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10 Call Math Chapter 1

This document defines and provides examples of various types of real numbers including integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, natural numbers, whole numbers, even numbers, odd numbers, prime numbers, and composite numbers. It also discusses Euclid's division lemma and its application in finding the highest common factor of two numbers. Finally, it covers the fundamental theorem of arithmetic and its applications in finding highest common factors, least common multiples, proving irrationality, and determining the nature of decimal expansions of rational numbers.

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AKHIL RANA
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173 views

10 Call Math Chapter 1

This document defines and provides examples of various types of real numbers including integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, natural numbers, whole numbers, even numbers, odd numbers, prime numbers, and composite numbers. It also discusses Euclid's division lemma and its application in finding the highest common factor of two numbers. Finally, it covers the fundamental theorem of arithmetic and its applications in finding highest common factors, least common multiples, proving irrationality, and determining the nature of decimal expansions of rational numbers.

Uploaded by

AKHIL RANA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CBSE Class 10 Maths Notes Chapter 1 Real Numbers

R = Real Numbers:
All rational and irrational numbers are called real numbers.

I = Integers:
All numbers from (…-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3…) are called integers.

Q = Rational Numbers:
Real numbers of the form pq, q ≠ 0, p, q ∈ I are rational numbers.

All integers can be expressed as rational, for example, 5 = 51


Decimal expansion of rational numbers terminating or non-terminating recurring.
Q’ = Irrational Numbers:
Real numbers which cannot be expressed in the form pq and whose decimal expansions
are non-terminating and non-recurring.

Roots of primes like √2, √3, √5 etc. are irrational


N = Natural Numbers:
Counting numbers are called natural numbers. N = {1, 2, 3, …}

W = Whole Numbers:
Zero along with all natural numbers are together called whole numbers. {0, 1, 2, 3,
…}

Even Numbers:
Natural numbers of the form 2n are called even numbers. (2, 4, 6, …}

Odd Numbers:
Natural numbers of the form 2n -1 are called odd numbers. {1, 3, 5, …}

Why can’t we write the form as 2n+1?


Remember this!

All Natural Numbers are whole numbers.


All Whole Numbers are Integers.
All Integers are Rational Numbers.
All Rational Numbers are Real Numbers.
Prime Numbers:
The natural numbers greater than 1 which are divisible by 1 and the number itself
are called prime numbers, Prime numbers have two factors i.e., 1 and the number
itself For example, 2, 3, 5, 7 & 11 etc.

1 is not a prime number as it has only one factor.


Composite Numbers:
The natural numbers which are divisible by 1, itself and any other number or
numbers are called composite numbers. For example, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 etc.
Note: 1 is neither prime nor a composite number.

I. Euclid’s Division lemma


Given two positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q and r satisfying
a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r ≤ b.
Notice this. Each time ‘r’ is less than b. Each ‘q’ and ‘r’ is unique.
Real Numbers Class 10 Notes Maths Chapter 1 Q1.1

II. Application of lemma


Euclid’s Division lemma is used to find HCF of two positive integers. Example: Find
HCF of 56 and 72 ?
Steps:
Apply lemma to 56 and 72.
Take bigger number and locate ‘b’ and ‘r’. 72 = 56 × 1 + 16
Since 16 ≠ 0, consider 56 as the new dividend and 16 as the new divisor. 56 = 16 ×
3 + 8
Again, 8 ≠ 0, consider 16 as new dividend and 8 as new divisor. 16 = 8 × 2 + 0
Since remainder is zero, divisor (8) is HCF.
Although Euclid’s Division lemma is stated for only positive integers, it can be
extended for all integers except zero, i.e., b ≠ 0.

III. Constructing a factor tree


Steps

Write the number as a product of prime number and a composite number


Example:
Factorize 48
Repeat the process till all the primes are obtained
∴ Prime factorization of 48 = 24 x 3
Real Numbers Class 10 Notes Maths Chapter 1 Q2.1
IV. Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic
Every composite number can be expressed as a product of primes, and this expression
is unique, apart from the order in which they appear.
Applications:

To locate HCF and LCM of two or more positive integers.


To prove irrationality of numbers.
To determine the nature of the decimal expansion of rational numbers.
1. Algorithm to locate HCF and LCM of two or more positive integers:

Step I:
Factorize each of the given positive integers and express them as a product of
powers of primes in ascending order of magnitude of primes.
Step II:
To find HCF, identify common prime factor and find the least powers and multiply
them to get HCF.
Step III:
To find LCM, find the greatest exponent and then multiply them to get the LCM.

2. To prove Irrationality of numbers:

The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational number is irrational.


The product or quotient of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is
irrational.
3. To determine the nature of the decimal expansion of rational numbers:

Let x = p/q, p and q are co-primes, be a rational number whose decimal expansion
terminates. Then the prime factorization of’q’ is of the form 2m5n, m and n are
non-negative integers.
Let x = p/q be a rational number such that the prime factorization of ‘q’ is not of
the form 2m5n, ‘m’ and ‘n’ being non-negative integers, then x has a non-
terminating repeating decimal expansion.
Alert!

23 can be written as: 23 = 2350


52 can be written as: 52 = 2052

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