GUIDANCE ON APPLYING QUALITY STANDARDS

Quarter 1 Week 1 Module 1

Most Essential Learning Competency 1
APPLYING QUALITY STANDARDS (AQS)

1. Assess quality of received materials or components

1.1 Standard Operating Standards / Work instruction
1.2 Electronics Components with specifications
1.3 Different faults and defects of electronics components

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 HOW DO YOU USE THIS MODULE?

Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you
while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the
objectives of this kit. Have fun!
1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances learning, that
is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

• Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the lessons
in the module.

• Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be mastered
throughout the lesson.

• Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what learnings and skills
did you understand from the previous lesson.

• Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.

• Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.

• Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the lessons.

• Check your Understanding- It will verify how you learned from the lesson.

• Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire module.

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MELC 1 – Assess quality of received materials or components

EXPECTATION:
After reading this MODULE, STUDENT(S) MUST be able to:
• Discuss Standard Operating Procedure in work instructions and work
implementations/completion
• Identify Electronics Components and its specifications
• Classify different faults and defects of electronics components
• Perform proper procedure in recording different faults and defects of electronics
components

PRE - TEST
DIRECTIONS: Read the questions carefully and ENCIRCLE the letter of the correct
answer

1.Are sets of instructions having the force of a directive, covering those features of
operations which
lend themselves to a definite or standardized procedure without loss of
effectiveness.
A. Management C. SOP
B. Quality D. SWI
2.It is a quality of SOP, who will ensure implementation of procedure.
A. Accountability C. Responsibility
B. Purpose D. Scope
3. It is a quality of SOP, who will perform tasks.
A. Accountability C. Responsibility
B. Purpose D. Scope
4.Are instructions designed to ensure that your manufacturing processes are
consistent, timely and
repeatable.
A. Management C. SOP
B. Quality D. SWI
5.A semiconductor device that let current flow only in one direction.
A. Diode C. Transformer
B. LED D. Transistor
6.It is a 3 three terminal semiconductor device in which a voltage is applied to one of
the terminal.
A. Diode C. Transformer
B. LED D. Transistor

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7.What defect of capacitor if the tester pointer will rests on the ohm scale?
A. Good C. Open
B. Leaky D. Shorted
8.A type of inductor made up of two or more coils usually wound on some type of
form (core).
A. Diode C. Transformer
B. LED D. Transistor
9.Components that often used as small indicator lights on electronic devices and
increasingly in higher power applications such as flashlights and area lighting.
A. Diode C. Transformer
B. LED D. Transistor
10.Components that used in power supplies to convert alternating current (AC) to
direct current (DC).
A. Capacitor C. Rectifier Diode
B. Potentiometer D. Resistor
11.Components that resists the flow of current.
A. Capacitor C. Rectifier Diode
B. Potentiometer D. Resistor
12.What defect of potentiometer if the tester pointer won’t deflect at all?
A. Good C. Open
B. Leaky D. Shorted
13.Components that has a 3 terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that
forms an adjustable voltage divider.
A. Capacitor C. Rectifier Diode
B. Potentiometer D. Resistor
14. Components that can temporarily store an electric charge.
A. Capacitor C. Rectifier Diode
B. Potentiometer D. Resistor
15. A passive components with two terminal electrical components that stores
energy in form of magnetic field when electric current flows through it.
A. Capacitor C. LDR
B. Inductor D. Mosfet
16.What defect of capacitor if the tester pointer deflects toward the right position but
does not return to its initial position or remains stationary?
A. Good C. Open
B. Leaky D. Shorted
17. A component that has a (variable) resistance that changes with the light intensity
that falls upon it.
A. Capacitor C. LDR
B. Inductor D. Mosfet
18. A deviation in the properties of the component or item from prescribed condition
is considered as.
A. Defect C. Failure
B. Error D. Fault
19. An unintended difference between the implemented hardware and its intended
function.
A. Defect C. Failure
B. Error D. Fault

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 20. What defect of resistor if the pointer does not deflect at all?
A. Good C. Open
B. Leaky D. Shorted

TOPIC 1: Standard Operating Procedure / Work Instruction

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

• In School and Industry Standardization is defined as an activity that gives rise to

solutions for repetitive application to problems in various disciplines. Generally, the
activity constitutes the process of establishing (determining, formulating, and issuing)
and implementing standards. Thus, standards are the perfect result of a
standardization activity and inside the context of quality systems consist of quality
documents or documents related to the quality system.
• High levels of quality are important to accomplish Company business objectives.
Quality, a source of competitive benefit, should stay a symbol of Company products
and services. High quality is not an additional value; it is an important element
necessity. Each employee in all organizational units is responsible for guaranteeing
that their work processes are effective and continually getting better.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES is important aspect of a quality system to

work according to unambiguous Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). In fact the
whole process from sampling to the filing of the analytical result should be described
by a continuous series of SOPs. A SOP for a laboratory can be defined as follows:

"A Standard Operating Procedure is a document which describes the regularly

recurring operations relevant to the quality of the investigation. The purpose of
a SOP is to carry out the operations correctly and always in the same manner.
A SOP should be available at the place where the work is done".

