E-book is created by www.shanyoma.
org
bDpD 2-&mpk
ESifh
at'D 4-&mpktwGif;
a&S;w&kwfwkdY odcJhaom
ysLEkdifiHtrnfrsm;
&nfpdef
ysLwkdYonf ,ckjrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufvmjyD;onfhaemuf {&m0wDjrpf
0Srf;wavQmufESifh,ckjrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; ajrjyefYa'owGif tysHUtESHYaexkdifc\
Jh /
&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vGefvmaomtcg ta&SUawmiftm&S ukef;rtaemufbufwGif
xif&Sm;ausmfMum;aom EkdifiHwEkdifiH jzpfvmonf/ odkY&mwGif ysLwkdYa'oukd rnfokdY
ac:a0:cJhoenf;/ pdefYwkdif;om;(a&S;w&kwf)wkdYu c&pfESpf okH;&mpkESifhav;&mpkt
1
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
Mum;wGif ysLwkdYwnfae&mudk twdtus rSwfwrf;wifvmonfudk awGU&\/ xkdouú
&mZfrwkdifrD pdefYwkdif;om;wkdYonf ysLwdkYa'oudk odcJhygoavm/ odcJhvQif rnfonfht
aMumif;aMumifh odcJhygoenf;/ rnfonfhumvu pí odvmygoenf;/ ,ckpmwrf;
wGif ysLwkdYa'oudk pdefYwkdif;om;(a&S;w&kwf)wkdYu tapmqkH;odcJhaom trnfrsm;udk
wifjyaqG;aEG;vkdygonf/
ysLwkdYa'o twdtus rSwfwrf;wifcJhaom usrf;rsm;
c&pfESpf okH;&mpkaemufydkif;ESifhav;&mpktv,fydkif;wGif ysLwkdYwnfae&mudk t
wdtusrSwfwrf;wifxm;aom a&S;w&kwfrSwfwrf;av;usrf; &S\ d / xkdusrf;rsm;onf
(u) ]]a0hjynfaxmif orkdif;tusOf;}}
An Outline History of The Wei State(A.D 220-25)
(c) ]]taemufawmifbufa'o OD;aqmif;usrf;}}
The Gazetteer of The South West Region.
(*) ]]eef;usKef;a'o tkyfcsKyfa&;e,f&Spfe,fOD;aqmif;usrf;}}
The Gazetteer of The Eight Prefectures of Nan Chung or Present day
Szechwan Yunnan and Kueichow Border Region ESifh
(C) ]][Gm,efa'oorkdif;}}
The History of The State of Hua-Yang.
wkdYjzpfMuonf/
,cktcg ]][Gm,efa'oorkdif;}}uvGJí tjcm;okH;usrf;pvkH; aysmufqkH;aejyD
jzpfygonf/ orkdif;usrf;rsm;tcsKdUESifha&S;a[mif;pG,fpkHusrf;rsm;wGif aumufElwfcsuf
twdktxGmrsm;udk awGU&Sdxm;jcif;aMumifhom xdkusrf;rsm;onf vGefcJhaomtcgü &SdcJh
aMumif;udk uRefawmfwkdY od&ygonf/
2
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
ysLwkdYa'otrnfudk xl;jcm;pGm az:jyxm;aomusrf;
aysmufqkH;oGm;jyD;jzpfaom usrf;okH;usrf;rsm;teuf ysLwkdYa'otrnfudk xl;
jcm;pGm az:jyxm;aom usrf;onf ]]a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;}}jzpf\/ orkdif;ynm
&Sif az,if; (Fei Yin) onf]]okH;jynfaxmif acwforkdif;}} The Annals of The
Epoch of The Three Kingdoms. A.D 220-80) udk rSwfpkay;cJhonf/ rSwfpkxnfh
oGif;jyD;pD;onfhESpfonf c&pfESpf 429-ckESpf jzpfygonf/
rSwfcsuf
(1) az,if;onf rSwfpkxnfhoGif;jyD;onfhtcg ]]okH;jynfaxmifacwforkdif;}}
usrf;OD;ü trSmpm a&;cJh\/ xkdYaMumifh az,if;onf rSwfpkxnfhoGif;a&;
om;jyD;pD;onfhESpfudk twdtus od&onf/ þtcsufudk axmufjcif;tm;
jzifh c&pfESpf 429-ckESpfü ]]a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;}}onf xif&Sm;
aomusrf;wusrf; jzpfaeao;í raysmufqkH;ao;aMumif; odomonf/
(2) w&kwf[efYrif;quf tifydkif,mMuD; The Chines Empire of the Han
Dynasty, (B.C 206- A.D 20) ysufokOf;oGm;onfhtcg w&kwfEkdifiH okH;
