Curriculum of Mathematics

BS (4 year)/M.Sc. (2 year)

Government College Women University, Sialkot

1
 Table of Contents

Sr No. Description Page No.

1 Objectives of BS Program 03
2 Learning Outcomes of BS Program 03
3 Scheme of Studies BS 4-year 04
4 Course Outlines according to Scheme of Studies BS 07
5 Objectives of M.Sc. Program 75
6 Learning Outcomes of M.Sc. Program 75
7 Scheme of Studies M.Sc. 2-year 76
8 Course Outlines according to Scheme of Studies 78

2
Objectives of BS Program:

The objectives of the Bachelor of Mathematics program are to produce graduates who are able:

 To formulate and solve abstract mathematical problems.

 To recognize real-world problems that are amenable to mathematical analysis, and formulate
mathematical models of such problems.
 To perform standard mathematical computations with accuracy.
 To understand the basic rules of logic, including the role of axioms or assumptions.
 To distinguish a coherent argument from a fallacious one, both in mathematical reasoning and in
everyday life.
 To appreciate the role of mathematical proof as a means of conveying mathematical knowledge.
 To become aware of the applications of mathematics across science and technology, and to learn
how to use mathematical ideas and techniques to solve reallife problems.
 To produce proficient mathematicians having conceptual clarity and ability to express their
thoughts and ideas in logical and coherent manner.

Learning Outcomes of BS Program:

The Outcomes of the Bachelor of Mathematics program are to produce graduates who will be able:

 To read, analyze and write logical arguments to prove mathematical concepts.

 Students will be able to communicate and transmit mathematical ideas with clarity and
coherence, both written and verbally.
 To investigate and apply mathematical problems and solutions in a variety of contexts related to
science, technology, business and industry and illustrate these solutions using symbolic, numeric,
or graphical methods.
 To develop and understand the value of proof, the single factor that distinguishes mathematics
from all other disciplines and will demonstrate proficiency in writing and understanding proofs.
 To apply their knowledge in modern industry or teaching, or secure acceptance in high-quality
graduate programs in mathematics and other fields such as the field of quantitative/mathematical
finance, mathematical computing, statistics and actuarial science.
 Students will be able to propose new mathematical and questions and suggest possible software
packages and/or computer programming to find solutions to these questions.

3
 SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR 4 YEARS BS MATHEMATICS
Code Course Title Credit
Semester-I
Math-108 Calculus-I 4
Math-165 Vectors and Mechanics-I 4
Eng-122 English-I 3
Isl-100 Islamic Studies 3
Phys-146 Physics-I 3
Phys-146L Physics-I Lab 1
Total Credit Hours 18(17+1)

Semester-II
Math-109 Calculus-II 4
Math-166 Vectors and Mechanics-II 4
Eng-123 English-II 3
Pks-100 Pakistan Studies 3
Phys-147 Physics-II 3
Phys-147L Physics-II Lab 1
Total Credit Hours 18(17+1)

Semester-III
Math-228 Linear Algebra-I 3
Math-210 Calculus-III 4
Eng-224 English-III 3
Arab-101 Arabic Studies 2
Phys-248 Physics-III 3
Phys-248L Physics-III Lab 1
Total Credit Hours 16(15+1)

Semester-IV
Math-263 Ordinary Differential Equations-I 3
Math-141 Number Theory 2
Math-117 Discrete Mathematics 2
Math-279 Metric Spaces 2
Math-283 Introduction to Computer and Programming Languages 4
Phys-249 Physics-IV 3
Phys-249L Physics-IV Lab 1
Total Credit Hours 17(16+1)

Semester-V
Math-351 Real Analysis-I 3
Math-325 Group Theory 3
Math-312 Complex Analysis-I 3
Math-359 Vector and Tensor Analysis 3
Math-358 Topology 3
Math-315 Differential Geometry 3
Total Credit Hours 18(18+0)

4
 Semester-VI
Math-352 Real Analysis-II 3
Math-329 Linear Algebra-II 3
Math-368 Complex Analysis-II 3
Math-305 Analytical Mechanics 3
Math-423 Functional Analysis 3
Math-347 Ordinary Differential Equations-II 3
Total Credit Hours 18(18+0)

Semester-VII
Math-464 Set Theory 3
Math-448 Partial Differential Equations 3
Math-442 Numerical Analysis-I 3
Any Two of the following:
Math-331 Mathematical Statistics-I 3
Math-471 Programming in Matlab 3
Math-403 Advanced Group Theory-I 3
Math-454 Rings and Modules 3
Math-469 Advance Number Theory-I 3
Math-449 Quantum Mechanics-I 3
Math-404 Analytical Dynamics 3
Math-419 Electromagnetic Theory-I 3
Math-444 Operations Research-I 3
Math-470 Theory of Approximation and Splines-I 3
Math-422  Mechanics-I
Fluid 3
Total Credit Hours 15(15+0)


