f.ngh.

j cau;ju khztu;fSf;fhd>

“nghJf; fl;Liufs;”

njhFg;G..
Mrpupau;: jpU. ,. mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach]
(njhlu;GfSf;F 077-4323124)
 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

01. “Roy; khrilahJ ghJfhj;jy;”

kdpjid R+o;e;Js;s midj;ijAk; Nru;j;J ehk; R+oy;
vd;fpd;Nwhk;. mjhtJ> kdpjdpd; mj;jpahtrpa> Nkyjpf Njitfs;
vy;yhtw;wpf;Fk; ,Ug;gplkhf miktJ R+oNyahFk;. R+oYf;Fk;
kdpjDf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G kpfTk; neUf;fj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhf
mikfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; R+oypay; khw;wq;fs; khDl tho;tpYk;>
kdpjDila nraw;ghLfs; R+oypYk; nry;thf;F r; nrYj;Jtijj;
jtpu;j;Jtpl KbahJs;sJ.
ehk; thOk; R+oy; nghJthf %d;W tifapy; khrilfpd;wJ vdyhk;. mjhtJ epyk;>
ePu;> tsp vd;Dk; ek;ikr; R+o;e;Js;s ngsjPff; fhuzpfs; gy;NtW fhuzpfshYk;
khrilfpd;wd. R+oy; khriltjpy; kdpjDila eltbf;iffs; ngUk; nry;thf;if Vw;gLj;jp
tUfpd;wJ. kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;a tpiojy;> mjpfupj;J tUk;
rdj;njhif> R+oYf;F vjpu; tpisit Vw;gLj;Jk; myq;fhu Mlk;gug; nghUl;fspd; ghtid
mjpfupg;G vd;gd fhuzkhf kdpjd; jdJ Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tjpy; fhl;Lk;
mjPj <Lghl;il R+oy; njhlu;gpy; nrYj;jhjjhYk; R+oy; khrilfpd;wJ. ,it kl;Lky;yhJ>
ngUfptUk; ifj;njhopw; njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTg; nghUl;fSk;
R+oiy khrilar; nra;tjpy; ngUk; gq;fhw;WfpwJ.
kdpjd; jdJ Njitf;fhf ,aw;if tsq;fisAk;> kuq;fisAk;> fhLfisAk;
mopf;fpd;whd;. ,jd; fhuzkhf kio fhyq;fspYk;> flw;fiuia mz;ba R+oypYk; kz;
mupg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ. fhlopg;ghdJ kio tPo;r;rpapd; msitAk; ghjpg;gilar; nra;fpd;wJ.
mjpfupj;J tUk; rdj; njhiff;Nfw;g czT cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;fr; nra;Ak;NghJ
mjpfkhd nraw;if cug;gad;ghLk; epyj;ij mjhtJ kz; tsj;ij ngupJk; ghjpg;gilar;
nra;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; tptrha epyq;fs; $l tptrhak; nra;a Kbahj msT ctu;
epyq;fshf khw;wkilfpd;wd. ,tw;iw tplTk; jpz;kf; fopTg; nghUl;fs;> kdpjf; fopTg;
nghUl;fs; vd;gdTk; R+oypy; jhf;fk; tpistpf;fhky; ,y;iy. ,yq;ifapy; jiy efiug;
nghWj;jtiuapy; ehw;gj;J %d;W njhd; jw;fhypfj; jpz;kg; nghUl;fs; ntspNaw;wg;gLtjhf
Ma;Tfs; $Wfpd;wd.
R+oypy; tsp khrile;j tUtJk; ,d;W Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ. kuq;fis
mjpfstpy; ntl;Ltjhy; kio tsk; mUfpr; nry;Yk; mNjNtis capupdq;fspy; capu;
tho;f;iff;F kpf mj;jpahtrpakhd xl;rprd; thAtpd; mlu;j;jpAk; tspkz;lyj;jpy;
Fiwtile;J nry;fpd;wJ. ,J kl;Lky;yhJ ehLfspd; Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
MAjq;fspypUe;J ntspNaWk; ,urhadf; fyitfs; tspAld; NrUtjhYk;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;
rhjdq;fs; ntspNaw;Wk; Gif njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; Gif
vd;gtw;wpypUe;J tUk; fhgdPnuhl;irl;L> ry;gu;> IjNuhfhgd;> ,ju ,urhadr;
Nru;itfspdhYk;> tpz;ntspf;fyq;fspDila ghtidahYk; tspahdJ ngUk;
Nrjj;jpw;F s;shfpd;wJ.
,it kl;Lky;yhJ mjpfupj;J tUk; VTfizfs;> nuhf;fw; ghtidfs; $l
tspkz;lyj;jpy; XNrhd; gilfis ghjpg;gilar; nra;fpd;wik capupdq;fspd; ePz;lfhy
,Ug;gpidf; Nfs;tpf;FwpahfpAs;sJ. u\;ahtpy; nru;Ndhgpapy; ,lk; ngw;w mZ ciy
tpgj;jhy; gy Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; gypahdikAk;> [g;ghdpy; `pNuh\pkh ehfrhfp kPJ

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 2

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

epfo;j;jg;gl;l mZf;Fz;Lj; jhf;Fjypd; tpisTfs; ,d;W tiu mq;F njhlu;tijAk;>

,e;jpahtpy; Nghghy; efuj;jpd; A+dpad; fhu;gNdl; njhopw;rhiyapy; ,lk;ngw;w er;R thAf;
frptpdhy; gy;yhapuk; kf;fs; gypahdijAk; ,q;F ftdj;jpw; nfhs;syhk;.
mLj;J ngsjPf tsq;fspy; xd;whd ePu; khriljy; gw;wpajhFk;. nghJthfNt Fsk;>
MW> fpzW> tope;NjhLk; ePu; vd;gd VNjh xU tifapy; mRj;jkilfpd;wd.
njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopT ePu;> ePu; epiyfisr; nrd;w iltjpdhYk;
,jdhy; fpzW> Fsk;> ejp> Vup vd;gd khriltjhYk; ePu; ghupa mRj;j epiyf;F
cs;shfpd;wJ. ,it kl;Lky;yhJ rhf;filfs;> ejpfs;> Kf;fpa ePu; epiyfs; vd;gtw;wpy;
kf;fs; NghLk; fopTg; nghUl;fs;> gpsh];jpupf; nghUl;fs; fhuzkhf fopT ePu; tope;Njhl
KbahJ jilg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; Neha;f;fhtpfs; njhopw;gLk; ,ioahd;> Esk;G
vd;gtdtw;wpd; ngUf;fk; the;jpNgjp> kNyupah> neUg;Gf; fha;r;ry; Nghd;w Neha;fisAk;
kf;fspw;F Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. fpUkpehrpdpfs;> tskhf;fpfspd; ftdpg;gw;w gpuNahfk; $l ePiu
khRgLj;Jfpd;wJ.
,t;thW epyk;> tsp> ePu; vd;gd khriltjpdhy; nfhyuh> kNyupah> nlq;F fha;r;ry;
vd;gtw;wpd; jhf;fk; fhuzkhf Neha;fSk;> kuzq;fSk; $l vkJ ehl;by; ,d;Wk;
eilngw;Nw tUfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; nghypj;jPd; ghtidahy; gr;irtPl;L tpisT> XNrhd; gil
Xl;ilapdhy; Njhy; rk;ge;jkhd Neha;fs; vd;gdTk; Vw;gLtjhff; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
MfNt ,r; R+oy; khriltijj; jLg;gJ vd;gJ ,d;W Kf;fpakhd> mj;jpahtrpakhd
xU eltbf;ifahf cyf ehLfisg; nghWj;jtiu cs;sJ. ,g; ghupa nghWg;G tpisit
Vw;gLj;jp kf;fshNyNa nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf rPu;g;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba xd;whFk;. Rj;jk; Rfk;
jUk; vd;gij R+oypaypYk; ftdpj;J> Fg;ig $sq;fis fz;l fz;l ,lq; fspw;
NghLjiyj; jtpu;g;gjdhYk;> njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gLk; fopTfis
nghUj;jkhd topfis ifahz;L ntspNaw;Wtjd; %yKk; R+oy; Rj;jj;ijg; Ngz KbAk;.
mj;Jld; kio tsj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;fhf ku eLif Kaw;rpfis nra;jYk;> mjdhy;
mtw;wpd; ,iyfs; ntspNaw;Wk; ePuhtp fhw;W kz;lyj;ij Rj;jg;gLj;j f; $bajhfTk;
,Uf;Fk;.
,d;W mNdfkhf njhopw;rhiyfs; efuq;fspy; mikf;fg;gLtjhy; kf;fSk; nrwpthf
efuq;fspNyNa tho tpUk;G fpd;wdu;. nrwpthd rdj;njhif Rfhjhu rPu;NfLfisAk;> FbePu;
gw;whf;FiwiaAk; Vw;gLj;J fpd;wJ. fz;l fz;l ,lq;fspy; Fg;ig NghLjy;> kyryk;
fopj;jy; vd;gdTk; ,jdhy; mjpfupf;fyhk;. ,t; tpisitj; jLg;gjw;F njhopw;rhiyfs;
ehl;by; gutyhd Kiwapy; cUthf;f g;gly; rpwe;jjhFk;.
jFe;j Kiwapy; R+oiy mRj;jkhf;fhj tifapy; nraw;glhj njhopw;rhiyfis
murhq;fk; nraw;gl mDkjp toq;ff; $lhJ. ,jd; %ykhfTk; R+oy; khriljiy
XusNtDk; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. mj;Jld; tptrha eltbf;iffspy; kPs; Row;rp
Kiwiag; gpd;gw;WjYk; epyj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Xu; topahFk;. murhq;fk; R+oy;
ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpajhfTk;> jFjpaw;w thfdq;fspw;fhd
mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fis toq;fhJ tpLjy; %ykhfTk; R+oypd; Rj;jj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s
Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
“Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwaw;w nry;tk;” vd;w tifapy; kdpjd; jd;Dila Njftpay;
MNuhf;fpaj;ijAk;> vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdupd; tho;tpay; gw;wpAk; rpe;jpj;J> R+oy;
ghJfhg;gpidAk;> Rfhjhu R+oiyAk; cUthf;Fjy; mtrpakhFk;. xt;nthU kdpjDk;
T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 3
 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

R+oypay; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fisAk;> mj;jpahtrpaj;ijAk; czu;e;J nfhs;tjd;

%ykhfTk;> mjw;Nfw;g nraw;gLtjd; %ykhfTNk R+oy; mRj;jkhtij jil nra;a
KbAk;. ,jw;F ey;y R+oNy ey;y MNuhf;fpakhd tho;it mspf;Fk; vd;w cz;ikia
midtUk; czUjy; mtrpakhdjhFk;.

02. “fy;tp”
“vz;Zk; vOj;Jk; fz;nzdj; jFk;”
“vz;nzd;g Vid vOj;njd;g ,t;tpuz;Lk;
fz;vd;g thOk; capu;f;F ” - (jpUf;Fws;)
Nfby; tpOr;nry;tk; fy;tp vd;W tpsf;fpa ts;Stu;.
me;j mopahr; nry;tkhfpa fy;tpiaf; fw;gjpdhy; tUk;
rpwg;GfisAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. mJ fz; Nghd;wJ vd;fpwhu;.
„fz;‟ vd;why; jkpopy; xsp vd;W nghUs;. fy;tp vt;thW
xspahf tpsq;FfpwJ vd;gijAk; tpsf;Ffpwhu;. vy;yh
cWg;GfSk; rupahf ,Ue;Jk;> „fz;‟ ,y;yhtpl;lhy; xUtdhy;> nghUs;fisAk;>
fhl;rpfisAk;> ,aw;ifapd; moFfisAk; fhz ,ayhJ. vdNt mtd; xU KOikngw;w
kdpjdhff; fUjg;glkhl;lhd;. ,e;j cz;ikapd; mbg;gilapy;> fy;tpapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;> NjitiaAk; tw;GWj;j tpUk;gpa ts;Stu;> fy;tpiaf; fz;NzhL
xg;gpLfpwhu;.
ek; tho;f;ifapd; ,d;gJd;gq;fs; gytw;wpw;Fk;> Gwf;fhl;rpfSk;> epfo;r;rpfSk;jhNd
fhuzk;? ehk; ghu;f;Fk; rpy tpgj;Jfs; ek; cs;sj;ijg; ngupJk; ghjpf;fpd;wd. ek;
fz;Kd;dhNy mbf;fbj; Njhd;wp kiwfpd;wd. ,e;jf;fhl;rpia ehk; ghu;j;jpUf;fhtpl;lhy;>
ve;jg; ghjpg;Gk; Vw;glhJ ,y;iyah? kfpo;r;rpNah> Jd;gNkh> ehk; ghu;f;Fk; fhl;rp my;yJ
epfo;r;rpahy; jhNd mikfpd;wJ? ,e;j mDgtj;ij my;yJ Efu;it vJ toq;FfpwJ? fz;.
fhyk;fhykhf mwpQu;fSk; rhd;Nwhu;fSk; jhk; fz;ltw;iwAk;> mtw;wpd; mbapy; vOe;j
rpj;jhe;jq;fisAk;> nfhs;iffisAk;> fz;Lgpbg;GfisAk;> mwpTiufisAk;> ,d;d
gpwtw;iwAk; ek; GyDf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtJ fy;tpNa. ,f;fhuzk; fUjp> ts;Stu;>
fy;tpiaf; fz; vd;fpwhu;. fy;tpapd; mbg;gil vz;Zk; vOj;Jk;. ,yf;fpak;> rkak;>
jj;Jtk;> mwptpay;> fzpjk; vdf; fy;tpapd; Jiwfs; midj;Jk; vz;izAk; vOj;ijAk;
rhu;e;Nj mike;Js;sd.
„,d;W kdpj tho;tpy; ngupa Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jp> ehs; xUNkdpAk;> nghOnjhU
tz;zKkhf tsu;e;J tUk; fzpg;nghwp „ 0 „> „ 1 „ vd;w ,uz;L vz;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
nray;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy;> KOtJkhf vz;iz mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l FwpaPl;L nkhopfisj;
jhd; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;. vdNt> „vz;nzd;g> Vid vOj;njd;g‟ vd;W $wpa ts;Stu;>
vz;zpd; ,lj;ijAk;> vOj;jpd; ,lj;ijAk; Mokhf> mwpthu;j;jkhf mwpe;Nj
vOjpapUf;fpwhu;. fhyk;> ,lk; ,uz;Lk; fle;J epw;Fk; jd;ik tha;e;j cz;ikfis kl;Lk;
,ad;w mstpy; mrhjhuz Nkijj;jd;ikAld; tbj;J vLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; cj;jpiaj; jkJ
E}y;KOtJk; ngUk;ghYk; ifahz;bUf;fpwhu;.
“vz; vd;gJ ,yf;fk;. vz; vd;gJ fzpjk;. vz; vd;gJ kdk;. vz; vd;gJ rpe;jid.
jkpou;fs; kdj;jpw;Fk;> kdj;jpy; vOk; rpe;jidf;Fk;> rpe;jidapd; cau;e;j epiyapy;
T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 4
 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

cUthFk;> fzpjj;jpw;Fk;> fzpjj;jpd; mbg;gilahd ,yf;fk; vDk; FwpaPl;bw;Fk;> xNu

nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jp ,Ug;gJ> tpaf;fj;jf;f xd;whFk;” (th.nr.Foe;ijrhkp)
 fy;tpg; gad;.
ekJ mwpahikia ePf;fp mwpitg; ngUf;fp ekf;F cjtpahf ,Uf;fpd;w fy;tpahdJ
ehy;tifg; gaidAk; ekf;Fj; jUfpwJ. mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;gitNa ehy;tifg;
gad;fs; MFk;. ,ij>
“mwk;nghUs; ,d;gKk; tPLk; gaf;Fk;
Gwq;fil ey;,irAk; ehl;Lk; cWk;fty;xd;W
cw;WopAk; ifnfhLf;Fk; fy;tpapd; Cq;F,y;iy
rpw;Wapu;f;F cw;w Jiz”
vd;Dk; ePjpnewp tpsf;fg; ghly; czu;j;JfpwJ.
 fw;wgb xOFjy;.
fy;tp fw;wtu;fs;> jhk; fw;wtw;iw tho;tpy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. fy;tpapd;
thapyhfj; jhk; fw;w mwnewpfis tho;f;ifapy; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW
gpd;gw;wpdhy;jhd; fw;w fy;tpahy; gad; cz;L. fw;wjd;gb mwnewpfisg; gpd;gw;wp
thohjtd; gpwUf;F mwnewpfisf; $wpdhy; mtdJ cs;sNk mtDf;Fg; ngUe;Jd;gj;ijf;
nfhLj;JtpLk;.
“fw;W> gpwu;f;F ciuj;J> jhk; epy;yhu; tha;g;g^ck;
ntw;W ciuf;F cz;L Xu;typ cilik - nrhw;w ePu;
epy;yhjJ vd;? vd;W ehz; ciwg;g Neu;e;J xUtd;
nrhy;yhNk R+o;e;J nrhyy;” FkuFUguu;
mwnewpfisf; fw;W> me;j mwf; fUj;Jfisg; gpwu;f;F ciuf;fpd;w xUtu; me;j
mwnewpfisg; gpd;gw;whtpl;lhy; mtu; $Wfpd;w ciu ntw;Wiu MFk;. ,t;thW
mwnewpfisg; gpd;gw;whky; ntw;Wiufisf; $Wfpd;w xUtiug; ghu;j;J> „mwnewpfis
tpsf;Fk; ePq;fs; me;j mwnewpfisg; gpd;gw;w tpy;iyNa‟ vd;W Rl;bf; fhl;l NeupLk;.
fw;wgb tho;f;if ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; jpUf;Fwspy; jpUts;StUk; typAWj;jpAs;shu;.
„fw;ff; frlw fw;wit fw;wgpd; epw;f mjw;Fj; jf‟ (391) vd;Dk; Fwspy;; ,Nj fUj;J ,lk;
ngw;wpUg;gij ePq;fs; fhzKbAk;.
 fy;tp moF.
fw;wtu;f;Ff; fy;tpNa moiff; nfhLf;Fk;. mtu;fs; NtW mzpfyd;fis
mzpaNtz;lhk;. fw;wtu;fs; NkYk; mzpfyd;fis mzpe;Jnfhz;L jk;ik moFgLj;j
tpUk;GtJ ed;F tbtikj;j mzpfyid NkYk; moFgLj;Jtijg; Nghd;wJ MFk;.
“fw;whu;f;Ff; fy;tp eyNd fyd;my;yhy;
kw;WXu; mzpfyk; Ntz;lhthk;;”
vd;Dk; ghlypy; moif ahUk; moFgLj;j tpUk;gkhl;lhu;fs;. mJNghy> fy;tp
fw;wtu;fSf;F ve;j mzpfyKk; Njit ,y;iy vd;W ePjpnewp tpsf;fk; tpsf;fpAs;sJ.
 fy;tp gw;wpa ghly; Nkw;Nfhs;fs;(jpUf;Fws;> xsitahu;> ehd;kzpf;fbif> ehybahu;)
“fy;tp fiuapy; fw;gtu; ehs; rpy
nky;y epidf;fpd; gpzp gy; - njs;spjpd;