ykdif;uGJcJh\/ ajrmufbufwGif a0hjynfaxmif Wei State (A.D 220-65)
ta&SUawmifbuf urf;&kd;wef;wavQmufü 0ljynfaxmif Wu State, (A.D
222-80) ESifh taemufawmifbufwGif &Ijynfaxmif Shu State(A.D 221-
63) [lí ay:aygufvmaomacwfudk ]]okH;jynfaxmifacwf}} The Epoch
of the Three Kingdoms [k ac:onf/
az,if;onf okH;jynfaxmifacwforkdif;rS ]]a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;}}\tqkH;ü
]]a0hjynfaxmiftusOf;}}vm taemufbufrsKd;EG,fpktcef;udk xkwfElwfí rSwfpkoGif;
ay;cJhonf/
a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;vm zef,G,fhEkdifiH
a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;vm taemufbufrsKd;EG,fpktcef; Section of the
His Jung(Xi Rong)in the Wei Lueh(Wei Lue) wGif az:jyxm;aom taMumif;t
&mrsm;onf a&S;w&kwfEkdifiH(pdefYwkdif;)taemufbufwcGif&Sd EkdifiHrsm;taMumif; jzpf
3
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
onf/ c&D;pOftwkdif; az:jyxm;jcif;r[kwfyJ ta&ma&mtaESmaESm jzpfaeonf/
xdkEkdifiHrsm; taMumif;rsm;xJü-
zef,G,fh (P'an-Yueh) EkdifiH/ /xkdEkdifiHudk ([efY,G,fharmfif) (Han-Yueh-
Wang) [lívnf; ac:\/ xD;-,JefusLEkdifi(H T'ien Chu)(Tian Zhu)Kingdom
ta&SUawmifbuf vDaygif;okH;av;ig;axmiftuGmwGif wnf&Sdonf/ ,dyk I-Pu(Yi-
Bu) ESifheD;uyf\/ xkda'o(zef,G,fhEkdifiH)rS vlwkdYonf t&yfykí pdefYwkdif;om;wkYdESifh
wlnDonf/ &SLe,f(Shu State) rS ukefonfrsm;onf xkda'ookdY a&mufcJhwef&m
onf/
[kxl;xl;jcm;jcm; az:jyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
a&S;a[mif;trnfrsm; &Sif;vif;csuf
txufwGif aumufElwfwifjyxm;aom tcsufonf a&S;a[mif;trnfrsm;
yg&Sdaeojzifh w&kwfa&S;a[mif;orkdif;pmayukd ravhvmao;aom olrsm;tzdkYtvGef
&IyfaxG;ayrnf/ em;vnf&ef vG,fulpdrfhaomiSm txufyg aumufElwfcsufvm
a&S;a[mif;trnfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wifjyygrnf/ xdkaemuf ,ckacwf tokH;tEIef;jzifh
ajymif;vJjyD; &Sif;vif;wifjyygOD;rnf/ ]txufwGif az:jyaomaumufElwfcsufonf
ysLwkdYorkdif;udk avhvm&efü tvGefta&;MuD;onf}/
,ck a&S;OD;pGm ]]xD;-,JefusLEkdifiH}}ESifh]],dyk}}[laom a&S;a[mif;trnfESpfckudk
&Sif;vif;ygrnf/
xD;-,JefusL Ti'en Chu(Tian Zhu)[lonf [dE´Ludk toHvS,fxm;jcif;jzpf\/
xkdw&kwfpmvkH;ESpfvkH;\a&S;a[mif;toHxGufonf Hindu ESifhcyfqifqifjzpfonf/
,ck tdEd́,EkdifiHudk qkdvkdonf/
rSwfcsuf
(1) t*Fvdyfrdkif wrkdifvQif okH;'orokH;vD jzpfonf/
(2) ta&SUwkdif;ynmudk avhvmonfhtpOftvmt& w&kwfrSwfwrf;vm t
rnfrsm;udk az:jyonfhtcg ,ckacwfokH; w&kwf&kH;okH;bmompum; toH
xGuf? wenf;tm;jzifh yDuif;a'o toHxGufjzifhom toHvS,f&onf/
4
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
,ckw&kwf&kH;okH;bmompum; (Mandarin)onf a&S;a[mif;toHxGufESifh
tvGefuGmjcm;aejyD jzpf\/ jrefrmhorkdif; tygt0if ta&SUawmiftm&S
orkdif;udk avhvmaomokawoDrsm;onf þtcsufudk txl;owdjyK&m
onf/
(3) w&kwfrSwfwrf;udk avhvmvkdolrsm;onf w&kwfa&S;a[mif;orkdif;pmay
udkwwf&kHrQ rjyD;ao;acs/ w&kwfa&S;a[mif;toHxGufudkyg avhvm&
onf/
(4) w&kwfrSwfwrf;udk avhvmvkdolrsm;onf w&kwfAk'¨usrf;*efrsm;ukdyg avh