Semester-VIII
Math-437 Measure Theory and Lebesgue Integration 3
Math-438 Methods of Mathematical Physics 3
Math-443 Numerical Analysis-II 3

Any Two of the following:
Math-432 Mathematical
 Statistics-II 3
Math-472 Computer Applications 3
Math-473 Advanced Group Theory-II 3
Math-457 Theory of Modules 3
Math-474 Advance Number Theory-II 3
Math-450 Quantum Mechanics-II 3
Math-455 Special Theory of Relativity 3
Math-475 Electromagnetic Theory-II 3

5
Math-445 Operations Research-II 3
Math-476 Theory of Approximation and Splines-II 3
Math-478 Fluid Mechanics-II 3
Math-426 Integral Equations 3
Total Credit Hours 15(15+0)
Total Credit Hours of BS Program: 135

6
 Semester-I
Course Title: Calculus-I
Course Code: Math-108
Credit Hours: 4(4+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Develop the concept of limit through multiple representations (numerical, graphical, and
symbolic).
 Develop the concept of derivative and standard algorithms for taking derivatives.
 Explore applications of derivatives in contextual problems.
 Apply the derivative concept to the exploration of function behaviour.
 Introduce the concept of antiderivative and integral.
Course Outcomes:
Students will be able to:
 Demonstrate knowledge of limit.
 Discuss the concept of derivative and take derivatives using standard rules.
 Solve realistic application problems.
 Use Maple to reconcile a function’s behavior with characteristics in first and second derivatives.
 Take integrals using standard rules.
Course Outline:
Preliminaries: Real numbers and the real line, Functions and their graphs, Shifting and scaling graphs,
Solution of equations involving absolute values, Inequalities, Complex numbers system. Polar form of
complex numbers, De Moivr’s theorem, Circular function, hyperbolic functions, logarithmic.
Limitand Continuity: Limit of a function, left hand and right hand limits, Theorems of limit,
Continuity, Continuous functions
Derivatives and its Applications:Differentiable functions, Differentiation of polynomial, rational and
transcendental functions, Mean value theorems and applications, Higher derivatives, Leibniz’s theorem,
L’Hospitals Rule, Intermediate value theorem, Rolle’s theorem, Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s theorem with
their remainders.
Integration and Definite Integrals: Techniques of evaluating indefinite integrals, Integration by
substitutions, Integration by parts, Change of variable in indefinite integrals, Definite integrals,

7
Fundamental theorem of calculus, Reduction formulas for algebraic and trigonometric integrands,
Improper integrals, Gamma functions.
Recommended Books:
1. Thomas, Calculus, 11th Edition.( Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 2005)
2. H. Anton, I. Bevens, S. Davis, Calculus, 8th Edition,( John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005)
3. Hughes-Hallett, Gleason, McCallum, et al, Calculus Single and Multivariable, 3rd Edition (John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002.)
4. Frank A. Jr, Elliott Mendelson, Calculus, (Schaum’s outlines series, 4th Edition, 1999)
5. C.H. Edward and E.D Penney, Calculus and Analytics Geometry,( Prentice Hall, In1988)
6. E. W. Swokowski, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, PWS Publishers,
(Boston, Massachosetts, 1983).

Course Title: Vector and Mechanics-I

Course Code: Math-165
Credit Hours: 4(4+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objective of this course is:
 To provide an understanding of the concepts of vector algebra, vector calculus, forces, frictions
and virtual work.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the concepts of vector algebra, vector calculus, forces, frictions and virtual work.
Course Outline:
Vector Algebra: Introduction to vector algebra, Scalar and vector product, Scalar triple product and
vector triple product, Applications to geometry.
Vector Calculus: Limit, continuity and differentiability of vector point functions, Partial derivatives of
vector point functions, Scalar and vector fields, The gradient, divergence and curl, Expansion formulas.
Forces: Fundamental concepts and principles, Inertial-non-inertial frames, Newton’s laws, Resultant of
several concurrent forces, The parallelogram law of forces, Resolution of a forces, triangle of forces,
Lamy’s theorem, polygon of forces, Conditions of equilibrium for a particle,External and internal forces,
principle of transmissibility, Resultant of like and unlike parallel forces, Moment of forces about a point,
Varigon’s theorem, Moment of a couple, equivalent couples, composition of couples, Reduction of
coplanar forces to a force or a couple.

8
Friction: Dry friction and fluid friction, Laws of dry friction, coefficients of friction, angle of friction,
Equilibrium of a particle on a rough inclined plane, Particle on a rough inclined plane acted on by an
external force, Conditions for sliding or titling.
Virtual Work: Principle of virtual work, Problems involving tensions and thrust.
Recommended Books:
1. Fowles, G.R, Cassiday, G.L. Analytical Mechanics, 7th Edition, (Thomson Brook Cole, 2005)
2. Jafferson, B. Beasdsworth, T. Further Mechanics, (Oxford University Press, 2001)
3. Joseph F, Shelley. Vector Mechanics, (Mc-Graw Hill Company, 1990).
4. Murray R. Spiegel, Theoretical Mechanics, Schaum’s Outline Series,(Mc Graw Hill Book Company)
5. Hwei P. HSU, Applied Vector Analysis, (San Diego, New York, 1984).
6. Murray R. Spiegel, Vector Analysis, Schaum’s Outline Series, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1959)
7. D.K. Anand and P.F. Cunnif, Statics and Dynamics, (Allyn and Becon, Inc. 1984).