Standard Operating Procedures are sets of instructions having the force of a

directive, covering those features of operations which lend themselves to a
definite or standardized procedure without loss of effectiveness

A number of important SOP types are:

- Fundamental SOPs. These give instructions how to make SOPs of the other
categories.
- Methodic SOPs. These describe a complete testing system or method of
investigation.
- SOPs for safety precautions.
- Standard procedures for operating instruments, apparatus and other equipment.
- SOPs for analytical methods.
- SOPs for the preparation of reagents.
- SOPs for receiving and registration of samples.

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- SOPs for Quality Assurance.
- SOPs for archiving and how to deal with complaints.

PURPOSE OF SOPs
• The purpose of SOP is to assign the procedures for the preparation, approval,
distribution, amendment and storage of Standard Operating Procedures
• The purpose or objective of the procedure should express and expand well
written title
• SOPs serve as frame for organizational action – support direction and structure.
They tell what, how, when, why, and who.
• In order to be active, SOPs need to define not only what needs to be, but who
is qualified to carry it out, and under what conditions the procedure can be
performed reliably
• Therefore, the use of SOPs needs to be checked out and re-enforced by
management, alternatively the direct supervisor. Current copies of the SOPs
also need to be readily accessible for reference in the work areas of those
individuals absolutely carrying out the activity, either in hard copy or electronic
format, otherwise SOPs serve little purpose
• Is to guarantee that all workers are performing tasks in the same way, which is
a needed for condition to get expected output from the process. When all
workers perform their tasks constantly, it becomes possible to run controlled
experiments to test the impact of changing various process parameters.
• Is to reach out the operations correctly and always in the same manner. A SOP
should be available at the place where the work is done". SOPs assist the
progress of constant application of processes and procedures so even when
there are changes in personnel, organizations avoid inconsistencies and safety
risks.

Standard operating procedures or SOPs are written step-by-step procedures that

quality control (QC), quality assurance (QA), and production units use in order to
assure the accuracy and precision of the quantitative experimental results and
materials that they generate and provide in support of other units. SOP's are needed
to guarantee the continuity of processes to obtain quality performance and quality
products/preparations

SOP clarifies the followings; what is the objective of SOP (Purpose), what are
applicability and use of SOP (Scope)?, who will perform tasks (Responsibility), who
will ensure implementation of procedure (Accountability), how tasks will be performed
(Procedure).

A standing operating procedure should never be difficult to read or vaguely worded.

It should be brief, easy to understand and contain actions steps that are simple
follow. A good standard operating procedure should clearly outline the steps and
inform the employee of any safety concerns.

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Writing a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
• Write one SOP per study-related activity. Ex: Performance of lumbar
puncture, Handling, transport and storage of CSF samples, Microscopic
detection of trypanosomes etc… Do not mix too many activities in one SOP.
• Make sure you are familiar with the procedure to be described in the SOP. If
you are not, ask somebody who performs the procedure regularly to show it to
you. Have this person read your first draft before you send it to WP6 for review
• Describe in details how the procedure is being carried out
• List the steps in a chronological order
Example of Standard Operating Procedures
Making a cup of tea:
1. Collect a cup and saucer
2. Place teabag into cup
3. Boil water in kettle
4. Add water to cup and teabag
5. Allow tea to infuse
6. Remove teabag
7. Add milk and sugar (if desired)

• Use a simple, active language e.g. ‘weigh 10 mg’ rather than ’10 mg should be
weighed’
• Indicate in the “Responsibilities” section who is doing what. Do not use
people’s name, use functions / job title e.g. laboratory technician,
physician…
• Include all necessary information to perform the procedure, not more.
• Use the fewest possible words, if different steps are involved in the activity, use
bullet points
• If possible add visual displays (VD) such as diagrams, flow charts, pictures or
table
• Have a specific reader in mind. Know the type of person who will be reading
the procedure and tailor the writing according to the end user.
• Avoid “do this or alternatively do that”
• Avoid “where appropriate”
• Make sure all technical terms and acronyms are defined under the “Definition”
section
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs): SOPs are issued to specifically instruct
employees / team members in areas of responsibility, Work Instructions,
appropriate specifications and required records. SOPs outline procedures, which
must be followed to claim compliance with GCP and GCLP principles or other
Statutory rules and regulations. Procedures can take the form of a narrative, a flow
chart, a process map, computer screen printouts or combination of all or any other
suitable form, however must be written in appropriate, effective grammatical style.
(e.g. plain English).