vm&ygrnf/ w&kwfAk'¨usrf;*efrsm; avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh a&S;w&kwfwkdY o
uúw^ygVdtrnf toHvS,fenf;udk odvmygrnf/
tdEd́,EkdifiHtaMumif;udk tapmqkH;az:jyaom orkdif;usrf;onf c&pfray:rD
90-ESpf(B.C 90)üjyKpkjyD;pD;aom]&SD(&f)usd}Shih-Chi(Shiji) odkYr[kwf]orkdif;rSwfwrf;}
jzpf\/ xkdusrf;wGif tdEd́,EkdifiHudk ]&SJefwl}Shent-u(Shendu)[ka&;onf/ ]&SJefwl}[l
onf odE¨K Sindhuudk toHvS,fxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
c&pfESpf ig;&mpk aemufydkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif &SJefwl Shendu (odE¨K)[laomt
rnfudk qufvufokH;aeao;aomfvnf; xD;-,JefusL Hindu ([dE´L)[laomtrnfudk
wGifus,fpGm okH;onf/ ,ckacwf w&kwfwkdYu tdE´d,udk ac:wGifaom ,ifhwk
Yintu(Yin Du) [laomtrnfonf xkd xD;-,JefusL Hindu ([dE´L)rS ajymif;vJvmcJh
jcif;jzpfonf/
,dyk [lonf ,dusKd;tkyfcsKyfa&;e,f The Prefecture of I-Chou or Yi Zhou
ESifhxyfwljzpfygonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh ,leefe,fudk qkdvkdonf/ a0hjynfaxmif
orkdif;tusOf;vm taemufbufrsKd;EG,fpk tcef;wae&mwGif ]],dusKd;}}[ka&;onf/
&Ie,f[lonf ,ckacwf pDcRrf;e,f Szechwan(Sichuan)udkqkdvkdonf/ pDcRrf;e,f
onf ,leefe,fajrmufbufwGif &Sdonf/ ,leefe,fESifheD;uyfonf/
tdE´d,EkdifiHESifha&S;w&kwfEkdifiHMum;&Sd zef,G,fh
]xD;-,JefusLEkdifiH}[lonf ,ck tdEd́,EkdifiHjzpfaMumif; ,dyk[lonf ,ck ,leef
e,fudk qkdvkdaMumif; uRefawmfwkdY od&avjyD/ tdE´d,EkdifiHta&SUawmifbufwGif
wnf&SdjyD; ,ck w&kwfEkdifiH,leefe,fESifheD;uyfvsuf&Sdaom zef,G,fhEkdifiHonf rnf
5
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
onfhae&m jzpfygoenf;/ yx0D0iftaetxm;udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh ]]a&S;a[mif;
jrefrmEkdifiH}}okdYr[kwf]]ysLEkdifiH}}jzpfonfudk ,kHrSm;oHo, r&Sdacs/
odkY&mwGif ]]zef,G,fh}}[lonfum; rnfodkYaom teuft"dyÜg,f&Sdygoenf;/
zef,G,fh [laomtrnf &Sif;vif;csuf
]zef} P'an[laomw&kwfpmvkH;\a&S;a[mif;toHxGufonf B'uanjzpf\/ þ
pmvkH;onf ouúwbmom BrahmajAm[®^ jA[®rS BrahjA[fudk toHvS,fxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh Brahma jAm[®^jAm[®mukd tusOf;tm;jzifh toHvS,fxm;
jcif;jzpf\/ a&S;a[mif;rGefbmomwGif þa0g[m&udk Bram/Brum jArf^jAKrf [kjy
onf/ (orkdif;wcGef? twGJ 2? pmrsufESm 318-ukd&I/)w&kwfxefrif;quf(at'D 618
-907)rwkdifrD Brahma ukd]zef} P'an(B'uan) [ktusOf;tm;jzifh toHvS,fcJhaomf
vnf; xefrif;qufw&kwfAk'¨bmomusrf;*efrsm;wGif þ Brahma [laoma0g[m&
udk Fan[ktoHvS,fvmonf/ William Edward Soothill and Lewis Hodous; A
Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms, London, 1937, P-353.ff. ukdvnf;&I/
],G,fh} Yueh(Yue)\a&S;a[mif;toHxGufonf Vad/Vat jzpf\/ ,ckxuf
wkdif w&kwfEkdifiH awmifydkif;zlusd-,,fhefe,fom; Fukienese rsm;u þpmvkH;udk Vat
[ktoHxGufjyD; zwfaeygao;onf/ AD,uferfom; Vietnamese wkdYurl Viet [kt
oHxGufízwfonf/ w&kwfAk'¨bmomusrf;*efrsm;wGif ouúwa0g[m& Vastuukd
toHvS,fonfhtcg þpmvkH;jzifh toHvS,fwwfonf/ Oyrm- uydv0wfrS ]]0wf}}
udk þpmvkH;jzifh toHvS,fonf/
]xefrif;quforkdif;opf} (The New History of The T'ang Dynasty, A.D.