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 5

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

Muha;e;j; jikTila fw;gNt ePnuhopag;

ghYz; FUfpd; njupe;J. (ehybahu;)”
“FQ;rp moFk; nfhLe;jhidf; Nfhl;loFk;
kQ;rs; moFk; mofy;y - neQ;rj;J
ey;yk;ahk; vd;Dk; eLT epiyikahy;
fy;tp moNf moF”
“nts;sj;jhy; mopahJ nte;joyhy; NtfhJ..”
“fw;wJ ifk;kz; msT; fy;yhjJ cyfsT”
 fy;tp> mwpahikiag; Nghf;FtJ vd;gij ehd;kzpf; fbifAk; njuptpj;Js;sJ.

“,sikapy; fy;tp rpiyapy; vOj;J”

“kd;dDk; khrwf; fwNwhid rPu; J}f;fpd;
kd;ddpw; fw;Nwhd; rpwg;Gilad;-kd;dDf;Fj;
jd;Njr ky;yhw; rpwg;gpy;iyf; fw;Nwhu;Fr;
nrd;wtpl nky;yhQ; rpwg;G” - (xsitahu;)
„cw;Wop cjtpAk; cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk; gpw;iw epiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;Nw!" -
jk; MrpupaUf;F xU Jd;gk; te;jNghJ cld; nrd;W mjidj; jPu;g;gjw;Fj; Jizepw;f
Ntz;Lk;. kpFjpahd nghUis mtUf;Ff; nfhLj;jhtJ fy;tpfw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.
md;dahtpDk; Gz;zpak; Nfhb Mq;Nfhu; Viof;F vOj;jwptpj;jy; ‟ - ghujpahu;

 fy;tp gw;wpa mwpQu; fUj;Jf;fs;.

 xOf;fk; cz;lhf;fhj ,yf;fpaf; fy;tpahy; xUtpj cgNahfKk; fpilahJ!- fhe;jpabfs;
 kdpj MSik mstpl Kbahj jpwd; tha;e;jJ vd;gjpy; ehd; jplkhd ek;gpf;if
nfhz;Ls;Nsd;; xt;nthUtUk; xU Mf;fuhf KbAk; - mtu;fspd; jlaj;ij ,t;Tyfpy;
tpl;Lr; nry;y KbAk;.
 fhw;wpy; miyf;fopf;fg;gLk; J}R Nghy xd;Wf;Fk; cjthjtd; vd;W vtUNk ,Uf;ff;
$lhJ xt;nthUtUk; xspu Ntz;Lk; - NfhlhDNfhb tpz;kd P ; jpus;fs;> xt;nthd;Wk;
xspUtijg; Nghy. - thrpyp RNfhk;ypd;];fp
 fy;tp vd;gJ xU kdpjDf;Ff; fw;gpf;fg;glNtz;ba mtrpanky;yhk; xUtd; jd;
tho;ehspy; KO Rje;jpuj;NjhL tho;tjw;Fj; jFjpgLj;JtJ vd;gNjahFk;. my;yJ
cyfpy; ey;tho;f;if thoj; jFjpAilatdhf;FtJ vd;gjhFk;. - je;ij ngupahu;
 ,sikapy; fy;tpiag; Gwf;fzpj;jtd; ,we;j fhyj;ij ,oe;jtd;; vjpu;fhy tho;tpYk;
,we;jtd;! - A+upgpb];
 fw;fhky; ,Ug;gijtpl gpwf;fhky; ,Ug;gNj ey;yJ Vnddpy; mwpahikjhd; jPtpidapd;
%yNtu;! - gpNsl;Nlh
 fy;tp xU %l;il E}y;fis thrpg;gJ md;W. mlf;fk;> xOq;F> mwk;> ePjp ,tw;wpd;
Kd;khjpupahFk;! - vl;kz;l;gu;f;
 fy;tp vd;gJ njupahjijj; njupar; nra;tjd;W: xOf;fj;ij xOfr; nra;tJk; ,d;gk;
mspg;gJkhFk;! - u];fpd; ghz;l;
 tho;f;if mDgtkpy;yhj vtUk; fy;tp fw;wtuhf KbahJ! - ngu;dhu;l;\h
T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 6
 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

 ehk; fw;Wf; nfhz;lijg; Nghw;w Ntz;Lk;; ekf;Fj; njupe;jtw;iw Kiwg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;! - %u;
 rhd;Nwhd; Mf;fhj fy;tp rhku;j;jpakha;f; fopj;j Nrhk;gNyahFk;! - Nghypq; G\&f;
 jdpkdpju; tho;it ,d;gKilajhfTk; ed;ikAilajhfTk; khw;w p mikg;gJk;
tho;thq;F tho top tFg;gJNk fy;tp! - ng];lyrp
 xU Foe;ij fdthdhfNth> rPkhl;bahfNth ,Uf;Fk;gb nra;tJ fy;tpay;y. ey;y
kdpjdhf ,Uf;fr; nra;tNj fy;tp! - n`u;gu;l; ];ngd;]u;

03. “tpQ;QhdKk; kdpj tho;Tk;”

cyfk; Ntfkhf ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vd;gij cyfpy;
eilngWk; epfo;Tfs; giwrhw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. fzpdp>
,izak;> cyfkakhf;fy; vdg;gy Gul;rpkpF epiyfs;
cz;lhf;fg;gl;ljd; tpisthf cyfNk xU Ff;fpuhkkha;
cUntLj;Js;sJ vd;gij vtUNk Gupe;J nfhs;th;.
Muk;gfhyq;fspy; kdpjd; fhLfspYk;> kiyf;FiffspYk;
jd;Dila gfhyq;fspy; tho;tplq;fis mikj;J f; nfhz;lhd;.
,t;thW tho;e;jtd; gbg;gbahf jd;Dila mwpTf; $u;ikia
nfhz;L rpe;jpf;fj; njhlq;fpNdd;. Mw;wq;fiufspy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;l
kdpjd; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy; vd jd;Dila rpe;jidia eilKiwfspy;
nraw;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpdhd;. Fiffspy; tho;e;j kdpjd; ,d;W njhlu;khb kidtho;T
kw;Wk; tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy; vd;w ghupa Gul;rpfSlDk; nraw;gl;L tUfpd;whd;.
kdpjDila ehfupf tsu;r;rpf;F tpQ;QhdtpUj;jpNa ngupJk; capu;ehbahf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Fz;^rp njhlf;fk; mZFz;Ltiu kdpjFyj;jpd; kfj;jhd rhjidfs;
njhlu;fpd;wd. rpy Ntisfspy; ,e;j rhjidfSf;F mtyk; Neuj;jhd; nra;fpd;wJ.
kdpjFyj;jpd; rf;jpj; Njitia G+u;j;jp nra;af;$ba mupa fz;Lgpbg;ghd mZr;rf;jpia
`pNuhrpkh> ehfrhfp vd;w ,uz;L efuq;fspd; mopTf;F gad;gLj;jpa kdpj Gj;jpf;fhf me;j
rhjidia nehe;J gadpy;iy.
kdpjDila tho;T ,d;W tpQ;Qhdj;NjhL gpd;dpg; gpize;jjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
tpQ;Qhdk; ,d;wp kdpjDila tho;f;if vd;gJ ,y;iy vd;w msTf;F cyfk;
cUz;Nlhbf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ag;ghdpy; xU kdpjDila %is $l Fuq;fpw;F
khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. kUj;Jtj; JiwahdJ ,d;W ghupa mstpy; Kd;Ndw;wkile;J
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. kdpjd; nra;a Kbahj gy Ntiyfis ,ae;jpuj;jpd; cjtpnfhz;L
kdpjd; rhj;jpag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;whd;. ,jakhw;W rpfpr;irfs;> xl;bg;gpwe;j ,ul;ilf;
Foe;ijfis gpupj;jy;> fz;khw;Wr;rpfpr;ir Nghd;wd ,d;W tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; tsu;r;rpahy;
ntw;wpaspj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
cyfj;jpy; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; tsu;r;rpahy; gy Mf;fg;ghlhd epfo;Tfs; ,lk; ngw;whYk;>
mopit Nehf;fp nry;fpd;w epfo;TfSk; ,lk;ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. khngUk;
tpQ;Qhdtsu;r;rpia Nehf;fp ,d;W cyfk; nraw;gl;lhYk; ghupa mopTfis jLf;fTk;
Kbahky; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ fle;j 2004 Mk; Mz;L njd;dhrpahitj; jhf;fpa “Rdhkp”
mdu;j;jj;ij tpQ;Qhdj;jhy; vjpu;T $wKbahky; Ngha;tpl;lJ.

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 7

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

tpQ;Qhd kWkyu;r;rp Kjd;Kjypy; INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; mijj; njhlu;e;J mnkupf;fh>

Mrpa ehLfspYk; Vw;gl;ljd; tpisthf gy mwpQu;fSk; Muha;r;rpahsu;fSk;
tpQ;QhdpfSk; gy nfhs;iffisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk; Muha;e;J gy fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fis
fz;lwpe;jdu;. ,jd; tpisthf njhiyj; njhlu;G rhjdq;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J Clfq;fs;>
ifj;njhopw;rhiyfs;> kUj;Jtrhiyfs;> vupnghUl;fs; Nghd;w vz;zupa rhjdq;fSk;
ifj;njhopy;fSk; fz;Lgpbf;f g;gl;ld.
,jd; cr;rtsu;r;rpahf re;jpud;> nrt;tha; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F tpz;fyq;fis mDg;gp mJ
gw;wpa Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fpd;whd;. nrt;thapy; kdpj ,dk; tho;tjw;fhd
rhj;jpag;ghLfis Muha;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;whd;. re;jpuDf;F tpz;fyq;fs; VTtjd; %yk;
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; cr;rtsu;r;rp ntspg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
kdpjDf;F md;whl tho;tpy; $l tpQ;Qhdk; jd;Dila mupa gq;fspg;ig
Mw;Wfpd;wd. njhiyj;njhlu;G rhjdq;fs; Kjy; Nghf;Ftuj;J Clfq;fs; tiu
tpQ;Qhdtsu;r;rpahdJ kdpjDf;F mjpfkhf ey;y tplaq;fisNa mspf;fpd;w d vdyhk;.
njhiyj;njhlu;G rhjdq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu ,d;W cyfpd; ve;j %iyapy; vd;d
tplaq;fs; ,lk; ngw;whYk; mjid NeubahfNt vk;khy; ghu;f;f$bahjhf cs;sJ.
Muk;gfhyfl;lq;fspy; mjhtJ njhiyj;njhlu;G rhjdq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;w fhyfl;lq;fspy;
ve;jnthU epfo;r;rpahf ,Ue;jhYk; mit gjpT nra;ag;gl;L xyp> xsp gug;gg;gl;L te;jd.
Mdhy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; gy kzpj;jpahy epfo;r;rpfs;> tpisahl;Lf;fs; vd;gdTk; vq;F ,lk;
ngw;whYk; cyfshtpauPjpapy; Fwpg;gpl;l VNjhnthU miytupirapd; Clhf xyp> xspgug;gp
tUfpd;wdu;.
kdpjDila tpQ;Qhdg; Gul;rpapy; kpf Kf;fpak; tfpg;gJ fzpdp MFk;. ,e;j fzpdp
%yk; ,d;W gy tplaq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpy; ey;y gy tplaq;fs;
,lk; ngw;whYk; epuhfupf;fg;glf; $ba rpy epfo;TfSk; ,lk; ngwj;jhd; nra;fpd;wd.
,izaj;jpid vLj;J Nehf;Ffpd;w nghOJ ,izaj;jsq;fs; thapyhf jfty;fisg;
ngwTk; kpd;tu;j;jfk; nra;aTk; kpd;dQ;ry; thapyhf jfty;gupkhw;wk; Nkw;nfhs;s yhk; vd;w
epiyfis vy;yhk; jhz;b kuzq;fSk; rpyNtis ,izaj;jsq;fs; Clhf
epr;rapf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mnkupf;f epWtdk; xd;wpdhy; elhj;jg;gLfpd;w ,izaj;jsk; xd;W
kuzr;rlq;Ffis jdJ jsj;jpd; Clhf xyp - xspgug;G nra;fpwJ.
,izaj;jsq;fspd; %yk; gy mopTfukhd tplaq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;Wf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,izaj;jsj;jpy; jPa my;yJ ghu;f;ff; $lhj ,izag;gFjpfisg;
ghu;itapLtjd; %yk; Kw;WKOjhf mtu;fs; mjw;F mbikfshfNt khwptpLfpd;wdu;.
,jdhy; mtu;fSila tho;f;ifNa jpirkhwpr; nry;fpd;w xU epiy Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;ghf ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpNy khztu;fis mjpfkhf jd; gf;fk; jPa
tplaq;fSf;fhf Rz;b ,Of;Fk; tplak; ,izaj;jpy; Mq;fhq;Nf fhzg;gLfpd;w
epuhfupf;fg;gl;l ePyg;glq;fs;> tPbNahf;fs; Nghd;witahFk;. ,jdhy; khztu;fspd; fy;tp
eltbf;iffs; ghjpf;fg;gl;L mtu;fSila r%f eltbf;iffSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;L tho;f;ifNa
jpir khwpr; nry;fpd;w xU epiyg;ghL fhzg;gLfpwJ vdyhk;.
tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; tpUj;jp vd;gd Vw;glhtpl;lhy; kdpjdhy; gy tplaq;fis
rhjpj;jpUf;fTk; KbahJ> nraw;gLj;jTk; KbahJ. iul; rNfhjuu;fshy; tpkhdk; vd;w
rhjdk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;bUf;fhtpbd; ntspA+u; gazq;fs;> ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfs; vd;git
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfNt ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;. ,jdhy; gy nraw;ghLfs; xU tiuaiwf;Fs;

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 8

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

cs;slq;fpapUf;Fk;. tpkhdj;jpd; Njhw;wk; gy ey;y tplaq;fis newpg;g Lj;jpf;

nfhz;bUe;jhYk; rpy ehl;L murhq;fq;fs; jk; Raey Nehf;Ffis mjhtJ jk; vjpu;
eltbf;iffis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F tpkhdk; %yk; Fz;Lfis nghopAk;
nraw;ghl;il newpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;. ,jd; %yk; ,yf;Ffs; jtWfpd;wd.
vjpu;ghuhj kf;fNs mjpfkhf ,we;J Nghfpd;wdu;.
Fjpiu> khl;Ltz;by; vd;w kdpjDila Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fs; ,d;W gpy;ypad; fzf;fpy;
fhu;fis nrsfupa Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp nra;a tpQ;QhdKk; tsu;e;J tpl;lJ kdpjDk;
Kd;Ndwptpl;lhd;. fhu;kl;Lky;y gy Nghf;Ftuj;J rhjdq;fs;> Nghu; MAjq;fspd; cw;gj;jp
Nghd;wdTk; kpfTk; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yk; xd;whfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MAjq;fs; vd;git
jw;fhg;gpw;fhf Njit vd;w xU epiy fhzg;gl;lhYk; mjd; gpuNahfk; vd;gJ kpfTk;
Fiwe;jnthU rjtPjj;jpNyNa fhzg;gLtjhy; rpyNtisfspy; tpQ;Qhdtsu;r;rp
Njitapy;iy vd;W $l vz;zj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
,J kl;Lky;y njhiyf;fhl;rp> njhiyNgrp> thndhyp Nghd;w gy fUtpfs; %yk;
ey;y nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngw;whYk;> rpy kdpj [Ptd;fs; ,jid jtwhd tplaq;fSf;fhf
nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. njhiyf;fhl;rpia nghWj;jtiu jtwhd rpy tplaq;fs; jhKk; iff;
nfhs;s Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdu;.
vdNt kdpjDila tho;thdJ tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; tpUj;jpNahL gpd;dpg; gpize;j
xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vJ vg;gbapUe;jhYk; ey;ytplaq;fs; my;yJ rpy epfo;Tfspy;
jPatplaq;fis Kw;WKOjhf jtpu;g;gJ vd;gJ fbdkhd fhupakhFk;.