Course Title: English-I

Course Code: Eng-119
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objective:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Enhance language skills through grammar, phrases and sentence making.
 Develop skills for English writing and translation.
 Enhance creative writing skills.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Write for various audiences and purposes and to adapt the essay form to various writing
situations.
 Understand the structure and style of effective sentences, paragraphs, and essays.
Course Outline:
Introduction and usage of parts of speech, Tenses, Use of models, Comprehension skills in detail,
Skimming and scanning, Identification of main idea through comprehension, Vocabulary building skills,
Introduction to synonyms and antonyms, Use of dictionary, Active and passive voice, Paragraph writing,
Punctuation.

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Recommended Books
1. Eastwood, j. 2004. English practice
2. e Grammar (new edition with tests and answer).
3. Murphy, R (2003). Grammar in use

Course Title: Islamic Studies

Course Code: Isl-100
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
● Provide basic information about Islamic studies.
● Enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic civilization.
● Improve student's skill to perform prayers and other worships.
● Enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to faith and religious life.
Course Outcomes:
Students will be able to:
● Know basic information about Islamic studies.
● Understand Islamic civilization.
● Understand issues related to faith and religious life.
Course Outline:

‫۔ارقلآنارکلمی‬۱

(‫االطصیحوہفمم‬،‫)وغلی‬ ‫افل۔اعترفقرآن‬

("‫ب۔بختنمقرآینآیاتاکوغلیویااحمورہترہمجورشتحی )ہمیمض"افل‬

‫یاصبہواجزہموااہفتسم‬،‫رحوفاجرہ‬،‫امضتر‬،‫رمبکااضیفووتیفیق‬،‫ہلمجہیلعف‬،‫ہلمجاہیمس‬،‫ارم۔یہن‬،‫اضمرع‬،‫ج۔ رعیبرگارمئلعفامیض‬
‫ث‬
:‫۔ادحلیالنبویﷺ‬۲
‫ث‬
(‫افل۔اعترفدحی)وغلیواالطصیحوہفمم‬
‫ث‬
("‫ب۔بختنمااحدیوبنہیاکوغلیویااحمورہترہمجورشتحی )ہمیمض"ب‬
‫ث‬
‫ااستذہرکامآیاتوااحدییکمیلعتودترسیےکدورانوغلیاوریااحمورہترہمجےکنمضںیمدنمریاالوقادعرعہیبیکقیبطتاکاامتہمرکںی۔‬:‫ونٹ‬