618-907) ysLEkdifiHtcef;vm xif&Sm;ausmfMum;aomysLae&yfa'o Pyu Settlements
Z/ ae&mtrnfpm&if;ü ]us,f,G,fh} Che Yueh(Zhe Yue)[laomtrnfukd awGU&
onf/ þum; ]aZ,s0wf}udk toHvS,fxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh ]aZ,s
0¹ke}\tusOf;jzpf\/
6
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
rSwfcsuf
(1) w&kwforkdif;usrf;ESifhAk'¨usrf;*efrsm;wGif Jeyya aZ,sukd us,f Che/Zhe
[laompmvkH;rsm;jzifh toHvS,fonf/ oD&d0dZ, Sri Vijeya Jey aZ,ukd
vnf; þpmvkH;jzifh toHvS,fonf/
(2) ]xefrif;quforkdif;opf}vm us,f,G,fhonf ]aZ,s0wf}udk toHvS,f
xm;onfukd axmufjcif;tm;jzifh xdka'oonf ,ckawmifilteD;w0kduf
wGif &Sdonf/ ]ZrÁL'DyOD;aqmif;usrf;}wGif awmifilukd ]aZ,s0¹kewkdif;}[kjy
xm;onfudk owdjyK&monf/ ,ck awmifilteD;wGif ]aZ,s0wD}[laom
ae&mvnf; &Sdonf/ ]zef,G,fh}[lonf ouúwbmom Brahma Vastu
okdYr[kwf ygVdbmom Brahma Vatthu udk tusOf;tm;jzifh toHvS,fxm;
jcif;jzpf\/
Vastu okdYr[kwf Vatthu udk Desa (a'o)[laoma0g[m&jzifh tpm;xkd;okH;
cJhwef&monf/
taMumif;rlum; ,aeYxufwkdif A*Fvm;e,fom;wkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHudk
Brahmodesh [kac:a0:aeao;onf r[kwfygavm/ ]]jrefrm}}[laom a0g[m&ukd
þ Brahma Vastu/Brahma-Vatthu/Brahma-desa rSjzpfvmonf[k qkdvQif rSm;
rnfrxif/ taMumif;aomfum; bmomaA'tm;jzifh A (b) ESifhr(m) wkdYonf tvG,f
wul ul;ajymif;Ekdifjcif;jzpfonf/ (B and M can be easily interchangeable)
Brahma rS Bramma ? Bramma/Bramma rS Mranma/Mramma (jrefrm)ul;ajymif;
Ekdifygonf/ a&S;rGefbmomwGif Brahma ukd Bram rSjArf^ Brum jAKrf[k toHvS,f
vmcJhaMumif;udkvnf; owdjyK&monf/
txufwGif aumufElwfwifjyaom]a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;}vmpmykd'f
wGif...