04. “,yj;jpudpay; ClfKk; ,isa r%fKk;”

Clfk; vd;gJ njhlu;ghlYf;fhd xU rhjdk;
MFk;. ,tw;iw mr;R Clfk;> ,yj;jpudpay; Clfk; vd;W
,uz;L tifg;gLj;jyhk;. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpAk; mjdhy;
Vw;gl;l gy etPd rpe;jidfSk;> njhopy;El;g trjpfSk;
,d;iwa cyfpy; gy khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd.
me;jtifapy; jfty; njhlu;ghlypy; ,yj;jpudpay;
Clfq;fspd; nry;thf;F gue;Jgl;L tprhykilaj;
njhlq;fpaNjhL ,Ugj;jpNahuhk; E}w;whz;bd; Nghf;ifj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; khngUk; rf;jpahf
cUntLj;Js;sJ. jw;fhy cyfpy; ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs; kdpjUf;F ,ilapyhd
njhlu;ghliy ,yFgLj;jp cyfj;jpidr; RUf;fp xU fpuhkkhf;fp itj;J s;sJ.
,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fspd; gpujhd Efu;Nthuhf ,isa r%fj;jpdu; tpsq;Ffpd;wdu;.
,e;Efu;T ed;ik> jPik vd;W tpisTfis Mokhf Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. elj;ij> ehfupfk;>
fy;tp> cwT> r%fk;> gz;ghL> nghUshjhuk;> mgptpUj;jp> MNuhf;fpak; vd;gtw;wpy; ,tw;wpd;
jhf;fk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs;
njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp> fzpdp> njhiyNgrp> ,izak;(r%ftiyj;jsq;fs;)
,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fshy; ,isa jiyKiwf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs;
 NjLnghwpfspd; %yk; ve;jnthU tplaj;ijAk; fw;Wf;nfhs;sTk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTk;
cldb trjp cs;sJ.
 tpuyhy; cyfj;ij juprdk; nra;Ak; tha;g;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 9

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

 kpff;FWfpa Neuj;Js; ve;jnthU tplaj;ijNah nra;jpiaNah vq;fpUe;Jnfhz;Lk;

mwpaTk;> mDg;gTk; kpfg;ngupa tiyaikg;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
 kpd;E}yfq;fspd; %yk; xU Gj;jfj;ijNa vj;jid NgUk; gbf;Fk; trjp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Gj;jfq;fis fl;Lf;fl;lhfr; Rke;J nfhz;L nry;yhky; jdp cs;sq;iff; fzpdpfs;
%yk; vy;yh tifahd mwpTg;nghf;fprq;fisAk; Rkf;Fk; tha;g;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,dptUk; fhyq;fspy; Gj;jfg;igr; Rik khztu;fSf;F Vw;glhky; Gjpa tFg;giwr;
#oy;fs; Vw;gLtjw;F jpl;lq;fs; tpiuthf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtJld;
cs;sq;iff; fzpdpfs; khztu;fSf;Ff; fpilg;gjw;F VJthf tuTnryTj;
jpl;lj;jpYk; epjp xJf;fPLfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
 ,isa jiyKiwapdu; jkJ cs;sf;fplf;iffis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Gjpa
nrayhw;Wiffspy; xd;WgLtjw;Fkhd Gjpa fskhf r%f tiyj;jsq;fs;
tpupe;Js;sd. mz;ikapy; [y;ypf;fl;Lf;fhd MjuT cyfshtpa uPjpapy; Gul;rp
kdg;ghd;ikAld; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;L ntw;wp fz;likiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
 Ntiytha;g;Gfs;> fw;gjw;fhd trjpfs; vd;gtw;iw cldbahf mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;
gfpu;e;Jnfhs;tjw;Fkhd tha;g;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
 fpzw;Wj;jtisfshf ,y;yhky; cyfj;jpy; eilngWk; vy;yh tplaq;fisAk;
cw;WNehf;fTk; mjw;Nfw;g jdJ rpe;jidNahl;lk; cyfk; kPjhd jdJ gue;Jgl;l
ghu;itiar; nrYj;jTk; KbAk;.
 kpd;tzpf eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl KbAk;.
 kpd;fy;tp %ykhf cyfj;jpy; cs;s ve;jf; fy;Y}upapYk;/gy;fiyf;fofj;jpYk; fw;Fk;
tha;g;G.
jPikfs;
 ,yj;jpudpay; mbikfshf;fpAs;sJ
 Neu %o;fbg;G> fy;tp %o;fbg;G Mfpad vspjhf ,lk;ngw;WtpLfpd;wJ.
 NjLnghwpfspy; ghypay; Njlypy; ,yq;if Kjyplj;jpy; ,Uf;FksTf;F rPuopTf;F
,isa jiyKiw MshfpAs;sJ.
 cyfj;jpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl Xu; me;epakhjYf;F ,lkspj;JtpLfpd;wJ. cwTfspy;
,Ue;J tpyfy; vd;gJk; epfo;fpwJ.
 njhLjpiuf; ifNgrpfs; csr;rpf;fy; cs;stu;fs; Nghy; ,isa jiyKiwia
Mf;fptpLfpd;wJ.
 ngz;fs; jkJ MSikfisAk; Mw;wy;fisAk; kwe;J njhiyf;fhl;rpf;F Kd;dhy;
ruzile;Jtpl;lhu;fs;. gps;is tsu;g;G> tpUe;Njhk;gy;> fyhrhuk; vd;gtw;wpy; ,J
ghupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
 jpBu;f;fhjy;> jpBu;j; jw;nfhiyfs; mjpfupj;Jtpl;ld.
 MSikfisAk; flikfisAk; kwf;Fk; #oy; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
 thrpg;G kpf mUfptpl;lJ.
 MSikfs; Fiwaj;njhlq;fptpl;ld.
 MNuhf;fpaf;FiwTfs; mjpfupj;J tpl;ld.
 jtwhd rfghbfSldhd njhlu;G> jtwhd tje;jpfs; guty;.

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 10

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

jPu;Tfs;
 ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; ngw;Nwhu; mtw;Wf;F mbikahfhky;
gps;isfSf;F topfhl;lf;$ba jFjpAld; jq;fisj; jftikj;Jf;nfhs;sy;
Ntz;Lk;.(njhiyNgrp> ,izak;> njhiyf;fhl;rp)
 jdpj;jdp miwfspy; ,Uf;Fk; gps;isfsplk; jdpahd ,yj;jpudpay; ghtidia
,aYkhdtiu jtpu;f;fNtz;Lk;.
 tPl;by; vy;NyhUf;Fk; njupaf;$ba ,lj;jpy; ,izag;ghtidapy; gps;isfs; <Lgl
mDkjpj;jy;.
 tPl;by; ,iza trjpfis Vw;gLj;Jk; NghJ Mghr tiyj;jsq;fis nkd;nghUspd;
%yk; jilnra;jy;.
 Fwpg;gpl;l Neutiuaiwia gad;ghl;by; filg;gpbj;jy;.

05. “ngz; ghJfhg;G”

ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwapd; kpfTk; nghJthd tiffs;
vit?
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwapd; ngUksT tiffs;
cs;sd. mit gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;Ffpd;wd:
me;epNahd;akhd Jiztu; %ykhd td;Kiw> ghypay;ty;YwT>
jpUkzk;rhu;e;j ghypay;ty;YwT> ghypay; J\;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk;
td;Kiw mj;Jld; njhe;juT> rPjdk; njhlu;ghd td;Kiw> tho;f;ifj; Jizrhuhj
td;Kiw> tPl;L Ntiyahl;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiw> Nfypnra;jy;> Ml;flj;jy; kw;Wk;
Mghrg;Gifg;glk; Nghd;w Ruz;lypd; NtW tbtq;fs;> r%f tof;fj;jpw;Fk;> fyhrhuj;jpw;Fk;>
ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fk; rkaj;jpw;Fkhd Nkw;Nfhspdhy; epahag;gLj;jg;gl;L> nfLjiy tpistpf;Fk;
tof;fq;fspd; fhuzkhf ngz;fSf;Fk;> ngz;gps;isfSf;Fk; vjpuhd td;Kiw.
Nkyjpfkhf> ngz; rpRf;nfhiyiaAk;> ,sikg;gUtj; jpUkzj;ijAk;> epu;g;ge;jj;jpyhd
jpUkzj;ijAk; cs;slf;fyhk;.
,J vq;F ,lk;ngwyhk;?
ngz;fSf;Fk;> ngz;gps;isfSf;Fk; vjpuhd td;Kiw VjhtJ ,lj;jpy;
,lk;ngwyhk;. ,J tPl;by;> FLk;gj;jpy; my;yJ rdr%fj;jpy;> Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lj;jpy;>
nghJ ,lq;fspy; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;jpy;> tpNrlkhf ,aw;if mopTfspy;> cs;ehl;L
Nkhjypy;> Aj;jj;jpy; kw;Wk; fpsu;r;rpfs; Nghd;w nghJ Fog;gq;fspd; jUzq;fspy; mj;Jld;
,r; R+o;epiyfspd; fhuzkhf cs;sfuPjpahf ,lk;ngaUk; NghJk; ,lk;ngwyhk;
ngz;fSf;Fk;> ngz;gps;isfSf;Fk; vjpuhd ghy;epiy - mbg;gilapyhd td;Kiwapd;
my;yJ td;Kiwapd; gpujhd tbtq;fs; toikahf gpd;tUkhW td;Kiw
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ
 cly;uPjpahd
 czu;Tg;G+u;tkhd/cstpay;uPjpahd
 ghypay;uPjpahd
 tha;nkhopapyhd

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 11

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

 nghUshjhuuPjpahd (ftu;e;J nfhs;sy;)

 jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; njhlu;ghd td;Kiw (,d;lu;new;>
ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpfs; Nghd;wd)
,yq;ifapy; ngz;fSf;Fk;> ngz;gps;isfSf;Fk; vjpuhf td;Kiwapd; kpfTk; nghJthd
tiffs;
 tPl;L td;Kiw
 ghypay; njhe;juT
 ghypay;ty;YwT
 Kiw jtwpa clYwT
 ghuJ}ukhd ghypay; J\;gpuNahfk;
 Ml;flj;jy;
 td;Kiw njhlu;gpyhd jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk;
cyfshtpa uPjpapy; ngz;fs; gy tpjkhd td;KiwfSf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwfis ntsp cyfpw;F fhl;b mjw;fhd epahakhd jPu;Tfis
vl;Ltjw;fhf ru;tNjr kfspu; jpdk; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwfs; xopg;G
ru;tNjr jpdk; Mfpad Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
If;fpa ehLfs; nghJr;rig 1999 brk;gu; 17 ,y; $ba NghJ Mz;L NjhWk; etk;gu;
25 ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwfs; xopg;G ru;tNjr jpdkhfg; gpufldk; nra;Ak;
jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ. ,j;jPu;khdk; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; 54/134 ,yf;f
gpNuuizahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
nlhkpdpf;fd; Fbaurpy; 1960 etk;gu; 25 ,y; kpuhngy; rNfhjupfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;
%d;W rNfhjupfs; mtu;fspd; murpay; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf me;ehl;bd; md;iwa Ml;rpahsu;
ughnay; LU[pypNah tpd; (1930 - 1961) cj;jutpd; Ngupy; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldu;.
r%fj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhfNt ,tu;fs; rpwg;ghff; Fuy; nfhLj;jtu;fs;.
'kwf;fKbahj tz;zj;Jg; G+r;rpfs;" vd;W gpd;du; cyfpy; ngau; ngw;w ,e;j kpuhngy;
rNfhjupfs; ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;fhtpy; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwf; nfhLikapd; rpd;dkhf
khwpdhu;fs;.
1980 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; me;j ehs; mtu;fspd; gLnfhiyia epidT
$Utjw;fhfTk;> ghypay; td;KiwfSf;F vjpuhf tpopg;Gzu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;
njupT nra;ag;gl;lJ. md;iwa jpdj;ijj; njhlu;e;J 16 ehl;fSf;F ghypay;
td;KiwfSf;F vjpuhd tpopg;Gzu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F cyfshtpa uPjpapy; nraw;ghLfs;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jr; nraw;ghLfs; ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; jpdkhd brk;gu; 10 Mk;
jpfjp tiu njhlUk;.
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd midj;J ghFg;ghl;ilAk; xopg;gjw;fhd cld;gbf;if vd;gJ
If;fpa ehLfs; nghJr; rigahy; 1979Mk; Mz;L Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU midj;Jyf
cld;gbf;if MFk;. ,e;j cld;gbf;if 1981 Mk; Mz;L eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
cyfshtpa Nehf;fpy; ngz;fspd; cupikfis ,e;j cld;gbf;if cWjp nra;fpwJ.
rkPgj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwfspy; ngz;fs; tho;tjw;F Mgj;jhd ehLfs;
vit vdr; nra;jp epWtdk; xd;W Ma;T elj;jpaJ ,e;j Ma;tpy; Rfhjhug; gpur;rid>
ghypay; td;Kiw kw;W ghypay; my;yhj td;Kiwfs;> gz;ghL kjk; kw;Wk; ghuk;gupaj;jpd;

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 12

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

Nguhy; jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; rlq;Ffs;> nghUshjhu tsk; rupahff; fpilf;fhjJ> Ms;

flj;jy; Nghd;w ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd MW gpur;rpidfs; kl;Lk; fzf;fpy; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
mjpy; Mg;fhdp];jhdpy; jhd; ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd mjpfsthd nfhLikfs; elg;gjhy;> mJ
ngz;fSf;fhd mghafukhd ehLfspd; gl;baypy; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;sJ.
,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fisf; fise;J ghujpfz;l GJikg;ngz;idg; gilf;f
midtUk; ifNfhUf;fNtz;baJ vkJ flikahFk;.