Standardized Work Instructions (SWI) are instructions designed to ensure that your
manufacturing processes are consistent, timely and repeatable. Often the standard
work instructions are printed and posted near the operator’s work station. The idea is
that team leaders and managers should follow up if the operators uses and can use
the instruction – which is something the hardest thing in the whole process.

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It takes time and effort to produce the SWI. They should state the optimal steps to
perform a process. Standard work instructions are a logical outcome from other
process improvement initiatives. They are also helpful in later process improvement
projects. Without the SWI, the operators and their supervisors must rely on collective
memory to continue performing a process in an optimal fashion. SWI do not
replace initial training, but they do reinforce what had been learned. The operator may
be insulted from seeing the instructions every day of his (or her) working life. These
instructions are truly to benefit the supervisor, who can quickly see discrepancies
between the operator’s actions and the posted instructions.

It is important to regularly review and update the SWI for each task. An organization
using the kaizen approach of continuous improvement will create better ways of doing
tasks. One aspect of implementing these improvements is by updating the SWI. In real
life, instructions get old the same moment that they were created so they need to be
continuously improved.

SAMPLE OF STANDARD WORKING INSTRUCTION

Difference between SWI and SOP

Whereas SOPs are top-level documents that tell employees which actions to take
under a variety of circumstances, work instructions describe those actions in detail.
These instructions aren’t necessarily long or verbose. They should be as clear and
concise as possible. Work instructions should be narrowed to an individual task
within an SOP. This is also what ISO 9001 requires companies to define:

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• Standard Operating Procedures
are the top layer. They describe
which actions to take under a
variety of circumstance
• Standard Work instructions are
the lowest layer. They describe
the work to be performed. These
provide the lowest possible level
of detail. As the name implies they
are instructions to perform a
specific piece of work. Some are
less than one page. Just a list of
bullet points.

ACTIVITY

WORKSHEET 1.1

Name: Date:
Gr & Sec: Teacher:

ACTIVITY TITLE: STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE

DIRECTION: Write something about the STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE at

your school and at your home. You can ask help to your family. You can use
English/Tagalog. Write your answer on your notebook.

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA RUBRICS

Criteria Description Legend
Application Knowledge and skills in making the standard
procedure operating procedure
Score for each
Accuracy The required output was attained criteria:
5 is the highest
Creativity The process was creatively done
1 is the lowest
Time Finished the task within the allotted time

REMEMBER

• Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is a set of written instructions that document a

routine activity within your company/division/work group.
• A set of compulsory instructions, systems, procedures or steps which is written
so that other individuals can follow to complete the job safely.
• Standardized Work Instructions (SWI) It is important to regularly review and update the
SWI for each task. One aspect of implementing these improvements is by updating the
SWI. In real life, instructions get old the same moment that they were created so they
need to be continuously improved.

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

DIRECTION: Identify the following questions and write your answer on your notebook.

1. It is a document which describes the regularly recurring operations relevant to

the quality of the investigation.
2. It is an instructions designed to ensure that your manufacturing processes are
consistent, timely and repeatable.
3. It is to assign the procedures for the preparation, approval, distribution,
amendment and storage of Standard Operating Procedures.
4. It is a quality of SOP who will ensure implementation of procedure.
5. It is a quality of SOP who will perform tasks.

TOPIC 2: Electronics Components with specifications

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Accident is an unfortunate incident that happens unexpectedly and unintentionally,

typically resulting in damage. There are significant exposures while servicing audio products
and systems, you may be exposed to hazards such as injury from unsafe act or unsafe
conditions while performing audio servicing.

Therefore, it is important to understand and apply these safety precautions to avoid

accidents in the workplace.

ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS
A component is described as a fundamental element in electronics that has leads
which permit it to be joined to other components to form operative devices depending
on the intended application.

