Work, Energy & Power

LECTURE 1
Work

→ →
W= F.s
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Work, Energy & Power
LECTURE 1
Work

→ →
W= F.s
Let’s Begin!
What’s the skier’s speed at the bottom ?
We can solve this problem by applying Newton’s II law to find the skier’s constant
acceleration and the speed.

θ
Now, Here the Slope is Continuously Changing and so the Acceleration,
So Solving for the details of the Skier’s Motion is Comparatively Difficult.

H
 Work
Work is said to be done by a force when the point of application of force is displaced under
the influence of the force.
Work Done by a Constant Force
A force is said to be constant when its magnitude as well as direction is constant.
Let a constant force F, applied on the body, produces a displacement s is inclined to
F at an angle θ.

θ
S
s
θ
s
 Work
Let us resolve force F along & perpendicular to displacement s. So, work is the product of
the component of force in the direction of displacement and the magnitude of the
displacement.
Hence work will be given by dot product of force & displacement vector.

F sin θ
W = (F cos θ ) S
→→ F cos θ
W= F.S θ
S
Work

Work is a scalar quantity

Units of Work

S.I. Units Newton metre (N m) or Joule (J)

C.G.S Units dyne cm or erg

1J = 107 erg
another useful unit is electron volt (eV)
1 eV = 1.6 ×10–19 J
Path Independent Work done by Constant Force

→
A F
θ

B
Work done by a Constant Force is Path Independent
Let us Suppose that a Particle goes from Position A to Position B under the action
of a constant force F, then the work done by the constant force is

A →
Y F
θ

→ B
r1

→
r2

O X
θ

s
In Cartesian Coordinate System
^
Initial position vector r1 = (x1^i + y^1j + z1k)

Final position vector r2 = (x2^i + y2^j + z2^k)

W = F . Δr
W = F . (r2 - r1)
= (Fx ^i + Fy ^j + Fz ^k) . [(x2 - x1)^i + (y2 - y1)^j + (z2 - z1) ^k

W = Fx (x2 - x1) + Fy (y2 - y1) + Fz (z2 - z1)

^i . ^i = ^j . ^j = k
^.k ^ = 1 and
^i . ^j = ^j . k^ = k^ . i^ = 0
Illustrations On Work Done By A Constant Force
Example A box is moved on a horizontal surface by applying a force 60N at an angle
θ = 60 0 to the horizontal. Find the work done by the force during the
displacement of the box over a distance of 500m.

A. 15 kJ
B. 20 kJ
C. 26 kJ
D. 30 kJ

60N

600
 Example A box is moved on a horizontal surface by applying a force F = 60N at an
angle θ = 300 to the horizontal. What is the work done during the
displacement of the box over a distance of 0.5 km.
Solution: By definition
Work done W = F s cosθ
W = (60) (0.5 x 103) x cos 600
= 600 x 500 x 1/2
= 15000 J
= 15kJ
Example A Particle is moved by a Force F = 3i + 4j N, from a point (2, 3) m to
(3, 0) m in x-y plane. Find the work done by the force on the particle.
A. 15 J
B. +9 J Y
C. -9 J
D. None of these

X
 Example A Particle is moved by a Force F = 3i + 4j N, from a point (2, 3) m to (3, 0) m
in x-y plane. Find the work done by the force on the particle.

Solution: ^ ^
F is a constant force (i - 3j)
Initial position vector r1 = 2i^ + 3j^
^
Final position vector r2 = 3i + 0j^
Displacement of the particle is S = r2 - r1
^ ^ ^ ^
= (3i + 0j) - (2i + 3j)
^ ^
S = i - 3j
W=F.S
^ ^ ^ ^
= (3i + 4j).(i - 3j)
= 3 + 4(-3)
= -9 J
Example A man moves on a straight horizontal road with a block of mass 2 kg in
his hand. If he covers a distance of 40 m with an acceleration of 0.5 m/s2,
find the Work Done by the man on the block during the motion as
observed from ground.
A. 10 J
B. 20 J
C. 40 J
D. -40 J
 Example A man moves on a straight horizontal road with a block of mass 2 kg in
his hand. If he covers a distance of 40m with an acceleration of 0.5 m/s2,
find the Work Done by the man on the block during the motion as
observed from ground.
Solution: force = (mass) × (acceleration)
F = 2 × (0.5)
= 1N

Work done = force × displacement

= 1 × (40)
= 40 J
Example A body is Subjected to a Constant Force given by F=-i+2j+3k N. What is the
work done by this force in moving the body through a distance of
4m along the z-axis and then 3m along the y-axis?
A. 18 J
B. 35 J
C. 12 J
D. 15 J
F=-i + 2j + 3k N
 Example A body is Subjected to a Constant Force given by F=-i+2j+3k N. What is
the work done by this force in moving the body through a distance of
4 m along the z-axis and then 3 m along the y-axis?
Solution: Since work done by a constant force is independent of path so,
Displacement S = S1 + S2
^ ^ ^ ^
Here S1 = 4k and S2 = 3j ; S = 3j + 4k