06. “Nghijg;nghUSf;F vjpuhd Nghf;F”

cyfshtpauPjpapy; Nghijg;nghUs; ghtid>
Nghijg;nghUs; flj;jy;> Nghijg;nghUs; tpw;gid nra;jy;
vd;gd xU Kf;fpa gpur;rpidahf cUntLj;Js;sJ.
Nghijg;nghUisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j muRfs; gy;NtW
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wd. Nghijg; nghUs;
flj;jYf;fhf rpy muRfs; kuz jz;lidiaf; $l rl;lkhfg;
gpuNahfpj;J tUfpd;wJ. vj;jifa eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jNghjpYk;$l> Nghijg;nghUis Kw;whf
xopj;JtplKbatpy;iy. Nghijg;nghUl; ghtidahy; Vw;gLk; jPikfspypUe;J kf;fisg;
ghJfhf;Fk; Kfkhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l jpdkhfNt ( [_d; - 26) cyf Nghijg;nghUs; xopg;G
jpdk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nghijg; nghUl;fis ghtpg;gjdhy; ghtpg;gtu;fs; gy;NtW f];lq;fSf;Fl;gLtNjhL
gpwUf;Fk; jPq;Ffis tpistpg;gtu;fshfTk; khWfpd;wdu;. ,d;W tu;j;jf uPjpapy; cynfq;Fk;
Nghijg; nghUl;fs; re;ijg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mNefkhf rl;ltpNuhjkhd flj;jy; Nghd;w
topfspNyNa ,t;tu;j;jfk; eilngWfpd;wJ. rpy ehLfspy; jPtputhj eltbf;iffspd; NghJ
MAjq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhfTk; Nghijg; nghUl;flj;jy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
kpfTk; jpl;lkpl;l mbg;gilapy; ,j;jifa flj;jy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjdhYk;> ,jw;F
cle;ijahf tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; rpyu; ,Ug;gjpdhYk; ,jid
,y;yhnjhopg;gJ xU fbdkhd nraw;ghlhfNt khwptUfpd;wJ.
tuyhw;W uPjpahf Nehf;Fkplj;J Nghijg; nghUl;ghtid gz;ilafhyk; njhl;Nl
,Ue;J te;Js;sij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. mgpd;> fQ;rh> fs;S> rhuhak;> frpg;G> gPb> rpful;>
RUl;L vd;gd kf;fshy; ghtpf;fg;gl;L te;jij ehk; njupe;J itj;Js;Nshk;. rpy
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Nghijg; nghUl;fs; xsljkhfTk; ghtpf;fg;gl;lJ. nghJthf fspahl;l
fhyq;fspy; kf;fs; Nghij jUk; ghztiffisAk;> Gifapiy t];Jf;fisAk;
ghtpj;jdu;.
Mdhy;> tpQ;Qhd tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf mit etPd cUtpYk;> ,yFthd
jd;ikapYk; jahupf;f g;gl;ld. kpfr; rpwpa msT ghtpg;gjd; %yk; mjpfsT Nghij
juf;$bajhf mit jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;> ,it ,yFthff; flj;jTk; guptu;j;jid
nra;aTk; tha;g;ghf mike;jd. NkiyehLfspy jahupf;fg;gl;l n`Nuhapd;> nfhNfa;d;>
ku;[{thdh> `]P]; Nghd;w etPd Nghijg;nghUl;fSk; kw;Wk; Fspir tbtj;jpy;
jahupf;fg;gl;l vy;.v];.b. J}f;f khj;jpiu Nghd;w t];Jf;fSk; mjpkpF Nghijiaj; jUk;
kJghdq;fSk;> ru;tNjruPjpapy; gy ehLfSf;Fk; flj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;fhd ru;tNjr
flj;jy; ghijfSk; cs;sd. rpy ehLfspd; nghUshjhuk; Nghijg;nghUs;

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 13

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

tpahghuj;jpNyNa jq;fpAs;sikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Crp%yk; Nghijg;nghUis clypw;

nrYj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; gof;fk;> jPtpu ghtidahsupilNa cs;sJ. ,jdhy;
,g;gbg;gl;ltu;fsplj;jpy; va;l;]; ituRk; njhw;wpf; nfhs;s tha;g;G Vw;gLfpwJ. ,itfs;
gw;wp tpsf;fk; toq;fj;jf;f tifapy; 1988,y; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Nghijg;
nghUSf;nfjpuhd cyf kfhehL eilngw;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,yq;ifapd; jpwe;j nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if> cy;yhrg; gazpfspd; tUif Nghd;w
fhuzpfs; etPd Nghijg; nghUl;fs; ehl;bDs; gpuNtrpf;f toptFj;jd. ,yq;ifapy; Nghij
nghUl;fs; 1980fspy; gut Muk;gpj;jJ. ,yq;ifapy; n`Nuhapd; tpw;gidahsu; Kjd;
Kjypy; 1981 Nk 26 ,y; 70fpuhk; n`NuhapDld; NgUtisapy; ifJnra;ag;gl;Ls;shu;.
,yq;if Rq;fj; jpizf;fsk; Nghijg; nghUs; xopg;G njhlu;ghd Njrpa mjpfhu rig>
Fw;wj;jLg;G nghyp]; gpupT cl;gl gy mur epWtdq;fspd; caujpfhupfs; kw;Wk; gj;jpupif
epWtdq;fspd; Kf;fpa gpujpepjpfs; fye;Jnfhz;l ,e;epfo;tpy; Nkw;gb Ntiyj; jpl;lk;
njhlu;ghf mz;ikapy; tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nghijg;nghUs; ghtidiaj; jLg;gjw;F Nghijf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp jpl;lk; kl;LNk
NghJkhdjy;y> rfyUk; G+uz xj;Jiog;gpd; %yNk Nghijg; nghUs; xopg; ig ntw;wpfukhf
Kd;ndLf;f KbAk;. Nghijf;F mbikahNdhiu mjpypUe;J kPl;nlLg;gJ> Gjpjhf
mg;ghtidf;F mbikg;glhky; ,sk; re;jjpapdiug; ghJfhg;gJ vd;w ,yf;fpNyNa
murhq;fk; gy Ntiyj; jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;JtUfpd;wJ. mNj Neuk; ,d;W ,yq;ifapy;
eilKiwapy; cs;s rl;lq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu ,e;eltbf;iff;F mit Nghjpajhf
,y;iy. cjhuzkhf xU Vf;fu; fQ;rhitg; gapupl;lhYk; 10 Vf;fu; fQ;rhitg; gapupl;lhYk;
mjw;fhd jz;lid xNu tpjkhfNt jw;NghJs;sJ vdTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
ntspehLfspypUe;J nfhz;L tug;gLk; n`Nuhapd; xU fpNyh %d;W kpy;ypad; &gh
ngWkjpahdJ. n`Nuhapidg; nghWj;jtiu 2 fpuhik Rkhu; 500 Ngu; ghtpj;J Nghij
Vw;wpf;nfhs;s KbAk;. ntspehLfspy; tUlhe;jk; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhNdhu; ,jdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L
jz;lidf;Fk; cs;shf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
2009 Nk khjj;jpy; khj;jpuk; ,yq;ifapy; Nghijg; nghUs; jLg;G eltbf;iffspd;
fPo; 555 Rw;wptisg;Gfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sjhfTk;> ,jd;NghJ 1>202 fpNyh fQ;rhit Fw;wj;
jLg;Gg; nghyp]hu; ifg;gw;wpAs;sjhfTk; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
world-anti-drugs-day 1984,y; jhgpf;fg;gl;l Nghijg; nghUs; xopg;G njhlu;ghd
Njrpa mjpfhu rig Nghijg;nghUs; ghtidf;nfjpuhd tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;
mf;fiwAld; nray;gLfpwJ. ehl;ilf; Fl;br; Rtuhf;fp> FLk;g tho;itr; rPuopj;J
ehl;Lf;Fiof;ff;$ba ey;ytu;fis eilg;gpzkhf;fpAs;s Nghijg;nghUl;ghtidia
NtNuhL fisaNtz;Lk;. nghJkf;fspd; xj;Jiog;Gk; tpopg;Gzu;TNk ,g;ghtidia
,y;yhnjhopf;Fk;.
Nghijg; nghUSf;Fg; gjpyhf Nghijf; Fiwe;j rpy nghUl;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jk;
eltbf;iffSk; rpyehLfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,e;eltbf;if gyj;j
tpku;rdq;fSf;F cl;gl;Ls;sd. Nghijg;nghUs; gad;ghl;il Nghijg;nghUis itj;Nj
jLf;f Kaw;rpg;gJ ,ayhjJ vd;W jpUg;gPlk; ru;tNjr rKjhaj;ij vr;rupj;J s;sJ.
tpad;dhtpy; 2009 khu;r; khjk; epiwT ngw;w Nghijg; nghUs; jLg;Gf;fhd
I.eh.mitapy; ciuahw;wpa Nka;g;Gg;gzp cjtpfSf;fhd jpUg;gPl mitapd; nrayu; Mau;
N`hNr Y}ap]; nuj;uhNjh ku;f;fpj;Nj> ,e;jg; Nghijg;nghUs; jLg;G eltbf;iffspy;
T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 14
 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

cyfshtpa fj;Njhypf;f eyg;gzp epWtdq;fspd; mDgtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; NgRk; NghJ

,jidj; njuptpj;jhu;. tPupak; Fiwe;j Nghijg;nghUs;fis tpepNahfpg;gij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L kpfTk; tPupakhd Nghijg;nghUs; gad;ghl;ilj; jLg;gjw;Fg; gy ehLfspy;
Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUtjhfTk; Mau; ku;f;fpj;Nj njuptpj;jhu;.
Nghijg;nghUl; ghtidahdJ nghJthf rpWtu; guhaj;jpy; Vw;gl;LtpLtjhf rpy
mwpf;iffs; $Wfpd;wd. nghJthf ghlrhiyg; gUtj;jpy; jPa ez;gu;fspd; rfthrk;
fhuzkhf ,J Vw;gLtjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Muk;gj;jpy; Gifg;gpbj;jYld; Muk;gkhFk;
,g;gof;fk; gbg;gbahf Nghijg; nghUl; ghtid tiu tsu;tjhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
ngw;Nwhu;fSf;F nghJthf jq;fs; gps;isfs; kJ mUe;Jjy;> Gif gpbj;jy; my;yJ
Nghijg; nghUl;fSf;F mbikahfptplg; Nghfpwhu;fNsh vd;w Iak; ,f;fhyj;jpy;
Njhd;Wtjw;F ,JNt %yfhuzkhfpd;wJ. ,g;gof;fj;Jf;F Nkiyj;Njak;> fPioj;Njak;
vd;W tpj;jpahrkpUg;gjpy;iy. 2005 ,y; mnkupf;fhtpy; Nghijg;nghUl;fs; cgNahfpg;gijg;
gw;wpf; fz;fhzpf;Fk; fy;tpf;fofk; khztu;fspilNa elj;jpa fUj;Jf;f zpg;gpd; KbTfs;
%yk; 1990 ,y; kpfTk; mjpfkhd khztu;fs; Nghijg;gof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j jhfTk; murhq;fKk;
ghlrhiyfSk;> r%fey mikg;GfSk; Nkw;nfhz;l tpopg;Gzu;T eltbf;ifapdhy;
Gifgpbf;Fk; gof;fk;> kw;Wk; kJ mUe;Jk; gof;fKk; fzprkhd mstpy; Fiwe;jpUf;fpwJ
vd;W njuptpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,JnthU Neu;kiw tpisitf; fhl;bepd;whYk;$l>
Nghijg;nghUl; ghtid ,d;W Gjpa tbtj;jpy; khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; gutptUtJk;
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjhtJ> rpy kUe;Jtiffis khztu;fs; Nghijf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jp tUtjhf
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kUj;Jtu;fshy; gupe;jJiu nra;ag;gLk; Mf;rpNfhbd;>
tpNfhbd;Nghd;w kUe;Jfspd; cgNahfk; fzprkhd mstpy; mjpfupj;jpUg;gjhff;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. 2005 tUl Kbtpy; tpNfhbd; vd;w kUe;ij cgNahfpf;Fk; khztu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if 12.5% rjtpfpjk; mjpfupj;jpUe;jjhfTk; rpy tif J}f;fkUe;Jfspd; cgNahfk;
25% khztu;fspilNa mjpfupj;jpUe;jjhfTk; M];j;khtpw;fhfg; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; ml;Ntu;
Nghd;w kUe;J ghtid (,it %r;rpOf;fg;gLk;) mjpfupj;jpUg;gjhfTk; me;j mwpf;ifapy;
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;bUe;J.
Nghijg;nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tijtpl kUe;Jtiffisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
vspjhdNj. jq;fs; gps;isfs; kUe;Jtiffs; mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whu;fsh vd;gijAk;
ngw;Nwhu;fs; mtjhdpf;f Ntz;ba epiyf;F ,d;W js;sg;gl;Ls;sdu;. Nghijg;
nghUl;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf kUe;Jg;ghtid Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspy; mjpfupj;Jf;
fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk;$l> fPioj;Nja ehLfspYk; ,g;ghtid cUthfp tUtjhf
njuptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mwpf;iffspd;gb jkJ gps;isfsplj;jpy; jd;dk;gpf;if Fiwjy;> gbg;G kw;Wk;
tpisahl;Lf;fspy; Mu;tk; Fiwjy;> Nrhk;gy; kw;Wk; rw;Nw Mu;tk; Fiwe;j Njhw;wk;>
ngw;Nwhu; my;yJ Mrpupauplk; mjpf thf;Fthjq;fs; nra;tJ Nghd;wit jd;ikfs;
fhzg;gbd; $ba tpopg;Gzu;Tld; ngw;Nwhu;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd njuptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,g;gbg;gl;l epiyapy; kUj;Jtu;fshy; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; kUe;JfNsahapDk; msTf;F kPwp
vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJ Mgj;jpy; KbAk; vd;gij gps;isfSf;F tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt Nghijg;nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghf mjpf tpspg;GldpUe;J vk;kj;jpapYs;s Nghij
vDk; nfhba muf;fid tpul;l midtUk; xd;wpide;J ,aq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 15
 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

07. “,yf;fpaj;jpd; r%fg;gzp”

nra;AspNyDk; ciueilapNyDk; tpupj;J vOjg;gLk;
midj;Jk; ,yf;fpak; vdg;gLk;. ,yf;fpaj;ij rKjhaj;jpd;
fz;zhb vd;Wk; fhyj;jpd; fz;zhb vd;Wk; tpje;Jiug;gu;.
xU fhyfl;lj;jpy; elf;Fk; epfo;Tfis fiy moNfhL
cs;sj;ijf; ftuf;$bajha; ,d;gkhd nghOijg; Nghf;ff; $bajha; cUthf;fg;gl;lit
rpwg;ghd ,yf;fpak; vd tFf;fg;gl;ld. kf;fs; jk;Ks; njhlu;G nfhs;s Kaw;rpf;f nkhopAk;>
gpd;du; mijg; gad;gLj;j ,yf;fpaKk; Njhd;wpd. jk; czu;Tfis mDgtq;fisg; gfpu;e;J
nfhs;Sjypy; jhd; ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
,yf;fpak; kdpjDf;Fk; cyfpw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s cwTfspd; ntspg;ghlhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mofpay; ,uridf;F cjTfpd;wJ. NkYk; cyfpd; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l
tu;f;fq;fspd; Njitfs;> gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;iw kf;fSf;F njupag;gLj;jTk; mtw;iwg;
G+u;j;jp nra;aTk;> eptu;j;jp nra;aTk; cjTk; rhjdkhfTk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; mikfpd;wd.
,yf;fpaq;fs; tho;f;if mDgtq;fspdpd;Wk; gpwg;gJ. fiyQd; ajhu;j;jj;ijj; jd;
mfepiyapD}lhfg; gpujpgLj;jp mjd; kPJ Mf;fj;jpy; <Lgl;Lj; jd; fiyg; gilg;Gf;fisj;
jUfpwhd;. mtd; thOk; r%fr; R+oiyg; gpujpgypg;gdthfNt mit tpsq;Fk; vd;gjhy;
vd;nwd;Wk; mit vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpapdUf;Fg; gad;juj;jf;fjha; mike;JtpLfpd;wd.
,Ugj;Njhuhk; E}w;whz;by; thOk; ,isQd;> rq;f fhyj;J ,yf;fpaq;fis
Ritf;Fk; nghOJ md;iwa rKjhak; vj;Jiz rpwg;ghdjhfTk;> tPukhfTk; tho;e;jJ
vd;gij czUfpwhd;. tho;f;if eilKiw> gof;f tof;fq;fs; ahTk; khWgbDk; kdpjid
kdpjdhf tho topfhl;Ltd ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;gij ahtUk; czu Ntz;Lk;. kdpjd;
cyfpy; thog; gzk; Njitg;gLtJ Nghd;Nw ,yf;fpak; mtid newpg;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.
mwptpay;> rka> Guhz> ,jpfhr ,yf;fpaq;fs; KiwNa nrk;ikaha; cyfpy; tho>
kdpjid kdpjdhf kjpj;J md;Gld; tho> tho;e;J fhl;ba rhd;Nwhupd; tho;f;if
mwpTWj;jpagb tho top tFg;gdthFk;. mofpay; czu;it ,yf;fpaq;fs; vkf;Fj;
jUfpd;wd. ,yf;fpaq;fs; kdpjdpd; kd tsu;r;rpapy; Kf;fpa gq;Ftfpf;fpd;wd. kf;fspd; kd
tsu;r;rpapy; tuyhw;iw khw;wf;$bad. ,j;jifa ngUik typik ngw;w ,yf;fpaq;fs;
vd;nwd;Wk; ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;bait. kdpjdplj;Nj md;G> mUs;> jpahfk;> jd;ey kWg;G
Kjypatw;why; cz;lhFk; rPu;jpUj;jk; epiyahdJk; gaDs;sJk; MFk;. ,jidj; juty;yJ
,yf;fpak;. ,tw;iw ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; rpwhupilNa Kiwnfhs;s itf;fNtz;ba
Njit Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. mijr; nra;a ty;yJ ,yf;fpaNk MFk;.
,yf;fpaq;fs; nkhopahw;wiy tpUj;jpahf;f cjTfpd;wd. fiy czu;it
Cl;lty;yd. kf;fs; kdjpy; mikjpia rhe;jj;ij epiy nfhs;sr; nra;td.
jPikahdtw;why; Vw;gl;l jPq;Ffis kdjpy; gjpa itg;gjhy; rPu;NfLfspdpd;Wk; tpyf
tha;g;gspg;gd. rkak; rhu;e;j mwpTiuahsUk; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; Jizia ehbNa jkJ
Nghjidfisr; nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,td; ,t;thW tho;e;jhd; vdr; Rl; bf; fhl;b kdijf;
ftUk;gb vLj;Jiug;gjpy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.
cyfpy; md;W njhl;L mope;jit Nghf vQ;rpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; kdpjid tho top
tFj;jikahy; NkYk; etPd ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,tw;iwg;
Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gJk;> mt;top elg;gJk; ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpd; flikahFk;.