Importance of Electronic components:

Electronic components are a necessary part of the manufacturing process of electronic

goods. The quality of components used in the manufacturing process can decide your
future and growth in the market. Quality components intensify the quality of the end
goods as well as it's stability. Faulty electronic parts can produce an end product to
failure and even stop working very early on in its product life-cycle.

Classification Of Electronics Components:

Basically, there are two sorts of electronics components are exist that are
Active components and passive components.

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The difference between Active & Passive Components:

Active Components: These are the components that need Source of Energy to do
their intended functions. These components are capable of delivering
power to the other components For a circuit to be properly referred to as
electronic active circuit, it should join one or more active device.

• Active electronic components are those that can control the flow of electricity
Some examples of active electronic components
are Transistor, I.C Logic Circuits etc.

• Active devices comprise but aren’t limited to, transistors, vacuum tubes, silicon-
controlled rectifiers (SCRs), and TRIACs. All active devices operate the special
movement connected with electrons through them.
• Active components are those which conduct upon providing some external
energy i.e. require electrical power to operate. Usually they inject power into
the circuit.

They are classified in two categories: Tube devices and semiconductor devices. Due
to many advantages of semiconductor devices, they are replacing tube devices in
many electronic applications.

Active Components
1. Tube devices
2. Semiconductor devices

Advantages of Semiconductor Devices:

• The ability to vary the electrical properties of semiconductors has revolutionized the
design and capabilities of modern electronics, making devices smaller and faster.
• Chips are much smaller than vacuum tubes and can perform many more functions
while using much less power.
• Long life

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Advantages of Tubes Devices:

• Advantage of tubes over semiconductor components in high-power applications is

their rebuildability. When a large tube fails, it may be disassembled and repaired at
far lower cost than the purchase price of a new tube. When a semiconductor
component fails, large or small, there is generally no means of repair.

Tubes, being less complex in their manufacture than semiconductor

components, are potentially cheaper to produce as well. Semiconductor manufacture
is quite complex, involving many dangerous chemical substances and necessitating
superclean assembly environments. Tubes are essentially nothing more than glass
and metal, with a vacuum seal.

Passive components are the components that require no Source of Energy to do

their intended functions.
Passive electronic components are those that don’t have the ability to control
current by means of another signal.
• They start their operation once they are connected.
• No external energy is needed for their operation.

•Passive electronic components are those that don’t have the ability to control
current by means of another electrical signal.
• Examples of passive electronic components are capacitors, resistors, inductors,
transformers, and diodes

Types of Electronic Components:

• Passive Components
1. Resistors
2. Capacitors
3. Inductors

What are Passive Components?

Resistors, capacitors and inductors are called as passive components. These

electronics components are called passive because they by themselves are not
capable of amplifying or processing an electrical circuit. However, passive
components are as important as active components in any electronic circuit.

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ACTIVE COMPONENTS

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
DIODE
• Is a two terminal device that
conducts in only one direction.
• A semiconductor device that let
current flow only in one direction.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

LEDs emit light when an electric current
passes through them.
LEDs are often used as small indicator
lights on electronic devices and
increasingly in higher power applications
such as flashlights and area lighting.

BRIDGE TYPE RECTIFIER DIODE

Rectifier diodes are used in power supplies
to convert alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC), a process called rectification.
They are also used elsewhere in circuits
where a large current must pass through the
diode.

TRANSISTOR
is a 3 three terminal semiconductor
device in which a voltage is applied to
one of the terminal (called base) can
control current that flows
across the other two terminals (called
collector and base).
• These 3 terminals are called
Emitter, Base and Collector
MOSFET
stands for Metal Oxide Silicon Field
Effect Transistor or Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor.
• This is also called as IGFET meaning
Insulated
Gate Field Effect Transistor.

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• The FET is operated in both
depletion and enhancement modes
of operation.
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
RESISTOR
It is device that resists the flow of current.
Resistors comes in variety of
resistance values(how much they
resist current, measured in unit called
ohm) and power rating (how much
power they can handle without burning
up, measured in watts).
POTENTIOMETER
A potentiometer is a 3 terminal resistor
with a sliding or rotating contact that
forms an adjustable voltage divider.
If only two terminals are used, one end
and the wiper, it act as a variable resistor

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

An LDR is a component that has a
(variable) resistance that change with the
light intensity that falls upon it.
This allows them to be used in light
sensing circuits.

CAPACITOR
It is a device that can temporarily store
an electric charge.
• Capacitors come in several varieties,
the two most common being ceramic
disk and electrolyte. The amount of
capacitance of a given capacitor is
usually measured in micro farads, uf.

