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Acknowledgement
Firstly, all praises go to the Almighty Allah who has blessed us with the ability to acquire
knowledge and strength in the pandemic period to apply for the welfare of mankind and society.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our respected teachers and supervisors of this
project: Dr. Ishrat Islam, Professor, DURP, Bangladesh University of Engineering and
Technology; Dr. Afsana Haque, Professor, DURP, Bangladesh University of Engineering and
Technology; and Ms. Sadia Afroze, Lecturer, DURP, Bangladesh University of Engineering and
Technology for their sincere guideline and consistent support for the project. We would also like
to show our profound thankfulness to all the faculty member of DURP for the knowledge they
have conveyed to us. Without their support and assistance it would be not possible to complete
the work. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, it was quite impossible to pull out that
amount of work and finish this project, but their encouragement helped us all the way in this
research.
We would like to thank RAJUK, LGED for providing us with necessary documents required for
the project.
We would like to thank our classmates and fellow seniors for all their help and corporation in the
study.
And finally we would like to thank our parents for their continuous support and inspiration
without which it was impossible to accomplish the work.

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Abstract:
Slums are urban areas where access, informality, high residential density, insufficient
infrastructure, and a lack of basic services are a concern (World Bank, 2008). Nearly 30% of the
population of Dhaka, Bangladesh's capital, lives in slums. This paper aims to address existing
slum problems by proposing an on-site slum upgrade plan for Dhaka Match Colony that can
serve as a guideline for the upgrade of various other slums in Dhaka city. Numerous case studies
of slum upgrading both domestically and internationally were reviewed. Community
participation, ensuring tenure security, and so forth were deemed to be good practices, whereas
forcible eviction, altering community culture, and so forth were deemed to be practices that
resulted in failed slum upgradation. Additionally, existing national and international policies
were examined, and discrepancies in the standards proposed by these policies were discovered.
The existing state of our study area was appalling, with deficiencies in physical infrastructure,
water supply, and sanitation. Our team developed a policy for the study area's upgradation in
light of the existing standard of basic facilities reviewed and site condition. On the basis of this
policy, an upgradation plan was developed in which multiple apartment buildings with upgraded
infrastructure will be constructed and sold to the slum population. They will be able to own the
apartments after paying affordable monthly instalments for eight to ten years. We hope that the
proposed plan will serve as a model for future slum redevelopment efforts.

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................................3
Abstract:...........................................................................................................................................4
Chapter One: Introduction...............................................................................................................9
1.1 Background of the Study........................................................................................................9
1.1.1 Definition of Slums:........................................................................................................9
1.1.2. Slum Upgradation:.........................................................................................................9
1.1.3. Global Policies regarding Slum Upgradation:..............................................................10
1.1.4. Slum Upgrading Practices:...........................................................................................10
1.2 Study Area:..........................................................................................................................11
1.3 Goal of the project:..............................................................................................................12
1.4 Objectives of the Study:.......................................................................................................12
1.5 Rationale of the Study:.........................................................................................................12
1.6 Methodology........................................................................................................................12
1.6.1 Identifying the basic terminologies related to urban slum:...........................................13
1.6.2 Literature review:..........................................................................................................13
1.6.3 Selection of study Area.................................................................................................13
1.6.4 Collection of data..........................................................................................................13
1.6.5. Formulation of Development Plan...............................................................................13
1.6.5.1 Generation of vision and policies...............................................................................13
1.6.5.2 Preparing a design concept.........................................................................................13
1.6.6 Preparation of Final Report...........................................................................................13
1.7 Limitations of the Study:......................................................................................................14
1.8 Scope of the Study:..............................................................................................................14
Chapter Two: Literature Review...................................................................................................14
2.1 Definition of Slum...............................................................................................................14
2.1.1 Bangladesh Perspective:................................................................................................15
2.1.2 Asian Perspective: India:...............................................................................................15
2.1.3 South American Perspective: Brazil..............................................................................15
2.1.4 African Perspective: South Africa.................................................................................16
2.2 Definition of Slum Upgradation..........................................................................................16

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 2.2 Slum Upgrading: Good Practices.....................................................................................16
2.3 Slum Upgrading: Bad Practices.......................................................................................18
Chapter Three: Review of related Policy Documents Review......................................................20
3.1 Global and National Policies:..............................................................................................21
SDG 1 No Poverty..................................................................................................................21
SDG 3 Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-being for All at All ages:..........................21
SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities........................................................................21
Challenges of Slum, 2013......................................................................................................21
A Practical Guide to Design, Plan, and Execute Citywide Slum Upgrading Program, 2014:
................................................................................................................................................22
Eighth Five Year Plan (July 2020 - June 2025):....................................................................22
Dhaka City Corporation Act 2009:........................................................................................22
Sector Development Plan (FY 2011-2025):...........................................................................22
National Policy for Arsenic Mitigation, 2014:.......................................................................23
Housing Related Policies:..........................................................................................................23
The Human Rights-Based Approach to Housing and Slum Upgrading, 2017:......................23
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Housing for All (Urban), 2016:.............................................23
The Private Residential Land Development Rule, 2004........................................................23
National Housing Policy, 2016..............................................................................................24
Khas Land Management Policies:..........................................................................................24
Water and Sanitation Related Policies:......................................................................................24
SDG 6: Ensure Availability and Sustainability Management of Water and Sanitation for All:
................................................................................................................................................24
PRO POOR STRATEGY for Water and Sanitation Sector in Bangladesh, 2005:................24
National Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2014:....................................................25
Bangladesh Water Act, 2013:.................................................................................................25
Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) Annual Report 2018-2019:........25
Solid Waste Management and Sanitation:..............................................................................25
Table: Comparative Matrix Identifying the Gap among Policies:.........................................26
Chapter Four: Study Area Profile..................................................................................................30
3.1 Location of the Site..............................................................................................................31
3.2 Site Boundary.......................................................................................................................31
3.3 Historical Development of the Area:...................................................................................31

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 3.4 Demographic Characteristics (Assumed):...........................................................................32
3.5 Environmental Condition:....................................................................................................32
3.6 Socio Physical Characteristics:............................................................................................32
3.7 Community Facilities:..........................................................................................................33
Chapter Five: Vision & Policies....................................................................................................33
Vision:........................................................................................................................................33
Mission:......................................................................................................................................33
1.1 Housing Policies:..............................................................................................................33
2.1 Water Related Policies:....................................................................................................34
2.2 Sanitation Policies:...........................................................................................................34
3.1 Road Policies:...................................................................................................................34
3.2 Drainage Policies:.............................................................................................................34
3.3 Waste Management Policies:...........................................................................................34
3.4 Open Space:......................................................................................................................35
3.6 Disaster Management:......................................................................................................35
Chapter Six: On-site Development plan and proposals for the improvement of living condition of
the residents...................................................................................................................................36
6.1Housing Development:.........................................................................................................36
6.1.1 Housing Unit design:.....................................................................................................36
6.2 Community facilities development:.....................................................................................37
6.2.1 Community school:.......................................................................................................37
6.2.2 Community Mosque:.....................................................................................................37
6.2.3 Commercial facilities:...................................................................................................37
6.2.4 Multipurpose building:..................................................................................................38
6.2.5 Central Waste Collection Point:....................................................................................38
6.3 Roads....................................................................................................................................38
6.4 Water....................................................................................................................................38
6.5 Sanitation.............................................................................................................................38
6.6 Drainage and Sewage System:.............................................................................................39
6.6 Open space and parks:..........................................................................................................39
6.7 Buffer:..................................................................................................................................39
6.8 Water body:..........................................................................................................................39
6.9 Lighting and ventilation:......................................................................................................39

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 6.10 Phase Development:...........................................................................................................39
Phase 1:...................................................................................................................................39
Phase 2:...................................................................................................................................40
Phase 3:...................................................................................................................................40
Phase 4:...................................................................................................................................40
6.11 Waste Management:...........................................................................................................40
6.12 Rent Collection:.................................................................................................................41
6.13 Community Involvement:..................................................................................................41
Chapter Seven: Recommendation & Conclusion..........................................................................43
7.1 Major Findings.....................................................................................................................43
7.2 Recommendation.................................................................................................................43
7.3 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................43
References:....................................................................................................................................44
Appendix A....................................................................................................................................47
Cost Estimation:.........................................................................................................................47
Monthly income from EMI/Rent:..............................................................................................48
Affordability scheme:................................................................................................................48
Land use:....................................................................................................................................49
Appendix B....................................................................................................................................50
Appendix C....................................................................................................................................52

List of Tables
Table 2.1: Comparative analysis of Successful and Unsuccessful Slum Upgradation…………..20
Table 3.1: Comparative Matrix Identifying the Gap among Policies……………………………26
Table 6.1: Housing Unit distribution…………………………………………………………….36

List of Figures
Fig 6.1.1: 300 sq. ft. unit design…………………………………………………………………36
Fig 6.1.2: 500 sq. ft. unit design…………………………………………………………………37
Fig 6.1.3: 400 sq. ft. unit design…………………………………………………………………37

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Fig 6.14: Proposed Site design for Dhaka Match……………………………………………......42

Chapter One: Introduction

This chapter includes a general overview about why and how the study was conducted. The
objectives of the study and how the objectives are fulfilled through sequential steps are described
here. The chapter also includes some unavoidable limitations of the study.

