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Chain Rule in Differentiation

This document discusses the chain rule and how it applies to partial derivatives. It defines the chain rule formula and shows examples of using it to find the derivative of functions composed of other functions with respect to variables. These examples include using the chain rule to find derivatives of multivariable functions. The document also discusses how to use the chain rule to find the derivative of a scalar function with respect to a vector-valued function.

Uploaded by

Tae Jin Jeong
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49 views47 pages

Chain Rule in Differentiation

This document discusses the chain rule and how it applies to partial derivatives. It defines the chain rule formula and shows examples of using it to find the derivative of functions composed of other functions with respect to variables. These examples include using the chain rule to find derivatives of multivariable functions. The document also discusses how to use the chain rule to find the derivative of a scalar function with respect to a vector-valued function.

Uploaded by

Tae Jin Jeong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 𝐲𝐲 = 𝐈𝐈 𝐱𝐱 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐱𝐱 = 𝐠𝐠 𝒕𝒕 , 𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐈𝐈 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐠𝐠 𝐚𝐚𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰 𝐈𝐈𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐟𝐟,

𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚 𝐲𝐲 𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟 𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐲𝐲 𝐚𝐚 𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰 𝐈𝐈𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚 𝐟𝐟𝐈𝐈 𝐝𝐝 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚

Differenial implies the chain rule‼!


𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷:
Recall the definition

Dividing both sides by △ 𝑡𝑡


EXAMPLE 1

Solution
𝐓𝐓𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐃𝐃𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚𝐃𝐃
EXAMPLE 2

Solution
EXAMPLE 3

Solution
EXAMPLE 4

Solution
EXAMPLE 5

Solution
EXAMPLE 6

Solution
𝒘𝒘 = 𝑭𝑭 𝒙𝒙, 𝒚𝒚 = 𝟎𝟎
EXAMPLE 7

Solution

𝐒𝐒𝐟𝐟𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐰𝐰 𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝 𝐳𝐳 𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟 𝐠𝐠𝐝𝐝𝐠𝐠𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚 𝐝𝐝𝐃𝐃𝐒𝐒𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐲𝐲 𝐚𝐚𝐟𝐟 𝐚𝐚 𝐈𝐈𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚 𝐳𝐳 = 𝐈𝐈 𝐱𝐱, 𝐲𝐲 𝐝𝐝𝐲𝐲


𝐅𝐅 𝐱𝐱, 𝐲𝐲, 𝐳𝐳 = 𝟎𝟎 𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚 𝐅𝐅 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐟𝐟 𝐈𝐈 𝐚𝐚𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰.
Exercises
Find 𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰 𝐟𝐟𝐈𝐈 𝐟𝐟𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐰𝐰 𝐟𝐟𝐈𝐈 𝐳𝐳 𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝 𝐱𝐱𝟎𝟎, 𝐲𝐲𝟎𝟎 𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐚 𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚 𝐟𝐟𝐈𝐈 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐚𝐚𝐰𝐰𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚𝐰𝐰𝐲𝐲
𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝 𝐠𝐠𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐰𝐰 𝐟𝐟 = < 𝐚𝐚, 𝐝𝐝 >.
Scalar multiple of the vector u
𝐃𝐃𝐰𝐰𝐈𝐈𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚 𝐓𝐓𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝 𝐚𝐚𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐝𝐝𝐠𝐠𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐠𝐠𝐰𝐰 𝐟𝐟𝐈𝐈 𝐈𝐈 𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝 𝐱𝐱𝟎𝟎, 𝐲𝐲𝟎𝟎 𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐚 𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚 𝐟𝐟𝐈𝐈
𝐚𝐚 𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝 𝐠𝐠𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐰𝐰 𝐟𝐟 =< 𝐚𝐚, 𝐝𝐝 > 𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟

𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝 𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐟𝐟𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟: 𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓 =


𝐝𝐝𝐈𝐈 𝐟𝐟 = 𝐝𝐝 =< 𝟏𝟏, 𝟎𝟎 >, 𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚 𝐃𝐃𝐝𝐝𝐈𝐈 = 𝐈𝐈𝐱𝐱
𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚
𝐷𝐷𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓 =
𝐝𝐝𝐈𝐈 𝐟𝐟 = 𝐣𝐣 =< 𝟎𝟎, 𝟏𝟏 >, 𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚 𝐃𝐃𝐣𝐣𝐈𝐈 = 𝐈𝐈𝐲𝐲.
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