INDUCTOR
An inductor is also called a coil, choke, or
reactor, is a passive two terminal electrical
component that stores energy in form of
magnetic field when electric current flows
through it.
An inductor typically consists of an
insulated wire wound into a coil around a
core.

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 TRANSFORMER
• A type of inductor made up of two or
more coils usually wound on some
type of form (core).
• The form (or core) is usually made up
of iron, due to its magnetic
properties.
An inductor with two or more windings.
Through mutual inductance, current in one
winding called a primary will induce current
into the other windings called secondary’s.

ACTIVITY
WORKSHEET 1.2

Name: Date:
Gr & Sec: Teacher:

ACTIVITY TITLE: ELECTRONICS COMPONENTS SPECIFIATION

DIRECTION: Write the name of each components, function/uses and classification.

PICTURE NAME/FUNCTION/USE CLASSIFICATION

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PICTURE NAME/FUNCTION/USE CLASSIFICATION

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 REMEMBER

• Electronic components are a necessary part of the manufacturing process of electronic

goods. Quality components intensify the quality of the end goods as well as its stability.

• Electronics components classify into active and passive components, where in the
active components that need Source of Energy to do their intended functions and
passive components that require no Source of Energy to do their intended functions.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

DIRECTION: Matching type, match the column A to column B.
write your answers on your notebook.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. It is a passive two terminal electrical A. DIODE
component that stores energy in form of B. ACTIVE COMPONENTS
magnetic field when electric current flows C. PASSIVE COMPONENTS
through it. D. INDUCTOR
2. It is device that resists the flow of current. E. RESISTOR
3. Are the components that require no Source of
Energy to do their intended functions?
4. Is a two terminal device that conducts in
only one direction?
5. These are the components that need Source of
Energy to do their intended functions. 17
 TOPIC 3: DIFFERENT FAULTS AND DEFECTS OF ELECTRONICS
COMPONENTS

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Failure and defects of each electronics component are found inside the electronics
appliances, on the PCB resides an electronic circuit. These electronic circuits are compose
of man kinds of electronic components where each has a different symptoms where an
integral part of every PCB and so it is sure to happen in an electronic circuit failure

The overall usage of PCBs makes the failure of their electronic circuits all the more
encompassing to your everyday personal and professional lives. With such an overwhelming
integration into almost every electronic device, being able to recognize the commonality and
trends in electronic circuit failure is paramount.

Failure
The reliability of equipment improves considerably when it is operated under certain
favorable conditions (which may vary from equipment to equipment) such as
operating the components well below the maximum ratings, subjecting the
components to minimum vibrations and shocks, etc. In spite of all the favorable
operating conditions, failures are seen to occur.
The frequency at which the failure occurs is termed as reliability of the system. The
less is the occurrence of failure, the more is the reliability of the system.

Definition of Failure
Any equipment or a system may breakdown due to a faulty component. For each
component or item, the properties that it must possess in the course of its use are
listed.
A deviation in the properties of the component or item from prescribed condition is
considered as a fault. A state of fault is denoted by the term failure.
Failure of equipment refers to its inability to perform its required function, such as
when characteristics change to such a degree that it cannot perform its specified
level of performance.
The fundamental sources of failure include many aspects of design, material
selection, material imperfections, fabrication and processing, assembly, inspection,
testing, quality control, storage and shipment, service conditions, mechanical and
chemical damage to system.
Defects, Errors and Faults
• Defect: An untended difference between the implemented hardware and its
intended function.

• Error: A wrong output signal produced by a defective system.

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Four of the most common causes of failure of electronic circuits

1. Component Defects in Electronic Circuit Failures

Electronic circuit failures do follow a trend. In the initial stages of the life of an
electronic circuit, component failures are more common. Although this failure
rate tends to drop off substantially as the device the electronic circuit resides
in, is used.
These defects that ultimately causes electronic circuit failure can be attributed
to defective components used in the design. The silver lining, if there is one,
is the fact that these types of failures usually transpire during the PCB assembly
process or shortly thereafter. More importantly, these defects in your electronic
component or circuit can be latent (meaning the PCB remains functional but
suffers downgraded reliability) or catastrophic (meaning permanent damage
has been done.)

