DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ULTRA WIDE

BAND MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

FOR MODERN WIRELESS APPLICATION
A THESIS SUBMITTED
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
by

PARAMITA SAHA
(Roll no. 1113339509)

Under the Supervision of

Dr. VIJAY K. PANDEY Mr. ANSHUMAN SINGH

Professor, ECE Deptt. Asst. Professor, ECE Deptt.
(Supervisor) (Co-Supervisor)

Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida (UP)

to the
Faculty of Engineering

Dr.A.P.J.ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

(Formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow)
APRIL, 2017
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another
person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any
other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except
where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Paramita Saha

(Roll no: 1113339509)

ii
 CERTIFICATE

Certified that Ms. PARAMITA SAHA (Roll No.1113339509) has carried out the Research
work presented in this thesis entitled “DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ULTRA WIDE
BAND MICROSTRIP ANTENNA FOR MODERN WIRELESS APPLICATION” for the
award of Master of Technology (TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING) from
Dr.A.P.J.A.K. Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh under our supervision. The
thesis embodies results of original work, and studies are carried out by the student himself
and the contents of the thesis do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the
candidate or to anybody else from this or any other University/Institution.

Dr.Vijay K.Pandey Mr. Anshuman Singh

Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Professor (ECE Deptt.) Asst. professor (ECE Deptt.)

NIET, Greater Noida (U.P.) India NIET, Greater Noida (U.P.) India

iii
 ABSTRACT

This work covers design and simulation of an ultra wide band microstrip antenna for
modern wireless communication. Single element of same circular ring fed with microstrip
line also proposed with semi ground plane. Two element array of circular ring microstrip
patch antenna is also proposed here. A circular slot is introduced in the circular patch for
providing a notched band at frequency of 4.6 GHz for avoiding the interference with
exciting band at frequency of 4.6 GHz. A 50-Ω microstrip line power divider is used for
feeding the both circular ring elements of array. The corners of the power divider are
truncated for providing the better impedance matching. Antenna shows an impedance
bandwidth of 185.5 % ranging from 1.0 GHz to 13.8 GHz. Proposed antenna shows good
radiation characteristics with peak gain of the value of around 8 dBi. The antenna is
analyzed with Finite Element Method (FEM) using HFSS v.14. Proposed structure is
fabricated on Fr-4 Epoxy substrate and measured results are in good agreement with
simulated results.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof and Head Dr.Satyendra
Sharma, Department of Electronics and Communication (EC), NIET, Greater Noida, for
his continuous support and encouragement throughout my dissertation at the NIET,
Greater Noida.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr.S.D.Choudhary, M-Tech coordinator,

E.C.E department NIET, Greater Noida, for his continuous support and encouragement
throughout my dissertation.

I want to express my sincere gratitude to my Supervisor Dr. V.K Pandey, E.C.E

department NIET, Greater Noida, for his continuous guidance, support and taking intense
academic interest in this study. He provided me with many helpful suggestions, important
advice and constant encouragement during the course of this work.

I also wish to express my Appreciation to my Co-Supervisor Mr. Anshuman Singh,

Dr.B.K Kanujia, Dr.Mukhesh k. Khandelwal for their support and taking intense academic
interest in this study, as well as providing valuable suggestions.

Finally, I would like to express special thanks to my parent, Husband, my uncle & aunty
they helped me to concentrate on completing this thesis and supported mentally during the
course of this project work. Without their help and encouragement, this study would not
have been completed

Place: Greater Noida, UP Paramita Saha

Date: Roll No.-1113339509

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page No.

DECLARATION ii

CERTIFICATE iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

CONTENTS vi

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF SYMBOLS xi

CHAPTER-1 THESIS OVERVIEW

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Thesis Objective 2

1.3 Organization of Chapters 3

CHAPTER-2 FUNDAMENTALS

2.1 Radiation Pattern 4

2.2 Field Regions 5

2.3 Directivity 6

2.4 Gain 6

2.5 Antenna Polarization 7

vi
 2.6 Antenna Bandwidth 7

CHAPTER-3 ULTRAWIDE BAND: CHARACTERISTICS AND

APPLICATION

3.1 Introduction 8

3.2 Microwave Bands 10

3.2.1 S-Band 11

3.2.2 C-Band 12

3.2.3 X-Band 12

3.2.4 Ku-Band 12

3.3 Advantages Of Ultrawide band 13

3.4 Ultrawide band Characteristics 13

CHAPTER-4 MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

4.1 Introduction 15

4.2 Principle And Properties of Basic Patch Antenna 16

4.3 Advantages Of Microstrip Patch Antenna 19

4.4 Disadvantages Of Microstrip Antenna 20

4.5 Feeding Technique

4.1.1 Coaxial Probe Feeding 21

4.1.2 Microstrip feeding 22

4.1.3 Aperture Coupled Feed 23

4.1.4 Proximity Coupled Feed 24

4.6 Microstrip Antenna with wideband width 25

vii
CHAPTER-5 LITERATURE REVIEW 27

CHAPTER-6 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF UWB CIRCULAR RING TWO ELEMENT

MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

6.1 Introduction 31

6.2 Antenna Structure And Design 32

6.3 Result And Discussion 36

6.4 Conclusion 41

CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 42

REFERENCES 43

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 46

CURRICULUM VITAE

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No NAME OF THE FIGURE Page. No.

2.1 Bandwidth 8
3.1 Ultra band, Wide band, and Narrow band 10
structure
11
3.2 Frequency Bands
15
4.1 Structure of a microstrip patch antenna
16
4.2 Basic principle of microstrip patch antenna

18
4.3 Microstrip patch antenna

4.4 (a)Top view of antenna ,(b) side view of 18

antenna

4.5.1 Coaxial Feeding 21

4.5.2 Microstrip line feed 22

4.5.3 Aperture coupled feed 23

4.5.4 Proximity coupled feed 24

4.5.5 Equivalent circuit of feeding technique 24

5.1 Microstrip patch antenna with inset feed in log 28

periodic

5.2 Geometry of the printed circular disc monopole 29

antenna

ix
 5.3 Simulate and measured return loss 29

5.4 Structure proposed by G.A.Casula 30

6.1 Reference antenna Ant1 ;(a) schematic, (b) top view of fabricated antenna, 33

(c) Bottom view of fabricated antenna

6.2 Single element circular ring antenna Ant2;(a) schematic, 34

(b) Top view of fabricated antenna, (c) bottom view of fabricated antenna

6.3 Two element circular ring array Ant3; (a) schematic, 35

(b) Fabricated antenna

6.4 S11 variations with frequency of Ant 1 single element without ring 37

6.5 S11 variations with frequency of single element circular ring antenna Ant2 37

6.6 S11 variations with frequency of two element circular ring antenna 38

array Ant3

6.7 S11 variation with frequency of two element circular ring antenna array 38

Ant3, for different values of d.

6.8 Simulated gain variation with frequency of single element circular ring 39

antenna Ant2

6.9 Gain variation with frequency of two element circular ring antenna array Ant3 40

6.10 Radiation pattern of two element circular ring antenna array Ant3-E-plane 40

H-plane,at a) 3.3GHz, b)5.1

c) 8.1 GHz d)10.3GHz 41

x
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

λ WAVELENGTH

εr DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

εreff EFFECTIVE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

h HEIGHT OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANT

W WIDTH OF PATCH

c SPEED OF LIGHT

Γ REFLECTION COEFFICIENT Z INPUT IMPEDANCE

Z0 CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE

δeff EFFECTIVE LOSS TANGENT

QT TOTAL ANTENNA QUALITY FACTOR

Qd QUALITY FACTOR OF DIELECTRIC

ωr ANGUALR RESONANT FREQUENCY

WT TOTAL ENERGY STORED IN PATCH AT RESONANCE

Pd DIELECTRIC LOSS

Tanδ LOSS TANGENT OF DIELECTRIC

Qc QUALITY FACTOR FOR RADIATION

Wg WIDTH OF GROUND

Lg LENGTH OF GROUND

Lml FEED LINE LENGTH OF ANT1

a RADIUS OF CIRCULAR DISC

d RADIUS OF CIRCULAR SLOT

xi
 CHAPTER-1

THESIS OVERVIEW

1.1. INTRODUCTION

In mobile and radio wireless communication, microstrip patch antennas have become an
attractive choice because they have advantages such as low profile, light weight and small
volume, conformal, low cost and robust. However, at the same time they have
disadvantages of low efficiency, lower power handling capacity, narrow bandwidth and
surface wave losses. Several research works have been developed for increasing the
bandwidth of the Microstrip antenna [1]-[5].

After approval of commercial use of UWB by FCC (federal communication commission),

Ultra wide band (UWB) has become a great point of interest in present research area.
Several researchers have faced the challenges such as reducing the antenna size,
increasing bandwidth and minimizing interference. But now a days many research works
have been proposed for ulta wide band antenna. Microstrip antenna is more preferred due
to its low profile. Many antennas with UWB capabilities have been designed [1-5].
Microstrip antenna can be used due to their low profile, compact size, light weight, and
easy fabrication. Monopole, Vivaldi and dipole antennas have been reported as UWB
antenna [1]. Monopole and dipole antennas are used for broadcasting, cellular phones, and
wireless communication due to their omni directive property. In the case of monopole
antenna, the radiation pattern is not fixed. It changes rapidly with frequency, which limits
its practical applications. Microstrip antennas in Log-periodic form also reported to
achieve large bandwidth [7-12]. Log-periodic Dipole Antenna (LPDA) radiates in end-fire
direction, with multiple resonance frequencies. By increasing the number of dipole
elements, the bandwidth can be enhanced. The dipole antennas are good candidate for
UWB applications. With both side printed dipole, we achieve wide bandwidth [6].

1
Many existing wireless communications systems, which are located at the frequency band
overlapping to that of the UWB systems. The Ultra wide band systems will cause
interference to these systems such as IEEE 802.11a in USA (5.150 GHz–5.350 GHz and
5.725 GHz–5.825 GHz), HIPERLAN/2 in Europe (5.150 GHz–5.350 GHz and 5.470
GHz–5.725 GHz), and World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) (3.400
GHz–3.690 GHz and 5.250 GHz–5.825 GHz). However, designing UWB antennas with
frequency notched band for blocking the interference between the UWB systems and the
existing narrow band wireless communication systems have become a challenge research
topic.

