶t = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎/𝒔 𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟎 𝒌 𝑱Τ𝒌 𝒈

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝐶2 = 2000[ ℎ1 − ℎt + ℎt − ℎ2 × 𝜂𝑑 ]

𝐶2 = 2000[ 2935 − 2810 + 2810 − 2610 × 0.85] 𝜼𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓

𝐶2 = 𝟕𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
 𝐴𝑡 × 𝐶𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ = 𝜗𝑡 = 0.45 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝜗𝑡
𝐴𝑡 × 500 𝐶𝑡 = 500 𝑚/𝑠
0.2277 =
0.45
kg
ṁ = 0.2277
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑡 = 2.0493 × 10−4 𝑚2 s
𝜋
3.286 × 10 = × 𝐷𝑡2
−4
4
𝐷𝑡 = 0.01615 m

𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑡 𝐷𝑡 = 16.15 mm

 𝐴2 × 𝐶2 𝜗2 = 1.2 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ṁ =
𝜗2
𝐶2 = 768.11 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴2 × 768.11
0.2277 = kg
1.2 ṁ = 0.2277
s
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝐴2 = 3.557 × 10−4 𝑚2
𝜋
3.557 × 10 = × 𝐷22
−4
4

𝐷2 = 0.02128 m

𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 𝐷2 = 21.28 mm

Thank You