2. Environmental Factors That Cause Electronic Circuit failures

Temperature is also a disruptive environmental factor when it pertains to
electronic circuits. Temperature changes can indeed cause an electronic circuit
to fail and in turn, cause a PCB’s malfunction. As you may know, with
temperature changes, you will experience expansion and contraction of the
PCB. These expansions and contractions, in turn, brings about the potential
risk of a warped board and damage to solder joints.
Another equally devastating
environmental factor is
moisture. If moisture is
introduced to your electronic
circuits, it can cause rust,
oxidation, and corrosion.

Environmental factor that has

proven to be an enemy of
electronic circuits is build-up.
The build-up of debris such as
dust, dirt, hair, fibers, and even
insects can also contribute to electronic circuit failure. This build-up over time
can clog up fans thereby preventing proper ventilation and heat dissipation.
This, of course, leads to overheating and electronic circuit failure.

3. How Design and Component Quality Effects Electronic Circuit Failures

Whether building a PC or installing a car stereo, the quality of the components

used affect the finished product. This is equally true with the design used. For
example, if you are running new (High-quality) audio cables (RCA) from the
source unit to your new 4-channel amplifier, placement is crucial.

If placed too close to any of your 12-volt power lines, you will introduce electrical
noise into your sound system.

These same practices must be adhered to when designing PCBs. For instance,
the improper placement of components on your PCB, due to lack of space. First

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 of all, this is a design issue and secondly, this will undoubtedly cause
overheating (Burnt Components) as well as electronic circuit failure.

In addition, the use of inferior or counterfeit components can and will lead to
electronic circuit failure as well. Other pitfalls to be mindful of are traces and
pathways placed too closely together as well as poor connectivity between
circuit boards and insufficient board thickness. These are just a few examples
of things that can go wrong at the design and manufacturing stage.

Although the aforementioned concerns are all important, there is one other
cause of electronic circuit failure that I consider to be all-encompassing. That
my friend is solder.

Solder is an essential ingredient in the creation of electronic circuits and the

PCB process. It is what maintains the contact between a component and the
actual circuit, but it can occasionally become contaminated and result in
electronic circuit failure. For instance, if there is too much moisture in the solder,
it can become conductive and cause short-circuiting.

4. The Effects of Age on Electronic Circuits

Electronic circuits, with age comes electronic circuit failure. This is an

inevitability of all electronic circuits regardless of the quality of the build.

The good news here is, the components that make-up your electronic circuits
can usually be replaced. In addition, the necessary replacements can be done
at a fraction of the price of
a newly manufactured
PCB.

Although age will

eventually affect the
functionality of your
electronic circuits, proper
design and methodology is
the most effective way of
ensuring a longer lifespan
for your electronic circuits
and PCBs.

Although durability and quality are the quintessential buzzwords in almost every
industry today, electronic circuit failures and resultant PCB failures do occur.
Unfortunately, it is not always easy or simple to trace the exact cause of an
electronic circuit failure in every instance.However, knowing the most common
causes of these failures will aid you in a quicker diagnosis and possibly lead to better
overall designs. Keep in mind, that other stressors such as EOS (electrical
overstress), ESD (electrostatic discharge), EMI (electro-magnetic interference), and
thermal overstress can also cause electronic circuit failure as well.

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Some Defects of Electronics Components
GOOD RESISTOR
The meter reading should be close to the rated value of the resistor
depending on the tolerance of the resistor.

DEFECTIVE RESISTOR
• The tester pointer does not deflect at all. The resistor is OPEN.
• The resistance reading has big difference to the resistor rated value. The
resistor is OUT OF TOLERANCE.

GOOD CAPACITOR
The tester pointer will deflect, and then move back to its initial position.

DEFECTIVE capacitor:
• The tester pointer will rests on the ohm scale. The capacitor is SHORTED.
 The tester pointer won’t deflect at all. The capacitor is OPEN.
 The tester pointer deflects toward the right position but does not return to its
initial position or remains stationary. The capacitor is LEAKY.

POTENTIOMETER
Most common defects of potentiometers are improper contact of the rotating
shaft or sliding arm that result to uncontrolled resistance and sudden change
in resistance when rotating the knob.

DEFECTIVE POTENTIOMETER
• The tester pointer won’t deflect at all. The resistive element of a potentiometer
is OPEN.
• The tester pointer suddenly deflects in gradual adjustment. The wiper contact
is already defective. Clean the potentiometer contact. 70% alcohol may help.

GOOD DIODE
• Set the ohmmeter range in x1 or x10. Connect positive probes of the tester to
the anode (A) of the diode and negative probe to the cathode (K) of diode. It
should be no deflection or infinite resistance.
• Reverse the test probe. Connect the positive probe to cathode (K) and
negative probe to anode (A). The tester should deflect but not rest at zero
ohms.