Last decade, many researches have been proposed to realize UWB antennas with band-
notched characteristic. One of the simple ways is to etch slots on the radiators or feeding
structures, such as U-shaped slots [14], [15], L-shaped slots [16], and H-shaped slots [17].
Adding parasitic strip [18], [19] near the radiation elements or the ground planes is
another way to create notched bands. In addition, loading resonators to the feeding line is
also a good way to realize band-notched characteristics. Several types of resonators such
as split ring resonators [20], complementary split ring resonators [21],and coplanar
waveguide resonant cells [22].

In this work, some UWB microstrip patch antennas are proposed for modern wireless
applications. Proposed antennas have large impedance bandwidth which can be operated
in C, X, and Ku band completely and partially S and K band. Defected Ground Structure
(DGS) is used for providing batter matching. Truncated ground plane works as a reflector
and results in end fire radiation pattern. Notched band is also created at 3.6 GHz by
integrating circular slots for avoiding the interference. The proposed antenna has good
radiation characteristics. The fabrication is done on Fr-4 epoxy substrate, which is cheaper
in cost.

1.2. THESIS OBJECTIVE

The primary objective of this thesis is to design an antenna for Ultra wide band (UWB)
applications. This antenna design is simulated using HIGH FREQUENCY STRUCTURE
SIMULATOR software.

2
Novel microstrip patch antennas are proposed with defected ground structures. Objective
of thesis is summarized as:

 Enhancement of Impedance Bandwidth


 Enhancement of Gain

 Study of various parameters of antenna.



1.3. ORGANIZATIONS OF CHAPTERS

The thesis consists of eight chapters and the overview of all the chapter are as follows:

Chapter 1: This chapter provides a brief introduction on the background, the objectives of
the thesis involved in accomplishing the thesis.

Chapter 2: This chapter describes basic parameters of antenna are Bandwidth, Radiation
pattern , Efficiency, Polarization, Gain.

Chapter 3: This chapter provides brief information about microwave bands, ultrawide
band, and their applications.

Chapter 4: This chapter describes about the Microstrip antenna, their advantages,
disadvantages and Microstrip antennas for UWB applications.

Chapter 5: This chapter dedicated to literature survey.

Chapter 6: This chapter describes design and result about the proposed antenna.

Chapter 7: In this chapter final conclusion is made.

3
 CHAPTER-2

Fundamentals of Antenna

Several types of application requires antenna with different parameters. For example in
cellular mobile communication a circular polarized antenna is requires with high gain and
for satellite communication in downlink a high directive antenna is required. The selection
and performance of an antenna is characterized on the basis of some parameters these are
Bandwidth, Polarization, radiation, Pattern, Efficiency and Gain. These parameters are
described in brief below

2.1) Radiation Patterns:

It is also known as Antenna Pattern or Far-Field Pattern. Radiation pattern of an antenna is

graphical representation of radiated power at as fix distance from the antenna as a function
of azimuth and elevation angle. Thus the antenna pattern shows that how the power is
distributed in the space. In simple way the radiation pattern can be drawn in 2D plane for
different azimuth and elevation angle referred as azimuth plane pattern and elevation
plane pattern. It is good to plot the radiation patterns in Cartesian (rectangular)
coordinates, especially when antenna radiation pattern consists of different side lobes and
where these side lobes levels plays an important role. There are different types of antenna
patterns described below

A. Omnidirectional Antennas:

This antenna has uniform radiation pattern and equally distributed in one plane generally
referred to horizontal planes. Some applications like mobile, cell phones, FM radios,
walkie-talkies, wireless computer networks, cordless phones, GPS, many portable
handheld devices and in base stations antenna required with the characteristics that can
radiate equally in a plane. Omnidirectional antenna has radiation pattern like doughnut
shaped. Some good example of Low gain omnidirectional antenna are Slot antenna and
dipole antenna, whip antenna, discone antenna, duck antenna.

4
Omnidirectional antenna with high gain can also be design by narrowing the beam width
of the antenna in the vertical plane will result in concentrating of energy in horizontal
plane. Therefore a narrow beam width antenna has a high gain and different type of
omnidirectional antenna with various gains can be design. A 0dBd gain antenna radiates
more efficiently in vertical plane.

B. Directional Antennas:

This type of antennas concentrates their radiation in a particular direction. They are also
called Beam Antenna. These antennas are useful in some point to point application like
satellite communication, in base station antenna to transmit energy in a particular sector.
Examples are horn, log-periodic antenna,yagi and panel antenna.

C. Isotropic radiator:

Isotropic antenna radiates uniformly in all direction. An isotropic antenna radiates all the
power given. But practically this type of radiation is not possible. It is used as a reference
to compared with the other antennas.

2.2) Field Regions:

The radiations from antennas are varies when we go apart from the antenna. The field
regions can be divided in Far field region and Near Field Region. The region beyond the
Fraunhofer distance is called Far field region or Fraunhofer region. After this region the
radiation pattern does not change with the distance. The
Fraunhofer distance is related to antenna’s larger dimension and can be calculated as:

R= (eq. 2.1)

Where
R= distance from antenna
D= larger dimension of antenna
= wavelength in free space

5
2.3) Directivity:

Directivity of an antenna defines as how much the antenna is able to radiate in a particular
given direction. It is very important for a receiver antenna. If an antenna radiates equally
in all direction then the directivity of antenna is 1 or when measured with respect to
isotropic antenna is 0dB.
Directivity can be described as,

Directivity = (eq. 2.2)

Directivity of an antenna with given angle shows that the antenna radiations are
more concentrated in that given direction when talking about antenna at
transmitting end. While in case of receiving antenna it will receive the power efficiently
from the particular direction.

2.4) Gain:

Antenna Gain is also known as Power gain or simply Gain. This combines of antenna
efficiency and directivity. For a transmitting antenna it shows how efficiently antenna is
able to radiate the given power into space in a particular direction and receiving antenna
shows how easily itconvert to the received electromagnetic waves into electrical power.
When it is calculated with efficiency and directivity D it is referred as Power Gain.

Power Gain = Eantenna . D (eq. 2.3)

When the directivity with a particular direction is given it is known as Directive Gain.
Directive Gain (,) = Eantenna . D (,) (eq. 2.4)

6
2.5) Antenna polarization:
Antenna polarization is a polarization of the electromagnetic waves radiated from the
antenna. Polarization on a wave is defined as the orientation or path traces by the electric
field vector as a function of time. Polarization can be categorized in three parts
a.Linear polarization
b.Circular polarization
c.Elliptical polarization.
When the electric field vector of the wave at a given point in space follows a linear path
then the polarization is linear. Two types of Linear polarization are Vertical and
Horizontal. In case of circular and elliptical polarization electric field vector follows a
circular and elliptical path. They can be Left hand polarized, if the electric field vector
make clockwise rotation while tracking the path and if the vector tracking the path by
making anti clockwise rotation is called Right hand polarized.

2.6) Antenna Bandwidth:

Antenna bandwidth is another important parameter of antenna can be defined as the range
of frequencies over which antenna fulfil some desired characteristics. Bandwidth can be
explained on the basis of gain, axial ratio bandwidth and Impedance or VSWR bandwidth.
Impedance bandwidth can be defined as the range of frequencies over which the input
impedance of antenna is perfectly matched to the characteristic impedance of the feeding
transmission line. Impedance bandwidth related to Q factor can be described as

BW = (VSWR S: 1) (eq. 2.5)

√

Generally Fractional bandwidth is used for microstrip antenna. Given by

BW = (eq. 2.6)

Where fh and fl are the upper and lower frequencies where the VSWR matches to S: 1.

7
Generally value of VSWR is considered as 2:1 and it is 1:1 ideally. Proper impedance
matching is required to maximize the impedance bandwidth for VSWR 2:1. That is we
have to feed at the driving point where antenna impedance is Z0= 50 ohm generally. One
can get a little bit more bandwidth by feeding at the point where the antenna impedance is
65 ohm.

Figure:2.1 Bandwidth

8
 CHAPTER-3

ULTRAWIDE BAND: CHARECTERSTICS & APPLICATIONS

3.1. INTRODUCTION

Ultra wide band (UWB) is a radio communication technology that can use low energy
level for short range and high data rate transmissions. Interference does not exist with
other traditional narrowband and continuous carrier wave systems operating in the same
frequency band in ultra wide band communication. It is a very high speed wireless
technology as same as WLAN and Hyper LAN. High-performance UWB antennas require
both good impedance matching and low signal distortion within the specified frequency
bands.

Ultra Wideband is refers to communication technology that occupies value of more than
500 MHz , or more than 25% of the value of operating centre frequency. IT has a
substantial effect on antenna design. Given that antenna research for most narrowband
systems is relatively mature, coupled with the fact that the antenna has been a fundamental
challenge of the UWB radio system, UWB has piqued a surge of interest in antenna design
by providing new challenges and opportunities for antenna designers. Achieving the wide
impedance bandwidth and maintaining high radiation efficiency as well is the main
challenge in designing of UWB antenna. Apart from attaining a sufficient impedance
bandwidth, linear phase is also required for optimal wave reception, which corresponds to
near constant group delay.

9
High radiation efficiency is required especially for UWB applications. Since the transmit
power is so low (below the noise floor), power loss due to dielectrics and conductor losses
must be minimized. Generally, antennas sold commercially achieve efficiencies of 50-
60% but for UWB a power loss of 50% is not acceptable since the receive end architecture
already must be exceptionally sensitive to receive a UWB signal. Extra losses could
compromise the functionality of the system. The physical constraints require compatibility
with portable electronic devices and integrated circuits. So small, compact planar antenna
is required.

Figure 3.1: Ultra wide band, wide band, and narrow band structure

10
3.2 MICROWAVE BANDS

There are many exiting frequency bands considered in microwave band. Figure 3.2 illustrate
the bands. 0.3GHz- 40Gz band is considered as a microwave band

Figure 3.2 Frequency bands

The applications of some microwave bands are listed as follows:

3.2.1 S-Band

The S band, which is the part of microwave band of the electromagnetic spectrum, is
defined by an IEEE standard for radio waves with frequencies range 2- 4 GHz, crossing
the conventional boundary between UHF and SHF at 3.0 GHz. Weather radar, surface
ship radar are some example where S band is used, it is also used in
some communication satellite, especially those used by NASA to communicate with the
space shuttle and the International space station. The 10-cm radar short-band ranges from
1.55 to 5.2 GHz.