zef,G,fhEkdifiH/ /
xkdEkdifiHukd(zef,G,fh0rf(if)[lívnf; ac:\[laom tcsufwcsuf&Sdonf/
[efY,G,fharmf(if)[lonf [efYvG,fhrif;[kteuf&\ Sd / odkY&mwGif þokdYteuft"dyÜg,f
aumuf,ljcif;onf tajzrSefr&Ekdifacs/ ][efY}[laompmvkH;onf ]azsmif;} P'iao (ysL)
7
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
[laompmvkH;ESifhqifwl,kd;rSm;jzpfojzifh pmrltqifhqifh a&;ul;&mü rSm;,Gif;cJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ c&pfESpfav;&mpktv,fwGif jyKpkjyD;pD;aom][Gm,efa'oorkdif;}wGif
]azsmuf,G,fh}[k a&;onf/ ]azsmif;,G,fh} odkYr[kwf ]azsmuf,G,fh}onf ]ysL0wf}udk t
oHvS,fxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
acwfemrnfjzifh tpm;xkd;wifjyjcif;
txufwGif aumufElwfwifjyxm;aom ]a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;}vm pm
ykd'frSa&S;a[mif;trnfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wifjycJhjyDjzpf\/ ,ck þae&mwGif ,ckacwf
ae&mtrnfrsm;ESifhacwftokH;tEIef;jzifh tpm;xkd;wifjy &Sif;vif;ygOD;rnf/ xkdpmykd'f
ukd ,ckacwf ae&mtrnfESifhtokH;tEIef;jzifh wifjy&aomf...
jA[®0wfEkdifiH
xkdEkdifiHukd ysL0wfrif;(wkdY\EkdifiH)[lívnf; ac:\/
tdEd́,ta&SUawmifbuf rkdifaygif;waxmifausmf ESpfaxmifcefYtuGmwGif
wnf&Sdonf/ ,leefe,fESifheD;uyf\/ jA[®0wfom; odkYr[kwf ysL0wfom;wkdYonf t
&yfy\
k / ¤if;wk\
dY t&yftarmif;onf pdefYwkdif;om;(w&kwf)wkdYESifhwlnDonf? pDcRrf
e,frS ukefonfrsm;onf xdka'o(jA[®0wf^ysL0wf)odkY a&mufcJhwef&monf/
[líjzpfonf/
]jA[®0wf} odkYr[kwf ]ysL0wf}onf ]]ysLEkdifiH}}udk qkdvkdaMumif; uRefawmfwkdY od&
avjyD/ odkY&mwGif xdkpOftcg tcsuftcsma'oonf rnfonfht&yfjzpfygoenf;/
xkdpOftcgu]jA[®0wf} odkYr[kwf ]ysL0wf} odkYr[kwf ysLEkdifi\
H tcsuftcsma'
oonf AdóEkd; jzpfonf[k qkdcsifygonf/
ysL0wfudk azmfjyaom tjcm;taxmuftxm;
tHhMozG,faumif;onfum; ]a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;}vm ]jA[®0wf} odkYr
[kwf ]ysL0wf}taMumif;ESifhqifwlaom rSwfwrf;wckudk c&pfray:rD 90-ESpfwGif jyK
pkjyD;pD;aom &SD(&f)usd Historical Recordü
8
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
...cGef;rif;wk\ dY taemufbufvDaygif; waxmifausmfcefY&Sdaom t&yfwGif
qifpD;EkdifiH&SdaMumif; Mum;od&\/ ]wD;,Jef,G,fh}[k ac:onf/ &SLe,frS arSmifckdukef
onfrsm;onf xkda'owkYd a&mufcJhwef&monf/
[kaz:jyxm;onfukd awGU&onf/
]&SD(&f)usd} odkYr[kwf ]orkdif;rSwfwrf;}jyKpkol emrnfMuD;orkdif;q&mpDrmcsD,Jef
onf rnfonfhtaxmuftxm;udk rlwnfí þodkYrSwfwrf;wifcJhygoenf;/
c&pf ray:rD 135-ckESpfü usef;csD,Jhef Chang Ch'ien(Zhang Chian) [k
trnf&Sdaomyk*¾Kdvfukd {u&mZf0lu [efYrif;qufw&kwfEkdifiH taemufbufodkYoHc&D;
xGufapcJ\ h / c&pfray:rD 122-ckESpfwGif usef;csD;-,Jhef jyefvmonfhtcg rdr\ d t
awGUtMuKHudk tpD&ifcHonf/ ,ck tmz*efepöwefajrmufydkif;(a&S;tcgu AufMwD,m
Bactria [kac:aoma'o)wGif pD;cRrf;e,fxGuf ydk;xnfESifh0g;vkH;rsm; awGUcJhaMumif;?