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 16

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

08. “cyfkakhf;fYk; gz;ghLk;”

,d;iwa Afk; jfty; njhopy;El;g Afk; vd;W
ngUikahfg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. njhiyNgrp
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJld; jhd; jfty; njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rp
ngwj; njhlq;fpanjdyhk;. njhiyNgrp cyfpy;
kdpju;fSf;fpilNaahd J}uj;ij ,y;yhnjhopj;Jtpl;lJ.
,d;W ,izak; mjw;F tYT+l;b As;sJ. ,e;j khw;wj;jpdhy; cyfk; RUq;fptpl;lJ
vdg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jifa khw;wk; ,dk;> kjk;> nkhop> ehL vd;w vy;iyfSf;F mg;ghYk;
kdpju;fis ,izg;gjpy; ntw;wpfz;Ls;sJ. ,jd; gadhf cyfk; fpuhkk; (Global Village)
cyfkakhf;fy; (Globalization) Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fs; tYg;ngw;W tUfpd;wd. kdpjd; xU
r%fg; gpuhzp mtd; xU r%fkhf tho;tjdhy;> mtDf;nfd xU gz;ghLk; Njhd;wpaJ
vdyhk;. xU $l;lkhf tho;e;j kdpjd;> jdf;nfdr; rpy xOq;F KiwfisAk; xOf;ff;
fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; Njhw;Wtpj;J> mtw;iw fhyq;fhykhfg;gpd;gw;wp te;jNghJ xU gz;ghL
cUthapw;W vdyhk;. ,t;thwhf xt;nthU kf;fl; $l;lj;jpduJk; jdpj;Jtkhd
milahskhf tpsq;FtJ gz;ghlhFk;.
cyfkakhjy; vd;w vz;zf;fU cjakhdjd; %yk; ,d;W gz;ghl;Lj; jdpj;Jtk;
vd;gJ Nfs;tpf;Fupajhapw;W. cyf kf;fspilNaahd njhlu;Gfs; mjpfupf;fj; njhlq;fpa
NghNj gz;ghl;Lj; jdpj;Jtk; NgZjy; gw;wp cyfpd; gy r%fq;fSk; mjpfkhfr; rpe;jpf;fj;
njhlq;fpd. fhuzk; cyfkakhf;fy; fhuzkhf cyf kf;fspilNa Vw;gl;l mjpfupj;j
njhlu;ghdJ xU ehfuPfg; gupkhw;wj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ. fz;lNj fhl;rp nfhz;lNj Nfhyk;
vd;w ghtidapy; ,d;W vkJ ,isQu;fSk; AtjpfSk; Milayq;fhuq;fspy; <Lgl;bUg;gJ
,jw;F xU rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L vdyhk;. cyfk; xU gy;ypdg; gz;ghl;il Nehf;fp efu;e;J
nfhz;bUg;gjidNa ,J fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ.
fPioj;Nja ehLfisg; nghWj;jtiu ,g;gy;ypdg; gz;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf r%f
nghUshjhu epiyfspy; rpy ed;ikahd mk;rq;fs; Vw;gl;lhYk; $l> fPioj;Nja mbg;gilr;
rpe;jidfs; nfhz;l kf;fs; Nkiyj;Nja eilKiwfSf;Fs; jpBnud tpiuthfg;
gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ Vw;glf;$ba rpf;fy;fs; kpfTk; Nkhrkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;jidf;Fk;
kj;jpapy; cyfkakhf;fypdhy; Vw;glf;$ba kpfg; ghupa jhf;fq;fSs; xd;whd gy;ypdg;
gz;ghl;bd; kj;jpapNy xt;nthU r%f;f FOf;fSf;Fk;> jiytu;fSf;Fk;> muRfSf;Fk;
Kd;Nd kpfg;ghupa nghWg;G xd;W csJ. cyfkakhf;fypdhy; jj;jkJ r%fj;jpy;
Vw;glf;$ba gy;ypd gz;ghl;bd; jhf;fq;fis NtW gpupj;jwptJk; rhjfkhdtw;i wj; jkJ
r%f eiyfSf;Nfh cs;sPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tJk; ghjfkhd tplaq;fis cl;Gftplhky;
jLj;jYNk mJthFk;.

09. “rka ey;ypzf;fk;”

gz;ikr; r%fq;fspy; gy rkaq;fis
gpd;gw;WNthu; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; kj;jpapy;
md;Wk; ,d;Wk; rkag; Nghu;fs; epfo;e;Js;sikf;F
tuyhWfs; rhd;W gfpu;fpd;wd. ,d;Wk; rkag;
G+ry;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it %yk; Vw;gLk; mopTfs; jtpu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; rka

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 17

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

ey;ypzf;fk; mtrpakhFk;. gy rkaj;jtUk; gpwu; rkaf; fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;J

elg;gJld; Gupe;Jzu;Tld; jj;jk; rkaf; fUj;Jf;fis gupkhw;wk; nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
rkakhdJ kdpju;fs; mwpTtpsf;fk; ngw;W cWjp> ,d;gtho;T miltjw;Fr;
rhjfkhAs;sJ. rka ek;gpf;if kdpjtho;f;iff;F ,d;wpaikahjJ. rka ek;gpf;if
kdpjDf;F tho;f;ifapy; Xu; cau;e;j Fwpf;Nfhis mspf;fpd;wJ. tho;f;iff;Fr; rka
ek;gpf;if xU gw;Wf;NfhlhfTk; mike;Js;sJ. rkaj;jpy; tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nfhl;ghLfSf;F
,irthf tho;jNy rkatho;f;if. kf;fisr; nre;newpg;gLj;jr; rkak; cWJizahfpd;wJ.
rkak; jdpkdpjdJ tho;f;ifia khj;jpukd;wp KOr;rKjhaj;jpd; tho;f;ifiaAk;
newpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. rka ey;ypzf;fk; %yk; ,J rhj;jpakhFk;. rkaf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;fika
kf;fs; jkJ tho;f;ifia mikj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; rKjhak; cau;tilfpd;wJ. mjdhy; ehNl
cau;tilfpd;wJ.
rkaq;fs; kdpj ju;kj;ij> mu;j;jKs;s tho;f;ifiaf; fhz topg;gLj;Jgit>
gzj;jpdhy; vijAk; rhjpf;f KbahJ. nghd;Dk; nghUSk; tho;f;ifiaapd;
cWjpg;nghUl;fs; my;y vd;w cz;ikia vtndhUtd; czu;fpwhNdh rkap Mfpd;whd;.
kdpjd; nghUs; vd;w nghUshjhuj; jpl;lj;ijAk;> mUs; vd;w Mj;kPfj; Njl;lj;ijAk;
milAk; Kaw;rpf;Fr; rkaq;fs; fhye;NjhWk; Jizepw;fpdwd. ,j;jifa rkaq;fs;
Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik fhZk; kz;zpy; ey;ytz;zk; thoTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ. kdpj
tuyhw;iw xUfzk; jpUk;gpg;ghu;f;fNtz;Lk;. Guhjd fyhr;rhuq;fspypUe;J ,d;Wtiu kdpj
,dk; tsu;e;J te;j ghijiag; ghu;j;jhy; rkak; vt;tsT J}uk; tho;f;if Xl;lq;fspy;
xt;nthU fzj;ijAk; ghjpj;Js;sJ vd;gij czuKbAk;.
kdpj tuyhw;iwAk; tho;f;ifiaAk; tpsq;fpf; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhdjhFk;.
cyf ehLfs; xt;nthd;wpdJk; Nfhl;ghLfs; ek;gpf;iffspy; rkaj;jj;Jtq;fs; capu;ehbahf
rulhfg; gpd;dpg; gpize;J s;sJ. Mdhy; rka ey;ypzf;fk; ,d;ikahy; ehLfspilNa
Nghl;bAk; Nghu;fs; eilngw;wikia kWg;gjw;fpy;iy. vdNt rkaf; fUj;Jf;fSf;F
kjpg;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;. rkak; vd;gJ tho;f;if newp> khztu;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; rPuhf
tho;tjw;F topfhl;LtJ rkak;. khztu;fs; khztg; gUtj;jpNy mwpitAk; gapw;rpiaAk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs; kdpju;fshfr; rKjhaj;jpy; tho;thq;F tho;tjw;F
rKff; fl;Lg;ghLfs;> r%f tpOkpaq;fs;> gz;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iw czu;e;J r%fj;jpd;
nghUe;jp tho;tjw;F rkak; cjtNtz;Lk;.
,it rpwg;ghf nray;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; rkaq;fspilNa ey;ypzf;fk; mtrpakhFk;.
,j;jifa ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; rka epWtdq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

10. mofpaw;fy;tpapd; mtrpak;

mwpTj;jpwd; kpf;f> Md;kf
P gz;Gfs; epiwe;j>
tho;f;iff;Ffe;j kdg;ghq;FfisAila> ey;nyhOf;fk; nfhz;l
kdpjid cUthf;FjNy fy;tpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. mjw;fhfg;
gps;isapdJ mwpT> kdntOr;rp> cstpaf;fg; gug;Gfs;
Mfpatw;iw tpUj;jpailar; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mofpaw;fy;tp
%ykhf cs ,af;fg;gug;G tpUj;jpailtJ kl;Lkd;wp>
khzhf;fuplk; rpwe;j kdg;ghq;FfSk; R+oiy kjpf;fj;jf;f>
r%fj;jpw;F cfe;j> gz;gl;l ew;gpuirfspd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; fhuzkhf mikfpwJ.

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 18

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

mofpaYf;Fk; fiyQDf;FkpilNa neUq;fpa njhlu;Gz;L. fiyQd;> r%fj;jpy;

fhzg;gLk; cz;ik epfo;TfspypUe;J jhd; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; gytpj mDgtq;fs; fUj;Jr;
nrwpTila fiytbtkhf;fpj; jUfpd;whd;. mtdJ ,uridAk;> mtd; ngw;w mDgtKk;
mtdJ Mf;fj;jpypUe;J ,urpfdhy; fpuf;fpj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,urpfdpd;
,urid czu;T NkYk; tpUj;jp milfpd;wJ.
,aw;ifapYk; nraw;ifapYk; cs;s mofpidf; fz;L fspg;gjw;F mofpaw;fy;tp.
khzhf;fu;fisj; J}z;LfpwJ. mj;Jld; mtdJ ,uridj;jpwd; gaDs;s tifapy;
$u;ikailtjw;F topNfhYfpd;wJ. R+oypd; mbg;gilapy;> kdjpy; xUikg;ghL Njhd;wp
kdjpy; gytpj fw;gidf; fhl;rpfs; Njhd;w KbAk;. Ritia mDgtpf;Fk; Mw;wy; ngw;w
xUtd;> jhd; fz;l mofpid mDgtpj;J> me;j mofpid kdg;ghlkhf;fpf;nfhs;Stjw;F>
mtDila kdj;ij xUepiyg;gLj;Jk; jpwd; fhuzkhfpd;wJ. ,J gpd;du; Mf;fj;jpwd;
fUthfpd;wJ. rpyUila Mf;fq;fs; rhe;jkhd> rydkw;w jd;ikAld; fhzg;gLk;. ,jw;Ff;
fhuzk; mtutu; ,urid mDgtq;fspd; ,ay;ghFk;.
Ritf;Fk; jpwd; ,ay;ghfNt kdpjDf;Fz;L. xUtdpd; Efu;jpwd; mbg;gil kPz;Lk;
epidTf;Ff; nfhz;LtUk; NtWgLk;. “,d;gEfu;tpd; NghJ Mf;fk; gpwf;fpwJ” vd rprpy;
NlYtp]; vd;gtu; $Wfpwhu;. ftpij> ghly;> eldk;> rpj;jpuk;> rpw;gk; Nghd;wd ,j;jifa
Mf;fq;fshFk;. rpj;jpunkd;gJ NfhLfspdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l xU NfhykhFk;. rpw;gk; fy;
my;yJ NtW Clfq;fspdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l cUtkhFk;. ftpij> ghly; vd;gd xU Fwpg;gl;l
xOq;F jhsj;jpw;Nfw;g uhfj;ijAk; ghtj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;J tjhFk;. ehlf tbtq;fSk;
,jDs; mlq;Fk;.
Kw;fhy tho;f;if Kiwikapid MuhAk; NghJ> fiyahdJ tho;f;ifAld;
,ize;jnjhd;W vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ. Xa;tpy;yhj kdj;jhf;fq;fl;F cl;gl;L> ,ae;jpu
tho;f;if thOk; etPd r%fkhdJ MWjiyg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; xNu xU Clfk;
fiyahFk;. ,urid gw;wp mwpe;Js;s xU kdpjd; Kul;Lj; jd;i kfisf; nfhz;bUf;f
khl;lhd;. mtDila eilAil ghtid mofhf ,Uf;Fk;. mofpay; gw;wpa mwpT mtid
tsg;gLj;Jk;. ,urid mDgtj;ij ehk; vjpu;fhyg; guk;giuapdUf;Fk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
Njrpa czu;Ts;s xUtid cUthf;f> tPl;Lr; R+oypy; njhlq;fp> gps;isapd; kdjpy;
Vw;gl;l ,e;j ,urid czu;T gad;gLfpd;wnjd cstpayhsu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;.
gps;isapd; Ik;Gyd;fSf;Fk; ,j%l;lf;$ba tpjkhf> mtu;fSila vz;zq;fs;>
fUj;Jf;fs;> mwpT vd;gtw;iwj; J}z;lj;jf;f fiyahf;fq;fspd; kjpg;gpidg; gps;isfSf;F
vLj;Jf; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. xUtdpd; cly; cWg;Gfs; khj;jpuk; tsu; r;rp miltjd;wp>
cs;sKk; gz;gl mofpaw;fy;tp ngupJk; cjTk;. mofpaw;fy;tp %yk; rpwe;j ,urid
mDgtj;ij ngw;w kdpjd;> flikfis kjpg;gtdhf ,Ug;ghd;;> rkhjhdg; gpupadhf
,Ug;ghd;;> kdf;Fog;gq;fs; mw;wtdhf ,Ug;ghd;;> mwpT tsu;r;rp ngw;wJld;
ey;nyz;zq;fisf; nfhz;ltdhfTk; ,Ug;ghd;. ,g;gz;Gfs; cau; Mf;fq;fs; Njhd;w
toptFf;Fk;. xUtdJ jdpg;gl;l vz;zq;fs;> rpe;jidfs; vd;gd rpwe;J tpsq;Fk;.
,j;jifNahiuf; nfhz;l cyf rkhjhdk;> md;G Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk;.
mj;Jld; kdpjdpd; cliyikg;Gk; Nkk;gLk;.
RoYk; rf;fuk; Nghy> vd;Wk; xNu khjpupahd tho;f;ifia mDgtpf;Fk; kdpjd;
mofpay; ,uridaDgtk; %ykhfj;jhd; MWjy; ngWfpd;whd;. mofpay; vd;gJ tho;f;ifr;
rf;fuj;jpd; mr;rhzp Nghd;wJ. mr;rhzp my;yhj tz;b Filrha;tJ Nghy mofpay; Rit
T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 19
 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

fhzh kdpjd; ,ae;jpukhfp kdpjhgpkhd kw;wtdha; ,Uspy; js;s g;gLfpd;whd;. xUtd;

ngWk; mDgtk; kfpo;r;rpfukhdjhfNth> Jf;ffukhdjhfNth ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;tDgtk;
mtdplj;J Xu; ,uridia Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,t;tpuridapd; %yk; Vw;gLk; fw;gidapd; Kbtpy;
Mf;fk; xd;W cUthFk;. mJ ghly;> eldk;> rpj;jpuk;> rpw;gk; vd;gtw;Wf;F Muk;gkhfyhk;.
mofpay;> Mf;fw; nraw;ghl;Lf;fy;tpapd; %yk;> Ntnwe;j ghlq;fspdhYk; ngwtpayhj
tpUj;jpiar; rpwg;ghfg; ngwyhk;. mofpaw; fy;tpahdJ ntWkNd nfhs;if uPjpapy;
Nghjpf;ff; $bajd;W. mJ mtjhdpg;G> gupNrhjid> gapw;rp> Mf;fk;> Ez;Nehf;F
vd;gtw;wpD}lhf khzhf;fd; jhd; thOk; Rw;whliyf; fhz cjTtJ. ,jw;Nfw;g>
mofpaw;fy;tpahdJ rfy ghlq;fspdJk; Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s Clfkhf
mikAk; Xu; cd;djkhd ghlkhFk;. Mf;fr; nraw;ghl;bNyw;gLk; Mf;fj;jpwDf;fhd
mbj;jsj;ijAk; mjD}NlNa Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;stpaYk; mt;thNw fw;wYf;F mtrpakhd
Cf;Ftpg;igAk; Gj;jhf;fj;ijAk; ,yFthf Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;stpaYk;.