11
3.2.2 C-Band

The C Band is used for long-distance radio telecommunications. It is defined as certain

portions of the electromagnetic spectrum range 4-8GHz, including wavelengths of
microwaves. The IEEE C-band - and its slight variations - contains frequency ranges that
are used for many satellite transmissions, some Wi-Fi devices, some cordless phone, and
some weather radar systems. For satellite communications, the C-band microwave
frequencies perform better under adverse weather conditions in comparison with
microwave frequencies of Ku band (11.2 GHz to 14.5 GHz), which are used by large set
of communication. The adverse weather condition, collectively referred to as rain fade, all
have to do with moisture in the air, including rain and snow.

3.2.3 X-Band

The X band is a segment of the microwave radio region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
In some cases, such as in communication engineering, the frequency range of X band is
rather indefinitely set at approximately 7.0 to 11.2 GHz. Typically the frequency range is
specified by the IEEE at 8.0 to 12.0 GHz in radar engineering,. The term "X-band" is also
used informally and inaccurately to refer to the extended AM broadcast band, where the
"X" stands for "extended".

3.2.4 Ku Band

The Ku band is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of

frequency of 12-18GHz. This symbol refers to (originally German: Kurz-unten),in other
words, the band directly below the K-band. Its ranges is from 12-18 GHz in radar
applications.Ku band is primarily used for satellite communications, most notably for
fixed and broadcast services, and for specific applications such as NASA's Tracking Data
Relay Satellite used for both space shuttle and ISS communications. Ku band satellites are
also used for backhauls and particularly for satellite from remote locations back to a
television network's studio for editing and broadcasting. The band is split into multiple
segments that vary by geographical region by the International Telecommunication Union
(ITU).

12
A radio band NBC was the first television network which uses Ku band. Some frequencies
in this radio band are used for vehicle speed detection by law enforcement, especially in
Europe.

3.3 ADVANTAGES OF ULTRAWIDE BAND

There are some advantages of ultrawide band over narrow band. The advantages of UWB
are listed as follow:

 It has large channel capacity. Its bandwidth is form 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz and each
channel is of more than 500 MHz.

 Ability to work with low signal to noise ratio

 Low probability of intercept and detection

 High performance in multipath channel

 Simple Transceiver architecture

 High-precision ranging and localisation at the centimetre level



3.4 ULTRAWIDE BAND CHARECTERSTICS

The ultrawide band can be characterized as follows:

 Extremely low transmission energy and power is in microwatt range.


 Very high bandwidth within short range (200Mbps within 10m) so its power
requirement is Low.

 Extremely difficult to intercept

 Short pulse excitation generates wide band spectra –Low energy densities

 Low energy densities also minimizes interference to other services

 Multipath immunity

13
 Frequency diversity with minimum hardware modification.

 Low cost

 Nearly all digital architecture

 Ideal for microminiaturization into a chipset

14
 CHAPTER-4

MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

4.1. INTRODUCTION

In this chapter we will discuss about of microstrip patch antenna. Because of its structure,
it is also known as patch antenna. The main focus will be on the general requirement of
patch antennas for increasing their bandwidth. Main topics will be: Principles of
operation, advantages, disadvantages, and requirement for UWB.

This Patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate which
has a ground plane on the other side as shown in Figure 4.1. The patch is generally made
of conducting material such as copper or gold and can be of any possible shape. Mainly
microstrip antenna shapes are square, rectangular,circular,and elliptical because of easy
fabrication and easy analysis; but generally any continuous shape can be used.

Figure 4.1 Structure of a Microstrip Patch Antenna

15
In rectangular patch, the length L of the patch is usually 0.3333λ0<L< 0.5 λ0, where λ0 is
the free-space wavelength. The patch should be very thin such that t<< λ0 (where t is the
patch thickness). The height h of the dielectric substrate is usually 0.003 λ0≤h≤0.05 λ0.
Value of dielectric constant of the substrate (εr) is lies in the range 2.2 ≤ εr ≤ 12.
For good antenna performance, a thick dielectric substrate having a low dielectric constant
is desirable since this provides better efficiency, larger bandwidth and better radiation.
However such a configuration leads to a larger antenna size. In order to design a compact
Microstrip patch antenna, substrates with higher dielectric constants must be used which
are less efficient and result in narrower bandwidth.

4.2. PRINCIPLE AND PROPERTIES OF PATCH ANTENNA

Patch antenna has a number of advantages over other antennas. it is lightweight,

inexpensive and easy to integrate with accompanying electronics. While the antenna can
be 3D in structure (wrapped around an object, for example), the elements are usually
flat, hence their other name, planar antennas. Remember a planar antenna is not always
a patch antenna. A patch antenna(figure shown below) in its basic form: a flat plate over
a ground plane (usually a PC board).

Figure 4.2. Basic principle of patch antenna

16
At the centre of patch, electric field is zero, maximum (positive) at one side, and
minimum (negative) on the opposite side. Minimum and maximum continuously change
side according to the instantaneous phase of the applied signal.

The electric field does not stop abruptly at the patch's periphery. These field extensions are
called fringing fields, these fields cause the patch to radiate. For patch antennas, some
popular analytic modelling techniques are based on this leaky cavity concept. The
fundamental mode of a rectangular patch is often denoted using cavity theory as the TM10
mode. Since this notation frequently causes confusion, we will briefly explain it. TM
stands for transversal magnetic field distribution. It means that only three field
components are considered instead of six. The field components of interest are: the
electric field in the z-direction and the magnetic field components in x and y direction
using of Cartesian coordinate system, where the x and y axis is parallel with the ground
plane and the z-axis is perpendicular.

Normally, the modes are designated as TMnmz.Electric field variation is considered

negligible in the z-axis. Hence TMnm remains with n and m the field variations in x and y
direction. Also, the field variation is negligible in the y direction (impedance width
direction), hence m is 0. And the field has one minimum to maximum variation in the x
direction (resonance length direction), thus n is 1 in the case of the fundamental, hence the
notation TM10.

In below Figure 4.3 shows, a rectangular Microstrip patch antenna of length L, width W
resting on a substrate of height h. The co-ordinate axis is selected such that the length is
along the x direction, width is along the y direction and the height is along the z direction.
In order to operate with fundamental TM10 mode, the length of the patch must be slightly
less than λ/2 where λ is the wavelength in the dielectric medium and is equal to λ0/√εreff

where λ0is the free space wavelength. The TM10mode implies that the field varies one λ/2
cycle along the length, and there is no variation along the width of the patch.

17
 Patch

W
L
Substrate
Z
Y
Ground Plane
X

Figure 4.3 Microstrip Patch Antenna

Patch antenna is represented by two slots (Figure 4.4(a) and (b)), separated by a
transmission line of length L and open circuited at both the ends. Along the width of the
patch, the voltage is maximum and current is minimum due to the open ends.

Figure 4.4(a) Top View of Antenna, Figure 4.4(b) Side View of Antenna

18
This is seen from Figure 4.4 that the normal components of the electric field at the two
edges along the width are in opposite directions and thus out of phase since the patch is
λ/2 long and hence they cancel each other in the broadside direction. The tangential
components (seen in Figure 4.4), which are in phase, that means the resulting fields
combine to give maximum radiated field normal to the surface of the structure.

4.3. ADVATAGES OF MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

Due to low profile and easy fabrication, microstrip patch antennas are extremely
compatible for embedded antennas in handheld wireless devices such as pagers, cellular
phones,etc. The telemetry and communication antennas on missiles are thin, conformal
and are often in the form of Microstrip patch antennas. Another area where they have
been used successfully is in Satellite communication. Some of their principal advantages
discussed by Kumar and Ray are given below:

1. Light weight and low volume.

2. Can be easily made conformal to host surface.

3 .Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in large quantities.

4. Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization.

5. Integration with microwave integrated circuits can be done easily.

6. Capable of dual and triple frequency operations.

7. Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces.

19
4.4. DISADVATAGES OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS

Microstrip patch antennas suffer from more drawbacks as compared to conventional

antennas. Some of their major disadvantages discussed by Garg are given below:

1. Narrow bandwidth.

2. Low efficiency.

3. Low Gain.

4. Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions.

5. Poor end fire radiator except tapered slot antennas.

6. Low power handling capacity.

7. Surface wave excitation

20
4.5 Feeding techniques

A feed line is used to excite to radiate by direct or indirect contact. There are several
techniques of feeding and four main techniques are coaxial probe feed, microstrip
line, aperture coupling and proximity coupling.

1) Coaxial probe feeding

In this type of feeding method, the inner conductor of the coaxial connector extends
through the dielectric and it is attached to the radiation patch of the antenna while the
outer conductor is connected to the ground plane. The main advantages of coaxial
feeding are easy to fabricate, easy to match and its disadvantages is narrow
bandwidth, difficult to model since a hole has to be made in the thick substrate.

Substrate

Coaxial Ground Plane

Connector

Figure 4.5.1: Coaxial feeding

21
2. Microstrip line feed

Microstrip line feed is simple methods to fabricate as it is a just conducting strip directly
connecting to the patch and therefore can be consider as extension of patch. There is one
advantage is that the feed can be etched on the same substrate to provide a planar
structure. It is easy to match by controlling the inset position. However the main
disadvantage of this method is that as substrate thickness increases, spurious feed
radiation and surface wave increases which limit the bandwidth in result.

Microstrip Feed
Patch

Substrate

Ground Plane

Figure4.5.2: Microstrip line feed

22
3) Aperture coupled feed

Aperture coupled feed is most difficult method. This type of feed consist of two
different substrate separated by a ground plane. On the bottom side of lower substrate
there is a microstrip feed line whose energy is coupled to the patch through a slot on the
ground plane separating two substrates. Normally top substrate uses a thick low
dielectric constant substrate other hand the bottom substrate is high dielectric substrate.
The ground plane isolates the feed from radiation element and decreases interference of
spurious radiation for pattern formation and polarization purity. Advantages is allows
independent optimization of feed mechanism element. Disadvantage of this feeding
technique is that due to presence of multiple layer it is not easy to fabricate .

Patch Aperture/Slot

Microstrip Line

Substrate 1
Ground plane
Substrate 2

Figure4.5.3 Aperture coupled feed

23
4) Proximity Coupled Feed

Proximity coupled feed technique is also known as the electromagnetic coupling

scheme. In below figure(4.5.4) two dielectric substrates are used so that two substrates
are in between feed line and the radiating patch is on the top of the upper substrate. This
feeding method provides option between two different dielectric media, one is patch and
other one is the feed line to optimize the individual performances. The main drawback
of this feeding technique is that it is not easy to fabricate because of two dielectric layer
which need proper alignment.