tdEd́,EkdifiH(&SJwl)rS 0,f,lvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k AufMwd,maps;ü AufMwd,mom;wkdY
u ajymjycJhaMumif;? tdEd́,EkdifiHonf AufMwd,m\ta&SUawmifbuf vDaygif;okH;
av;axmif(rkdifaygif;ESpfaxmifceYf)uGma0;onf[k AufMwd,mom;xHrS od&aMumif;?
tdEd́,EkdifiHokdY pDcRrf;e,frSm pdefYwkdif;om;(a&S;w&kwf)ukefonfrsm; vma&mufMu
aMumif;? pDcRrf;e,fxGuf ypönf;rsm;udk tdEd́,EkdifiHESifhAufMwd,mwGif awGUEkdifjcif;udk
axmufjcif;tm;jzifh tdEd́,EkdifiHonf pDcRrf;e,fESifhtvSrf;a0;rnf r[kwfaMumif; p
ojzifh tpD&ifcHjyD;onfaemuf pDcRrf;e,frS tdEd́,EkdifiHudk ausmfjzwfí AufMwd,mokdY
aygufaom vrf;udkazgufvQif AufMwd,mESifhqufoG,f&mü vG,fuljyD; w&kwfwkYdt
wGuf tusKd;&SdrnfjzpfaMumif; wifjyonf/
pDcRrf;e,frS AufMwd,mh odkYaygufaomvrf;&SdaMumif;udk {u&mZf0lMum;od&
aomf xkdvrf;udk pdwf0ifpm;rd\/ usefcsD;-,Jeftm; vTwfjyD;vrf;udk &SmazGaponf/
rSwfcsuf/ /usefcsD;-,Jefonf pDcRrf;e,fom;jzpfojzifh pDcRrf;e,fxGufydk;xnfukd
aumif;pGm rSwfr\ d / xkdYtjyif AufMwd,maps;wGif awGUxm;aom 0g;vkH;rsm;onf
av;axmifhykH0g;vkH;jzpf\/ pDcRrf;e,f csKefvkdifawmifwGifom aygufaomxl;qef;
onfh0g;vkH;wrsKd; jzpfonf/ tjcm;ae&mwGif xkd0g;vkH;rsKd;r&Sdacs/
9
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
usefcsD;-,Jefvnf; 0rf&ef,GDwkdYvlwpk q,fOD;ausmfausmfwkYdtm; wm0efay;
vkdu\ f / xkdolwkdYonf vrf; 4-vrf;cGJí xGufvm&m aemufqkH;ü awmifbufwGif&Sd
aom xD;-,JefEkdifiHwGif qkHrdMuonf/ xD;-,JefEkdifiH\tcsuftcsma'oonf ,ck
xD;-,Jefuefa'o (Tien Lake Area)jzpf\/ a'ocHwkdif;&if;om;rsm;onf ysL-jrefrm
wkdYESifhrsKd;EG,ftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? bmompum;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; ESD;
EG,fonf/ xkdolrsm;onf a&S;OD;avmfavmf (Proto Lo-Lo) jzpfygonf/
vrf;&SmtzGJUonf wESpfausmfausmftcsdef ukefvGefvmcJhaomfvnf; &nfrSef;
xm;onfhtwkdif; jzpfrvmacs/ taMumif;rlum; ,ck wmhvDa'owGif xkdif;rsKd;EG,fpk
wkdY\rif;u [efYwm;xm;ojzifh taemufbufodkY qufvufc&D;rxGufEkdifjcif; jzpf
onf/ xkdYtjyif vrf;aMumif;&SmtzGJUonf rMumrMum csKHckdwkdufckdufrIudk cH&onf/
xkdYaMumifh 0rf&ef,GDwkdYtzGJUonf aejynfawmfcseftef;okdY jyefvm&onf/
rSwfcsuf/ /wmhvDw0dkuf&Sd xkdif;rsKd;EG,fpkw\ kdY t&Sifonf w&kwfpDcRrf;ukefonf
rsm;tm; ¤if;wd\ kY ae&yfudk ausmfjzwfcGifhjyKaomfvnf; [efYrif;qufw&kwftpkd;&t
zGJUudk vufrcHjcif;aMumifh vrf;aMumif;&SmtzGJUonf ratmifjrifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
eef;wGif;orkdif;q&m pDrmcsD;-,Jef;onf 0rf&ef,GDwkdYtzGJU\tpD&ifcHpmukd zwf
cJhwef&monf/ txufwGif aumufElwfwifjyxm;aompmykd'f(cGefrif; taemufbuf