1.1 Background of the Study

According to UN-Habitat, almost 32% of the world’s urban population, live in slums, the majority live
in developing countries (UN-Habitat 2003). The urban Population of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh,
is increasing at a faster rate than what can be sustained (BBS, 2011). The capital receives nearly four
lakh rural migrants annually most of whom take shelter in the slums (Mohit, 2012). The problem of
slums has become more so acute in the recent years, that various sociologists and economists, planners
and policy makers have started to be concerned (BBS, 2014). The slum people have the fundamental
constitutional right of having a better condition of life with access to basic service facilities. The
government is trying to fulfill those needs for the slum people in order to meet the goals and targets set
by Sustainable Development Goals, 8th-five-year plan and so on. To bring these policies into actions and
improve the living conditions of slum dwellers, on-site slum development can be a better way out.

1.1.1 Definition of Slums:

The World Bank Defined slums as Urban areas that are suffering from problems of accessibility,
informality, very high residential densities, and inadequate infrastructure and no basic services. (World
Bank, 2008). Early definitions defined slum as – a. a predominantly poor housing b. very high housing
density c. poor sewerage and drainage facilities (Ariffin et al., 1991In Bangladesh, slums are defined as
a cluster of compact settlements of 5 or more households which generally grow very unsystematically
and haphazardly in an unhealthy condition and atmosphere on government and private vacant land.
Slums also exist on the owner-based household premises. (BBS, 2014) In order to overcome these
problems, slum upgradation plays an important role.1.1.2. Slum Upgradation:

Slum upgrading, not eviction, is critical as the world urbanizes. This means improving living
conditions of informal settlements in a responsible manner, providing access to decent housing in
the short term and the long term. Viratkapan & Perera (2006) distinguish five factors
determine slum upgrading results, i.e.: 1) the convenience of the new location; 2) the

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compensation; 3) the unity of the community or the cohesion and strength of leadership; 4) the
participation of community members; and 5) the attitude of the community members towards the
new location.

1.1.3. Global Policies regarding Slum Upgradation:

Global and National policies are some deliberate systems or principles to guide decisions,
achieve rational consequences and standard planning procedure. These documents will reveal
the protocols and procedures undertaken in other countries regarding settlements and
inhabitants’ livelihood. These also show the future vision the global and national organizations
have with regard to the slums. The SDG is one of the policies which addresses slums globally.
The Goals 1, 2, 3, 6 and 11 are directly related to slums (SDG, 2018). They identify the
problems related to slums and set indicators to monitor how the development in these aspects
are going. The government of Bangladesh has different policies set for slum dwellers. In the
Eighth-five-year plan, we can see different sections devoted to the urban poor and policies for
their development. The government has enacted different policies for the housing and
infrastructure, water and sanitation, health of the slum dwellers. According to the policy papers
safe drinking water source should be available in every courtyard as well as improved
sanitations must be provided to every household. The national housing policy (2016) dealt with
informal settlements under section 4.7 and dealt with basic rights of the inhabitants under
section 5.1. The Human Rights-Based Approach to Housing and Slum Upgrading (2017) also
worked towards the rights of the slum dwellers, updated by UN-HABITAT as a guide for
housing and slum upgrading. The GoB has also initiated different social security programs to
decrease poverty of the urban poor.

1.1.4. Slum Upgrading Practices:

Slum upgrading is a vital part of urban development. But it frequently ignores success elements.
This may be related to slums as defined by theory and research. Slums are settlements created
without permission from the authorities (illegal or semi-legal) in poor areas of the city (UN-
Habitat, 2016; Srinivas, 2005). It is an issue, a kind of urban informality, and a neglected
environment, but it ignores the perspective of the occupants. Identifying the target group is
often difficult. Planners, decision-makers, and slum inhabitants may have differing perspectives
on slum upgrading, causing planning to fail. Private sector engagement causes project failure.

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Due to the government's incapacity to offer public housing, developers into the building trade.
Slum rehabilitation programs profit from TDR (Transferable Development Rights) for the
developers involved. The reduction in building time and cost without compromising quality
may encourage more private developers to embark on similar projects (Sorate et al.2014; Tiwari
et al. 2014). Slum dwellers' constitutional rights (SDG) are not met due to private sector profit
motive. For example, in the Turkish Gecekondu Slum, the private sector was involved in the
TOKI (Turkish Housing Authority) upgrade failure. The initiative failed due to Top-Down
planning, forced banks loan system, personal behavior engagement, and insufficient slum
formalization strategy.

Again, slum upgrading best practices are sustainable. Participation of the community also helps.
It should change the slum's infrastructure and residents' lifestyle. The policy should reduce
poverty over time, or at least ensure that the poor do not get worse off or grow in number. A
project is more likely to be a best practice if it addresses multiple categories of urban poverty,
rather than simply one (yen 2004). For example, the BIP delivered beneficial change to roughly
67 percent of Calcutta's 3 million-person slums (Pugh 1990). During the 1970s, the project
lowered the death rate from waterborne infections, such as cholera (Werlin, 1999).

1.2 Study Area:

Dhaka Match Colony is in DSCC ward 50. The research area is.03 sq.km and has a population of
4194. (RAJUK, 2020). The slum is surrounded by around 300 industries, including steel mills,
plastic and melamine factories, brick kilns, ice cream, bulb, garment, fan, and tile factories. The
Pagla sewage treatment plant is to the north. Dhaka Match Colony's residents are mostly factory
employees, street hawkers, brick field and sand business laborers. Katcha buildings predominate.
A few semi-pucca and pucca two-story buildings exist. The community's roads are tiny, with
both paved and unpaved access roads. The land is low-lying and lacks proper drainage. As a
result, during the rainy season, roads and buildings are inundated. A safety audit for Dhaka
Match Colony revealed difficulties such as substandard roads, water logging, hard to spot holes,
dark places, meeting places like as truck stands, tea stalls, and a lack of room for girls to
socialize among themselves. Insufficient public lighting causes eve teasing and sexual
harassment of young girls travelling alone.The proprietor of the match factory originally
supplied the slum land for the labor laborers. But the other on-site services were inadequate for
slum dwellers. Moreover, the recent death of a plant owner produced a land tenure issue. Our
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research will focus on the on-site upgrade programs both at home and overseas. We are also
concentrating on global and national slum upgrading policies. The major aim will be to provide
an on-site upgrade plan for the residents of match colony.

1.3 Goal of the project:

Our goal in this project is on-site slum upgradation. The Dhaka Match Colony is surrounded with
industries and factories. Majority of inhabitants of the slum are factory workers and street hawkers.
Studying the existing living condition and standard of the slum dwellers is a great opportunity. Most of
the slum people can’t afford better quality housing. Also, there was some problems with basic service
facilities; namely pure water supply, proper sanitation, waste removal system, adequate open space
and drainage system.

1.4 Objectives of the Study:

 To understand the nature and scope of on-site slum upgradation program both in home and
abroad.
 To study the global and national policy documents and their relevance with on-site
slum upgradation program
 To study the existing living conditions of the slum dwellers
 To propose an on-site slum-upgradation plan meeting the needs of the inhabitants.

1.5 Rationale of the Study:

Dhaka's population is huge compared to its size. Naturally, housing is a major issue. So, slums
are a common home for the urban poor. Slums are home to 22.32.114 people (BBS, 2014).
Rehabilitating this many people is impractical. So, slum upgrading is the next best thing to
help these people in the short term. Match Colony is a well-known slum in Dhaka. This slum's
upgrade plan can be used to upgrade other slums nearby. Some national and global policy
papers had been studied. Various national and global policy documents were reviewed to
understand the global and national context of slums. Various national and international slum
upgrading cases help us identify which initiatives work. The policy papers aid the research in
determining what actions are required. The upgrade program will significantly improve slum
dwellers' lives.

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1.6 Methodology
Methodology is the process by which the objectives of a study are fulfilled. Methodology
includes a collection of theories, ideas as they relate to a particular discipline or field of
enquiry. The various steps through which the study has been conducted are given below:

1.6.1 Identifying the basic terminologies related to urban slum:

Definition of slums and other terminologies related to urban slums were being identified and
compared from both global and regional context

1.6.2 Literature review:

To have a clear understanding of on-site development project of different urban slums and low-
income settlement upgrading process launched in different countries have been reviewed.
Thesis papers, national and international policy papers, relevant articles and web documents
were proved to be helpful in this context.

1.6.3 Selection of study Area

We selected Match colony Basti for our study area. It is situated in Shyampur thana ward no 50
of Dhaka South City Corporation.