Patch

Microstrip Line

Substrate 1
Substrate 2

Figure: 4.5.4 Proximity coupled feed

The equivalent circuit for each of them is shown below.

Figure: 4.5.5 equivalent circuit of feeding technique

24
4.6. MICROSTRIP ANTENNA WITH WIDE BANDWIDTH

Due to small size and light weight, microstrip antenna has gain popularity. However a
limitation of microstrip antenna is the narrow bandwidth of the basic element. The basic
patch element’s bandwidth is usually 1-3%.Bandwidth of antenna can be explained as
range of frequencies, over which the performance of the antenna with respect to some
characteristic ensure to a specific standard.

SOLUTION

The bandwidth of the antenna is depends on

1: Shape of patch,

2: Resonant frequency,

3: Dielectric constant, and

4: The thickness of the substrate.

Antenna’s bandwidth can be increased by reducing the substrate permittivity (E)or

increasing its thickness (h). However there are two problems get with increasing the
substrate thickness. The first problem is the radiation and reactance get with the feed
junction. The second problem is an increase in surface wave effects. To avoid the
problems, a number of different methods have been investigated to improve the
bandwidth of the Microstrip antenna. Several methods to enhance the bandwidth of
Microstrip antenna have been investigated. Most of the work done for bandwidth
enhancement has been directed towards improving the impedance bandwidth of the
antenna element. By using multilayer structure antenna (10), parasitic element, non-
contact feeding technique several shape slots, the bandwidth can be increased.

25
Now a day many reported research works on UWB antenna design. Monopole antenna
is one of the typical examples, which can achieve very wide frequency band with a
simple geometry. However, the radiation pattern of the monopole UWB antenna
changes rapidly with frequency, which limits its practical applications. Tapered slot
antenna (or Vivaldi antenna) is another typical example of UWB antenna.

It transmits or receives power in the end fire direction using travelling-wave mechanism.
The peak radiation is fixed and the radiation pattern is stable within the working
frequency band. This property leads it to a good candidate for UWB applications.
however, the shortcoming of this kind of antenna is large size, generally with the length
of minimum three guided-wavelengths at the lowest working frequency. Printed log-
periodic dipole antenna (PLPDA) also radiates in end-fire direction within ultrawide
frequency band.

With the multiple resonance property, its bandwidth can be enhanced by increasing the
number of the dipole elements. Some of the research works on log-periodic antenna
were reported in [3]–[12], where the difficulty of the feeding network was addressed. At
the very beginning, coaxial cable is used for feeding the PLPDAs at the AM/FM radio
and the TV frequency bands; however, it was found that the performance will be
deteriorated with frequency increasing. Strip line as a feeding network for PLPDA was
reported in [3], [10] however based on multi-layer process.

26
 CHAPTER-5

LITERATURE REVIEW

5.1 Qing-Xin Chu and Ying-Ying Yang [32] have proposed Compact planar ultra-
wideband antenna and the use of nested C-shaped slots to produce band-notch
characteristics in 3.4 GHz band and 5.5 GHz band and minimize to the interference of the
UWB antenna with Wi-MAX and WLAN 2 bands respectively. While etching the slots
they have also discussed the mechanism by which the slots provide band-stop filter type
response to the antenna performance. They have discussed very clearly how the
destructive interference for the surface currents makes the antenna non-responsive at
those notch frequencies. They have also explained the relationship between the notch
frequency and the length of the slot to be etched. Also they have explained the dumbbell
shape of E-plane and omnidirectional H-plane.

5.2 D.-O. Kim and C.-Y. Kim [35] have done work on integrating three notch elements
on a primitive antenna to produce triple band-notch characteristics. They have also given
a method to decrease the cross-coupling among notch elements. In this chapter they
explained very clearly optimized positioning of notch elements to achieve controllability
of each rejection band. How to use of CSRRs (Complementary Split Ring Resonators) is
described here. This paper also explores the importance of calculating return loss due to
each element after embedding them on the primitive antenna. They have also instructed
not to embed the notch elements blindly onto the patch antenna without taking into
account the mutual coupling problem.

5.3 MOHAMAD KAMAL, A. RAHIM used Microstrip rectangular patch antenna with
inset fed in log-periodic manner [28]. They described about the various techniques to
improve the bandwidth of a Microstrip antenna.

27
One of the techniques that had been discussed in detail was the log periodic technique.
The design, simulation, and fabrication of log periodic antenna (LPA) with inset feed
method has been discussed. They used eleven element arrays on this antenna. The
performance of the antenna has been investigated in terms of bandwidth, gain relative to
a dipole antenna, cross-polar isolation, and beamwidh. But there were many unwanted
notched bands. The structure is shown in figure 5.1.

Figure 5.1 Microstrip rectangular patch antenna with inset feed in log-periodic

5.4 JIANXIN LIANG, CHOO C.CHIAU [1] they have done a thorough study of a
novel monopole antenna for ultrawide-band (UWB) applications. They proposed a
novel design of printed circular disc monopole fed by microstrip line. They have been
shown that the performance of the antenna in term of its frequency domain
characteristics is mostly dependent on the feed gap g,the width of the ground plane w
and the dimension of the disc . They have given demonstration numerically and
experimentally that the proposed printed circular disc monopole can yield an ultra-wide
bandwidth, covering the FCC defined UWB frequency band. They also proposed that
the radiation patterns are nearly omni directional over the entire 10 db return loss
bandwidth.

28
Figure.5.2 Geometry of the printed circular disc monopole

Figure5.3 Simulated and measured return loss

29
5.5 G.A CASULA has made a printed LPDA with UWB capabilities [10]. He
proposed the design of a wideband microstrip log periodic array operating
frequency range 4 and 18 GHz.The solution was shown both SWR and gain better
than likely structures.This antenna designed by using CST MICROWAVE
STUDIO 2009,a general purpose and specialist tool for the 3D electromagnetic
simulation of microwave high frequency component. A ground plane is
sandwiched between upper and lower faces of the dipoles, that makes the structure
difficult to fabricated . This structure is shown in figure 5.4

Figure 5.4 The structure proposed by G.A. Casula

5.6 MARCO A.ANTONIADES,GEORGE V.ELEFTHERIADES [2] have been

proposed a compact multiband antenna which consist of a printed circular disc monopole
antenna with L-shaped slot cut of the ground ,however forming a defected ground plan.
They have given demonstrate that the inclusion of the slot create s two additional
independent adjacent resonances, which by virtue of the orthogonally between their
polarizations can be merged to form a single wideband response .This work exhibited a
high measured efficiency of approximately 90% in both frequency bands while providing
orthogonal pattern diversity. They also proposed that it was completely uniplanar, has a
low profile and does not require any vias or lumped – element components. That’s why it
was well suited for wireless LAN application.

30
 CHAPTER-6

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF UWB CIRCULAR RING

TWO ELEMENT MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

6.1. INTRODUCTION

Wide Band Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPAs) are in demand now-a-days because
single antenna can be used for multiple wireless applications. Several researches have
been reported for wide band MPA [32]. A MPA with circular shaped Defected Ground
Structure (DGS) has been proposed for wide band performance [33]. A Ultra Wide
Band (UWB) circular microstrip patch antenna has been presented with semi ground
plane and antenna shows an impedance bandwidth of about 115% ranging from 2.7
GHz to 10 GHz [1]. However, the gain of the antenna is around 5.5 dB within the
operating band. Same shape of circular patch has been proposed with CPW fed and L-
shaped slot for multi band operation [2]. A rotated square shape defect has been
proposed with open ended microstrip line for wide band applications [5]. Impedance
bandwidth of about 49% ranging from 3.8 GHz to 5.8 GHz achieved. Impedance
bandwidth of rotated square shaped defect has been enhanced to the value of 80% by
inserting a parasitic centre patch [6]. A UWB microstrip patch antenna has been
reported for wireless applications with impedance bandwidth of 165 % ranging from 2
GHz to 21 GHz. However, there is no notched band within this large bandwidth [7].

Several wide band and UWB antennas have been reported with notch band
characteristics [35-38]. Notch band is provided in UWB performance for avoiding the
interference of the antenna with some exciting wireless bands which are used frequently
for several applications. A LPDA has been proposed for C, X, and Ku band applications
with notched band [35]. A U-shaped slot was integrated for creating a notch band at 5.8
GHz.

31
In the present paper, a circular patch antenna with microstrip feed and semi ground
plane is considered as a reference antenna [1]. A circular slot is embedded in the
circular patch and antenna fed with microstrip line for providing a notch band within
the operating frequency. Further, this circular ring is proposed as an antenna array of
two elements with 50-Ω microstrip power divider lines.
Impedance bandwidth and antenna gain is improved with notch band characteristics by
using antenna array. The proposed antenna structure is analysed and optimized using
HFSS v.14 which is based on Finite Element Method (FEM). All the antennas are
fabricated on FR-4 epoxy substrate. The measured results of fabricated antennas are in
good agreement with simulated results.

6.2.ANTENNA STRUCTURE AND DESIGN

A circular patch of radius a fed with microstrip line of width Wml and length Lml is

placed on the upper side of the substrate. A semi ground plane of length Lg and width

Wg is placed on the other side of the substrate. This antenna is used as the reference
antenna for comparison purpose and referred as Ant1. Further, a circular slot of radius d
is embedded with Ant1 and new structure with circular ring is referred as Ant2. By
integrating a circular defect the current distribution of the patch is disturbed and Ant2
starts to offer a notch band at frequency 3.6GHz. The distance g between ground plane
and edge of circular ring affects the impedance matching and controls the return loss
level. A small change in distance g creates a drastic change in return loss characteristics.
The distance g is optimized using Ansoft HFSS v.14. The length Lg is chosen as 52 mm
for both the antennas Ant1 and Ant2.

Further, two element antenna array of above explained circular ring is proposed with
microstrip line power divider and proposed antenna is referred as Ant3. The inner and
outer radius of circular ring is d and a, respectively. A 50-Ω microstrip line of length
Lml2 and width Wmlis used to feed the Ant3. A double step quarter wave transformer is
used to feed the two elements of antenna array. A 50-Ω microstrip line is divided in two
parts of 100-Ω microstrip line of length L1 and width W1 of both sides. Further, a λ/4
long 75-Ω microstrip line of length L2and width W2is used to connect the 100-Ω
microstrip line with 50-Ω microstrip line.