wGif qifpD;EdkifiH&SdaMumif;ukd az:jyxm;aompmykd'f)udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh 0rf&ef,GDwkdY
\tpD&ifcHpmrS az:jycsufukd udk;um;a&;om;xm;onfukd awGU&onf/ okdY&mwGif
orkdif;q&mpDrmcsD;-,Jef; (Ssu-Ma Ch'ien) xyfqifhul;,lwifjyxm;aom pmykd'fwGif
]]wD;-,JefY,G,fh}}[laom ae&mtrnfrSm;aeonf/ ]]azsmif;,G,fh}} odkYr[kwf ]]azsmuf
,G,fh}}[kom jzpfoifhonf/ ]]wD;-,Jef;}} (Tien) [laomw&kwfpmvkH;onf ]]azsmif;^
azsmuf}}[laom w&kwfpmvkH;ESpfvkH;ESifhykHoP²meftm;jzifh qifwl,dk;rSm;jzpfonf/ þ
trSm;onf orkdif;q&m pDrmcsD;-,Jef; pmrla&;ul;onfhtcg vGJacsmfcJhjcif;jzpfaumif;
jzpfrnf/ odkYr[kwf pmrla&;ul;ay;aom pma&;pmcs\ D trSm; jzpfaumif;jzpfrnf/
(Tien Kuo) ]]wD;-,Jef}}EkdifiHESifh a&maxG;rdjcif;jzpfonf/
txufwGif wifjycJhonfhtwkdif; ]]azsmif;,G,fh}} odkYr[kwf ]]azsmuf,G,fh}}onf
ysL0wfudk toHvS,fxm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/
aemufxyf jznfhpGufvkdonfhtcsuf wcsuf&Sdonf/ ]]zef,G,fh}}(jA[®0wf)[l
aomtrnfudk ]][efYrif;quf aESmif;acwforkdif;}} (The History of Later Han
10
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
Dynasty, A.D 25-220) wGifzefcsD (P'an-Chi) [krSm;,Gif;pGm a&;xm;onfudk awGU&
onf/ ]]csD}}[laom w&kwfpmvkH;ESifh]],G,fh}}[laom w&kwfpmvkH;onf ykHoP²meftm;
jzifh qifwl,dk;rSm;jzpfojzifh pmrla&;ul;&müaomfvnf;aumif;? pmvkH;xGif;í ykHESdyf
onfhtcgwGifvnf;aumif; rSm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ þodkYpmrla&;om;&mü vGJrSm;aom
om"ursm;udk w&kwfrSwfwrf;rsm;üaomfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmrSwfwrf;rsm;üaomf
vnf;aumif; rsm;pGmxkwfjyEkdifonf/ jrefrmrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif]]qifwoef;&Sif}}udk
]]qifwodef;&Sif}}[k ta&;vGJrSm;jcif;? ]]yg;wbufwkdY}}udk ]]cg;wbufwkdY}}[lí ta&;
vGJrSm;jcif;uJhodkY jzpfonf/
ed*kH;
txufygtaMumif;t&yfrsm;udk pkaygif;vkdufaomf c&pfray:rD 120-ESpf? w
enf;tm;jzifh c&pfray:rD 2-&mpkwGif a&S;w&kwfwkdYonf ,ck wmhvDtaemufbuf
odkYr[kwf taemufawmifbufü ]]ysL0wf}}(ysLwkdYa'o)&SdaMumif;udk odcJhjyD; rSwfwrf;
wifxm;cJhonf/ xdkrSwfwrf;onf w&kwf [efYrif;quf{u&mZf0lvufxuf tdEd́,
ESifhAufMwd,mhokdY aygufaomvrf;&SmazGcJhaom tzGJU\tpD&ifcHpm jzpfonf/ xkdtpD
&ifcHpmukd orkdif;q&mpDrmcsD;-,Jefu ¤if;jyKpkaom ]]orkdif;rSwfwrf;}}wGif xnfhoGif;
xm;onf/ orkdif;rSwfwrf;jyKpkjyD;pD;aomESpfonf c&pfray:rD 90(B.C 90) jzpf\/
xdkusrf;MuD;onf jyD;pD;onfhtcg vrf;&SmtzGJU0rf&ef,GDwkdY vlpkjyefvmonhfESpfESifh
tESpfokH;q,fcefYom uGmjcm;onf/
trSefum; ]ysL0wf}[laomtrnfudk tapmqkH;odcJhaom w&kwfwkdYonf tdE´d
,odkYa&mufcJhaom pDcRrf;e,fw&kwfrS ukefonfrsm;jzpfonf/ xkdpDcRrf;e,fukefonf