1.6.4 Collection of data

Due to Covid- 19 pandemic situations we could not perform any physical survey or
questionnaire checklist from where we could get primary data of the site. We collected
secondary data from internet and other governmental information site and related reports. (Dr.
Afsana et. al, 2021)

1.6.5. Formulation of Development Plan

After knowing the site, a plan has been developed for the Match colony people to provide them
with affordable housing. The plan has been developed following certain steps

1.6.5.1 Generation of vision and policies

Mission and visions have been generated for the project and policies are developed according to
the vision. The associated relevant issues as ensuring affordable housing, Environmental safety,
community management has been addressed with relation to SDG and a probable solution has
been obtained.

1.6.5.2 Preparing a design concept

After the generation of mission, vision and policies, the proposals are transformed in terms of
space and a design for the site has been prepared.
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1.6.6 Preparation of Final Report
Compiling all the sequential works and procedures a final report was prepared which includes
detailed information about the existing condition as well as its detailed design layout, phasing
and some recommendation for the on-site development project.

1.7 Limitations of the Study:

The lack of proper field/primary data hampered this on-site slum upgrade of Dhaka Match
Colony. Only one secondary data source. Because the study was undertaken during the COVID-
19 outbreak and subsequent nationwide lockdown, we had to conduct our research online. We
couldn't physically go there. Secondary data substantially influences the validity and
dependability of field data. Another study on this area, notably this slum, was lacking. We
couldn't find many studies on slum upgrading. On-site slum improvement may be a better option
for slum dwellers. Our study's outcome may have been influenced by our time and resource
limitations. On-site slum upgrading is a tough process, and inexperience could lead to design
errors.

1.8 Scope of the Study:

The development plan was proposed according to the secondary data of the study area. So, there
was not enough flexibility for designing. This project is planned according to the standards
provided by different national and international papers related to slum development. The
proposed on-site slum upgradation plan can be used as a guideline for future developments of
other slums in Dhaka City. The government or other private development authority can develop
other slum areas based on this design and guidelines.

Chapter Two: Literature Review

This chapter summarizes the case studies that were conducted in order to have a better
understanding of the process of on-site development.

2.1 Definition of Slum

“Slums are Urban Areas that Are Suffering from Problems of Accessibility, Informality, Very
High Residential Densities, Inadequate Infrastructure and No Basic Services.” (World Bank,
2008) The World Bank focuses lack of better accessibilities, informalities and mentions about
very high residential densities of a slum but doesn’t specify any density measurement/ criteria. It

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mentions about inadequate infrastructures but adequacy standard is not established. It mentioned
informality, but in some places in the world we can see formal settlements that is also known as
slums. “Slums are settlements where a slum dweller faces issues like Insecurity of Tenure, Low
Structural Quality of Dwelling, Poor Access to Safe Water, Inaccessibility to sanitation
facilities and Insufficient Living Space.” (UN Habitat, 2015) The UN Habitat proclaimed that
definition of ‘slum is debatable, or there is some ambiguity because there is no specific definition
worldwide, and they couldn’t provide one. They stated that, a hypothetical slum dweller should
face some obstacles, like tenure insecurity, low structural quality, improper accessibility to safe
water, sanitation and living spaces
2.1.1 Bangladesh Perspective:
“A Slum is a cluster of compact settlements of 5 or more households which generally grow
very unsystematically and haphazardly in an unhealthy condition and atmosphere on
government and private vacant land. Slums also exist on the owner-based household premises.
(Census of Slum Areas and Floating Population, 2014)” In the context of Bangladesh, 5
households in quite rare and lot less in what we see.

Within Bangladesh, there are another two types of informal living settlements namely floating
population and squatter settlement. “Floating population constitutes the mobile and vagrant
category of rootless people who have no permanent dwelling units and they are found on the
census night during 00.00-06.00 AM of the 25th April, 2014 on the streets, rail station, launch
ghat, hat-bazar, Mazar, open spaces etc”. (Census of Slum Areas and Floating Population, 2014)
“Squatter settlements are lands which are illegally occupied, third-party constructed households
in which squatter people who lives on these lands with paying non-relatable land owners or
without paying to the owners at all.” (Census of Slum Areas and Floating Population, 2014)
Most people identify squatter settlements as slums but according to definition, similarities cannot
be found.

2.1.2 Asian Perspective: India:

Slums are defined as residential areas where dwellings are unfit for human habitation by
reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements and design of such buildings,
narrowness or faulty arrangement of street, lack of ventilation, light, or sanitation facilities or
any combination of these factors which are detrimental to the safety and health. (Census of
India, 2011) Slums are characterized as high density and structurally inadequate in both the

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definitions of World Bank and UN Habitat; Thhe Indian definition of slum highlights the issue
of narrow and unacceptably narrow roads. Sanitation and ventilation issues are addressed in both
the Indian and global definitions.

2.1.3 South American Perspective: Brazil

The slums of Brazil are traditionally known as Favela. These slums were created in the slope of
mountains by the freed slave during the abolishment of slavery in the eighties. These favelas can
be identified based on seven criteria specified by the Brazilian housing policy: (1) Building
conditions; (2) Roads; (3) drainage; (4) water supply; (5) sanitation; (6) solid waste; And (7) fire
safety and public space. (Renato,2019) The criteria specified match well with the other
definitions. The infrastructure gap on fire safety and public space is a unique criterion. As the
slums are so densely populated, the risk of fire hazard dramatically increases. Thus, the Brazilian
government has given this special consideration. Fire is also a common occurrence in the slums
of Bangladesh.

2.1.4 African Perspective: South Africa

The 2011 Census of South Africa defines an informal settlement as: ‘An unplanned settlement
on land which has not been surveyed or proclaimed as residential, consisting mainly of informal
dwellings (shacks)’. In turn, the census defines an ‘informal dwelling’ as: ‘A makeshift structure
not erected according to approved architectural plans’. (HAD, 2013) The 2009 National Housing
Code’s Informal Settlement Upgrading Program identifies informal settlements on the basis of
the following characteristics: (i) Illegality and informality; (ii) Inappropriate locations; (iii)
Restricted public and private sector investment; (HAD, 2013) (iv)Poverty and vulnerability; and
(v)Social stress. In that case, illiteracy and informality are a slum problem. Globally slums are
defined as having illiteracy and informality, whereas Bangladesh does not define as such. In both
Bangladesh and South Africa, slums are defined as related to private sector or on private
unoccupied land.

2.2 Definition of Slum Upgradation

Slum upgrading is the process of improving the housing quality, infrastructure, social services,
livelihoods, and official status of slum people. Slum upgradation projects can range from small-
scale sector-specific projects (such as water taps, paved roads, and street lighting) to large-scale
housing and infrastructure projects (such as piped water and sewers into improved housing) to
integrated projects that combine built-environment interventions with social programs and

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political empowerment. It could also include providing slum inhabitants with legal rights and
tenure. (Corburn & Sverdlik, 2017)

2.2 Slum Upgrading: Good Practices

A successful slum improvement project should fulfill the main objectives of the project and
benefits the target group. A good slum upgrading project needs good financial support from
the
local authority and if possible, international organizations. Kampung Improvement Program
(KIP) was the world’s first slum upgrading project, and it was worth remembering because it met
the above criteria and gained success. (UN-HABITAT, 2006).

Community participation is vital to gain success at a slum upgrading project, as we seen in

slums like Hai El Salam (Egypt, 1994), Baan Makong (Archer, 2010), Slum Networking in
Ahmedabad, India (Tripathi, 1999). Secure land tenure ship must be maintained for the
inhabitants (Ettyang, 2011; Egypt, 1994; Archer, 2010; Patel ,2013). The supervisory authority
must be in charge of all project management and maintaining proper contact with stakeholders.
A separate project implementation agency, such as in Hai El Salam, could be advantageous.
Ensuring utility management and improving physical infrastructure is crucial. Authority
should mitigate the shortage of drinking water and pacca drainage like UPPR (Rahman & Hasi,
2014); Improvement of general aesthetics of the slums like landscape elements and street lights
in Slum Networking in India; managing public space like in KAMBI; development of income
generation activities, provision of healthcare facilities and is important in case of success for
example of Slum Networking in India, Ahmedabad; upgrading existing area and utilizing
resources, and provision of new plots like Hai El Salam. Former housing situations must be
improved like in Kambi, Overall education, livelihood, financial opportunities improved like in
UPPR. Other significant areas are Mediating past conflicts inside slums. Linkage with city and
proper transportation in Baan Makong; free from any political involvement, commercial
activities like Kambi. budget allocation for each improvement like in Jogen Babur Math Slum in
Dinajpur, Bangladesh. (JO A, 2016) internal cross-subsidy, innovative techniques and approach
similar as in Hai El Salam.