𝐓𝐓𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐃𝐃 𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 𝑷𝑷 𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟 𝐚𝐚 𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰 𝐈𝐈𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚 𝐟𝐟𝐈𝐈 𝐱𝐱 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐲𝐲, 𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚 𝑷𝑷 𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚𝐟𝐟 𝐚𝐚 𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝
𝐚𝐚𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐝𝐝𝐠𝐠𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐠𝐠𝐰𝐰 𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐚 𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚 𝐟𝐟𝐈𝐈 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐲𝐲 𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝 𝐠𝐠𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐰𝐰 𝐟𝐟 = < 𝐚𝐚, 𝐝𝐝 > 𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚
Also,
𝐄𝐄𝐱𝐱𝐚𝐚𝐃𝐃𝐒𝐒𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰 𝟏𝟏

𝐒𝐒𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚

we can write
Thus

𝐍𝐍𝐟𝐟𝐰𝐰 𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚 𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰 𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝 𝐚𝐚𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐝𝐝𝐠𝐠𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐠𝐠𝐰𝐰 𝐚𝐚𝐟𝐟 𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐚𝐚𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝 𝐒𝐒𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝
𝐄𝐄𝐱𝐱𝐚𝐚𝐃𝐃𝐒𝐒𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰 2

𝐒𝐒𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚
𝐄𝐄𝐱𝐱𝐚𝐚𝐃𝐃𝐒𝐒𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰 3

𝐒𝐒𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚
Therefore
Since
𝐄𝐄𝐱𝐱𝐚𝐚𝐃𝐃𝐒𝐒𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰 4

𝐒𝐒𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚
𝐄𝐄𝐱𝐱𝐚𝐚𝐃𝐃𝐒𝐒𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰 5

𝐒𝐒𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚
𝐋𝐋𝐰𝐰𝐠𝐠𝐰𝐰𝐝𝐝 𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐰𝐰𝐠𝐠𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟 𝐟𝐟𝐈𝐈
𝐄𝐄𝐱𝐱𝐚𝐚𝐃𝐃𝐒𝐒𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰 𝟔𝟔

𝐒𝐒𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚
Consider a level surface of a function F of three variables.

(∗)
Let the curve C be described by a continuous vector function
r 𝑡𝑡 =< x 𝑡𝑡 , y 𝑡𝑡 , z 𝑡𝑡 >.
If we differentiate equation ∗ with respect to t on the condition
that x, y, z are differentiable function of 𝑡𝑡 and 𝐹𝐹 is also differentiable,
then
The gradient vector at P, 𝛻𝛻F x0, y0, z0 , is
⟺ perpendicular to the tangent vector r ′ t0 to
any curve C on S that passes through P.

𝐓𝐓𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝 𝐒𝐒𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐰𝐰 𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟 𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐠𝐠𝐰𝐰𝐝𝐝 𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐰𝐰𝐈𝐈𝐚𝐚𝐟𝐟𝐰𝐰

𝐈𝐈𝐈𝐈 𝛻𝛻𝛻 x0, y0, z0 ≠ 0, t𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝 𝐒𝐒𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐰𝐰 𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟 𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰𝐠𝐠𝐰𝐰𝐝𝐝 𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐰𝐰𝐈𝐈𝐚𝐚𝐟𝐟𝐰𝐰 𝐅𝐅 𝐱𝐱, 𝐲𝐲, 𝐳𝐳 = 𝐤𝐤 𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝
P(x0,y0,z0) has normal vector 𝛻𝛻𝛻 x0, y0, z0 .

Thus the equation of this tangent plane is


𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐚𝐚𝐝𝐝 𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚𝐟𝐟𝐰𝐰: Consider a surface S of the form z = f x, y . If P x0, y0 is on the
surface, then find the equation of tangent plane passing the point P.
𝐈𝐈𝐚𝐚 𝐒𝐒𝐰𝐰𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐰𝐰𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚

𝐄𝐄𝐱𝐱𝐚𝐚𝐃𝐃𝐒𝐒𝐝𝐝𝐰𝐰 𝟕𝟕

𝐒𝐒𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐚

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