W=F.S
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
= (-i + 2j + 3k).(3j + 4k)
= 2(3) + 3(4)
= 18 J
Example A 6 Kg block by a distance of s = 12m along a horizontal surface at a
constant speed. If the coefficient of kinetic friction is μ = 0.2 and the cord
pulling the block is at an angle of 450 with the horizontal, then calculate the
work done by the person (take g = 10m/s2)
A. 60 J
B. 90 J
C. 120 J
D. 144 J 45o

6 kg

μ = 0.2
 F

45o

6 kg
s = 12m
μ = 0.2
 A person pulls a 6 Kg block by a distance of S = 12m along a horizontal
Example
surface at a constant speed. If the coefficient of kinetic friction is μ =
0.2 and the cord pulling the block is at an angle of 450 with the
horizontal, then calculate the work done by the person (take g = 10m/s2)

Solution: Kinetic friction opposes the relative

motion of the block
Fsinθ
N →
For vertical equilibrium F
N + F sin θ = mg ……(1) θ = 450
For horizontal equilibrium Fcosθ
F cos θ = μN ……(2)
fk = μN →
S
mg
Solution: Fsinθ
N →
F
N + F sin θ = mg ……(1)
θ = 450
Fcosθ
F cos θ = μN ………….(2)
fk = μN →
S
By (1) and (2) mg

F cos θ = μ (mg - F sin θ)

F cos θ = μmg - μFsin θ)

Work done = W = F S cos θ
F (cos θ + μ sin θ) = μmg
= 10 √2 x 12 x 1
μmg √2
F= = 120 J
Cos θ + μ sin θ

0.2 x 6 x 10
= 10√2 N
1
(1 + 0.2)
√2
Positive, Negative & ZERO Work Done
Positive Work
The Work is said to be Positive if the Angle between Force and Displacement is
Acute (θ <900) because cosθ=+ve Positive Work Speeds up the body.

S F

θ s
When a load is lifted up then the lifting force and displacement
act in the same direction So,
Work done by lifting force is Positive.
Negative Work
The work is said to be Negative if the angle between force and displacement is
obtuse (900 < θ ≤ 1800) because cosθ =–ve. Negative work slows down the
body.

F
motion
θ
s
Work done by man in opposing the sliding motion of car down
the incline is negative. When brakes are applied to a moving
vehicle, the work done by braking force is negative.

F
motion
θ
s
Zero Work
Work Done by a force is zero if the body is displaced in a direction
perpendicular to the direction of the force is (θ = 900)
N

mg
Zero Work
Work done by a force is ZERO if the body suffers no displacement on the
application of force i.e. s = 0
At every point on the circular path, the centripetal force and
displacement are mutually perpendicular. So, the work done by
the centripetal force is ZERO.

F s
Example Figure shows 4 situations in which a force acts on a box while the box
slides rightward a distance ‘d’ across a frictionless floor. The magnitude of
the forces are identical, their orientations are as shown. Rank the
situations according to the work done on the box during the displacement,
from most positive to most negative.

A. D,C,B,A
B. C,B,A,D
C. B,A,C,D A B
D. A,B,C,D

C D
 Solution:
In (A) θ is obtuse ⇒ cosθ = –ve ⇒ W = –ve
In (B) θ = 900 ⇒ cosθ = 0 ⇒ W = 0
A. B.
In (C) θ is acute ⇒ cosθ = +ve ⇒ W = +ve
In (D) θ = 00 ⇒ cosθ = +1 ⇒W = is maximum
Ranking is D, C, B, A
C. D.
Example A small block of mass m is kept on a rough inclined surface of inclination θ
fixed in an elevator. The elevator goes down with a uniform velocity ‘v’ &
the block does not slide on the wedge. The work done by the force of
friction on the block in time t will be
A. Zero
B. mg vt sin2θ
C. -mg vt sin2θ
D. None of these

θ
Solution:
As block is at rest w.r.t. incline
Resolving forces along and perpendicular to incline N f
⇒ fs = mg sin θ s

Also N = mg cos θ
In time t displacement s = vt
Vertically downwards θ mg
Work done by friction is

W = (fs) s cos (900 + θ) fs

= (mg sin θ) (vt) (–sinθ)

W = –mg (sin2 θ) vt 1800 – (900 – θ)

= (900 + θ)
C. is correct
s

cos (900 + θ) = – sinθ

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