‫۔ریستایبنلﷺ‬۳

10
 ‫‪۱‬۔افل۔ریسۃایبنل ﷺاکوغلیواالطصیحوہفمم۔‬
‫ث‬
‫ب۔سودحیںیمقرق‬

‫۔اطمہعلریستیکرضررتواتیمہ‬ ‫‪۲‬‬

‫۔یبنرکمیﷺ یکتمکحاالقنب‬ ‫‪۳‬‬

‫ث‬
‫[رجہت‪،‬ومااخت‪،‬ماقدمہنی‪،‬حلصدحہیبی‪،‬ہبطخۃجحاولداع]‬

‫۔ترہیکسفناورریمعتریستوتیصخشاکوبنیاہنمجاوریلمعومنےن‬ ‫‪۴‬‬

‫)رشعہرشبمہ‪،‬امھااتاوملنینم‪،‬اوالدایبنلﷺ (‬

‫‪۵‬۔لیکشتاامتجتیعواعمرشت اوراوسہہنسح‬

‫)‪(Recommended Books‬‬ ‫وجمزہبتک‬

‫اہلللجالجہل‬ ‫‪۱‬۔ارقلآن‬

‫یتفمدمحمعیفش‬ ‫‪2‬۔اعمرفارقلآن‬
‫اوباالیلعومدودی‬
‫ٰ‬ ‫دیس‬ ‫‪3‬۔میہفتاارقلآن‬

‫انیمانسحاالصیح‬ ‫‪4‬۔دتترارقلآن‬
‫ث‬
‫‪5‬۔ایضارقلآن ریپرکمشاہاالزہری‬

‫ث‬
‫دمحموظنمرامعنین‬ ‫‪6‬اعمرفادحلی‬

‫‪7‬۔ترامجناۃنسل دبراعملریمیھٹ‬
‫ث‬
‫دمحمامعننطشقبدذی‬ ‫‪8‬۔ااسللنارعلیب‬

‫اطہدمین‬ ‫دبع ٰ‬
‫ارلمح ر‬ ‫‪9‬۔وقادعارقلآن‬

‫[رصتخمقرآینرعیبرگارمئ]‬

‫ڈارٹکمرہظنیع‬ ‫‪01‬۔میلعتاۃغللارعلۃیب‪:‬رصتخماوقلادع‬

‫ومالیادبعااتسلراخن‬ ‫‪00‬۔رعیباکملعم‬

‫‪11‬‬
 ‫ن ث‬
‫سلن‬
‫امیڈیوچدہری‬ ‫‪02‬۔رعبرگارمئاڈنیرٹا شن‬

‫دبعاظیفحلایلبوی‬ ‫‪03‬۔ابصمحااغللت[رعیب‪،‬اردوڈرنشکی]‬

‫یلبشامعنین‪،‬دیسامیلسندنوی‬ ‫‪04‬۔ریسۃایبنلﷺ‬

‫یفصارلنمحٰابمروپکری‬ ‫‪05‬۔ارلقیحاوتخملم‬

‫دمحمسبلماانوصنمروپری‬ ‫‪06‬۔رتمحااعللنیمل‬

‫ڈارٹکاخدلعلوی‬ ‫‪07‬۔اناناکلمﷺ‬

‫دیسامیلسندنوی‬ ‫‪08‬۔ریستاعہشئ‬
‫ث‬
‫شاہنیعادلنیدنوی‬ ‫ریسااحصلہب‬
‫‪09‬۔ ّ‬
‫ث‬
‫شاہنیعادلنیدنوی‬ ‫‪21‬۔یارخیاالسم‬

‫دمحمدیعسدااصنری‬ ‫ریسااحصلایبت‬
‫‪20‬۔ ّ‬

‫‪22‬۔)ااقثلفااالالسہیم(یارخیااکفرعلوماالسیم رابغالطبااخ[ترہمج ‪:‬ااختفرادمحیخلب]‬

‫دیساوباالیلعٰومدودی‬ ‫‪23‬۔االسیمذہتیاوراسےکاوصلوابمدی‬

‫ومحمدادمحرفظ‬ ‫‪24‬۔رشعہرشبمہ‬

‫دیساوباالیلعٰومدودی‬ ‫‪25‬۔احیقنتت‬

‫اسجارلنمحدصقی‬
‫‪26‬۔االسماوررغمبےکذہتیبیاسملئ دیسبطقدیہشترہمج ذ‬

‫رپورسیفوخردیشادمح‬ ‫‪27‬۔االسیمرظنہیایحت‬

‫ڈارٹکاخدلعلوی‬ ‫‪28‬۔االسماکاعمرشیتاظنم‬
‫ث‬
‫دمحمبطق‬ ‫‪29‬االسماورجذتذذنہےکاہبشت[سبھااتوحلاالالسم]‬

‫) ‪(Islam the Misunderstood Religion‬‬

‫‪31‬۔رعمہکاالسمواجتیلہ دصادلنیاالصیح‬

‫‪12‬‬
 ‫ڈارٹکدمحمدیمحاہلل‬ ( Emergance of Islaam )‫۔ابطختاہبووپل‬30

32. The Holy Quran (Textt, Translation &commentary): Abdullah Yousaf Ali

33. The Glorious Quran :Muhammad Marma Duke pickthall.

34. The Massage of Quran : Muhammad Asad( Leopold weiss)

35. Sahih-Al- Bukhari ( English Translation) Muhaammad Mohsin Khan

36. Takalam Al Arbiyyah ( ‫ )ملکتارعلۃیب‬Arabic – English : Mahmud Ismaeel al-Seeni.

37. Al. Mawrid (‫ )اوملرد‬English -Arabic Dictionary : Munir Al-Balabakki.

38. The Road to Maakkah : Muhammad Asad (leopoled weiss)

39.Quran , Bible & Science (‫ )ارقلآنوالالیجنواملعل‬Maurice de Bouccai.

40. T0wards Understanding Islam (‫ )ابمدیاالالسلم‬:Abul Ala Maudoodi.

41. Introduction of Islam (‫ )ادمللخاالالسم‬: Dr .Mahammad Hamidullah.

42. Spirit of Islam(‫ )روحاالسم‬Syed Ameer Ali.

43. Purdah and Status of Women in Islam(‫ )ااجحلب‬Abul Ala maudoodi.

44. Ettiquates of lLife in Islam (‫ )آاسنہقف‬Muhammad Yousaf Islahi

]‫ااالسمںیمدعلاامتجیئ[ادعلالااالامتجعبہایفاالالسم‬

45. Social justice in Islam Sayyid Qutb.

46 . Islam in Theory and Practice Maryam jameela ( Margrat Marcus)

]‫االسمابرظنہیابرحتب[االاسملیفارظنلۃیوالبطنبق‬

47. Umar The Grate ]‫ [اافلروق‬Shible Nomani .(Translated by Zafar Ali Khan)

Note: The Books available in two or three language ( Arabic ,English , urdu have been mentioned
Accordingly)