32
The width of microstrip line is inversely propositional to the characteristics impedance
of microstrip line and calculated as given in [39]. After a distance L4 50-Ω microstrip
line is rotated at right angle. The corners of the rotated microstrip line offer an extra
capacitive effect in the model. Corners of the microstrip line are truncated triangularly
o
at an angle of 45 with tapered length L5 to remove this extra capacitive of corners of
the microstrip line. Length L6 is connected to the circular ring for feeding the main
antenna element. Both feed lines are identical.

(a)

(b) (c)

Figure. 6.1. Reference antenna Ant1; (a) Schematic, (b) Top view of fabricated
antenna, (c) Bottom view of fabricated antenna

33
 (a)

(b) (c)

Figure 6.2. single element circular ring antenna Ant2; (a) schematic, (b)
Top view of fabricated antenna, (c)Bottom view of fabricated antenna

34
 (a)

(b)
Figure.6.3. Two element circular ring array Ant3;
(a)Schematic, (b)Fabricated antenna

35
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fr-4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm is used to design the proposed antenna. The dielectric
constant and loss tangent of the substrate is 4.4 and 0.001, respectively. Proposed
TM
antennas are fabricated with standard photolithography process. Agilent Vector
Network Analyzer is used to measure the characteristics of fabricated antenna structures.
Fig.6.4 shows the return loss characteristics of Ant1. Ant1 shows an impedance
bandwidth of 145.86 % ranging from 1.8 GHz to 11.5 GHz. Ant1 is designed as a
reference antenna and design is taken as [1]. However; only 115 % impedance
bandwidth is achieved in [1]. The parameters of [1] are again calculated and impedance
bandwidth is improved from the value of 115 % to the value of 145.86 %. Further, a
circular slot is embedded with Ant1 which makes a circular ring. This circular ring fed
with microstrip line and Ant2 shows an impedance bandwidth of 146 % ranging from 2
GHz to 12.8 GHz. A notch band is achieved at the frequency of 3.6 GHz by introducing
circular slot in the antenna. Notch band of 11.26 % is achieved between the frequency
bands ranging from 3.35 GHz to 3.75 GHz. The return loss characteristic of Ant2 is
depicted in Fig. 6.5. Further, an array of two antenna element (circular ring) is proposed
as Ant3. The return loss characteristics are shown in Fig. 6.6.Ant3shows an impedance
bandwidth of 185.5% ranging from 1.0 GHz to 13.8 GHz which covers the L, S, C, and X
bands completely and Ku band partially. Ant3 shows multiple resonances at frequencies
3.3, 5.1, 8.1, and 10.3 GHz. Notch band is achieved at the frequency of 4.6 GHz.
Circular slot of radius d is responsible for notch band. A parametric analysis of radius of
circular slot d is shown in Fig.6.7. Best results are obtained for the value of 8.6 mm of
radius d.

36
Figure.6.4. S11 variations with frequency of Ant1 Single element
without ring

Figure 6.5.S11 variations with frequency of single element

circular ring antenna Ant2

37
 Figure.6.6. S11 variations with frequency of two element circular ring
antenna array Ant3

Figure 6.7. S11 variations with frequency of two element circular ring
antenna array Ant3 for deferent values of d

38
Fig. 6.8 and Fig. 6.9 show the gain characteristics of Ant2 and Ant3, respectively. Both
antennas show lowest gain at their notch frequencies, respectively. Peak gain of 6.3 dBi
and 8.1 dBi are achieved for Ant2, and Ant3, respectively. Ant2 shows average gain of
around 2 dBi after a frequency of 5 GHz. By using the antenna array the gain is
improved of the proposed antenna. Ant3 shows average gain of around 5 dBi between a
frequency-band ranging from 5.5 GHz to 11.5 GHz, except this frequency band Ant3
shows antenna gain of around 8 dBi. The radiation patterns of Ant3 are shown in Fig.
6.10 at resonant frequencies 3.3, 5.1, 8.1, and 10.3 GHz, respectively.

Figure.6.8. Simulated gain variations with frequency of single element

circular ring antenna Ant2

39
Figure.6.9.Gain variations with frequency of two element circular ring
antenna array Ant3

(a) (b)

40
 (b) (d)

Figure.6.10.Radiation patterns of two element circular ring antenna array Ant3

E-Plane, H-Plane, at (a) 3.3 GHz, (b) 5.1 GHz, (c) 8.1 GHz, (d) 10.3
GHz

4. CONCLUSION
A circular ring microstrip line fed UWB microstrip patch antenna with semi ground
plane is designed and analysed. Proposed antenna shows an impedance bandwidth of
146% ranging from 2.0 GHz to 12.8 GHz. A notch band is achieved at 3.6 GHz in the
frequency band ranging from 3.35 GHz to 3.75 GHz. Proposed antenna shows good
radiation characteristics with satisfactory gain. Further, gain and bandwidth of the
proposed antenna is enhanced using two element array of circular ring. A microstrip line
based power divider is used to feed the both element of power divider. Proposed two
element antenna array shows an enhanced impedance bandwidth of 185.5% ranging
from 1.0 GHz to 13.8 GHz which covers the L, C, X bands completely and Ku band
partially. A notch band is achieved at 4.6 GHz for avoiding the interference with signals
of the frequency of 4.6 GHz. The gain of the antenna array is enhanced in the entire
band. Antenna array shows gain of about 7dBi in the frequency band ranging from 1
GHz to 4 GHz and from 11.5 GHz to 13.8 GHz with peak gain of 8.1 dBi. Around 5 dBi
of gain is achieved within a frequency range from 5.5 GHz to 11.5 GHz..

41
 CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION

An ultrawide band antenna has been designed. The simulation is done by the
software Ansoft HFSS-14. The simulated results are verified with measured results.
The fabricated antenna on FR-4 epoxy substrate gave the impedance bandwidth of
185.5% ranging from 1.0 to 13.8 GHz (BW=12.8 GHz) which covers the L, C, X
bands completely and Ku partially and also create a notch band at 4.6 GHz for
avoiding the interference with signals of the frequency of 4.6GHz.The gain of the
antenna array is enhanced in the entire band. Antenna array shows minimum gain at
notch frequencies. The proposed antenna is a nice candidate for wireless
communication system due to it’s ultrawide band application with notch band
characteristics.

FUTURE SCOPE

For higher gain we increase the no of element in the array .The planner array can
also be developed.

42
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[31] Taga, T. Tsunekawa, K. and Saski, A., “Antennas for Detachable Mobile Radio
Units,” Review of the ECL, NTT, Japan, Vol. 35, No.1, January
1987.
[32] Qing-Xin Chu and Ying-Ying Yang, “A Compact Ultra wideband Antenna
With 3.4/5.5 GHz Dual Band-Notched Characteristics”, IEEE Trans. Antennas
and Propag.,vol.56,pp.3637-3644, Dec. 2008.
[33] D.Guha,S.Biswas,and Y.M.M ANTAR,Defected ground structure for
microstripantennas,IN: Microstrip and printed antennas:New trends , techniques
and applications,Wiley ,united kingdom ,2011.
[34] M.K. Khandelwal, B.K. Kanaujia, S. Dwari, S. Kumar, and A.K. Gautam,
Analysis and design of microstrip-line-fed antenna with defected ground structure
for ku band applications, Int J Electron Commun 68 (2014), 951– 957.
[35] D.-O. Kim and C.-Y. Kim, “CPW-fed ultra-wideband antenna with triple-band
notch functions”, Electron. Lett., vol.46,pp.1246-1248, Sept.2010.
[36] M.K. Khandelwal, B.K. Kanaujia, and A.K. Gautam, Low profile UWB log-
periodic dipole antenna for wireless communication with notched band,
Microwave Opt TechnolLett 55 (2013), 2901–2906.
[37] K. Yin and J.P. Xu, Compact ultra-wideband antenna with dual bandstop
characteristic, Electron Lett 44 (2008).
[38] M. Abdollahvand, G. Dadashzadeh, and D. Mostafa, Compact dual band-notched
printed monopole antenna for UWB application, IEEE Antennas Wireless
PropagLett 9 (2010), 1148–1151.
[39] Collins RE. Foundations of microwave engineering, Wiley, NewYork, NY, 2001.

45
 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

1. Paramita saha, Anshuman singh, Vijay k.Pandey, Binod k. kanujia,

Mukhesh k. khandelwal, “Design and Analysis of UWB circular
ring two Element Array With Notched Band For Modern
Wireless Application,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters
(WILEY), Vol.57,no.9,september 2015

2. Nikhil kumar , Paramita saha, Vijay K . Pandey “Semicircular

Microstrip patch Antenna Loaded With CSRR Structure On
Ground To Reduce The Size”, Presented at National Conference in
Shri Ram College Of Engineering & Management, Palwal,April 2017