2.2.1 Case Study: Baan Makong

This project started in 2003 and by 2009 it had spread and upgraded numerous slums in different
cities of Thailand. It was mainly funded by the government of Thailand.
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The objective of the project was to (i) Improve living conditions of the sum, (ii)Support
community development (iii)Increase the organizational capacity of the poor.They aimed to
fulfill it by promoting community savings and providing low-interest loans. The upgradation was
done by- (i)On-site improvement: (ii)Re-blocking: (iii)Reconstruction: and (iv) Relocation

This project managed to improve the drainage systems, sanitation, household connections for
water supply and electricity, and grey-water treatment units. It provided tenure security which
has helped to secure legal access to water, sanitation and electricity and reduced their cost. It has
also helped some to gain formal employment as many employers require a formal address The
main reason for this success was Community-driven slum upgrading, flexibility in design,
institutional and funding arrangements and also political commitment and leadership. (Bhatkha
& Lucci, 2015)

2.3 Slum Upgrading: Bad Practices

A slum project that lacks community involvement in design, security, and implementation will
fail. A slum project that lacks community involvement in design, security, or implementation
will fail. Slum dwellers may not be able to afford it. The project has no cost-cutting strategy.
Insufficient distribution of facilities. People abuse their power. Officials should not be biased or
harmful to the project's beneficiaries, as in Bhasantek. In the Dandora Community Development
Project in Kenya, both lack of long-term habitation and a non-participatory top-down approach
are issues. (Njihia, 1982) The Lagos Metropolitan Development and Government Plan in Nigeria
has waterlogging issues due to inadequate drainage. Construction of an overhead tank went
unpaid. Lack of communication between residents and authorities. (Ilesanmi,2010) The main
flaw in the Dharavi Redevelopment Plan was the top-down approach, which ignored many
important slum issues. Lack of coordination among stakeholders and disregard for slum dwellers
also hampered community participation. (Roy & Roy, 2010) Fear of eviction and demolition by
outsiders. Participants in community activities, violations against project-caused causalities, and
lack of authority-resident connection Lack of leadership and coordination. The main reason is
job insecurity. These findings came from the Kibera Urban Environmental Sanitation Pilot
Project (KUESP). The Gecekonde Slum Upgrading Project in Ankara, Turkey, lacked
community participation. Economic crisis and loan problems caused by Turkish government's
market strategy. No non-governmental involvement, no change in slum dwellers' lifestyle, and
internal conflict among residents were also reasons for failure. (Wanjiru, 2016) The lack of

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housing authority monitoring and previously occupied slum plots reserved for playground and
recreational purposes contributed to the failure of SRA's slum project in Mumbai. Anand et al.
Diverse major focus areas, authorities, and developers failed. Miscommunication, disconnect
between plan and action. Not enough environmental clearance and re-adjustment of the
surrounding area. An upgradation project in West Delhi's Kathputli Slum faced these issues.
(Asher, 2010)

2.3.1 Case Study: Gecekondu

The Gecekondu slum in Ankara has evolved since the 1940s. Throughout the 2000s, the state
intervened in the lives of Gecekondu residents. The Gecekondu population was viewed as a
source of cheap labor and potential voters. Furthermore, the government saw slum revitalization
as a profitable venture that could be done in partnership with the private sector (Erman, 2016).

The main objectives were to (i) improve Ankara's image by relocating slum dwellers and (ii)
change their lifestyle from poor to middle class. In order to upgrade slum dwellers, the Turkish
Housing Development Administration (TOKI) forced them into the banking system for
apartment ownership and relocated them to housing estates built by TOKI, and governed the
housing estates via TOKI's private management company (Erman, 2016; Kuyucu, 2014). Legal
residents were relocated to 80 square meter apartments built on the original 333 square meter
land (Erman, 2016). The rules of conduct sparked disputes between residents and management.
The crowded environment in high-rise blocks hindered the reproduction of informal maintenance
practices (Erman, 2016). The residents finally endorsed the TOKI project. The complexities and
ambiguities of bringing a massive piece of land with varying degrees of informality in terms of
land tenure and house type into a formalized land tenure led to abuse (Erman, 2016; Kuyucu,
2014). The slum formalization strategy in Gecekondu led to conflicts and failed planning. Slum
relocation requires residents to change their lifestyles. The government saw Gecekondu as an
illegal slum that needed revitalization. The private sector stigmatized Gecekondu dwellers and
squatters as lower middle class. The project failed due to the residents, government, and private
sector's differing perspectives.

The established good and bad practices assist us in determining the procedure for dealing with
various aspects of slum upgradation.

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 Case of Failed Slum Case of Successful Slum
Comparative Aspects
Upgradation Upgradation
Planning approach Top-down. Participation and collaboration.
Provision of adequate housing
Planning orientation Market oriented. for
lower class people.
Only self-serving strategies Long term residence and tenure
Planning strategy
were prioritized. ship disagreement
Only government or private Joint partnership of government
Supervising Authority
authority in control and NGO’s
No Ground level Multiple Ground level
Actor participator Organizations to ensure organizations mobilized
successful implementation successful implementation.
The convenience of the new Forced transformation of the Accommodate community
location (related to the community lifestyle into culture and encourage to
expected transformation unsuitable community transform community lifestyle
pattern) culture. into healthier lifestyle.
No empowerment to Community empowerment to
Supporting element
improve life quality of the improve economic and social
(empowerment)
community. capacity of the community.
Eviction or loans at higher Giving relocation grants to slum
Compensation
interest rates. dwellers.
Reasonable manifesto which are
Others Overreaching manifesto able to resonate with the target
group

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Chapter Three: Review of related Policy Documents Review

We have selected a bunch of policy documents, both international and national documents to
review the policies, plans, or strategies. These documents contain global commitments, national
and sectoral level policies, and strategies to identify the gaps between the policy frameworks,
addressing the improvement of the overall environment of the slum areas.In the following, we’ve
sorted out a total of 23 reviewed documents that are divided into the following categories:
(Appendix C)

3.1 Global and National Policies:

SDG 1 No Poverty
Goal 1 calls for an end to poverty in all its manifestations by 2030. It also aims to ensure social
protection for the poor and vulnerable, increase access to basic services, and support people
harmed by climate-related extreme events and other economic, social, and environmental shocks
and disasters. The urban poor and slum dwellers are also included in the objectives of this goal.
(UNDP, 2020)

SDG 3 Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-being for All at All ages:
SDG goal 3 deals with health issues. It has 13 targets and 28 indicators, but among them, only
3.3, 3.5, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9 and 3.a is relevant to slum upgrading and they contain 15 indicators. 5 of
the indicators discuss different types of diseases like AIDS, Malaria and provide guidelines for
reducing the diseases. The other indicators discussSD issues about the mortality rates, drug
abuse, sexual and reproductive issues, less affordability of medicines, and essential health care
and tobacco control. Those are the common issues in the slums of Bangladesh. The SDG goal 3
guidelines will provide many solutions to those problems of slum upgrading. (UN General
Assembly, 2015)

SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities

The SDG 11 is to "Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable" as the world becomes
increasingly urbanized, many countries face growing numbers of slum dwellers, worsening air
quality, and insufficient basic urban services and infrastructure. The targets of SDG 11 include
investment in public transport, creating green public spaces, and improving urban planning and
management in a participatory and inclusive way.

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Challenges of Slum, 2013
The Challenge of Slums is a global report on human settlements which was published by United
Nations Human Settlement Program in 2003. The Challenge of Slums presents the first global
assessment of slums, emphasizing their problems and prospects. It presents estimates of the
numbers of urban slum dwellers and examines the factors that underlie the formation of slums,
as well as their social, spatial, and economic characteristics and dynamics.

A Practical Guide to Design, Plan, and Execute Citywide Slum Upgrading Program, 2014:
This guide advocates a citywide approach to slum upgrading, from a fundamental shift of
haphazard project interventions to a citywide approach. This program has some steps regarding
initiating and setting up the program; design, implementation of projects, and post-
implementation strategies. This upgrading program requires including slums in the city’s overall
development plans but provokes imposing unrealistic standards and regulations. In the case of
upgrading the Dhaka Match Colony, this policy document can provide a good guideline.

Eighth Five Year Plan (July 2020 - June 2025):

The eighth Five Year Plan was published by the General Economics Division (GED) of the
Bangladesh Planning Commission in December 2020. Its main objective is to start the
implementation of PP2021-2041 in a way that brings Bangladesh closer to the goals of achieving
UMIC status by 2031 and attaining SDGs targets through managing the challenges of LDC
graduation, which will also help to eliminate extreme poverty by 2031. This book is thus very
important in reviewing what the GoB plans with regards to the slum population and will also
help in the implementation process of the plan.

Dhaka City Corporation Act 2009:

th
DCC Act was published on 15 October 2009, published by the Local Government Division as
Bangladesh Gadget Extra Appraisal, the policy was taken by City Corporation: Schedule 3
section 41. The act shows some important indications for slum upgrading on health, water,
sanitation, city planning, education, social welfare, public security, and waste management.
Some of them are likely to establish and manage Primary Health complex and peripatetically
health units for people, making cannel for people, establishing a fire brigade to extinguish and
siege fire.