11. “njhiyf;fhl;rpg; gad;ghLfS k; J\;gpuNahfq;fSk;”

tpQ;Qhd cyfk; ngw;Wj;je;j tpaj;jF rhjdq;fSs;
njhiyf;fhl;rpAk; xd;whFk;. mwpT tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> Xa;T Neug;
gad;ghl;Lf;Fk; cjTk; Xu; mupa nghf;fp\k; vdyhk;. fiy
gz;ghl;L epfo;r;rpfs;> tpQ;Qhd tpe;ijfs; vd;gdtw;iw
vy;yhk; tPLfspy; Xa;thf ,Ue;jgbNa fz;L fspf;fyhk;.
Muk;gj;jpy; fWg;G nts;is gpd; epwq;fspy; te;jit> jw;NghJ
jj;&gkhfg; ghu;f;ff; $bajhf xspgug;ghfpwJ.
gpwehLfspd; nkhop> fiy> fyhrhu gz;ghLfis> ehlfk;> glNkh> fiy epfo;r;r pfs;
%yk; xg;gpl KbfpwJ eaf;fKbfpwJ. rpWtu; Kjy; KjpNahu; tiu kpf;f gaidg;
ngWtjw;F mupa tha;g;ghfj; njhiyf;fhl;rp mike;Js;sJ. vkf;Fj; jUtjhy; mwpitg;
ngwKbfpwJ.
Itiff; fiyfspd; md;iwa ,d;iwa epiyfis me;je;j ,lq;fspd; fiyg;
nghf;fp\q;fisNa xspg;gjpT nra;J fhl;LtJk;> mjpraq;fisf; fz; Kd;Nd nfhz;L
tUtJk;> ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fis me;jje;j epfo;T elf;ifapNyNa gjpT nra;J
xspgug;GtJk;> tpz;ntspg; gpuahzq;fs;> tpz;ntspapy; elf;Fk; mdu;j;jq;fs;> ntw;wpfs;
ahTNk xspgug;GtJ kf;fSf;F Xu; tug;gpurhjNk. mz;ikapy; rPd tpz;ntsptPuu;
tpz;ntspapy; ele;jijf; $lf; fz;zhy; tPl;bypUe;jgbNa cyf kf;fs; ghu;it ,l;ldu;.
Neuiy xspg;gug;Gfs; %yk; tpisahl;Lfs;> rka epfo;Tfs;> xypk;gpf; Nghl;b> cyf mofpj;
njupT> kiyNawy;> Mo;fly; Muha;r;rpfs; vd;gdTk; tpaf;fj;jf;fitNa. tpQ;Qhd cyf
epfo;r;rpfs; %yk; kuq;fs;> kPd;fs;> gwitfs;> kpUfq;fs; vdg; gw;gytw;iwf; fhz tha;g;G
cs;sJ. rpWtiug; nghWj;j mstpy; mtu;fis <u;f;Fk; rpWtu;fSf;fhd fijfs;>
ehlfq;fs;> tpisahl;Lf;fs; vd;gdTk; mtu;fNs gq;F ngwf;$ba epfo;r;rpfSk;
xspg;gug;ghfpd;wd.
,j;jid ey;y gad;ngwf; $ba njhiyf;fhl;rpfs; tpsk;guq;fisAk;
ftu;r;rpf;fukhfr; nra;Js;sJ. mNjNtis tpsk;guk; %yk; ngz;fisAk; J\;gpuNahfk;
nra;fpwJ. ngz;fis kypdg;gLj;Jtjhd fhl;rpfis xspgug;GtJ ftiyf;FupaJ. rpy eld
epfo;r;rpfspy; ,sk; ngz;fspd; Milf; Fiwg;G> Mz;fSld; goFk; tpjk; vd;gd

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 20

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

mUtUf;fj;jf;fjhfTk;> vjpu; fhyr; rpWtu; kdepiyapy; jg;ghd vz;zq;fs;

cUthf;ff;$bajhfTk; cs;sd.
xspgug;ghFk; ehlfq;fSk; juf;FiwthditahfNt cs;sd. xU ey;y fUj;ijj;
juty;y jhfNth> rpe;jidf;F Vw;wjhfNth> rKjhaj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjhd fUj;ijf;
nfhz;ljhfNth miktjpy;iy. NkYk; nfhiy> nfhs;isr; rk;gtq;fis> cz;ikapy;
ele;jtw;iw mt;thW fhl;LtJk; jg;ghdNj. nfhiy> nfhs;is Kaw;rpfisf; fhl;Lk;
NghJ rpWtNuh vtNuh mt;thNw Kaw;rp nra;tjw;Fj;J}z;b tplyhk;.
NkYk; ,dj;JNt\khd nrhw;gpuNahfq;fs;> rka uPjpapyhd ,opthd nray;fisf;
fhl;Ljy;> flTspd; flTs; cUtq;fis Vsdk; nra;jy; J\;gpuNahfq;fs; ,tw;iw jtpu;j;J
ey;y vz;zq;fis kf;fspilNa gug;gf;$bajhd epfo;r;rpfs;> xspgug;ghtJ vy;NyhuhYk;
tpUk;gj;jf;fNj MFk;.

12. “gd;nkhopahw;wy;”
gd;nkhop Mw;wy; vd;gJ gy nkhopfspYk; mwpT
Mw;wy; ngw;wpUg;gJ MFk;. xt;nthUtUk; jj;jk;
jha;nkhopia tpl NtW nkhopfspy; Nju;r;rp ngw;wpUg;gJ
gy tiffspy; ed;ikiaj; jUk;. ,yq;ifiag; nghWj;j
mstpy; jkpo;> rpq;fsk;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa nkhopfspy;
,yq;ifau; epr;rak; mwpe;jpUj;jy; kpf mtrpak;.
fpuhkq;fspy; kl;LNk Klq;fpf;fple;j fhyk;
kiyNawptpl;lJ vd;W $WtJ kpfg; nghUj;jk;. ghlrhiyfspy; ,d;W jha;nkhopAld;
,uz;lhk; nkhopahf ru;tNjr nkhopahfpa Mq;fpyj;ijAk; Nkyjpfkhfj; njhlu;ghly;
nkhopahfj; jkpo; khztu; rpq;fs nkhopiaAk;> rpq;fs khztu; jkpo; nkhopiaAk; fw;wy;
Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; %d;W nkhopfspYk; nkhopahw;wy; Vw;gl tha;g;G cs;sJ.
gy nkhopfspy; ciuahl vOj thrpf;fj; njupjyhy; kf;fspilNa Gupe;Jzu;T Vw;gl
tha;g;G cs;sJ. maytUlNdh my;yJ gpuahzj;jpd; NghJ re;jpg;gtUlNdh VNjh xU
re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ciuahl Ntz;ba Ntisfspy; nkhop njupe;j xUj;ju; ,yFtpy; jdJ
Njitfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. mNjNtis mLj;jtupd; re;Njfq;fisj; jPu;f;fNth
NjitfSf;F cjtNth KbAk;. epr;rakhf xt;nthUj;jUk; ru;tNjr nkhopiaf; fw;W
Nju;r;rp ngw;wpUj;jy; mtrpak;. cs;ehl;bNyh> ntspehl;bNyh ru;tNjr uPjpapyhd
njhlu;Gfis> tq;fpj; njhlu;Gfis> tu;j;jf njhlu;GfisAk; NtW gy;NtWgl;l
tplaq;fSf;fhd njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;j ru;tNjr nkhop Mw;wy; mtrpak;.
gpuahzr; rPl;Lfs;> mwptpg;Gg; gyiffs;> tprhuizfs;> jpBu; mwptpg;Gf;fs;> ghJfhg;G
mwptpg;Gf;fs;> ghJfhg;G vr;rupf;iffs; vd;gtw;iw thrpj;J mwpaNth> nrtp kLf;fNth>
kw;wtuplk; Nfl;L mwpaNth ru;tNjr nkhop epr;rak; cjtp nra;Ak;. ,sk; re;jjpapdu;
gd;nkhop Mw;wy; ngw;wpUg;gjhy; thOk; ehl;bNy gyUlk; ciuahlTk; rpy gy
jfty;fisg; ngwTk; ngUk; cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. cj;jpNahfk; nra;gtu;fs;> fzpdpj;
Jiwapy; ,Ug;gtu;fs;> njhlu;ghly;> Clfj;Jiw> tq;fp fy;tpj;Jiw vd;gtw;wpy; epr;rakhfg;
gd;nkhop Mw;wy; cilatu; ed;F Kd;Ndw tha;g;Gfs; cz;L.

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 21

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

NkYk; mLj;j nkhop NgRgtupd; kjk;> fiy> ,yf;fpaq;fs; gw;wpa mwpitg; ngwTk;
nkhopapd; Nju;r;rp mtrpak;. ,yFthfNt ehk; gj;jpupiffs; %yk; gytpjkhd nra;jpfis
nkhopj; Nju;r;rpfs; %yk; ngwKbAk;. xU ehl;bd; gpuiI xUtDf;F ehl;by; cs;s
nkhopfspy; Nju;r;rp ,Ug;gpd; ve;j ,lj;jpw;Fk; nry;yTk;> ve;j egUlDk; ciuahlTk;> ve;j
jfty;fisAk; thrpj;J mwpaTk; KbAk;. vdNt me;j egUf;F Ra ek;gpf;if Vw;gLfpwJ.
epr;rakhfg; gd;nkhop Mw;wy; xUtdpd; MSik tpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ vd;Nw $w
Ntz;Lk;. epr;rak; xt;nthUj;jUk; gd;nkhop Mw;wiyg; ngw;wpUg;gJ mtrpak;.

13. “tpQ;Qhd tpag;Gfs;”

,d;iwa kdpjd; cyif Ntfkhf
,af;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhd; vd;Nw $wNtz;Lk;.
Mjp fhyj;jpypUe;J kdpjdJ mghu rpe;jid
rf;jpahy; cUthdNj tpQ;Qhdk; tpag;Gfs;.
,d;W ehk; mDgtpg;git ahTk;
tpQ;Qhdj;jhy; jhd; cUthditNa.
fhyhfhyk; kdpjd; VNjh xU ce;J rf;jpahy; jd;id tUj;jpNah> gpwupd; vjpu;g;Gfspd;
kj;jpapNyh> fbd Muha;r;rpapd; tpisthNyh gytw;iwf; fz;Lgpbj;Js;shd;.
,d;iwa cyfpy; ehk; elg;gJk; Rthrpg;gJk; kl;Lk; jhd; vk;khy; nra;tJ vd;W $l
epidf;f itj;Js;sJ tpQ;Qhdk;. tPl;bNy xsp> xyp> ,af;fk; ahTk; tpQ;Qhdj;jhyhdit.
rikay;> Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghly; ahTk; tpQ;Qhdkak;. mit ,d;wp ehkpy;iy vd;w
epiyjhd;. jfty; njhopy;El;gk; rfy JiwfspYk; nry;thf;F nrYj;JfpwJ. kpfkpf
,yFthf> tpiuthfg; gy ,lq;fSld; njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;s ,izak; cjTfpwJ.
Mq;fpyj;jpy; kl;Lk; njhlu;ghlf;$ba epiy khwpj; jkpopYk; njhlu;ghlj;jf;f Kd;Ndw;wk;
fz;Ls;sJ.
kdpjd; gilg;gpd; kzpKbaha; tpsq;Fgtd;. ve;j capupdq;fSf;Fk; ,y;yhj
rpe;jid Mw;wy; kdpjDf;F cupa ,Uf;fpwJ. me;jr; rpe;jidapd; Mw;wy; kdpjd;
,iltplhJ Kad;W gyg;gytw;iwf; fz;L> mtw;iwf;nfhz;L ngupa cyfj;ijr;
RUf;fptpl;lhd;. gy kzpNeuk; nra;aNtz;ba nray;fisr; rpykzp Neuj;jpy; nra;J
Kbf;fpd;whd;; J}uj;ijf; FWf;fpl;lhd;; Neuj;ijr; RUf;fp tpl;lhu;; %l fUj;jhYk; fLikahd
Neha;fshYk; khz;L nfhz;bUe;j kf;fis ePL tho nra;J tpl;lhd;. ,d;dh cyfj;ij
khdpld; mwptpay; fz;L gpbg;Gfshy; ,dpa cyfkhf;fpf; nfhz;L tUfpwhu;.
epyeLf;fj;jhy; Vw;gLk; mopitr; rpy ehs;fspy; rPu;jpUj;jp tpLfpwhd;. kpd;rhuk;
kdpjDf;F Vtydhfptpl;lJ. kdpjd; Neha; jPu;f;Fk; kUe;Jfs; fz;Lgpbj;J
nfhz;bUf;fpwhd;. Neha;fs; tuhjthWk; guthjthWk; jLf;fpwhd;. n[d;du; vd;gtu; mk;ik
Neha;f;F mk;ikg; ghiyf; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. N[u;kdp ehl;L kUj;Jtuhd lhf;flu; Nrhf;F
vd;gtu;> Ik;gjhz;LfSf;FNky; cioj;J> fhrNeha;f;Ff; fhuzkhf fpUkpfisAk; ff;fy;
fha;r;rYf;F fhuzkhd fpUkpfisAk; gpNsf; vd;Dk; nfhs;is Neha;f;Ff; fhuzkhd
fpUkpiaAk; J}f;f Neha;f;F fhuzkhd fpUkpiaAk; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. gpd; te;jtu;fs;
mf;fpUkpfis mopj;J Neha; ePf;Fk; kUe;Jfs; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;fs;.
Mjpkdpjd;> Mw;iwf;flf;f ,ayhky; ,Ue;jhd;; neLe;njhiyT Nghf khl;L
tz;bia Nah> Fjpiu tz;biaNah gad;gLj;jpdhd;. [hu;[; ];Btd;rd; ePuhtpahy; XLk;

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 22

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

,Oit tz;biaf; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. fhw;iwAk; fliyAk; flf;f ePuhtpf; fg;gy; fz;L

gpbf;fg;gl;ld. iul; rNfhjuu;fs; thdj;jpy; gwe;J nry;y thdT+u;jpiaf; fz;L gpbj;jhu;fs;.
kpd;rhuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. vbrd; je;jp mbg;gij fz;L gpbj;jhu;. Cikj; jpiug;glj;ijf;
fz;L gpbj;jhu;. khu;f;Nfhdp Mfhaj; je;jpiaAk; mnyf;]hz;lu; fpu`k;ngy; vd;gtu;
njhiyNgrpia fz;L gpbj;jhu;fs;. njhiyf;fhl;rpia fz;Lgpbj;jtu; Nyhfp ngu;l;L vd;w
Mq;fpy mwpQu;. ,t;thW mwptpay; cjtpahy;> mr;Rj; JiwapYk; NtW gy JiwfspYk;
gw;gy fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Njhd;wyhapd. mnkupf;fhtpYk; MrpahtpYk; re;jpuDf;Nf Ms; mDg;gp
mij Muha;r;rp nra;Jtpl;lhu;fs;. epyhtpy; 15 ehs; ,uTk; 15 ehs; fLikahd ntapYk;
,Uf;fpd;wd vd;Wk; ,jpy; ve;j capUk; tho;tJ ,ayhJ vd;Wk; njupe;J nfhz;lhu;fs;.
Mdhy;> mwptpay; tsu;r;rpahy; fLikahd mZFz;LfSk; VTfizfSk;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld. ,it rpy ehLfspy; kf;fs; $l;lj;ijNa mopj;JtpLk;. ,tw;why;
,d;W kdpjidf; fz;L kdpjNd mQ;Rk; epiy Vw;gl;Ltpl;lJ. gw;gy efuq;fspy;
Miyfspdhy; J}a fhw;W er;Rf;fhw;whf khwp tUfpwJ. Mw;W ePUk; fly; ePUk; er;R ePuhf
khWk; epiyak; Vw;gl;Ltpl;lJ. R+o;epiyf; fhw;whYk; tPjpfspypUe;Jk; fhw;wpypUe;Jk; tUk;
jhRfspdhYk; kf;fs; gy Neha;fSf;F ,ijahfpd;whu;fs;. ,it mwptpayhy; Vw;gl;Ls;s
jPa tpistfs;.
NkYk; mZrf;jpia ,d;W gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ehLfspilNa xg;ge;jq;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;LtUfpd;wd. ePu; kpd; rf;jpiag; gad;gLj;jpa kdpjd; ,d;W R+upa rf;jpiaAk;
gad;gLj;Jfpwhd;. ag;ghdpd; tpQ;Qhd Kaw;rpfs; tpaf;fj;jf;f it. kpfr; rpwpa mstpyhd
fzpdp> Gifg;glf;fUtp> njhiyf;fhl;rpf; fUtpfs; vd;gdTk; ,d;Dk; gy Mf;fq;fisAk;
cyfpw;Fj; je;Js;sJ. R+uparf;jpapy; ,aq;Fk; fzpdpg; nghwp. kpd;tpsf;F> tPl;Lg;ghtidg;
nghUl;fs; vd;gdTk; tpQ;Qhd tpag;GfNs.
kdpjd; ,aw;ifapypUe;J rf;jpiag; ngw;W mjidAk; tpe;ij Mf;Ffpwhd;.
kpd;diyAk; iff;Fs; mlf;fptpl;lhd;. ftpQupd; fw;gid ,d;W cz;ikahfpa epiyiaf;
fhzKbfpwJ. mghurf;jp nfhz;l kpd;dypd; rf;jpahy; kpd;rf;jp ngw Muha;r;rpfs;
Nkw;nfhs;fpwhd;.
ePupd; rf;jpiaf; nfhz;L kpd;rhuj;ij cUthf;fpatd; ,d;W mdiyf; nfhz;L
kpd;rhuk; ,af;f Miyfis cUthf;fp tUfpwhd;. G+kpapy; ngUk; rhjidfis epiyehl;ba
kdpjd; tpz;iz Nehf;fpa Muha;r;rpiaAk; elhj;Jfpwhd;. re;jpudpy; fhyb itj;jJld; jd;
Kaw;rpia epWj;jtpy;iy. nrt;tha; fpufj;jpYk; Muha;r;rp nra;jhd;. Nfhs;fspd; epiy
,af;fk;> Gjpa Nfhs; fz;Lgpbg;G vd;gdTk; Nkw;nfhz;lhd;. xd;gJ Nfhs;fspy; GSl;Nlh
,d;W ePf;fg;gl;lJk; kdpjdpd; tpQ;Qhd mwpNt. nra;kjpfis mDg;gp jfty;fisg; ngwTk;>
thdpiyfis mwpaTk; nra;jpfs; ngwTk; toptFj;jhd;. nra;jpfshy; ,d;W cyfpy;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;JiwAk; gy ed;ikfisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
tpQ;Qhd tpag;Gf;fs; vDk; nghOJ itj;jpaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;ltw;iw kwf;f ,ayhJ.
kdpjdpd; %isapypUe;J cs;sq;fhy; tiu tpQ;Qhd Kiwfs; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. ,Uja
khw;Wr; rj;jpurpfpr;ir> ,Uja ehb> milg;G ePf;fk;> rpWePuff;fy; mfw;wy;> Fly;
rj;jpurpfpr;ir> rpR cUthf;fk;> if fhy; nghUj;jq;fs;> fz; rj;jpurpfpr;ir vd;gdTk;
,d;Dk; gyTk; tpQ;Qhd tpag;GfNs MFk;. kdpjd; kpUfq;fspYk; FNshdpq; Kiwapy;
,dq;fisg; ngUf;fptpl;lhd;. ey;y Mf;fq;fis kl;Lky;y vjpupfisj; jhf;ff; $ba Nghu;f;
fUtpfSk; tpQ;Qhd mwpthy; cz;lhditNa.