46
 for high-density 3D chip stacking package, In: Electronic Compo- HFSS v.14. Proposed structure is fabricated on Fr-4 Epoxy substrate
nents and Technology Conference, Las Vegas, 2004. and measured results are in good agreement with simulated results.
11. Y.H. Chen, J.R. Lin, S.L. Chen, C.T. Ko, T.Y. Kuo, C.W. Chien, C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:2067–
V
S.P. Yu, A. Ostmann, and A. Neumann, Chip-in-substrate package, 2072, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI
CiSP, technology, In: Electronics Packaging Technology Conference, 10.1002/mop.29306
Singapore, 2004.
12. C.W. Chien, L.C. Shen, T.C. Chang, C.Y. Chang, F.J. Leu, T.F. Key words: microstrip patch antenna; antenna array; power divider;
Yang, C. Ta Ko, C.K. Lee, C.K. Shu, Y.C. Lee, and Y.C. Shih, circular ring; ultra wide band
Wafer level chip stacked module by embedded IC packaging tech-
nology, In: International Microsystems, Packaging, Assembly and
Circuits Technology Conference, Taipei, China, 2007. 1. INTRODUCTION
13. A. Ostmann, A. Neumann, J. Auersperg, and C. Ghahremani, Inte-
Wide band microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) are in demand
gration of passive and active components into build-up layers, In:
now-a-days because single antenna can be used for multiple
Electronics Packaging Technology Conference, Singapore, 2002.
14. S.H. Park, J.H. Youn, C.S. Yoo, P.S. Kim, N.K. Kang, J.C. Park, wireless applications. Several researches have been reported for
and W.S. Lee, The fabrication and characterization of diplexer sub- wide band MPA [1]. A MPA with circular shaped defected
strate with buried 1005 passive components chip in PCB, ground structure has been proposed for wide band performance
J Microelectron Packaging Soc 14 (2007), 41–47. [2]. A ultra wide band (UWB) circular MPA has been presented
15. S.M. Wu, E. Jahja, W.K. Yen, and J.W. Wang, Study of discrete with semiground plane and antenna shows an impedance band-
capacitor embedded process and characterization analysis in organic- width of about 115% ranging from 2.7 to 10 GHz [3]. However,
base substrate, In: Electronics Packaging Technology Conference, the gain of the antenna is around 5.5 dBi within the operating
Singapore, 2007. band. Same shape of circular patch has been proposed with
16. K.J. Chia, A. Chang, and S.P. Hsu, The development of chip embed-
CPW fed and L-shaped slot for multi band operation [4]. A
ded for IC substrate, In: International Microsystems, Packaging,
rotated square shape defect has been proposed with open ended
Assembly and Circuits Technology Conference, Taipei, China, 2007.
17. J.F. Chang, Y.S. Lin, C.Z. Chen, C.C. Chen, P.F. Yeh, P.L. Huang, microstrip line for wide band applications [5]. Impedance band-
T. Wang, and S.S. Lu, Ultra-low-loss and broadband micromachined width of about 49% ranging from 3.8 to 5.8 GHz achieved.
inductors and transformers for 30–100 GHz CMOS RFIC applica- Impedance bandwidth of rotated square shaped defect has been
tions by CMOS-compatible ICP deep trench technology, In: IEEE enhanced to the value of 80% by inserting a parasitic center
Radio and Wireless Symposium, Long Beach, 2007. patch [6]. A UWB MPA has been reported for wireless applica-
18. M.M.H. Siti, N.O. Mohd, A. Marzuki, A.I. Abdul Rahim, and R.Y. tions with impedance bandwidth of 165% ranging from 2 to
Mohamed, Characterization of on-wafer RF passive components for 21 GHz. However, there is no notched band within this large
RFIC devices using three-steps de-embedding method, In: IEEE bandwidth [7].
Malaysia International Conference on Communication, Kuala Lum-
Several wide band and UWB antennas have been reported
pur, Malaysia, 2009.
with notch band characteristics [8–13]. Notch band is provided
in UWB performance for avoiding the interference of the
C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
antenna with some exciting wireless bands which are used fre-
quently for several applications. A LPDA has been proposed for
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF UWB C, X, and Ku band applications with notched band [8]. A U-
CIRCULAR RING TWO ELEMENT shaped slot was integrated for creating a notch band at 5.8 GHz.
MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY In the present article, a circular patch antenna with micro-
WITH NOTCHED BAND FOR MODERN strip feed and semiground plane is considered as a reference
WIRELESS APPLICATIONS antenna [3]. A circular slot is embedded in the circular patch
and antenna fed with microstrip line for providing a notch band
Paramita Saha,1 Anshuman Singh,2 Vijay K. Pandey,3 within the operating frequency. Further, this circular ring is pro-
Binod Kumar Kanaujia,4 and Mukesh Kumar Khandelwal5 posed as an antenna array of two elements with 50-X microstrip
1
NIET Greater Noida-201310, India power divider lines. Impedance bandwidth and antenna gain is
2
NIET Greater Noida-201310, India
3
NIET Greater Noida-201310, India improved with notch band characteristics using antenna array.
4
Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies & The proposed antenna structure is analyzed and optimized using
Research, Geeta Colony, Delhi 110031, India; Corresponding author: HFSS v.14 which is based on finite element method. All the
bkkanaujia@Yahoo.Co.in antennas are fabricated on FR-4 epoxy substrate. The measured
5
Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies &
results of fabricated antennas are in good agreement with simu-
Research, Geeta Colony, Delhi 110031, India
lated results.
Received 4 February 2015
2. ANTENNA STRUCTURE AND DESIGN
ABSTRACT: Two element array of circular ring microstrip patch A circular patch of radius a fed with microstrip line of width Wml
antenna is proposed for modern wireless applications. A circular slot is and length Lml is placed on the upper side of the substrate. A semi-
integrated in the circular patch for providing a notched band at fre- ground plane of length Lg and width Wg is placed on the other side
quency of 4.6 GHz for avoiding the interference with exciting band at of the substrate. This antenna is used as the reference antenna for
frequency of 4.6 GHz. A 50-X microstrip line power divider is used for
comparison purpose and referred as Ant1 (Figure 1). Further, a cir-
feeding the both circular ring elements of array. The corners of the
power divider are truncated for providing the better impedance match-
cular slot of radius d is embedded with Ant1 and new structure with
ing. Antenna shows an impedance bandwidth of 185.5% ranging from circular ring is referred as Ant2 (Figure 2). By integrating a circular
1.0 GHz to 13.8 GHz. Proposed antenna shows good radiation charac- defect the current distribution of the patch is disturbed and Ant2
teristics with peak gain of the value of around 8 dBi. Single element of starts to offer a notch band at frequency 3.6 GHz. The distance g
same circular ring fed with microstrip line also proposed with semi- between ground plane and edge of circular ring affects the imped-
ground plane. The antenna is analyzed with finite element method using ance matching and controls the return loss level. A small change in

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 9, September 2015 2067
Figure 1 Reference antenna Ant1; (a) Schematic, (b) top view of fabricated antenna, and (c) bottom view of fabricated antenna. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 2 Single element circular ring antenna Ant2; (a) schematic, (b) top view of fabricated antenna, and (c) bottom view of fabricated antenna.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

2068 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 9, September 2015 DOI 10.1002/mop
 Figure 5 S11 variations with frequency of single element circular ring
antenna Ant2. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is
available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 3 Two element circular ring array Ant3; (a) schematic and (b)
fabricated antenna. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,
which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

TABLE 1 Design Specifications

Parameter (mm) Parameter (mm) Parameter (mm) Parameter (mm) Figure 6 S11 variations with frequency of two element circular ring
antenna array Ant3. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,
a 20 Lml 50.46 Lg 52 L4 14.1 which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
L 100 h 1.6 Wg 120 L5 4.39
Wml 3.07 Wg2 160 d 8.6 L6 3.56
Lml2 44.98 L1 8.46 L2 10.84 L2 10.84

Figure 4 S11 variations with frequency of Ant1. Single element with- Figure 7 S11 variations with frequency of two element circular ring
out ring. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is avail- antenna array Ant3 for deferent values of d. [Color figure can be viewed
able at wileyonlinelibrary.com] in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 9, September 2015 2069
 Length L6 is connected to the circular ring for feeding the main
antenna element. Both feed lines are identical.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fr-4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm is used to design the pro-
posed antenna. The dielectric constant and loss tangent of the
substrate is 4.4 and 0.001, respectively. Table 1 summarized the
design specifications. Proposed antennas are fabricated with
standard photolithography process. AgilentTM Vector Network
Analyzer is used to measure the characteristics of fabricated
antenna structures. Figure 4 shows the return loss characteristics
of Ant1. Ant1 shows an impedance bandwidth of 145.86% rang-
ing from 1.8 to 11.5 GHz. Ant1 is designed as a reference
antenna and design is taken as [3]. However, only 115% imped-
ance bandwidth is achieved in [3]. The parameters of [3] are
again calculated and impedance bandwidth is improved from the
Figure 8 Simulated gain variations with frequency of single element value of 115% to the value of 145.86%. Further, a circular slot
circular ring antenna Ant2. [Color figure can be viewed in the online is embedded with Ant1 which makes a circular ring. This circu-
issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com] lar ring fed with microstrip line and Ant2 shows an impedance
bandwidth of 146% ranging from 2 to 12.8 GHz. A notch band
is achieved at the frequency of 3.6 GHz by introducing circular
distance g creates a drastic change in return loss characteristics. The slot in the antenna. Notch band of 11.26% is achieved between
distance g is optimized using Ansoft HFSS v.14. The length Lg is the frequency bands ranging from 3.35 to 3.75 GHz. The return
chosen as 52 mm for both the antennas Ant1 and Ant2. loss characteristic of Ant2 is depicted in Figure 5. Further, an
Further, two element antenna array of above explained circular array of two antenna element (circular ring) is proposed as
ring is proposed with microstrip line power divider and proposed Ant3. The return loss characteristics are shown in Figure 6. Ant3
antenna is referred as Ant3 (Figure 3). The inner and outer radius shows an impedance bandwidth of 185.5% ranging from 1.0 to
of circular ring is d and a, respectively. A 50-X microstrip line of 13.8 GHz which covers the L, S, C, and X bands completely
length Lml2 and width Wml is used to feed the Ant3. A double step and Ku band partially. Ant3 shows multiple resonances at fre-
quarter wave transformer is used to feed the two elements of quencies 3.3, 5.1, 8.1, and 10.3 GHz. Notch band is achieved at
antenna array. A 50-X microstrip line is divided in two parts of the frequency of 4.6 GHz. Circular slot of radius d is responsi-
100-X microstrip line of length L1 and width W1 of both sides. ble for notch band. A parametric analysis of radius of circular
Further, a k/4 long 75-X microstrip line of length L2 and width W2 slot d is shown in Figure 7. Best results are obtained for the
is used to connect the 100-X microstrip line with 50-X microstrip value of 8.6 mm of radius d.
line. The width of microstrip line is inversely propositional to the Figures 8 and [9] show the gain characteristics of Ant2 and
characteristics impedance of microstrip line and calculated as Ant3, respectively. Both antennas show lowest gain at their
given in [14]. After a distance L4 50-X microstrip line is rotated at notch frequencies, respectively. Peak gain of 6.3 and 8.1 dBi are
right angle. The corners of the rotated microstrip line offer an achieved for Ant2, and Ant3, respectively. Ant2 shows average
extra capacitive effect in the model. Corners of the microstrip line gain of around 2 dBi after a frequency of 5 GHz. Using the
are truncated triangularly at an angle of 458 with tapered length L5 antenna array the gain is improved of the proposed antenna.
to remove this extra capacitive of corners of the microstrip line. Ant3 shows average gain of around 5 dBi between a frequency-
band ranging from 5.5 to 11.5 GHz, except this frequency band
Ant3 shows antenna gain of around 8 dBi. The radiation patterns
of Ant3 are shown in Figure 10 at resonant frequencies 3.3, 5.1,
8.1, and 10.3 GHz, respectively.