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Sector Development Plan (FY 2011-2025):
SDP was published by the Local Government Division, Ministry of Local Government in
November 2011. It provides a framework for planning, implementing, coordinating, and
monitoring all activities in the Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) sector. Applicable for a
period of 15 years. The period was divided into long‐term planning, medium‐term planning, and
short‐term planning, each of five years’ duration and will coincide with the Five‐Year Plan
cycles of the government’s development planning. SDP is a quality guideline for the water and
sanitation part of slum upgrading.

National Policy for Arsenic Mitigation, 2014:

Published in 2014 by the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development & Cooperatives, this
policy provides a guideline for mitigating the effect of arsenic on people and the environment
sustainably. This policy also supplements the National Water Policy 1998, National Policy for
Safe Water Supply and Sanitation 1998 in fulfilling the national goals of poverty alleviation,
public health, and food security. This policy invokes that alternative water supply has to be
implemented for ensured access to safe water for drinking and cooking if the slum water contains
arsenic.

Housing Related Policies:

The Human Rights-Based Approach to Housing and Slum Upgrading, 2017:
This policy document has been prepared by UN-HABITAT. It is a guide for housing and slum
upgrading practitioners in using the human rights-based approach in their interventions. UN-
Habitat’s Participatory Slum Upgrading Program (PSUP) works towards the progressive
realization of human rights for slum dwellers, and Sustainable Development Goal 11. PSUP has
the following mechanisms like Memorandum of Understanding incorporating the 8 PSUP
principles, Community Managed Funds (CMFs), City-wide slum upgrading strategy (CWSUS),
and Country / City teams. Applying the HRBA has some steps like human rights analysis,
causality analysis, role pattern analysis, and capacity gap analysis.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Housing for All (Urban), 2016:

th
PMAY-U, a flagship mission of Govt. of India was launched on 25 June 2015. This mission
addresses urban housing shortages including slum dwellers by ensuring a pucca house to all
eligible urban households by the year 2022. The mission aims to seek affordable housing
solutions with the cooperation of the public and private sectors, also meet the requirements of

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structural safety against natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, landslides. This project has
similarities with the Dhaka Match Colony slum upgradation.

The Private Residential Land Development Rule, 2004

Published by the Ministry of Housing and Public Works in 2004, this paper is a guideline to how
housing and provision of basic amenities can be done by the private sectors. It provides the basic
standards of land development in terms of housing, land ownership, and rehabilitation, and basic
amenities. It is applicable for the areas that are included in Masterplan according to The Town
Improvement Act, 1953 and The Building Construction Act, 1952. The projects are taken by
private organizations.

National Housing Policy, 2016

National Housing Authority prepared this policy with a vision to ensure accessibility of people
from all strata of society to suitable housing, and to improve housing and settlements towards
sustainable development. National Housing Policy deals with Slum and Squatter settlements,
under section 4.7; regarding attitude control (4.7.1), rehabilitation management (4.7.2),
improvement of infrastructure (4.7.3), the feasibility of application (4.7.4), and detailed
guidelines (4.7.5). Some of the strategies proposed focus on ensuring basic rights for slum
dwellers under section 5.1; where it mentions arranging to house for low-income people in the
proper location (5.1.6) and ensuring the provision of safe water and sewage disposal for
underprivileged and vulnerable communities (5.1.7).

Khas Land Management Policies:

Khas land is the government-owned fallow land, where nobody has property rights. It is deemed
available for allocation according to government priorities. According to Agricultural Khas Land
Management Policy, 1997, Agricultural Khas lands are given to landless families. On the other
hand, Non-agricultural Khas Lands are given to families who have become destitute by natural
disasters or families legally resettled by the government according to Non-agricultural Khas
Land Management Policy, 1995. Both policies are published and implemented by the Ministry of
Land.

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Water and Sanitation Related Policies:
SDG 6: Ensure Availability and Sustainability Management of Water and Sanitation for
All:
Among the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) the goal 6 is for water and sanitation. The
goal has two targets. Target 6.1 is to make sure every part of the world has universal and
equitable access to safe drinking water. On the other hand, target 6.2 is to achieve access to
adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene. As we know in Bangladesh most of the people
living in slums have no access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation facilities, so the
indicators and guidelines provide by SDG 6 will work as a shield to the water and sanitation
issues. (UN General Assembly, 2015)
PRO POOR STRATEGY for Water and Sanitation Sector in Bangladesh, 2005:
The document was published in February 2005 by the Ministry of Local Government, Rural
Development & Cooperatives. This policy provides a complete guideline in how to identify,
target, and administrate relief to the hardcore poor regarding water and sanitation. It defines a
hardcore poor household as those who are landless, homeless, or day laborers owning little land
or rented accommodation and households whose family heads are disabled or very old. As slum
dwellers often fall in that category, this document becomes a framework on how to standardize
the water and sanitation services in the slum.

National Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2014:

The National Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation 2014 is an integral part of the Sector
Development Plan (SDP) 2011-25 for the water and sanitation sector in Bangladesh. The
strategy provides the Sector Context, Goal and Objectives, Guiding Principles, Framework,
Strategic Direction, Institutional Arrangement, and Implementation Plan for water supply and
sanitation promotion at the national, regional, and local level and also in slum areas. This
document was published by the Policy Support Unit (PSU) under the Ministry of Local
Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives, Bangladesh.

Bangladesh Water Act, 2013:

th
Water Act was published on 29 December 2013 by the Government of the People’s Republic of
Bangladesh under the Ministry of Law Justice and Parliamentary Affairs Legislative and
Parliamentary Division Affairs. This is an act to make provisions for integrated development,
management, abstractions, distribution, use, protection, and conservation of water resources.

25 | P a g e
This document stated “Right to use water” for the first time in our policy which is a prime issue
in the slum areas.

Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) Annual Report 2018-2019:
The report is related to ADB, World Bank, UNICEF, Water Aid Bangladesh, and much more
local and international NGOs; and mainly for water and sanitation issues. It is a good model for
tackling water and sanitation problems especially for the slum dwellers and the floating people.
This report suggests 3 types of water supply lines for the low-income communities like slums;
namely water point stand post, water point reservoir, and ATM booth.

Solid Waste Management and Sanitation:

Several projects, strategy documents, and ordinances related to solid waste management and
sanitation were reviewed because of their importance in slums. Community-Based Urban Solid
Waste Management in Dhaka, 1998 and Barrel Type Composting for Slums in Dhaka, 1998
were two such projects. They were supported by UNDP. Urban Management Policy Statement,
1998, the Dhaka Municipal Ordinance 1983, the Environment Policy 1992, Urban Management
Policy Statement 1998, Environment Conservation Rule 1997. All of them promoted solid waste
management and sanitation.

Table 3.1: Comparative Matrix Identifying the Gap among Policies:

Housing
National and Sectoral International Policies SDG Indicators Gap Analysis
Policies
Access to adequate, Construction of houses Insecurity of tenure, Distinct criteria about
safe, and affordable up to 30 sq. meter with unavailability of housing are all same in
housing and basic basic utilities like services, and this document,
services, and upgrade water, sanitation, infrastructure will be therefore, no gaps
slums by 2030. sewerage, electricity, categorized as whatsoever.
etc. (GoI, 2016) inadequate housing.
(GED, 2020) (SDG 11)

Non-agricultural Khas Each PSUP must Ensuring total adult Secure tenure ship and
land can be distributed develop community- population with secure proper land rights have
among the family who initiated and managed tenure rights to land, got highlighted in both
has become destitute local projects with legally recognized the international and
by natural disasters or supported by the documentation and sectoral documents,
any family legally Community Managed who perceive their and properly reflected
resettled by the Funds and create an rights to land as secure, in SDG 1.
effective team with by sex and by type of

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government. decision-makers. tenure (SDG 1.4.2)
(HRBA, 2017)
(MoL, 1995).

Minimum 25 feet Households with more Some standards have

access road width and than two persons per been mentioned in both
350 people/acre for room. The alternative the sectoral and
non-government is to set a minimum national documents,
residential projects standard for floor area but there was no SDG
(MHPW, 2004) per person (UNHSP, standard for housing in
2003) the slums.

Water
Right to potable water A settlement has an By 2030, achieve Water right was
and water for hygiene inadequate drinking universal and equitable distinctly pointed out
and sanitation shall be water supply if less access to safe and in both national and
treated as the highest than 50% of affordable drinking SDG policies.
priority. (PSU, 2013) households have an water for all. (SDG
improved water supply 6.1)
(UN-Water 2003)

The drinking water Piped water, boreholes A water body is Water quality Standard
must meet the national or tube wells, protected classified as "good" is mentioned in both
water quality dug wells, protected quality if at least 80% national and SDG
standards. (LGRD, springs, and delivered of monitoring values policy except in UN-
2005) water are considered like physical or Habitat.
safe water systems. chemical parameters
meet target quality
(UN-Habitat, 2020) levels. (SDG 6.1)
The minimum level of The daily water supply At least basic drinking Daily per capita water
water consumption is of a person should be water represents an supply was not
20 liters per capita per around 20 liters within improved source mentioned but specific
day for household a collectible range. within 30 minutes’ water availability
chores. The source of (UNHSP, 2003) round trip to collect parameter was
safe drinking water water (SDG 6.3.1) mentioned in SDG.
should be within 50
meters of the
household premise.
(LGRD, 2005)

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Testing new tube- A safely managed No international policy
wells, screening and drinking water service has been found about
monitoring potential is defined as one policies emphasizing
contaminated tube- located on-premises, water supply
wells, and using available when needed infrastructures.
arsenic mitigating and free from
technologies. Arsenic contamination. (SDG Both SDG and
Standard 10 mg/l 6.1.1) international policies
(PSU,2013) come up with arsenic
mitigation standards.