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 23

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

kdpjdpd; %is tsu;r;rpAld;> kdpjdpNy cUthd Nflhd vz;zq;fshy; Nghl;b

nghwhik Kjypad cUthdJ. mjw;Fj;jf;f Mf;f Kaw;rpf;Fg; gad;gl;l %is mopT
Kaw;rpapYk; nraw;glj; njhlq;fNt mZ MAjq;fs;> er;Rf;Fz;Lfs;> ePu;thAf;Fz;Lfs;
Kjypadtw;iwAk; cUthf;fpdhd;. kwg;Nghuhy; capu;fSk;> ehLfSk;> R+oYk; mopTWk;
epiy cUthfptpl;lJ. Nghf;FtuT Kiw vt;tsT Kd;Ndwp kdpjid ,yFthf;fpaNjh
mt;tsT mtDf;F mopitAk;> Jd;gj;ijAk; nfhLj;J s;sJ. kdpjdpd; %is tpUj;jpahy;
gy ed;ikfisg; ngw;wpUe;j NghjpYk; mNj %isahy; kf;fs; tpQ;Qhd tpag;gpy; mkpo;e;J
Mde;jk; nfhs;s topapd;wp tpopg;gijAk; fhzKbfpwJ. tpQ;Qhdk; Mf;fj;Jf;Nf toptFf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
ed;ikfisAk; jPikfisAk; Muha;e;J ghu;j;jhy;> mwptpay; tpisTfs; cz;lhd
ed;ikfNs kpFjpaha; cs;sd. mwptpay; ,Ugf;fKk; $u;ikahd fj;jp Nghd;wJ. mJ
ed;ikAk; gaf;Fk;. jPikAk; gaf;Fk;. jPikiag; Nghf;f mwptpay; mwpQu;fs; ghLgl;L
tUfpwhu;fs;; mt;tg;NghJ vr;rupf;ifAk; nra;J tUfpwhu;fs;. kf;fs; fiyg;gl
Ntz;bajpy;iy.

14. “ntFrdj; njhlu;G rhjdq;fs;”

 nghJ kf;fSld; nra;jpfs; gupkhw;wk;
nra;Jnfhs;Sk; rhjdq;fis ntFrdj; njhlu;G
rhjdq;fs; vd;gu;.
 ntFrdj; njhlu;G rhjdq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
$wf;$bait thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp NgRk;
glk;> gj;jpupif> rQ;rpif> Jz;Lg; gpuRuk;> mwptpj;jy; gyif> ,izak; Nghd;wd.
 nra;jpfs;> jfty;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; gy;yhapuk; kf;fsplk; nrd;wila itg;gJjhd;
thndhyp.
 1901,y; thndhypr; nra;jp gupkhw;wk; guPl;rpf;f g;gl;lJ. gpd;du; fiy epfo;r;rpfs;> tu;j;jf
tpsk;guq;fs;> ehl;L elg;Gf;fs; thndhypapy; xypgug;ghapd.
 ,d;W cyfnkq;Fk; gy thndhyp epiyaq;fs; cs;sd. yz;ldpy; ,Ue;J “gp.gp.rpapd;
jkpNohir”, fdlhtpy; ,Ue;J “fPjthzp”> mT];jpNuypahtpypUe;J “,d;gj;jkpo; xyp”
gpypg;gPd;]pypUe;J “ntupj;jh];”> epA]pyhe;jpypUe;J “jkpo;j; njd;wy;”> ,e;jpahtpy;
J}j;Jf;Fbapy; ,Ue;J “J}j;Jf;Fb thndhyp” Nghd;witAk; ,d;Dk; gyTk;
xypgug;ghfpd;wd.
 ,yq;ifapy; “,yq;if Njrpa Nrit”> “,yq;if tu;j;jf Nrit” Nghd;w murhq;f
xypgug;Gj; jhgdq;fSk;> “rf;jp vt;.vk;”> “R+upad; vg;.vk;.”, “tu;zk; vg;.vk;” Nghd;w
jdpahu; xypgug;G epiyaq;fSk; nra;jpfis> tpsk;guq;fis xspgug;Gfpd;wd.
 fw;NwhUk;> kw;NwhUk; gad;ngwf;$ba ifapNy cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;Lr; nra;jpfs;> fiy
epfo;r;rpfs;> mwptpay; epfo;r;rpfs; Nghd;tw;iw ,t;thndhypfs; xypgug;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.
 1930fspy; jhd; njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfs; Muk;gkhfpd. tpQ;Qhdpfspd; etPd mupa
rhjidfspy; xd;W nlyptp\d; vd;Dk; njhiyf;fhl;rpg;ngl;b> nlyptp\d; ngl;bapYs;s
jpiuapy; njhiy J}uj;jpy; epfo;fpd;w epfo;r;rpia mg;gbNa fz;L kfpo KbfpwJ. ,d;W

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 24

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

cyfnkq;Fk; gy njhiyf;fhl;rp epiyfq;fs; cs;sd. njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; cyf

epfo;Tfisg; ghu;f;fTk;> Nfl;fTk; KbAk;.
 nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;tjw;F njhiyf;fhl;rp %yk; tpsk;guk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;Lr; nra;jpfs;> mwptpay;> mofpay;> r%ftpay;> kidapay; Nghd;w
gy;NtW epfo;r;rpfs; xspgug;ghfpd;w NghJ gy;yhapuk; kf;fs; xNu Neuj;jpNyNa fz;L
fspf;fpd;wdu;.
 gy Mz;Lfspw;F Kd; kf;fs; mwpit tsu;g;gjw;Fk;> kfpo;r;rpAld; fhyk; fopg;gjw;Fk;
ifahz;l gy rpwe;j Kiwfspy; ehlfKk; xd;W. ,d;W mjw;F <lhfg; NgRk; glk;
te;Jtpl;lJ.
 ehk; glkhspiff;Fr; nrd;why; mq;Nf ekf;F Kd;dhy; xU nts;spj; jpiuia Nkilapy;
fhzyhk;. glf;fhl;rp Muk;gpj;jJk; gytifahd glq;fs; xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf jpiuapNy
Njhd;Wk;. ,g;glq;fspNy ek; MAspy; fz;zhy; fhzKbahj J}uj;jpYs;s gpuNjrq;fspy;
cs;s fhl;rpfisAk; ehLfisAk; efuq;fisAk; mk;kf;fspd; ehfupfk;> gof;ftof;fk;
Nghd;wtw;iw NeNu fhz;gJ Nghy ngWfpd;Nwhk;.
 kpf ePz;l tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;lJ gj;jpupif. ehNlhWk; cyf ehLfspy; eilngWk;
epfo;r;rpfs; ,it ntspapLfpd;wd.
 xU ehl;by; vj;jid nkhopfs; cz;Nlh mj;jid nkhopfspYk; gj;jpupiffs;
ntsptUfpd;wd. ,it jpdrupahfTk; thu kQ;rupahfTk; khjrQ;rpifahfTk;
ntsptUfpd;wd.
 nra;jpfis kl;Lky;yhJ tpsk;guq;fs;> fijfs;> ftpijfs;> njhlu; ehty;fs;> mwptpay;
tplaq;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW tplaq;fisAk; ntspapLfpd;wd. nghOJ Nghf;F
rhjdkhfTk; mwpT tsu;r;rp> ,urid tpUj;jp vd;gtw;wpw;F JizGuptNjhL xU
tplaj;jpid gy;NtW kf;fsplk; nrd;wila itf;fpd;wJ gj;jpupif.
 ve;j mstpyhd nghUshjhu kl;lj;ijf; nfhz;NlhUf;Fk; ve;jg; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk; ve;jj;
juj;jpw;Fk; ve;j tajpdUf;Fk; Vw;wthW xU Fwpg;gpl;l tplaj;ij ,yFtpy; Gupe;J
nfhs;sf;$bathW mwptpidf; nfhLf;Fk; rf;jp gj;jpupiff;F cz;L.
 ghijapd; ,UkUq;fpYk; nghJ kf;fs; elkhLk; ,lq;fspYk; ngupa mstpyhd
jfLfshy;> gyiffshy; Mf;fg;gl;l mofpa rpj;jpuq;fisAk; cs;s q;ftu;
thrfq;fisAk; nfhz;l tu;z tpsk;guq;fisf; fhzyhk;. ,t;thwhd tpsk;gug;
gyiffis czTg; nghUl;fis> Fbghdq;fis> ,ae;jpu vjpupg;ghfq;fisAk; NtW
rpytw;iwAk; kf;fspw;F njupag;gLj;jTk; gad;gLj;Jtu;.
 Rtnuhl;bfSk; ntFrdj; njhlu;G rhjdj;Jf;Fs; ,lk;ngWk;. Rtnuhl;bfs;
gytu;zq;fspy; mr;rplg;gl;Nlh my;yJ gy tu;zq;fspy; vOjg;gl;Nlh ,Uf;Fk;.
tu;zq;fisf; nfhz;l ,g;gpuRuq;fs; kjpw;Rtu;fs;> mwpTg;Gg; gyif> g];jupg;gplk;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; xl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 jpiug;glk;> nghJf;$l;lk;> rka> r%ftpoh> murpay; epfo;T> jdpg;gl;l tFg;Gf;fs;
Nghd;wtw;wpy; kf;fspw;F njupag;gLj;Jtjw;F ,J gad;gLfpwJ.
 Jz;Lg;gpuRuk; rpwpanjhU gpuRukhFk;. ,jid tPjpapNy nry;fpd;w kf;fspw;F
tpepNahfpg;gu;.

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 25

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

 ,j;Jz;Lg; gpuRuk; %yk; rpW tpahghupfSk; jdpahu; fy;tp epiyaq;fSk; mjpf

gad;ngWtu;.
 kf;fsplj;jpNy xU Fwpg;gpl;l tp\aj;ijf; $wp tpopg;Gzu;T Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
kjg;gpur;rhuq;fspw;Fk; Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs; cgNahfkhfpd;wd.
 ,j;Jld; etPd ntFrdj; njhlu;Grhjdkhf mjpfupj;j ghtidapy; ,aq;Fk; ,izaKk;
kpfr;rpwe;j njhlu;Grhjdkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wikAk;> mtw;wpd; gad;ghLk; $wg;gLjy;
ed;W.

15. “rpWtu; cupik”

 rKfq;fspd; vjpu;fhyj;ij epu;zapg;gtu;fs; rpWtu;fNs!
Mdhy; kpUfj;jd;ik Nfhuj; jhz;ltkhLk; ehLfspy;
,sikg; gUtj;ijg; gwpnfhLj;j rpWtu;fsplk; ,Ue;J ve;j
tifahd vjpu;fhyj;ij ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;f KbAk;?
 13Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu rpWtu; cupik gw;wp ahUk;
mf;fiw fhl;ltpy;iy. 18> 19Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;
Nkw;Fyfk; rpWtu; njhlu;gpy; fhl;ba mf;fiw
fhj;jpukhdjhFk;.
 rpWtu;fs; tplaj;jpy; ehk; mtu;fNshL md;ghf ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. rpWtu;
rpWkpaiu ekJ gps;isfs; Nghy; guhkupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Nghupd; nfhLikfs; rpWtu;fisNa ngupJk; ghjpf;fpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; fle;j xU
jrhg;j fhyj;jpy; xd;wiu yl;rk; rpWtu;fs; MAjg; Nghupdhy; nfhy; yg;gl;bUf;fpwhu;fs;.
,jpYk; ehd;F klq;fNdhu; mq;ftPdu;fs; cs;sdu;. vz;zpf;ifaw;w NkYk; gyu;
kpUfj;jdkhd tpisTfspdhy; cstpay; uPjpapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,d;Dk; Vuhskhd
rpWtu; rpWkpau; kiwKfkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. gy ehLfspy; gfilfshfTk;
,yf;FfshfTk; rpWtu;fs; elj;jg;gLfpwhu;fs;. nfhNwhdh Nehapdhy; fw;wy; cupikia
,oe;j gpd;idfs; 250gpy;ypad; vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ.
 mzp jpul;lg;gl;Lk;> flj;jpr; nry;yg;gl;L rpWtu;fs; Aj;j fsq;fs; MAjk; Ve;jpg; Nghuhl
epu;ge;jpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
 rl;l tpNuhjkhfj; jLj;J itf;fg;gLjy;> fLikahd rpj;jputij> fhzhky; Nghjy; gzk;
Nfl;L flj;jg;gLjy; vdg; gy tbtq;fspy; rpWtu;fs; kPjhd mtyq;fs; epfo;fpd;wd.
 Aj;jj;jpd; rfy tpjkhd mtyq;fspw;Fk; Kfk; nfhLf;Fk; rpWtu;fspd; tho;jypw;fhd
cupik kWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 rpWtu; cupikfspw;fhfg; ghLgLgtu;fs; rpWtu; njhlu;gpy; rKjhaj;jpd; kdg;ghq;iff;
fUj;jpy; vLj;jy; mtrpak;. rpWtu; njhlu;ghd rKjhaj;jpd; kdg;ghq;F nghUshjhu>
r%f> murpay;> fyhrhu fhuzpfshy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 19Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Foe;ij xU nrhj;jhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. vdNt
mij tpw;fyhk;> mijf; iftplyhk; my;yJ J\;gpuNahfk; nra;ayhk;.
 rpWtu; njhlu;ghd ePjp mikg;Gf;fs; ,tw;wpid cs;thq;fp rpWtu; njhlu;ghd
td;Kiwfspw;F rl;lq;fs; %yk; Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jd.