4. CONCLUSION
A circular ring microstrip line fed UWB MPA with semiground
plane is designed and analyzed. Proposed antenna shows an
impedance bandwidth of 146% ranging from 2.0 to 12.8 GHz.
A notch band is achieved at 3.6 GHz in the frequency band
ranging from 3.35 to 3.75 GHz. Proposed antenna shows good
radiation characteristics with satisfactory gain. Further, gain and
bandwidth of the proposed antenna is enhanced using two ele-
ment array of circular ring. A microstrip line-based power
divider is used to feed the both element of power divider. Pro-
posed two element antenna array shows an enhanced impedance
bandwidth of 185.5% ranging from 1.0 to 13.8 GHz which cov-
ers the L, C, X bands completely and Ku band partially. A
notch band is achieved at 4.6 GHz for avoiding the interference
Figure 9 Gain variations with frequency of two element circular ring with signals of the frequency of 4.6 GHz. The gain of the
antenna array Ant3. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, antenna array is enhanced in the entire band. Antenna array
which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com] shows gain of about 7 dBi in the frequency band ranging from

2070 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 9, September 2015 DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 10 Radiation patterns of two element circular ring antenna array Ant3 E-plane, H-plane, at (a) 3.3 GHz, (b) 5.1 GHz, (c)
8.1 GHz, and (d) 10.3 GHz. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

1 to 4 GHz and from 11.5 to 13.8 GHz with peak gain of 8.1 3. J. Liang, C.C. Chiau, X. Chen, and C.G. Parini, Study of a printed
dBi. Around 5 dBi of gain is achieved within a frequency range circular disc monopole antenna for UWB systems, IEEE Trans
from 5.5 to 11.5 GHz. At notch frequencies both antennas show Antennas Propag 53 (2005), 3500–3504.
minimum gain. Both antennas may be proposed for modern 4. M.A. Antoniades and G.V. Eleftheriades, A compact multiband
monopole antenna with a defected ground plane, IEEE Antennas
wireless and UWB applications with notch band characteristics.
Wireless Propag Lett 7 (2008), 652–655.
5. J.Y. Jan and J.W. Su, Bandwidth enhancement of a printed wide-slot
antenna with a rotated slot, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 53 (2005),
REFERENCES 2111–2114.
1. D. Guha, S. Biswas, and Y. M. M. Antar, Defected ground structure 6. Y. Sung, Bandwidth enhancement of a microstrip line-fed printed
for microstrip antennas, In: Microstrip and printed antennas: New wide-slot antenna with a parasitic center patch, IEEE Trans Anten-
trends, techniques and applications, Wiley, United Kingdom, 2011. nas Propag 60 (2012), 1712–1716.
2. M.K. Khandelwal, B.K. Kanaujia, S. Dwari, S. Kumar, and A.K. 7. M.K. Khandelwal, B.K. Kanaujia, S. Dwari, S. Kumar, and A.K.
Gautam, Analysis and design of microstrip-line-fed antenna with Gautam, Bandwidth enhancement and cross-polarization suppression
defected ground structure for ku band applications, Int J Electron in ultra-wideband microstrip antenna with defected ground plane,
Commun 68 (2014), 951–957. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56 (2014), 2141–2146.

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 9, September 2015 2071
 8. M.K. Khandelwal, B.K. Kanaujia, and A.K. Gautam, Low profile
UWB log-periodic dipole antenna for wireless communication with
notched band, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55 (2013), 2901–2906.
9. K. Yin and J.P. Xu, Compact ultra-wideband antenna with dual
bandstop characteristic, Electron Lett 44 (2008).
10. M. Abdollahvand, G. Dadashzadeh, and D. Mostafa, Compact dual
band-notched printed monopole antenna for UWB application, IEEE
Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 9 (2010), 1148–1151.
11. A. Nouri and G.R. Dadashzadeh, A compact UWB band-notched
printed monopole antenna with defected ground structure, IEEE
Antennas Wireless Propag Lett 10 (2011), 1178–1181.
12. M. Akbari, S. Zarbakhsh, and M. Marbouti, A novel UWB antenna
with dual stopband characteristics, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55
(2013), 2741–2745.
13. J. Wang, Y. Yin, T. Wang, and X. Liu, Compact dual-band-notched
UWB antenna with high notch-band edge selectivity, Microwave
Opt Technol Lett 55 (2013), 2507–2513.
14. Collins RE. Foundations of microwave engineering, Wiley, New
York, NY, 2001.
Figure 1 Schematic of the PIFA under consideration
C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
complex analytical models and extensive computations which
make them complicated and time consuming. They also require
PREDICTING THE RETURN LOSS high computational resources while predicting the antenna per-
PERFORMANCE OF A HEXA-BAND PIFA formance over a broad frequency range. In the recent years,
USING ANFIS researchers have explored many soft computing techniques, such
as artificial neural networks, genetic algorithm, fuzzy logic, and
Aarti Gehani and Dhaval A. Pujara
Electronics and Communication, Nirma University, Near Vaishnodevi soforth to predict the performance of various complicated anten-
Circle, SG Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; Corresponding nas including PIFA [10–12]. ANFIS is one of such soft comput-
author: gehaniaarti@gmail.com ing technique which is successfully used in past few years for
analysing different types of antenna structures [13–17]. How-
Received 4 February 2015 ever, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, ANFIS has not yet
been explored to predict the return loss performance of a hexa-
ABSTRACT: This letter presents the application of Adaptive Neuro band PIFA.
Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for predicting the return loss perform- The aim of the present letter is to demonstrate the applica-
ance of a hexa-band Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA). The PIFA phys- tion of ANFIS based CAD model to predict the return loss char-
ical parameters were given as inputs to the model, while the antenna acteristics of a hexa-band PIFA over a broad frequency
return loss characteristics was obtained as the output. The return loss spectrum. The results obtained through ANFIS model were vali-
thus obtained was compared with the measured return loss and it was dated with that of the measured results. Also, various ANFIS
found in close agreement. V C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave
parameters, such as, types of membership functions (MF), num-
Opt Technol Lett 57:2072–2075, 2015; View this article online at
ber of MF, the size of training data set, and soforth were varied
wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.29277
and their effects on the overall performance of the ANFIS based
CAD model were studied and discussed at a length. The article
Key words: ANFIS; coefficient of determination; membership function;
PIFA; return-loss; RMSE
is organized as follows: The PIFA geometry under consideration
is discussed in Section 2 and the basics of ANFIS structure are
discussed in Section 3. The detailed description of the ANFIS
1. INTRODUCTION
based CAD model is given in Section 4. Results for different
Need for small and light weight antenna for mobile handsets has testing data sets and the report on the parametric study of the
become a subject of interest amongst the researchers as its ANFIS model are summarized in Section 5. Finally, the conclu-
inception. Prior to 1990s, external antennas like helix, monopole sions are outlined in Section 6.
or a combination of helix and monopole antenna were used in
mobile handsets [1]. The development of planar antennas is the
outcome of technological advancements, increasing demands for 2. PLANAR INVERTED-F ANTENNA
flexibility in industrial design and reduction in SAR. One of the In the present work, the PIFA geometry suggested in [18] has
most used planar antennas in mobile handsets is PIFA [1]. been referred. The work does not aim at improving the return
Structurally, PIFA consists of a ground plane, substrate, a metal- loss characteristics present in [18] but using ANFIS as a tool to
lic patch, a shorting pin/plate and a feed line and operates at k/4 predict the same. The PIFA geometry under consideration con-
length. In the past two decades, several innovative concepts sists of a long radiator, a short radiator and is designed to have
have been attempted in PIFA design, including single-band triple-resonance characteristics. The first resonance frequency
PIFA [2,3], dual-band PIFA [4], PIFA with capacitive loading operates at GSM (880–960 MHz) band while the second and
[5] and capacitive feeding [6], PIFA with parasitic patch [7], third resonance frequencies operate at DCS (1710–1880 MHz),
PIFA with capacitive loads and slots [8] and PIFA with series PCS (1880–1990 MHz), UMTS (1920–2170 MHz), WiBro
combination of inductor and varactor diode [9]. (2300–2390 MHz), and Bluetooth (2400–2480 MHz). The total
Conventional electromagnetic modeling techniques were area occupied by the antenna is 48 3 16 mm2 and is placed on
being used to design and analyze the performance of antennas FR4 substrate having 60 mm length, 50 mm width, and 1.6 mm
till recent years. However, the conventional techniques involve thickness. The ground plane is provided on the backside of the