DEFECTIVE DIODE
• The diode is OPEN, if the tester pointer won’t deflect even the probe is
reverse.
• The diode is SHORTED, if the resistance reading deflects and measures the
same in both directions.
DEFECTIVE TRANSISTOR
• Two terminals of the transistor reads the same resistance (almost zero ohm
reading) in both direction, the transistor is SHORTED.
• The tester pointer does not deflect in base to emitter or base to collector, the
transistor is OPEN.

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DEFECTIVE SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER (SCR)
• Pointer deflects, the SCR is SHORTED.
• Pointer did not deflect, the SCR is OPEN.

DEFECTIVE TRANSFORMER
• Resistance of the primary or secondary windings is very low that the pointer
almost rests at zero ohms, the transformer winding is SHORTED.
• Resistance of the primary and secondary windings is very high that the
pointer does not deflect at all (infinite resistance). The transformer winding is
OPEN.

ACTIVITY
WORKSHEET 1.3

Name: Date:
Gr & Sec: Teacher:

ACTIVITY TITLE: IDENTIFYING THE FAULTS AND DEFECTS

DIRECTION: Check corresponding faults and defect of each component.

SYMPTOMS GOOD SHORTED OPEN LEAKY

The tester pointer
won’t deflect at all. the
resistive element of a
potentiometer is
Capacitor the tester
pointer will deflect, and
then move back to its
initial position.
The tester pointer
does not deflect at all.
The resistor is.
Two terminals of the
transistor reads the
same resistance
(almost zero ohm
reading) in both
direction, the\
transistor is

22
 SYMPTOMS GOOD SHORTED OPEN LEAKY
The tester pointer
deflects toward the right
position but does not
return to its initial
position or remains
stationary. The
capacitor is
Resistance of the
primary or secondary
windings is very low that
the pointer almost rests
at zero ohms, the
transformer winding is
The meter reading
should be close to the
rated value of the
resistor
depending on the
tolerance of the
resistor
The tester pointer
won’t deflect at all.
The capacitor is
Pointer deflects, the
SCR is

Resistance of the
primary and
secondary windings is
very high that the
pointer does not
deflect at all (infinite
resistance). The
transformer winding is

REMEMBER

The defects and failure of electronics components identified as the open, shorted, and leaky
for some electronics components. Since the defect and failure are cause by the
environment, mishandles, and the industry design. Electronics circuit failure cause by the
defects of electronics components are one of the sources of electronics appliances not to be
used and to be throwing away.

23
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

DIRECTIONS: Read the questions carefully and ENCIRCLE the letter of the correct
answer.

1.What defect of potentiometer if the tester pointer won’t deflect at all?

A. Good C. Open
B. Leaky D. Shorted

2.What defect of capacitor if the tester pointer deflects toward the right position but
does not return to its initial position or remains stationary?
A. Good C. Open
B. Leaky D. Shorted

3. A deviation in the properties of the component or item from prescribed condition is

considered as.
A. Defect C. Failure
B. Error D. Fault
4. An untended difference between the implemented hardware and its intended
function.
A. Defect C. Failure
B. Error D. Fault
5. What defect of resistor if the pointer does not deflect at all?
A. Good C. Open
B. Leaky D. Shorted

POST - TEST
DIRECTIONS: Read the questions carefully and ENCIRCLE the letter of the correct
answer.

1.Are sets of instructions having the force of a directive, covering those features of
operations which
lend themselves to a definite or standardized procedure without loss of
effectiveness.
A. Management C. SOP
B. Quality D. SWI
2.It is a quality of SOP, who will ensure implementation of procedure.
A. Accountability C. Responsibility
B. Purpose D. Scope
3. It is a quality of SOP, who will perform tasks.