Sanitation

A ‘hygienic latrine’ Flush/pour-flush to the A safely managed Almost identical

will have confinement piped sewer system, sanitation facility is definition of safe
of feces, sealing of the septic tanks or pit where excreta are sanitation from all
passage between the latrines, ventilated safely disposed of. A national International
squat hole and the pit, improved latrines, basic handwashing and SDG policies. But
and venting out of foul composting toilets, or facility is defined by SDG also focused on
gases generated in the pit latrines with slabs facilitating handwashing which
pit to keep the latrine are considered as handwashing with soap was also needed to
odor-free. (LGRD, improved sanitation and water in the mention in national
2005) systems. (UN-Water policy
2020) Household. (SDG 6)

Subject to a maximum The excreta disposal Each household has to The different policies
of two households (or system is considered use separate latrines described many
10 persons) for one adequate if it is private for ensuring a safe households sharing the
latrine, subject to a or shared by a sanitation system. same latrine
maximum of 10 maximum of two (SDG 6.2.1) differently.
persons per latrine. households (UN-
(LGRD, 2005) Habitat,2020) In national policy, the
shared number is more
as it is based on our
huge population.
Expanding National WSSCC advocates for SDG didn’t took
Sanitation Campaign improved sanitation initiative for improving
(NSC) with LG at the and hygiene for the sanitation facilities.
center to ensure most vulnerable and
sanitation for all. marginalized people in Also, no standard
the world (UN-Habitat, about updating existing
Update existing 2020) latrine conditions is
latrines (LGRD.2005) mentioned in
international and SDG

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 policies.

Basic Amenities
Enough reserved space By 2030, provide The need for universal
for different utility universal access to access to green and
facilities and protected safe, and accessible, public spaces has been
by related agencies green and public recognized in both
like- WASA, spaces, particularly for national and global
Municipal Authority, women and children, policies.
DESCO, Titas Gas, older persons, and
etc. (MHPW, 2004) persons with
disabilities (SDG,
11.4)

Health
Establish and manage Achieve universal While the SDG decrees
Primary health care health coverage, universal health care
complex and health including for all, the national
care unit for people. policies only mandate
(LGRD, 2009) financial risk primary health care.
protection,
(SDG 3.8)
Disaster
Reduce the number of By 2030, build the National and Global
deaths and decrease the resilience for those in policies both focused
economic losses vulnerable situations to on resilience and
relative to GDP caused climate-related reduction of loss
by disasters with the extreme events caused by disasters.
focus on protecting the But SDG also takes
poor and people in and other into account the
vulnerable situations environmental shocks economic, social, and
by 2030 (GED.2020) and disasters (SDG environmental shocks.
1.5)

Poverty Reduction

Decrease incidence of By 2030, reduce at SDG focuses on

urban poverty to 10% least by half the reducing poverty based
by 2025 (GED, 2020) proportion of men, on gender and age but
women, and children the national policy

29 | P a g e
 of all ages (SDG 1.2) aims to reduce urban
poverty first.

Policy document review is an important part of the literature review. These document analyses
are essential to our slum upgradation project. If we correctly analyze to pros and cons of these
documents and find possible loopholes, we can implement new and improved policies for our
project and the stakeholders will be benefitted.

Chapter Four: Study Area Profile

This chapter provides an overview of Dhaka Match Colony, including socio-economic and
demographic characteristics, community facilities, and local authorities. These figures are
derived from secondary sources.

3.1 Location of the Site

Dhaka Match Colony

Shyampur Thana

Dhaka Metropolitan Area

Source: RAJUK, 2020

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3.2 Site Boundary
Pagla sewage treatment plant is located to the North of this area. Bakchor Government Primary
School, Igloo Ice-cream factory, and Salam steel mills are also around the slum area The entire
slum area is divided into three blocks-Block A, B, and C. (Haque.A et al, 2021)

3.3 Historical Development of the Area:

Dhaka Match Factory was founded in Pakistan. This area used to have brickfields and ponds.
Locals claimed that after independence, RAJUK acquired N23 land with the help of
Rokkhibahini, when Bangobondhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was president. RAJUK sold this
land to Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation (BCIC) in 1982 to establish a workers'
colony. Since then, match colony employees have moved in. BCIC, according to locals, paid two
of the four installments to acquire possession. In 1986, BCIC sold 70% of the land to Swedish
Match. Later, the Swedish firm gave the land to the state. The Bhaiya Group bought the land
from the government and paid the third loan installment. The last payment is due. The
neighborhood now contains an estimated 8,500 residents. (Haque.A et al, 2021)

3.4 Demographic Characteristics (Assumed):

We assumed the Demographic characteristics of Dhaka Match colony Dwellers as we couldn’t
survey due to pandemic situation. From our assumption there are 80 percent of total population
which is dwelling with their family and rest 20 percent people are single. The whole population
is divided by three groups which is shown below:

Income Class 1 (31%): Has no stable source of income/Family income

less than 10000 taka

Income Class 2 (57%): Has a stable family income between 10000 to

20000 taka

Income Class 3 (5%): Has a stable family income between 20000 to

40000 taka or more.

3.5 Environmental Condition:

There are almost 300 factories surrounding Dhaka Match Colony. According to the CAPS
research of ambient air quality in Dhaka Match Colony, these factories are major sources of
pollution. An unhealthy state is indicated by the AQI of PM25 (197 g/m3) and PM10 (166g/m3)
in Dhaka Match Colony (ambient and interior air) respectively (CAPS, 2021). The industries
also pollute the soil and water. People in Shyampur avoid going to school due to severe air and

31 | P a g e
noise pollution, according to the FGD participants Eye irritation, laryngeal issues, etc. are caused
by industrial pollution. (Haque.A et al, 2021)

3.6 Socio Physical Characteristics:

The majority of the people that live in Dhaka Match Colony are factory workers, street hawkers,
day laborers in brickfields, and sand business laborers, to name a few occupations. Additionally,
there are people who work in other occupations, such as rickshaw/van pullers, garbage
collectors, and housekeepers. Some of the women in this neighborhood create joss sticks
(agarbatti) in their homes. It was discovered that katcha buildings are predominate in the
community under investigation. However, there are also some semi-pucca and two-story pucca
structures can be found. The roads within the community are narrow, and there are both paved
and dirt access roads to the various buildings and facilities. The neighborhood is situated on a
low-lying location and does not have adequate drainage infrastructure. As a result, during the
rainy season, roads and houses are frequently overwhelmed with wastewater, causing significant
damage. (Haque.A et al, 2021)

3.7 Community Facilities:

Near Dhaka Match Colony are two schools, Bakchor Government Primary School and Bakchor
Adorsho High School. According to the resource map (Appendix B, Map-1) created by
community members during the FGD, the area's only playground is the school field. The field is
submerged for the most of the year (6 months). The slum is densely packed with small grocery
stores. A two-story mosque is constructed near the slum's center.

Chapter Five: Vision & Policies

Vision:
Envision to provide affordable housing, ensure basic services and upgrade slum
infrastructures to achieve sustainability for the Dhaka Match Colony dwellers by the year
2035.

Mission:
1. Provide affordable housing for every household in the slum area.
2. Ensure Basic Services by providing water and sanitation
3. Improve the basic Infrastructure to support the slum population
4. Achieve sustainable community by improving condition of both the environment and the
people.

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Mission 1: Provide affordable housing for every household in the slum area.
1.1 Housing Policies:
1.1.1 Provide adequate housing as per dwellers’ economic situation.
1.1.2 Provide pucca mid-rise buildings with small dwelling units.
1.1.3 Housing location should be in a higher elevation area.
1.1.4 Ensure affordability of houses with low interest loans and if that is not possible then houses
would be made available with subsidized rent.
1.1.5 The EMI (Equated Monthly Instalment) should be bearable for the slum dwellers.
1.1.6 Ensure adequate sunlight and air ventilation for every houses.
1.1.7 Housing units should support every available utility.
Mission 2: Ensure Basic Services by providing water and sanitation
2.1 Water Related Policies:
2.1.1 Right to potable water (that must meet the national water quality standards) and to water
for hygiene and sanitation shall be treated as highest priority for all.
2.1.2 Provision of accessible, affordable and acceptable safe drinking water facility to each and
every individual
2.1.3 Piped water lines both for drinking and household purpose should be ensured for every
household
2.1.4 Subsidize the capital cost of water bills for the slum dwellers.
2.1.5 Coordination among Non-profitable organizations to provide the services to all.
2.2 Sanitation Policies:
2.2.1 Provide access to hygienic latrines for every household.
2.2.2 Access to a flush or piped sewer system or septic tank for the sanitation.
2.2.3 Subsidization on sanitary materials for the target people.
2.2.4 Raise Awareness about sanitation related problems through the coordination of local NGO
Mission 3: Improve the basic Infrastructure to support the slum population
3.1 Road Policies:
3.1.1 Create accessibility to the main road with the slum area
3.1.2 Provide Road security at night by ensuring adequate lighting
3.1.3 Provide at least one road for access of emergency vehicles.