13
Course Title: Physics-I
Course Code: Phys-146
Credit Hours: 4(3+1)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are:
 To provide an understanding of the concepts of mechanics vector operations, particle dynamic,
work, energy and power.
 To provide an understanding of the concepts of conservation of energy, rotational dynamics and
bulk properties of matters.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the concepts of mechanics vector operations, particle dynamic, work, energy and
power.
 Understand the concepts of conservation of energy, rotational dynamics and bulk properties of
matters.
Course Outline:
Mechanics Vector Operations: Vector in 3 dimensions; Vector derivatives and operation; Gradient,
Divergence and Curl of a vector; Divergence Theorem; Stokes Theorem.
Particle Dynamic: Advanced application of Newton’s laws Dynamics of Uniform motion; Equations of
motion; Time dependent forces; Effect of drag forces on motion; Non inertial frames and pseudo forces;
Non inertial frames and Pseudo forces; Limitations of Newton’s Laws.
Work, Energy and Power: Work done by a constant force, work done by a variable force (1-
dimensions); Work done by a variable (2-dimension) Work energy theorem, General proof of work
energy theorem. Power: Reference Frames.
Conservation of Energy: Conservative, and non-conservative forces; one dimensional conservative
system; 2 3 dimensional system; Conservation of energy in a system of particles system two practical
conservative system. Center of mass of solid object; Momentum changes in system of variable mass.
Collisions: Inelastic collision conservation of momentum during collision in center of Mass reference
frame.
Rotational Dynamics: Angular momentum; angular velocity; Overview of rotational Dynamics;
Parallel axis theorem; Determination of momentum of interstice of various shapes; Rotational dynamics

14
of spinning Top rigid bodies; combined rotational and transitional motion. Stability of spinning objects,
the spinning Top.
Gravitation: Review of basic concepts of gravitation. Gravitational effect of a spherical mass
distribution; Gravitational Potential Energy; Gravitational field & potential; Universal Gravitational
Law.
Bulk Properties of Matters: Elastic Properties of Matter; Fluid Statistics; Fluid Dynamics; Bernoulli
Equation; Viscosity.
Optic Topic: Nature of light; Light as an electromagnetic wave; Interference; Adding of
Electromagnetic wave using phasors; Interference from thin films; Michelson Interferometer; Fresnel
Biprism and its use; Diffraction; Diffraction from multiple slits; Diffraction grating; Holography;
Polarization; Description of polarization states; Rotation of plane of polarization.
Course Title: Physics-I Lab
Course Code: Phys-146L
Course Outline:
1. Surface tension by capillary rise.
2. Study of compound pendulum and estimate of value of ‘g’.
3. Elastic constants by spiral spring.
4. Modulus of rigidity by dynamic method and static method of Maxwell’s Needle.
5. Spring Constant by static and dynamic method.
6. Modulus of rigidity by dynamic method.
Recommended Books:
1. Physics Vol. I & II (extended) by Resnick, Halliday and Karne, 4th and Sons Inc, New York.
2. Fundamentals of Physics by Halliday Resnick and Krane, John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York.
3. University Physics 8th Edition by Sears, Zemansky and Young, Addison-Wesley, Reading (MA),
USA.
4. Physics by Alonso and Finn; Addison-Wesley, Reading (MA) USA.

Semester-II
Course Title: Calculus-II
Course Code: Math-109
Credit Hours: 4(4+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to provide concepts of:

15
  Conic section and quadratic equations.
 Conic sections in polar coordinates.
 Rectangular coordinates system in a space.
 Analytic geometry of three dimensions.
Course Outcomes:
Students will be able to:
 Cite basic definitions.
 Classifying conic section by eccentricity, translation and rotation of axis.
 Solve application problems.
 Determine equation of straight lines and planes in three dimensions.
 Determine equation of sphere, cylinder, cone, ellipsoids, paraboloids and hyperboloids.
Course Outline:
Plane Analytics Geometry: Conic section and quadratic equations, Classifying conic section by
eccentricity, Translation and rotation of axis, Properties of circle, parabola, ellipse, hyperbolaPolar
coordinates, conic sections in polar coordinates, Graphing in polar coordinates, Tangents and normal,
pedal equations, parametric representations of curves.
Applications of Integration: Asymptotes, Relative extrema, points of inflection and concavity,
Singular, points, tangents at the origin, Graphing of Cartesian and polar curves, Area under the curve,
area between two curves, Arc length and intrinsic equations, Curvature, radius and centre of curvature,
Involute and evolute, envelope
Analytic Geometry of Three Dimensions: Rectangular coordinates system in a space, Cylindrical and
spherical coordinate system, Direction ratios and direction cosines of a line, Equation of straight lines
and planes in three dimensions, Shortest distance between skew lines, Equation of sphere, cylinder,
cone, ellipsoids, paraboloids, hyperboloids, Quadric and ruled surfaces, Spherical trigonometry.
Direction of Qibla.
Recommended Books:
1. Thomas, Calculus, 11th Edition.( Addison Wesley publishing company, 2005)
2. H. Anton, I. Bevens, S. Davis, Calculus, 8th Edition,( John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005)
3. Hughes-Hallett, Gleason, McCallum, et al, Calculus Single and Multivariable, 3rd Edition (John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002).
4. Frank A. Jr, Elliott Mendelson, Calculus, (Schaum’s outlines series, 4th edition, 1999)
5. C.H. Edward and E.D Penney, Calculus and Analytics Geometry (Prentice Hall, Inc. 1988)