24
 A. Accountability C. Responsibility
B. Purpose D. Scope
4.Are instructions designed to ensure that your manufacturing processes are
consistent, timely and
repeatable.
A. Management C. SOP
B. Quality D. SWI
5.A semiconductor device that let current flow only in one direction.
A. Diode C. Transformer
B. LED D. Transistor
6.It is a 3 three terminal semiconductor device in which a voltage is applied to one of
the terminal.
A. Diode C. Transformer
B. LED D. Transistor
7.What defect of capacitor if the tester pointer will rests on the ohm scale?
A. Good C. Open
B. Leaky D. Shorted
8.A type of inductor made up of two or more coils usually wound on some type of
form (core).
A. Diode C. Transformer
B. LED D. Transistor
9.Components that often used as small indicator lights on electronic devices and
increasingly in higher power applications such as flashlights and area lighting.
A. Diode C. Transformer
B. LED D. Transistor
10.Components that used in power supplies to convert alternating current (AC) to
direct current (DC).
A. Capacitor C. Rectifier Diode
B. Potentiometer D. Resistor
11.Components that resists the flow of current.
A. Capacitor C. Rectifier Diode
B. Potentiometer D. Resistor
12.What is the defect of potentiometer if the tester pointer won’t deflect at all?
A. Good C. Open
B. Leaky D. Shorted
13.Components that has a 3 terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that
forms an adjustable voltage divider.
A. Capacitor C. Rectifier Diode
B. Potentiometer D. Resistor
14. Components that can temporarily store an electric charge.
A. Capacitor C. Rectifier Diode
B. Potentiometer D. Resistor
15. A passive components with two terminal electrical components that stores
energy in form of magnetic field when electric current flows through it.
A. Capacitor C. LDR
B. Inductor D. Mosfet
16.What is the defect of capacitor if the tester pointer deflects toward the right
position but
does not return to its initial position or remains stationary?
A. Good C. Open

25
 B. Leaky D. Shorted

17. A component that has a (variable) resistance that changes with the light intensity
that falls upon it.
A. Capacitor C. LDR
B. Inductor D. Mosfet
18. A deviation in the properties of the component or item from prescribed condition
is considered as.
A. Defect C. Failure
B. Error D. Fault
19. An unintended difference between the implemented hardware and its intended
function.
A. Defect C. Failure
B. Error D. Fault
20. What is the defect of resistor if the pointer does not deflect at all?
A. Good C. Open
B. Leaky D. Shorted

REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET

I learned that…
___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_______________________________________

ANSWER KEY

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

26
TOPIC 1
1. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
2. STANDARD WORKING INSTRUCTION
3. PURPOSE OF SOP
4. ACCOUNTABILITY
5. RESPONSIBILITY

TOPIC 2 TOPIC 3
1. D 1. C
2. E 2. B
3. C 3. D
4. A 4. A
5. B 5. C

PRE - TEST POST - TEST

1. C 11. D 1. C 11. D
2. A 12. C 2. A 12. C
3. C 13. B 3. C 13. B
4. D 14. A 4. D 14. A
5. A 15. B 5. A 15. B
6. D 16. B 6. D 16. B
7. D 17. C 7. D 17. C
8. C 18. D 8. C 18. D
9. B 19. A 9. B 19. A
10. C 20. C 10. C 20. C

Note:
• Post-test passing score: 8and above failed score: 7and below.
• If you got failed score on post-test, please review again the module.
• If your score on the post-test is greater than your pre-test score and got a
passing score, then congratulation! You can now proceed to the next module.

REFERENCES

27
http://www.scopeandgo.com/how-to-implement-a-standard-operating-procedure-for-your-online-
business/

https://www.slideshare.net/Harrykrantzusa/types-of-electronics-components?qid=97ac965e-c1f9-
486d-987d-936483c4e092&v=&b=&from_search=2

https://www.slideshare.net/Harrykrantzusa/quality-electronics-passive-components

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_of_electronic_components
https://www.google.com/search?q=transistor&sxsrf=ALeKk01Dqyg6Ntz4zytdjPWYcK20usQgqg:1593
755694647&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwit16bQsrDqAhUba94KHQ6LATs

Simple Electronics (Basic) Antonio M. Andes Sr. Electronics Book Series

28
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This module was outlined based on the Most Essential Learning Competencies
(MELC) for S.Y. 2020-2021, the K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Guide and the
Learning Continuity Plan (LCP) for Electronic Products Assembly and Servicing NC II.

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Victor A. Balucan, Teacher III DJGNHS

Editor: Dr. Ariel D. Tosio, EPS – TLE-TE/VOC

Reviewer/Validator: Reynaldo C. Weber, HT-VI JASHS

Illustrator: Victor A. Balucan, Teacher III DJGNHS

Layout Artist: Victor A. Balucan, Teacher III DJGNHS

Management Team: Malcolm S. Gamma, Regional Director

Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief

Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS in Charge of LRMS

and Regional ADM Coordinator

Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V, Schools Division

Superintendent

Aida H. Rondilla, Chief-CID

Lucky S. Carpio, Division EPS in Charge of LRMS

and Division ADM Coordinator

29