2072 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 57, No. 9, September 2015 DOI 10.1002/mop
 SEMICIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA LOADED WITH CSRR
STRUCTURE ON GROUND TO REDUCED THE SIZE
NIKHIL KUMAR1, PARAMITA SAHA2,Dr.V.K.Pandey3
Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering,
Noida Institute Of Engineering And Technology, Greater Noida (U.P.), INDIA
Abstract: In the present communication, among them all has been presented to reduce the size
metamaterial (CSRR) based semicircular of antennas.
microstrip antenna is designed and analyzed. A Recently, the split rings resonators (SRRs), originally
semicircular microstrip antenna is loaded with proposed by Pendry [21-22], have opened the door to
Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) new design strategies, where miniaturization and
structures. Simple Circular Microstrip Patch compatibility in planar circuit technology are key
Antenna having two resonant Frequencies at aspects.
2.40GHz and 4.9 GHz. The resonant frequency for In Figure 5, it is also depicted the complementary
Semicircular structures was found to be 4.9 GHz. SRR (CSRR). This particle, recently proposed by
When CSRR is etched in the ground plane the some of the authors [23], is the negative image of the
antenna resonated at 1.09 GHz showing a SRR and it is the constitutive element for the
compactness of 59.42% in terms of radius of synthesis of negative permittivity media.
Antenna.
If SRRs are to be used in planar circuits, the substrate
Index Term: metamaterial, Complementary in the microstrip configuration needs to be thicker
split-ring Resonators (CSRR), split–ring resonator and hence the configuration becomes bulkier. Hence
(SRR), Semicircular microstrip antenna (SCMSA), we need to have periodic structures which will not
Circular Microstrip Antenna (CMSA),Microstrip only be easy to fabricate but will not increase the
Antenna(MSA) dimensions of devices. The idea of the
Complementary Split-Ring resonator-slots replacing
the metallic structures-sounds like an obvious choice,
I. INTRODUCTION based on the principle of duality in the field theory
In the Present wireless communications, there is an [24].
increasing need for greater capacities and
transmission speeds, which, together with a growing II. ANTENNA DESIGN
demand from users for more complicated services,
require the design of higher performance systems [1]. The substrate PCB was standard FR-4 of dielectric
The communication devices become smaller due to constant of 4.4 and thickness of the PCB was 1.6
greater integration of electronics, the antenna mm. the antenna design start with the rectangular
becomes a significantly larger part of the overall ground plane of 35×35 at z = 0 and then simple
package volume. This results in a demand for similar circular microstrip patch antenna of 17 mm radius
reductions in antenna size. Therefore researchers required for operation at 2.4GHz (ISM band) at z=
investigated different methods for miniaturization of 1.6. Then the antenna is cut to make a semicircular
the microstrip antenna [2-20]. A dielectric substrate microstrip antenna resonating at 4.90 GHz. Finally a
with high permittivity is used to decrease the CSRR is applied in the ground plane with inner
effective guided wavelength, and decrease the radius of inner circle is 14mm and gap width (d), slot
antenna size [2-5]. A newly developed ceramic width (s) and strip width (c) of 1mm each.
substrate is used in [4] because of its very high
permittivity. Shorted pins or walls are also used in I. III. BASIC CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA
case of symmetry to eliminate half or three quarter of
the antenna [6-9]. Using meander, zigzag or spiral
Figure 1 shows the Basic Circular Microstrip
shapes can also reduce the antennas as they increase
Antenna of 17mm radius which show the graph of
the electrical length of the antenna in a small area.
return loss at Figure 2 which vary with frequency of
In the present paper the authors have present new
operation. The various modes are clearly seen in the
techniques to achieve the compactness. A comparison
graph. The band corresponding to TM11 mode is at
2.4GHz while other modes follow at 4.9GHz
(TM12). Though TM12 mode is not properly electric field goes in the air thereby increasing the
matched and has no effect in the analysis as we effective radius of the patch. Similarly to include the
concentrate only on dominant mode of operation. effect of the air in the dielectric material effective
dielectric constant is defined.

II. IV. SEMICIRCULAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

Figure 1: circular microstrip antenna of 17mm radius

Figure 3: Semicircular microstrip antenna

Figure 3 show the semicircular microstrip antenna

(SCMSA) of 17mm radius without any defect in
ground plane. As the physical circumference has
reduced by, the resonant frequency will increase by
the equation (1) and is seen at 4.90 GHz and the
variation of return loss and frequency shown in figure
4. Hence due to reduce size, the fringing field also
reduced so the gain of the antenna reduces from 2.58
dBi to 1.97 dBi.

Figure 2: Variation of return loss with frequency for

basic CMSA

The resonance frequency is given by

cαmn
fres =
2πaeff εreff
(1)

Where c is velocity of electromagnetic wave in

vacuum or speed of light, αmn is m the zero of
Bessel’s function of order n, aeff and εreff are
effective CMSA radius and permittivity respectively.
We need to calculate effective radius and permittivity Figure 4: Variation of return loss with frequency for
to include heterogeneous nature of the system and SCMSA
fringing field. Due to the fringing field some part of
V. SEMICIRCULAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA It is clear from the figure that the antenna resonated
LOADED WITH CSRR at 1.09 GHz which indicates a compactness of
77.76% with respect to SCMSA and 54.59 % with
respect to CMSA. Now w the various parameters of the
proposed antenna are compared with previous
antennas. The gain of Circular, semicircular and
semicircular with CSRR is 2.58dBi, 1.97dBi, dBi
respectively. Obviously a huge amount of
compactness is achieved at the cost of gain.
gai

V. VI. FABRICATION AND MEASURED RESULTS

Figure 5: Semicircular microstrip antenna with CSRR Figure 7: Fabricated Front and Back View of
proposed Antenna
A CSRR is loaded in the antenna to observe further
compactness of the structure. The CSRR is
represented as parallel combination of capacitor and
inductor arising due to gap between strips of CSRR
and length of strip of CSRR. Any addition in any of
these will yield to reduced resonant frequency. The
proposed CSRR loadedded antenna is shown in figure 5.
5
The value of inner radius of inner circle of CSRR is
14mm and thereafter 1mm gap is provided. The
simulated return loss of the antenna is shown in
figure 6.

Figure 8: Measured and simulated return loss of

SCMSA with CSRR

VII. CONCLUSION

In this paper, a semicircular CSRR loaded microstrip

antenna is simulated to reduce the antenna size. The
Proposed work is done in two modes one is simple
Circular microstrip Antenna of 17mm radius operate
at 2.40 GHz which is applicable for Wi-Fi.
Wi Second
mode is semicircular microstrip antenna of 17 mm
radius loaded with CSRR which operate 1.09 GHz.
Figure 6: Variation of return loss with frequency for Hence, the proposed Antenna achieves the
CSRR loaded proposed antenna compactness
pactness in terms of radius about 59.42% with
respect to semicircular microstrip Antenna.
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 Curriculum Vitae
Paramita Saha
 Email-id : paramitasaha.29@gmail.com
 Mobile: 07771012921
CAREER OBJECTIVE

To excel my technical skill and apply my all strength and theoretical knowledge in practical
environment to achieve the organizational goal in present scenario of competitive environment

ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION

Pursuing M.Tech in Telecommunication Engineering from NIET, Greater Noida affiliated to

Dr.A.P.J.A.K Technical University,Lucknow.

Degree Institute University DGPA

Mahamaya
M.Tech NIET,Greater Noida Technical ---
(2011-2013) University.

West Bengal
B.Tech Bengal Institute of . University of
(2006-2010) Technology & … Technology 7.7
Management … (W.B.U.T)

Exam School/College Board Year %Marks

Higher Banividyapith Girls Higher
Secondary Secondary school TBSE 2005 59
Madhyamik Ramkrishna Vivekananda
Vidyamandir School TBSE 2003 66

SUMMER INDUSTRIAL TRAINING /COURSES

#1 Vocational Training From 6th July 2009 to 1st August 2009

Organization’s Name BSNL,Agartala
Period 4 Weeks

#2 Vocational Training From 29th June 2009 to 18th July 2009

Organization’s Name Doordarshan Kendra,Agartala
Period 3 Weeks

#3 Course From 2nd November 2007 to 2nd January 2008

Organization’s Name NIIT
Duration 32 hours
Subject Programming in C
 Curriculum Vitae
Paramita Saha

SUBJECT OF INTEREST:
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
CONTROL SYSTEM
MICROPROCESSOR

LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY
Language Understand Speak Read Write
English    
Hindi    
Bengali    

SOFTWARE PROFICIENCY

O.S. Platforms Windows XP, Windows Vista,

Programming Languages C , SQL

Software HFSS, PSPICE

WORK EXPERIENCE

Worked as a Lecturer at a B.M.College of Technology and Management,Gurgaon in the

Electronics And Communication Engg.from 1st august 2010 to 30th july 2011 .

PAPER PUBLICATIONS

Published paper on Design And Analysis of UWB circular Ring Two Element Array
With Notch Band For Modern Wireless Communication in Microwave And Optical
Technology Letters (Wiley)
Published paper on Semicircular Microstrip patch Antenna Loaded With CSRR
Structure On Ground To Reduce The Size, in National Conference on Recent Trends in
Engineering Science and Management,SRCEM

EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES & ACHIEVEMENTS

Got 3rd prize in mathematical fair organized by Tripura Mathematical Society in year 2004.
Got 3rd prize in painting competition organized by Tripura Govt. Employee Committee in
year 1997.
INTERESTS / HOBBIES
Painting
Reading Novels
 Curriculum Vitae
Paramita Saha
PERSONAL DETAILS

Name Paramita Saha

Nationality Indian
Sex Female
th
Date of Birth 29 MARCH, 1987
Father’s Name Dipak Chandra Saha
Correspondence Address Assampara ,PO:-Ranir Bazaar, Tripura (West) Pin -799035.

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that all the above-mention information is true to the best of my
Knowledge.

DATE: (Paramita saha)

PLACE:
 Dr. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW
(Formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow)

CERTIFICATE OF THESIS SUBMISSION FOR EVALUATION

(Submit in Duplicate)

1. Name : ……………………………………………………………………...…………..

2. Enrollment No. : ……………………………………………………………………….

3. Thesis title: …………………………………………………………………….………..

…………………………………………………………………………………..………

4. Degree for which the thesis is submitted: ………………………………………………

5. Faculty of the University to which the thesis is submitted

.…………………………………………………………………………………

6. Thesis Preparation Guide was referred to for preparing the thesis. YES NO

7. Specifications regarding thesis format have been closely followed. YES NO

8. The contents of the thesis have been organized based on the YES NO
guidelines.

9. The thesis has been prepared without resorting to plagiarism. YES NO

10. All sources used have been cited appropriately. YES NO

11. The thesis has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree. YES NO

12. Submitted 4 spiral bound copies plus one CD. YES NO

(Signature of the Candidate)

Name: ……………...…………………….

Roll No.: …………………………………

 Dr. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW
(Formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow)

CERTIFICATE OF FINAL THESIS SUBMISSION

(To be submitted in duplicate)
1. Name: ……………………………………………………………………...…………..

2. Enrollment No. : ……………………………………………………………………….

3. Thesis title: …………………………………………………………………….………..

…………………………………………………………………………………..………

4. Degree for which the thesis is submitted: ………………………………………………

5. Faculty (of the University to which the thesis is submitted)

.…………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Thesis Preparation Guide was referred to for preparing the thesis. YES NO

7. Specifications regarding thesis format have been closely followed. YES NO

8. The contents of the thesis have been organized based on the YES NO
guidelines.

9. The thesis has been prepared without resorting to plagiarism. YES NO

10. All sources used have been cited appropriately. YES NO

11. The thesis has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree. YES NO

12. All the corrections have been incorporated. YES NO

13. Submitted 2 hard bound copies plus one CD.

(Signature(s) of the Supervisor(s)) (Signature of the Candidate)

Name(s):……………...……………………. Name: ………………………………...

Roll No.: …………………………..