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 26

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; rpWtu;fisj; jdpj;j gpuptpduhf Vw;W f;nfhs;Sk; ghupa

khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.
 1949Mk; Mz;by; “n[dPthrkthak;” MAjg; gpzf;Ffspy; rpWtu;fspd; epiygw;wp
tpNrlkhff; Fwpg;gpl;L gjpide;J tajpw;F cl;gl;l rpWtu; vtUk; Nghupy;
gq;Fnfhs;syhfhJ vd;W tpjpj;Js;sJ.
 1960 fspd; gpw;$w;wpy; Adpnrg; Muk;gpj;j GjpanjhU Kaw;rp rpWtu;fspw;nfd rkhjhdg;
gpuhe;jpaq;fis cz;lhf;fpaik MFk;. Nghu; elf;fpd;w ehLfspy; FWfpafhy Nghu;
epWj;jj;ij Vw;gLj;jp rpWtu;fspw;fhd jLg;G kUe;Jfis Cl;lf;$ba R+o;epiyia
Adpnrg; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fpwJ.
 nygdhd;> gpypg;igd;]; Mfpa ehLfspy; Adpnrg; mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; ,ize;J
gy;NtW rka> ,dg; gpd;dzpfisr; rhu;e;j rpWtu;fis xd;W Nru;j;J
mtu;fspilNaAs;s NtWghLfis tpsf;fp mtw;iw kjpj;J tsug; gapw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis
epiwNtw;wp tUfpwJ.
 ,d;W rpWtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;> rKjhaj;JlDk; kf;fSldhd cwTfs;> jhu;kPf
rKjhaj;ijAk; tho;f;ifiaAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; kdg;ghq;F ahTk; ghjpf;fg;
gLfpd;wd.
 1924,y; If;fpaehLfs; mitapdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l gpufldj;jpy; grpapy; ,Ue;Jk; Vida
nghUshjhuj; NjitfspypUe;Jk; Foe;ijfs; ghJfhf;f g;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 1948Mk; Mz;L ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk; rpWtu;fs; ghJfhf;f g;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd typAWj;jpaJ.
 If;fpa ehLfs; rig 1979Mk; Mz;il rpWtu; Mz;lhf gpufldg;gLj;jp 1999,y; rpWtu;
cupikfs; gpufldj;jpd; ,UgjhtJ Mz;L epiwitf; nfhz;lhbaJ.
 1989Mk; Mz;bd; nghJr; rig rpWtu; cupikfs; rkthaj;ij mq;fPfupj;jJ.
 ru;tNjr rpWtu; jpdk; xt;nthU tUlKk; Ig;grp khjk; Kjyhk; jpfjp
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

16.“nlq;F fha;r;ry;”
 %isf; fha;r;ry; Nghd;W Esk;Gfshy; (nfhRf;fshy;)
guTk; kw;nwhU fha;r;ry; nlq;F fha;r;ry; MFk;. ,J
Foe;ijfs;> rpWtu;fs; MfpNahUf;Nf mjpfk;
Vw;gLfpwJ.
 nlq;F (Dengue) vd;w itu]; fpUkpfs;
Foe;ijfisg; ghjpf;Fk;NghJ NghJ nlq;F fha;r;ry; tUfpd;wJ. VjhtJ xU tif
itu]; kdpjidj; jhf;fpdhNy nlq;Ff; fha;r;ry; gutptpLk;.
 nlq;F fpUkpfs; Vb]; ,[pg;b (Aedes aegypti) vd;w Esk;Gfs; %yk; guTfpd;wd.
 nlq;F fha;r;riy cz;lhf;Fk; Esk;Gfs; thOk; ,lq;fshf jz;zPu; cile;j XLfs;>
rl;bfs;> jfug; Ngzpfs;> Njq;fha;r; rpul;ilfs;> lau;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
 ,e; Esk;Gfs; gfypy; kl;LNk kdpjidf; fbf;Fk;.

T72 jkpo; - f.ngh.j cau;juk; ,.mE}\d;[National Dip.in.Teach] (njh.,. 0774323124) gf;fk; 27

 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

nlq;F fha;r;rypd; mwpFwpfs; gpd;tUtd njd;gLk;.

1. jpBnud;W 104 °F tiu fha;r;ry; nfhjpf;Fk;.
2. new;wpapy; nghWf;fKbahj typ> jiytyp> %l;Ltyp Vw;gLk;.
3. cly; typ nghWf;f KbahjpUf;Fk;
4. clypy; rptg;Gepwj; jbg;Gfs; njd;gLk;.
5. gy; <Wfspy; ,uj;jk; frpAk;. %f;fpypUe;J ,uj;jk; nfhl;Lk;. the;jp> kyk;> rpWePu;
vd;gtw;wpy; ,uj;jk; fye;J ntspNaWk;.
 ,e;j mwpFwpfs; njd;gl;lhy; rPf;fpuj;jpy; kuzk; Vw;gLk;.
 rpyupw;F ve;j mwpFwpAk; njupahky; fLikahd fha;r;ry; Vw;gl;L jpBnud;W Xu;
mjpu;r;rpepiy Njhd;wp if> fhy; Fspu;e;JtpLk;. %r;rpiwg;G Vw;gLk;. ,uj;j mOj;jk;>
ehbj;Jbg;G> ntFthff; Fiwe;J Raepidit ,oe;J tpLk;. kuzj;ijAk; jOTk;.
nlq;F fha;r;ry; tuhky; jLg;gjw;fhd Kiwfs;
1. Esk;Gf; fbiaj; jLg;gjw;fhd Kd;Ndw;ghLfisr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
2. tPl;by; Rw;Wg;Gwq;fspYk; jz;zPu; Njq;fhky; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
3. Esk;G kUe;J njspj;jy;> cwq;Fk; NghJ Foe;ijapd; clk;G KOtJk; cilfshy;
%btpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
4. Neha;f;fhd mwpFwpfs; njd;gl;lTld; cldbahf itj;jpaiu ehl Ntz;Lk;.
5. Rw;Wg; Gwr; R+oYf;F kUe;J njspf;fNtz;Lk;. nrbnfhbfSf;F kj;jpapy;> fhDf;Fs;>
G+r;rhb> ePu; epw;Fkplk;.
Esk;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;
 ePiu epug;Gtjd; %yKk; ePiu tba tpLtjd; %yKk; Esk;G cw;gj;jpahFk; ,lq;fis
mfw;wyhk;.
 Njitaw;w jfuq;fs;> lau;fs;> ntw;Wg;Ngzpfs; kioePu; Njq;Fgtw;iw mfw;wy;.
 kio ePu; tbtjw;F rpwe;j tha;f;fhy; tiufis mikj;jYk; mtw;iw guhkupj;jYk;.
 G+r;rhbfisr; Rj;jk; nra;J ePiu khw;W jy;.
 ePu;epiyfspy; MNyhridfSf;Nfw;g ,urhadg; nghUl;fisg; ghtpj;jy;.
 Rfhjhug; gFjpapdupd; MNyhridfis ehly;;.

17. “ifalf;f njhiyNgrp”

 njhiyNgrp ,t;Tyfpy; kpfg;ngupa gq;iff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,g;nghOJ njhiyNgrp
,d;wpaikahjJ Mfptpl;lJ. mtruj;jpw;F gpwiuj;
njhlu;G nfhs;s njhiyNgrp cjTfpwJ.
 mnkupf;fhitr; Nru;e;j mnyf;]hz;lu; fpu`hk; ngy; vd;gtu; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. njhiyNgrp
kpfj; njhiytpy; cs;NshiuAk; fhy jhkjkpd;wp NeUf;F Neuhfg; NgRk; mDgtj;ij
nfhLf;fpwJ. njhiyNgrp ,Ue;jhy; nrd;W te;j nryTk; NeuKk; rpukKk; kpr;rk; MFk;.
njhiyNgrp ,J Nghd;w KiwfSf;Ff; Fiwe;j nryTld; Neuj;Jld; cjTfpwJ.
,d;iwf;F cyf KOikf;Fk; njhiyNgrp %yk; kdpjj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;syhk;. gy njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk;NghJ mUfpYs;s ,lq;fspypUe;Jk;
NgRtjw;Fk; njhiyNgrp xU rpwe;j Kiwahf Njhd;WfpwJ.

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 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

 etPd njhlu;G tsu;r;rpahf ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp Kiw Njhd;wpAs;sJ. ,J gpuhd;ld;

ngf;fu; vd;w Rtpl;ru;yhe;ijr; Nru;e;j mwptpay; mwpQu; 1980,y; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,d;iwa mwptpay; cyfpy; ,J kpf mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J mstpy;
rpwpajhf cs;sjhy; vspjhf vq;Fk; vLj;Jr; nry;y trjpahf cs;sJ. thfdq;fspy;
gazk; nra;Ak; NghJk; tPLfspy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ NtW vq;F ,Uf;Fk;NghJ ifalf;fj;
njhiyNgrpfs; njhlu;G nfhz;L Ngr kpfTk; cjtpahf cs;sJ.
 Ntz;Lk; egiuj; njhlu;G nfhs;Sk; trjpiaj; jtpu> ,jpy; NkYk; gad;fs; cs;sJ.
rpy ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpapy; Gifg;glk; vLf;Fk; trjp> ghly;fs; Nfl;Fk; trjp>
,d;lu;nel; trjpfs;> jfty;fis ghJfhj;jy;> fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy; gzpfis Kd;ndLj;jy;
Nghd;w gy trjpfs; cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; gy tifahd tpisahl;Lfs; cs;sd. rpy
rkaq;fspy; nghOJNghf;Fk; fUtpahfTk; ,ijg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;.
 ifalf;f njhiyNgrpapy; NgRtijj; jtpu;j;J vOj;J %yKk; njhlu;G nfhs;syhk;.
ngupa epWtdq;fs; ,r;Nritia ,ytrkhf mspf;fpd;wdu;. Mjyhy;> rpWrpW jfty;fis
(FWe; jfty;fis) vOj;J tbtj;jpy; mtu;fs; tpUk;Gk; egUf;F xU nehbapy;
mDg;gptplyhk;. ,jdhy; njhiyNgrp nryT FiwfpwJ. rpyu; ,e;j trjpia
Nfspf;iff;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
 vijAk; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwapy;jhd; mjpy; cs;s ed;ik> jPik fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjpf
ifj;njhiyNgrp ghtidahy; fw;wypy; <LghL FiwT> mjpu;tiyapd; jhf;fk;> ke;jGj;jp>
kdmOj;jk;> fyhr;rhu rPuopT> etPdkakhjy; vDk; Nghu;itapyhd jtwhd
eilKiwfs;> jtwhd ghypay;rhu; ce;Jjy;fs;> jtwhd cwT tsu;r;rp>
cjpug;ghfq;fshy; #oy; khrilT> jw;nfhiyfs;> ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;(kpd;dy;
jhf;fk;)> jPtputhj tsu;r;rp> ,iza jfty; jpUl;L vd gy thjfq;fs; Vw;glTk;
tha;g;Gs;sJ. ,tw;iw jtu;f;Fk; topKiwfisAk; ifj;njhiyNgrp gad;gLj;Jgtu;fs;
ftdj;jpy;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
 mwptpay; cyfpy; ,d;W njhiyj;njhlu;G fz;l tsu;r;rpapdhy; cyfk; kpfr; rpwpa
gug;Gilajhf tpsq;FfpwJ. “cyf fpuhkk;” Mf “ahJk; CNu ahtUq; Nfspu;...” vDk;
fzpadpd; gwehD}w;W tupfspd; cz;ik Gyg;gLfpwJ. vj;JiwapdUk; ahtUk; gjpa
fz;Lgpbg;Gfshy; gad;ngWfpd;wdu;.

18. “mwptpaypd; tsu;r;rp”

 “mwptpaypy; ehk; Gjpjhf fhzg;NghtJ
xd;Wk; ,y;iy> midj;Jk; Gije;j
cz;ikfs; jhd;. ahu; mijj; Njhz;b
vLf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJjhd; ,q;F Nfs;tp” vd;W
mofhfTk; midtUf;Fk; GupAk; tz;zKk;
Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiytUk; tpQ;QhdpAkhd kjpg;gpw;Fupa jpU. V.gp.N[. mg;Jy; fyhk;
mtu;fs; $wpAs;shu;.
 mf;fhyj;jpy; ek; Kd;Ndhu;fs; mDgtq;fis kl;LNk nfhz;L mwptpay; cz;ikfis
vspa Kiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jp te;jdu;. kuq;fs; tsu;j;jhy; ek;ikr; Rw;wp gpuhzthA
vdg;gLk; 0 2 kpFjpahFk;. mjdhy;> cly; MNuhf;fpak; ve;j tpjj;jpYk; ghjpf;fg;glhJ
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 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

vd;W ,g;NghJ ehk; Vl;by; gbj;Jg; Gupe;J nfhs;fpNwhk;. Mdhy;> “tPl;bw;F xU kuk;
tsu;g;Nghk;” vd;wdu; ek; Kd;Ndhu;. rhiy Xuq;fspy; kuk; el;lhu; mNrhfr; rf;futu;j;jp
“MYk; NtYk; gy;Yf;FWjp” Mdhy; ,d;W gy Gjpa Kiwfisf; ifahSfpd;wdu;.
'gwitiaf; fz;lhd; tpkhdk; gilj;jhd;.
ghAk; kPd;fspd; mofpdpy; glfpidg; gilj;jhd;.
vjpnuhyp Nfl;lhd; thndhyp gilj;jhd;.”
vd;W mofhf mwptpaiy eilKiwAld; mofhf xg;gpl;lhu; jkpo; mwpQu;. ehk; ,d;W
gy mwpQu;fsplk; fy;tp mwpT ngw;W mwptpay; tsu;r;rpapd; gad;fis
mDgtpf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,f;fhyf; fl;blf; fiy ty;Yeu;fs; $l fl;lKbahj mw;Gjkhd
fl;bl Ntiyg;ghLfSld;> fiyeaj;Jld; fhw;W> ntspr;rk; ,tw;iw fzf;fpl;L fl;ba
Nfhl;ilfs; Vuhsk;.
 “rhykd; muru;” me;jf; fhyj;jpy; jPg;ge;jq;fNs tpsf;fhf ,Ug;gijf; fz;L jd;
Qhdj;jha; jPNa ,d;wp tpsf;Ffs; tUq;fhyj;jpy; jiyfPohf vupAk; vd;whu;. mijf;
Nfl;l kf;fs; mtiuf; fz;L rpupj;jdu;. “,J vg;gb rhj;jpakhFk;? ” vd;wdu;. mjw;F
tpil ,g;NghJ ek;kplk; “jhk]; My;th vbrd;” fz;Lgpbg;G topahf tpsf;Ffs;
jiyfPohf kl;Lky;y gy topfspYk; gy tz;zq;fspYk; vupfpd;wJ.
“cs;spaJ va;jy; vspJkd; kw;We;jhd;
cs;spaJ cs;sg; ngwpd;” vd;w ts;Stupd; thf;fpw;F Vw;g vz;zq;fis ehk;
cUthf;fg; ghLgLNthk;.
 mwptpaypd; tsu;r;rpapy; xUtu; kl;Lk; gq;F tfpf;f KbahJ. ,ijNa xU mwpQu;
mofhf> “fiy vd;why; ehd;> mwptpay; vd;why; ehk;” vd tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
 njhiytpy; cs;stu;fsplk; njhlu;G nfhz;L NgRtJ vd;gJ xU fdT mf;fhyj;jpy;.
mij “mnyf;]hz;lu; fpu`k;ngy;” vd;w tpQ;Qhdp epidthf;fpdhu;. ,d;W mjd;
tsu;r;rp gbg;gbahf Kd;Ndwp iff;Fs; mlq;Fk;. vq;F nrd;whYk; vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;
nry;Nghd; (nry;yplk; Ngrp) vd;Dk; fUtpNa ,d;iwa tsu;r;rp.
 “mwptpay; vy;yhtw;wpd; Kjy; thu;j;ijiaf; $wptpLk;. Mdhy; Kbit epu;zapf;fhJ"
vd;whu; xU may;ehl;L mwpQu;. mJ njhlUk; ghijNa jtpu KbNt ,y;yhj xd;W.
“kpfpDk; FiwapDk; Neha; nra;Ak; E}Nyhu;
tspKjyh vz;zpa %d;W” vd;W ts;Stu; jpUf;Fwspy; eh mlf;fj;ij mjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mofhff; $wpAs;shu;. “,ja mWit rpfpr;ir” vd;why; mJ xU
ngupa Gzu; n[d;k tp\akhf mf;fhyj;jpy; fUjpdh;. ,d;W ,jaj;ij ntspNa vLj;J
nghWikahf gOJ ghu;j;J ,aq;f itf;fpd;wdu; ek; kUj;Jtu;fs;.
 “mwptpay; cz;ikahdit Mdhy; Mgj;jhdit” vd;fpwhu; [p.gp.\h. clypy; cs;s
midj;J cWg;GfisAk; gz;lkhw;W Kiw Nghy; khw;wp nghUj;Jk; msTf;F mwptpay;
tsu;e;Js;sJ. mWit rpfpr;irAk; kPwp Nyru; fUtpnfhz;L etPd tsu;r;rpapy; rpfpr;ir
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 “czNt kUe;J> kUe;Nj czT” vd;Dk; nkhop mofhf> RUf;fkhf> Mo;e;j
mu;j;jKila cz;ikfis ekf;F ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

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 ghujp gbg;gfk; - nghJf; fl;Liufs;

 mwptpay; tsu;r;rpapy; ey;ydtw;iw vLj;J nray;gLNthk;; jPadtw;iw mwNt

vz;zhjpUg;Nghk;.
“fw;f frlw fw;git fw;wgpd;
epw;f mjw;Fj; jf” vd;Dk; nre;ehg; Gytd; ts;Stdpd; thf;fpw;Nfw;g mwptpay;
tsu;r;rpia ehk; Mf;fG+u;tkhd topapy; nray;gLj;JNthk;.

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