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3.2 Drainage Policies:
3.2.1 Repair the drainage system of the area to prevent water-logging.
3.2.2 Cover the drainage system appropriately.
3.3 Waste Management Policies:
3.3.1 Assign designated spots for dumping household waste
3.3.2 Provide accessibility of the dumping spot to every building
3.3.3 Create van service carrying the wastes from household to dumping spot
3.3.4 Discourage dumping waste in the near-by waterbodies
3.3.5 Promote and train the dwellers about the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle)
3.4 Open Space:
3.4.1 Provide adequate open space which is accessible for all
3.4.2 Landscape the open space
3.5 Health Care and Educational Policies:
3.5.1 Ensure basic healthcare and educational facilities are accessible.
3.6 Disaster Management:
3.6.1 Place fire extinguisher at a designated point in case of emergencies.
3.6.2 Use the open space to take shelter against natural disasters like earthquake etc.
Mission 4: Achieve sustainable community by improving condition of both the environment
and the people
4.1 Introduce various financial support services like low interest loans, government funds, social
schemes etc.
4.2 Increase job opportunities for the slum dwellers by organizing training programs
4.3 Organize seminars on gender equality, delinquency and other social issues
4.4 Reduce air, water and sound pollution by landscaping the area with pollution reducing trees
4.5. Discourage the slum people from infilling the nearby waterbody
4.6 Clean the waterbody to eliminate water pollution
4.7 Landscape the bank of waterbody to give it a scenic view and create a healthy environment

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Chapter Six: On-site Development plan and proposals for the improvement of
living condition of the residents

This chapter details the study area's proposed strategy and development plans, which are based
on the vision and policies stated in the previous chapter. Along with the full plan, the land use
distribution and building cost recovery are included.

6.1Housing Development:
As stated in the policy, the plan's
principal objective was to provide
housing for individual families.
While designing the residential area,
it was necessary to consider
appropriate open space and building
orientation for proper lighting and
ventilation. Blocks of four and five-
story buildings will serve as the
Table 6.1: Housing Unit distribution
foundation for the housing. There will be two house blocks on either side of the street facing
north and south. The blocks will have a variety of shapes and sizes according to income classes
and dwelling members. Each building will include large hallways of 6 feet width for air
circulation and lighting, as well as a common area for gathering and socializing.

6.1.1 Housing Unit design:

Each dwelling unit will consist of two bedrooms,
a kitchen, and a bathroom with a shower and pan
commode. Two people will share a 300 sq ft
single-occupancy flat designed for singles. In the
case of a shared and income class 1 (300 sq ft)
housing unit, there will be no common space
available. For income classes 2 (400 sq ft) and 3
(500 sq ft), on the other hand, common
space/living room will be supplied.  Every
Fig 6.1.1: 300 sq. ft. unit design

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apartment will have three windows, one in each of the bedrooms and one in the kitchen. In the
washroom, there will be a ventilation system installed.

Fig 6.1.2: 500 sq. ft. unit design Fig 6.1.3: 400 sq. ft. unit design
6.2 Community facilities development:
A community facility is a fundamental requirement for the development of healthy and
sustainable housing. When developing the site, it is taken into account that both families and
bachelors would have equal access to community facilities. As a result, they are built and
situated in such a way that each individual may benefit fully from the amenities. Our suggested
design seeks to provide necessary community facilities while retaining low-income residents'
requirements.
6.2.1 Community school:
There are two schools near Dhaka Match Colony: Bakchor Government Primary School and
Bakchor Adorsho High School, yet there is no colony school. We intend to build a secondary
school building in four stories of 10,000 sqm with a playground connected to the park. The main
road offers direct access to the school
6.2.2 Community Mosque:
There is currently a two-story mosque at the center of the colony. We do not plan to relocate the
mosque, but to extend it to 5,832 sq ft, taking into account the projected population in 2035. The
main road provides direct access to it
6.2.3 Commercial facilities:
We intended to construct a two-story commercial structure with a floor size of approximately
309 square feet. It will be located adjacent to the mosque, at the intersection of the principal

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access road's turn. On the first floor, supermarket and organic food markets will be located. On
the top floor, there will be a hotel dedicated to the colony's single residents. Additionally, this
hotel will be accessible to individuals of all backgrounds.
6.2.4 Multipurpose building:
In the heart of the match colony, we propose a two-story multipurpose building. It will serve as a
community center, disaster shelter, and day care center for the children of female manufacturing
workers ranging in age from one to five years. It is 3250 square feet in size. It has direct access
from the principal road and is connected to the park.
6.2.5 Central Waste Collection Point:
A central waste collection point with a total area of 1948 square feet will be constructed. The
community will have access to the collection point via a secondary access road and a primary
access road from outside the colony area. The area will be buffered so that bad odors do not
disturb the community.

6.3 Roads
The roads in the area will be divided in two categories- major access road and minor access road.
The major access road will be 20 ft wide while the minor would be 15 ft wide. The roads were
planned is such a way for efficient access of the residents along with the ease of access of for
emergency vehicles. The access to main road was lessened to avoid gentrification of the
community. The main access road has access to all the community facilities while the minor
access road mainly gives access to the individual buildings of the block. There is also a footpath
in the middle-income block which gives access to the open space of middle-income housing.

6.4 Water
The water will be supplied from the nearby existing municipal water line. If that is not possible
then then water pumps will be placed to supply the population with ground water. Each building
will be equipped with pumps and water tanks so that water can be stored and supplied to every
storey. Each unit will have a minimum of three water taps. One water tap for the kitchen and two
for the bathroom.

6.5 Sanitation
Each housing unit will have a bathroom (6 ft* 6ft for 300 and 400 sq. ft units, 8 ft* 6 ft for 500
sq. ft units). The bathrooms should have one commode, two water taps and a ventilator. It will be
used as both a toilet and a bathroom. Each storey will have common basins in the corridors for
hand washing.

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6.6 Drainage and Sewage System:
Drainage should be connected to Pagla sewage treatment plant (Sewerage Master Plan,DWASA)
Drains should be capable of retaining surplus water during the rainy season. Drainage channels
will be sealed off. Sewerage pipe lines will follow the area's elevation map. (Appendix B Map-2)

6.6 Open space and parks:

According to the Private Land Development Act 2004, a standard quantity of open space for a
population of 10,000 is one acre. But from the resource map provided by the community
members we found that the area’s only playground is school field (Haque.A et al, 2021). So, we
offered a total open space area of 2094 square feet, which meets the standard. There are three
prominent open spaces, two of which are notably accessible to middle- and upper-income
residents. Additionally, there is a public park and a school playground that are open to the public.

6.7 Buffer:
We will create a buffer zone across the match colony's perimeter by planting various types of
trees in order to mitigate air and noise pollution caused by industries and train service.

6.8 Water body:

The canal area of 5714 sq. ft. is restructured in conventional form without modifying its area. We
plan to fill the canal in the north-eastern section and excavate to the canal's southern end. This
water body will be adjacent to the park and will be used for pisciculture, providing an additional
source of income for community members.

6.9 Lighting and ventilation:

A road light system will be installed along the principal and secondary access routes for the aim
of increasing safety. Housing orientation toward the north and south, as well as correct setbacks,
will guarantee that the neighborhood receives adequate ventilation.

6.10 Phase Development:

The overall development plan has been divided into three phases of building and one phase of
landscaping. (Appendix B, Map-3)

Phase 1:
• Establishment of a 20-foot-wide major access road. 
• Establishment of two entrances on either side of the site.
• The construction of a 15-foot-wide secondary access road for the Community School.
• Filling in the road to raise it three feet in height
• Demolition of homes on the north side of the Main Road
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 • A seventeen-story structure with eight units will be developed for middle-income
residents.
Phase 2:
• Filling in the northerly side of the khal;
• Construction of nine four-story buildings for low-income persons.
• The mosque in the center has been preserved; 
• The mosque in the middle has been preserved;
• The waste collection point located on the northern corner;
• A commercial building located next to the mosque; and a wall is being built around the
perimeter to prevent intruders from entering.
Phase 3:

• During Phase 3, two small access roads on the site's southern boundary will be constructed.
• Destruction of structures on the south side of a minor road.
• A four-story structure for persons with higher incomes is being constructed.
• A four-story secondary school in the southern part of the city.
• Excavation of earth in the south-eastern area of the city of Khal.