16
6. E. W. Swokowski, Calculus and Analytic Grometry PWS Publishers (Boston,
Massachosetts, 1983).
7. Dennis G. Zill & Patric D. Shanahan, Complex Analysis,( Jones & Barlett Publishers, 2003)

Course Title: Vector and Mechanics-II

Course Code: Math-166
Credit Hours: 4(4+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to provide an understanding of the basic concepts of:
 Kinematics and kinetics.
 Simple harmonic motion, central forces and planetary motion and centre of mass and gravity.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to understand the concepts of:
 Kinematics and kinetics.
 Simple harmonic motion, central forces and planetary motion and centre of mass and gravity.
Course Outline:
Kinematics: Rectilinear motion of particles, Uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated
rectilinear motion, Curvilinear motion of particle, rectangular components of velocity and acceleration,
Tangential and normal components, Radial and transverse components, Projectile motion
Kinetics: Work, power, kinetic energy, conservative force fields, Conservation of energy, impulse,
torque, Conservation of linear ad angular momentum, Non-conservative forces,
Simple Harmonic Motion: The simple harmonic oscillator, amplitude, period, frequency, Resonance
and energy, The damped harmonic oscillator, over damped, critically damped and under damped,
Motion, forces vibrations
Central Forces and Planetary Motion: Central force fields, equations of motion, potential energy,
orbits, Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, Apsides and apsidal angles for nearly circular orbits, Motion
in an inverse square field
Centre of Mass and Gravity: Discrete and continuous systems, density of rigid and elastic
bodiesCentroid: Discrete and continuous systems, solid region, region bounded byplanes, Semi-circular
regions, sphere, hemisphere, cylinder and cone.
Recommended Books:
1. Fowles, G.R, Cassiday, G.L. Analytical Mechanics, 7th Edition, (Thomson Brook Cole, 2005)
2. Jafferson, B. Beasdsworth, T. Further Mechanics,( Oxford University Press 2001)

17
3. Murray R. Spiegel, Theoretical Mechanics,( Schaum’s Outline Series, (Mc Graw Hill Book
Company)
4. D.K. Anand and P.F. Cunnif, Statics and Dynamics, (Allyn and Becon, Inc. 1984)
5. Ferdinand P.B and E.R. Johnston, Statics and Dynamics, (Mc-Graw Hill Book Company, Inc. 1977).

Course Title: English-II

Course Code: Eng-120
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)

Course Objectives:
The main objective of this course is:
 To enable the students to meet their real life communication needs.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Develop their communication skills.
Course Outline:
Comprehension practice, Précis writing practice, Translation into English, Documentation, The notice,
The agenda, The supplementary material ,Models of agenda and notice, Cv writing (practices, hybrid,
functional, chronological),Covering letter, Business letter, Presentation skills.

Recommended Books:
1. Eastwood, j. 2004. English practice Grammar (new edition with tests and answer).
2. Murphy, R (2003). Grammar in use
3. Hacker, D. 1992. A writer’s reference. 2nd edition.

Course Title: Pakistan Studies

Course Code: Pks-100
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Impart an understanding of the fundamental principles and teaching of Pakistan studies.

18
  Take an analytical view in the history and development of Muslim society and culture in the
subcontinent, emergence of Pakistan and its constitutional development.
 Have a view on International Relations of Pakistan.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand historical perspective.
 Know about the history and development of Muslim society and culture in the subcontinent,
emergence of Pakistan and its constitutional development.
Course Outline:
Historical Perspective, Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama
Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Factors leading to Muslim separatism ,
People and Land, Indus Civilization, Muslim advent, Location and Geo-Physical features, Government
and Politics in Pakistan, Political and constitutional phases: 1947-58, 1958-71, 1971-77, 1977-88, 1988-
99, 1999 onward, Contemporary Pakistan, Economic institutions and issues, Foreign policy of Pakistan
and challenges, Futuristic outlook of Pakistan.
Recommended Books:
1. Burki, Shahid Javed. State & Society in Pakistan, The Macmillan Press Ltd 1980.
2. Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000.
3. S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan’s Foreign policy: An Historical analysis. Karachi: Oxford
University Press, 1993.
4. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development.Lahore, 1994.
5. Wilcox, Wayne.The Emergence of Banglades., Washington: American Enterprise, Institute of Public
Policy Research, 1972.
6. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Kayyun Toota, Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-eIslamia, Club Road, nd.
7. Amin, Tahir. Ethno - National Movement in Pakistan, Islamabad: Institute of Policy Studies,
Islamabad.
8. Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England: WmDawson & sons Ltd, 1980.
9. Zahid, Ansar. History & Culture of Sindh. Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1980.
10. Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III. Islamabad: National Institute of
Historical and cultural Research, 1998.
11. Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.