rsm;onf ]ysL0wf}udk ausmfjzwfjyD;rS tdEd́,EkdifiHodkY a&mufcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ usef;-csD;
,Jef Chang Chien(Zhang Chian) u AufMwd,m(Bactria) (,ck tmz*efepöwef
ajrmufydkif;)odkYa&mufcJhaom ESpfonf c&pfray:rD 128-ESpf (B.C 128) jzpf\/ xkd
ouú&mZfrwkdifrD tdE´d,EkdifiHodkY a&mufcJhzl;aom pDcRrf;e,fukefonfrsm;onf ]ysL
0wf}udkvnf; a&mufcJhzl;olrsm; jzpfonf/
xkdpOf xkdtcg]ysL0wf}\tcsuftcsm a'oonf ,ck AdóEkd;jzpfonf/
11
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org
c&pfESpf okH;&mpkaemufydkif;ESifhav;&mpkOD;ydkif;odkY a&mufvmaomtcg a&S;
w&kwfwkdYonf ]ysL0wf}udk ]jA[®0wf}(Brahma-Vastu) [kvnf; ac:aMumif; odvm
jyefonf/ xdka'oonf tdEd́,EkdifiHESifh,leefe,ftMum;wGif wnf&SdaMumif; twdt
usrSwfwrf;wifvmonf/ ]]pDcRrf;e,frS arSmifckdukefonfrsm;onf xdka'oodkYa&muf
cJhwef&m\}[lí &SD(&f)usd okdYr[kwf orkdif;rSwfwrf;rS az:jyxm;csufonf AufMwd
,mhokdY c&D;xGufcJhaom usef;csD;-,Jef;\tpD&ifcHpmudk rlwnfí orkdif;q&mpDrmcsD;-
,Jefu cefYrSef;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;uvnf; tvm;wl cefY
rSef;xm;onf/
xkdokdYcefYrSef;xm;csufonf vGJrSm;jcif; r&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ tb,faMumifh
qkdaomf c&pfray:rD okH;&mpkuwnf;uyif a&S;a[mif;w&kwfEkdifiHrS a&S;a[mif;jref
rmEkdifiH(0g)ysLEkdifiHudk ausmfjzwfjyD; a&S;a[mif;tdE´d,EkdifiHodkY aygufaomukef;vrf;
yGifhaejyDjzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xkdukef;vrf;yGifhcJhjcif;aMumifh w&kwfEkdifiHonf pde
&|pdea'ojzpfaMumif; a&S;tdEd́,wkdif;om;wkdYu odvmonf/
ysL0wf odkYr[kwf jA[®0wf[laom trnfrsm;\t&if;tjrpfudk Munfhjcif;tm;
jzifh ysLwkdYonf c&pfray:rD ESpf&mpkuwnf;uyif tdEd́,,Ofaus;rI tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk vufcHjyD; tdEd́,qefaomEkdifaom(Indianized State) jzpfaejyDjzpfaMumif;
ajymEkdifrnfxifonf/ xkdYtjyif ]ysL0wf}[laomtrnfudk c&pfray:rD 90-ESpfwGifjyK
pkjyD;pD;aom &SD(&f)usd (orkdif;rSwfwrf;)wGif az:jyxm;onfudk axmuf&Ijcif;tm;jzifh
ysLwkdYonf c&pfray:rD 4-&mpkcefY? odkYr[kwf xdkxuftvsifu a&S;a[mif;jrefrmEkdif
iHtwGif;ü twnfwus aexkdifaejyDjzpfaMumif; ajymEkdifrnf xifonf/
bDpD 2-&mpkESifh at'D 4-&mpktwGif; a&S;w&kwfwkdYu ysLEkdifiHudk ac:wGifaom
trnfrsm;onf ]ysL0wf}ESifh]jA[®0wf}wkdYjzpfonf/ xkdtrnffrsm;onf w&kwfwkdYuay;
cJhaom trnfr[kwfacs/ tdEd́,wkdif;om;ESifhysLwkdYu ac:aomtrnfukd vkdufíac:
wGifcJhjcif; jzpfaMumif; wifjyvkdygonf/
&nfpdef
rSwfcsuf/ /ÓPfvif;"r®pmya'om? 1984-ckESpf? 'DZifbmvxkwf? pmrsufESm
(167 rS 178xd)üvm&Sdaom aqmif;yg;udk jyifqifjcif;r&SdyJ &kdufESdyfxm;ygonf/
12