Phase 4:

• Landscaping and community facilities are included in Phase 4.

• All remaining structures that are not to be conserved will be demolished in order to make
way for more open space to be created through landscape design.
• A multipurpose building as well as a playground will be developed during this stage.
• The remainder of the existing road will be demolished and replaced.
• To facilitate passage through the open space, two pedestrian walkways will be erected.
• Creation of a buffer zone around the periphery of the site; construction of a park area; and
the construction of a wall to divide the selling land section from the rest of the site.

6.11 Waste Management:

There will be a waste dumping point inside the slum. The buildings of the slum will have access
to it. We will create a team for waste collection among the slum people. They will be paid for
this job. Their job will be to collect wastes from the slum buildings and take them to the

39 | P a g e
dumping point. They will use van for this purpose. They have to do these 3 days per week. The
committee will decide who will be in charge in this section.

6.12 Rent Collection:

The colony will have four income levels. We will form an 8-person committee with two persons
from each income category. Their main attention will be on the residents' issues. They will notify
the Authority. They will be paid. They will act as a link between the slums and the authorities.
They'll get our rent. There will be a committee. The committee will decide how much to pay
slum workers like night guards and van drivers. We expect to recoup the expenditure in 10 years.
The slum dwellers who were paying EMI or rent will thereafter be able to own the apartment
permanently. If one moves, one must sell the unit. There will be a rule. Anyone wanting to sell
the unit must do so to the authority. Authority will then proceed as before.

6.13 Community Involvement:

 Primary school activities like Parents' Day, art competitions, Scouting and Cultural Days.
Both children and their parents will be able to participate.
• Organizing slum activities like sports nights, betting, and picnics will increase
participation.
• The community center can host events like a food fair and NGO meetings. Each family
must have at least one representative. So kids will be taught various life skills.
• Seniors' program available. Play games or debate with the seniors. That will help them
relax.
• Monthly slum people gathering. It is vital. These issues will be brought to the authority
by the slum dwellers. The authority will make the required arrangements.
• Organize a public health week and awareness program. Every year a health, education,
and family planning seminar. In the community center.
• Promote education from the primary level and discuss its value in higher education. What
a great seminar for the students.
• Participation in community poverty reduction is required for slum dwellers. This will also
build a crowd.
• Community empowerment is critical; slum dwellers should be included in rebuilding and
their views heard.
• In-laws are crucial since they can mold the slum and are a good habit. And so on.

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 • Fish policy issue: The water body will be purified, cleaned, and leased to the relevant
authority or possible seller for fishing. When leasing, community members must be
included in the fish cultivation process.

Fig 6.14: Proposed Site design for Dhaka Match

Colony

Legends
IC2 Buildings Mosque Outer Road
Central Major Access
IC1 Buildings
Waste Road
IC3 Buildings Disposal
Trees Secondary
Point Access Road
Single (women) Open Space Footpath
Buildings
Single (men) Water Body Community
Buildings Canter
Setback Area Area to be Primary
sold School/
Corner Shop Nursery

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Chapter Seven: Recommendation & Conclusion
7.1 Major Findings
• Community participation, among other factors, is critical to a successful slum upgrading
program. Other practices that contribute to the success of slum upgradation include
improving physical infrastructure, managing utilities, compensating residents for relocation,
and ensuring tenure security.
• After analyzing international policy documents and comparing them to the SDGs, we
discovered that, while certain housing criteria, land rights, and tenure security are
emphasized in all major documents, international policies on water rights and quality
standards are conspicuously absent. Additionally, while hygienic latrines were mentioned in
the SDG, the SDG did not emphasize the importance of improving existing sanitation
facilities. While national policies mandated only primary healthcare, the SDGs emphasized
the importance of universal coverage. The current state of slums is dire, with problems with
infrastructure, water scarcity, and a lack of sanitation, to name a few. Numerous serious
accidents have occurred in the slum, most notably a large fire in 2005. (Haque et. al, 2016)

• The proposed plan aims to improve the slum's current living conditions by constructing
apartment buildings of a minimum standard that are also affordable to slum dwellers. Within
8-11 years, slum dwellers would be able to own an apartment through affordable monthly
instalments.

7.2 Recommendation

It is recommended to raise the elevation level of the area to reduce water logging. The lake
should also be reshaped and dredged to accommodate more water so that the lake does not
overflow during rainy season. As the area is situated in an industrial area with a sewage
facility and railway tracks on one side, it is recommended to apply the latest technology to
reduce water, air and sound pollution of the area.

7.3 Conclusion

The people of Match Colony slum have made efforts toward legalizing their habitat since long
ago. The proposed plan might achieve that dream along with enhancing their current way of life.

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We are hopeful that this plan may effectively solve their current predicaments and set a
precedent for future slum upgrading programs.

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Ettyang, K. (2011). Empowering the Urban Poor to Realize the Right to Housing: Community-
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Appendix A

Cost Estimation:

Building No of building No of floors Total floor area Cost (per sq. Total cost
Type (sq. ft) feet ) tk

Single 2 4 12000 6850.6 8220000

IC 1 9 4 25920 6850.6 177552000

IC 2 17 5 56960 6850.6 390176000

IC 3 4 4 8000 6850.6 54800000

Housing 70,47,89,728
total

Primary 1 4 10000 835.25 36410000

School

Mosque 1 2 5382 835.2 8990631

Community 1 2 3250 835.2 5429157

Centre

Corner 1 2785 835.2 324845

shops

Water 100000
installation

Phases of Road Area/ Volume of Cost per Area/ Volume Total Cost
Road
Earthwork in road 6931.152 cubic m 111 tk per cubic m 769357
embankment
Single layer Brick Flat 6822 sq m 368 tk per sq m 2550664

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Soiling
Premixed Bituminous 6822 sq m 626 tk per sq m 4338902
carpeting with stone
chips
Providing Bituminous 6822 sq m 104 tk per sq m 720840
painting
Total Project Cost 76,44,24,123
Total Project spend 76,44,24,123 taka

Income from area to be sold 34,44,56,180 taka

Deficit 419967943 taka

Monthly income from EMI/Rent:

Category Monthly income Monthly EMI/Rent Number of units Total income (per
month)
Single <10000 taka 1000 taka per 360 960000
person
IC 1 <10000 taka 2000 taka 288 576000
IC 2 (70%) 10000-15000 3000 taka 381 1143000
IC 2 (30%) 15000-20000 4500 taka 163 733500
IC 3 (50%) 20000-25000 5000 taka 24 120000
IC 3 (50%) > 25000 taka 7500 taka 24 180000
Total 5354500

Affordability scheme:

Category Monthly income Monthly EMI/Rent Debt repayment tenure

Single <10000 taka 1000 taka per person Rent

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 IC 1 <10000 taka 2000 taka 10 years 9 months
IC 2 (70%) 10000-15000 3000 taka 10 years 9 months
IC 2 (30%) 15000-20000 4500 taka 7 years 2 months
IC 3 (50%) 20000-25000 5000 taka 10 years 9 months
IC 3 (50%) > 25000 taka 7500 taka 7 years 2 months

Land use:

Land Use Area (sq. m)

Income Class 1 2588.092
Income Class 2 5235.617
Single (men) 834.8863
Single (women) 388.7845
Income Class 3 599.9933
Nursery/primary School 569.9983
Mosque 506.4259
Corner shop 309.6578
pharmacy 79.27522
community center 199.7008
park/open space 2094.232
central waste collection 181.752
water body 5713.997
roads 3505.594
setback area 2927.244
Area to be sold 6520.577
Plantation/buffer 3544.174

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Appendix B

Map 1: Resource map provided by local people

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Legends
9.2-10 7.6-8.3
8.4-9.1
 6-6.6

Map 2: Elevation Map of Dhaka Match Colony

Figure 6: Elevation map

Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3

Phase 4

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 Map 3: Proposed Phase Development Map for Dhaka Match Colony

Appendix C
Table: List of Documents Reviewed
Type of Documents Title of the Documents

Global Documents  SDG-1 No Poverty

 SDG-3 To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for
all of all ages
 SDG-6 Clean Water and Sanitation for All
 SDG-11 Sustainable Cities and Communities
 Challenges of Slum (UN-HABITAT)
 The Human Rights-Based Approach to Housing and Slum
Upgrading
 A Practical Guide to Design, Plan and Execute City-Wide
Slum Upgrading Program
 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Housing for All (Urban), 2016
th
National Documents  8 Five Year Plan (July 2020- June 2025)
 The Private Residential Land Development Rule 2004
 Dhaka City Corporation Act, 2009

Sectoral Documents  National Housing Policy, 2016

 Khas Land Management Policies
 Pro-Poor Strategy for Water and Sanitation Sector in
Bangladesh, 2005
 Sector Development Plan 2011-2025
 National Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2014
 National Policy for Arsenic Mitigation, 2004
 Bangladesh Water Act, 2013
 DWASA Annual Report 2018-2019
 Solid Waste Management and Sanitation

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