Course Title: Physics-II

19
Course Code: Phys-147
Credit Hours: 4(3+1)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are:
 To provide an understanding of the basic concepts of Harmonic oscillations, wave topic and sound
topic.
 To provide an understanding of the basic concepts of thermodynamics and kinetic theory of gases,
statistical mechanics and entropy and second law of thermodynamics.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the basic concepts of Harmonic oscillations, wave topic and sound topic.
 Understand the basic concepts of thermodynamics and kinetic theory of gases, statistical
mechanics and entropy and second law of thermodynamics.
Course Outline:
Harmonic Oscillations: Simple harmonic oscillation (SHM); Application of S H M; S H M and
uniform circular motion, combinations of Harmonic motion Damped Harmonic Motion.
Wave Topic: Mechanical waves Traveling waves; Waves speed; Waves equation; Power and intensity
in wave motion; Principle of superposition. (Basic ideas);
Sound Topic: Beats Phenomenon; Doppler Effect.
Thermodynamics and Kinetic Theory of Gases: Kinetic theory of the ideal gas, wok done on an ideal
gas internal energy of an ideal gas
Intermolecular forces.
Statistical Mechanics: Statistical, Distribution and Mean values; Distribution of molecular speeds;
Brownian motion.
Heat: Review of previous concepts; First law of Thermodynamics; Transfer of heat;
Entropy and Second law of Thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible Process, Second Law;
Cycle; Carnot engines Thermodynamic temperature scale; Entropy; Joule – Thomson effect.
Course Title: Physics-II Lab
Course Code: Phys-147L
Course Outline:
1. Thermo-Couple, Thermal e.m.f. and temperature diagram.
2. Determination of ‘J’ Electrical Method (Calendar and Barnes Method) with compensation for heat
loss.

20
3. Velocity of Sound by Kundt’s tube.
4. Frequency & A.C. mains by Sonometer.
5. Frequency & A.C. mains by Melde’s Approvals
6. Use of sextant and measurement of altitude with it
7. Wavelengths of sodium D lines by Newton’s Rings.
8. Wavelengths of light by Fresnel’s biprism
9. Wavelength of light by diffraction grating
10. Measurement of the Rotation of the Plane of Polarization
11. Resolving Power of diffraction grating
12. Determination of the radius of Lycopodium Particles
Recommended Books:
1. Physics Vol. I & II (extended) by Resnick, Halliday and Karne, 4th and Sons Inc, New York.
2. Fundamentals of Physics by Halliday Resnick and Krane, John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York.
3. University Physics 8th Edition by Sears, Zemansky and Young, Addison Wesley, Reading (MA),
USA.
4. Physics by Alonso and Finn; Addison-Wesley, Reading (MA) USA.

Semester-III
Course Title: Linear Algebra-I
Course Code: Math-228
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)

Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Set up and solve systems of linear equations.
 Perform matrix operations as appropriate.
 Evaluate determinants and use their properties.
 Evaluate and apply eigenvectors and eigenvalues.
 Explore real vector spaces.
Course Outcomes:
Students will be able to:
 Use matrix algebra to analyze and solve equations arising in many applications that require a
background in linear algebra.

21
  Utilize vector space terminology.
Course Outline:
Matrices, Determinants and System of Linear Equations: Definition of matrix, Various types of
matrices, Algebra of matrices, Determinant of square matrix, cofactors and minors, Laplace expansion
of determinants, Elementary matrices, adjoint and inverses of matrices, Rank of a matrix, Introduction to
systems of linear equations, Cramer’s rule, Guassian elimination and Gauss Jordan method, Solution of
homogenous and non-homogenous linear equations, Net work flow problems
Groups: Definition and example of group, Properties of group, Subgroup, Cyclic group, Permutations,
Definition of ring and field.
Vector Spaces: Vector spaces, subspaces, Linear combination and spanning set, Linear independence
and linear dependence, basis and dimension, row space, Colum space and Null space, Homomorphism
of vector spaces, Quotient spaces.
Recommended Books:
1. Howard Anton and Chris Rorres, Elementary Linear Algebra Applications Version,( John Wiley and
Sons Inc. 9th Edition, 2005)
2. W. Keith Nicholoson, Elementary Linear Algebra, (PWS-Kent Publishing Company, Boston, 2004)
3. Bernard Kolman, David R. Hill, Introduction Linear Algebra with Applications, (Prentice Hall
International, Inc. 7th Edition, 2001)
4. Stephen H. Friedberg Et al, Linear Algebra, (Prentice Hall, Inc. 3rd Edition, 2000)
5. Seymour Lipschutz, Theory and Problems of Beginning Linear Algebra, (Schaum’s Outline Series,
Mc-Graw Hill Company, New York, 1997).
Course Title: Calculus-III
Course Code: Math-210
Credit Hours: 4(4+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Provide basic understanding about sequences, infinite series, and convergence.
 Explore methods of determining convergence and evaluating limits of sequences and series.
 Provide basic understanding about vector-valued functions.
 Provide basic understanding about derivatives, gradients, and integrals of multivariate functions.
 Explore problems in multiple integration using rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate
systems.
Course Outcomes:

22
Students will able to:
 Determine convergence of sequences and series.
 Determine the limit of a sequence or series for standard special types (such as geometric series).
 Understand the concepts of derivatives, gradients, and integrals of multivariate functions.
 Solve problems in multiple integration using rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate
systems.
Course Outline:
Sequence and Series: Sequences, Infinite series, Convergence of sequence and series , The integral
test, Comparison tests, Ratio test, Root test , Alternative series, Absolute and conditional convergence ,
Power series, Interval and radius of convergence.
Functions of Several Variables: Functions of two variables, Graphs of functions of two variables
,Contour diagrams, Linear functions, Functions of three variables , Limit and continuity of a function of
two variables , The partial derivative, Computing partial derivatives algebraically , The second-order
partial derivative, Local linearity and the differential, Tangent planes and normal lines ,Optimization,
Maxima and minima of a function of two variables, Lagrange multipliers, Various methods for finding
area and volume surface of revolution.
Multiple Integrals: Double integral in rectangular and polar form, Triple integral in rectangular,
Cylindrical and spherical coordinates, Substitutions in multiple integrals, Moments and centre of mass.
Recommended Books:
1. Thomas, Calculus, 11th Edition. (Addison Wesley Publishing Company,2005)
2. H.Anton, I. Bevens, S. Davis, Calculus, 8th Edition, (John Wiley & Sons,In. 2005)
3. Hughes-Hallet, Gleason, McCalum, et al, Calculus Single and Multivarible, 3rd Edition (John Wiley
& Sons, Inc 2002)
4. Frank A. Jr, Elliott Mendelson, Calculus,( Schaum’s Outline Series, 4th Edition 1999)
5. C.H. Edward and E.D Penney, (Calculus and Analytical Geometry Prentice Hall, Inc. 1985)

Course Title: English-III

Course Code: Eng-221
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Enhance language skills.
 Develop critical thinking and communication skills.

23
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Learn language skills.
 Develop critical thinking and communication skills.
Course Outline:
Essay Writing (introduction), Descriptive essays (5 topics), Narrative essays (5 topic), Discursive essays
(5 topic), Argumentative essays (5 topic), Proposal writing for research paper, How to
write a research paper : Style , Content, Language, Form, Clarity, Consistency, How to write technical
reports, How to write progress report, Models of technical report, Models of progress report,
Communication skills, Memo writing, Dictionary skills.
Recommended Books:
1. Eastwood, j. 2004. English practice grammar (new edition with tests and answer).
2. Murphy, R (2003). Grammar in use
3. Hacker, D. 1992. A writer’s reference. 2nd edition

Course Title: Arabic Studies

Course Code: Arab-101
Credit Hours: 2(2+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objective of this course is to:
● Provide basic information about the Arabic language.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
● Know about basic information of Arabic language.
Course Outline:
‫ باورچی خانے کی چیزیں‬-11 ‫حروف الھجاء العربیۃ و نطقھا‬-1
‫ ۔ الفعل المضعف‬11 ‫حروف الشمسیۃ والقمریۃ‬-‫۔‬2

‫ ۔ الفعل ا ُلصجیح‬13 ‫۔ الضمائر‬3

‫۔ االءسما الخمسۃ‬14 ‫۔ االسماء االشارۃ‬4
‫۔ اسم الفاعل‬15 ‫ االسماء الموصولۃ‬-5

24
 ‫‪ 16‬۔العددوالمعدود‬ ‫‪6‬۔ المفرد و الجمع‬
‫‪ 17‬۔۔حروف االستفہام‬ ‫‪7‬۔ المذکر والموءنث‬
‫‪18‬۔ حروف جر‬ ‫‪ -8‬المرکب االضافی‬
‫‪19‬۔ الجملۃ اال سمیۃ‬ ‫‪9‬۔المرکب التوصیف‬
‫‪ 11‬۔الجملۃ الفعلیۃ‬ ‫‪11‬۔الفعل الماضی المضارع‬

‫النصوص‪( Text):‬‬

‫‪4‬۔ القصۃ‬ ‫‪-1‬اآلیات القرآنیۃ‬

‫‪5‬۔ لقاء فی المطار‬ ‫)سورۃ الفاتحہ و االخالص(‬
‫‪6‬۔ اعضاء الجسم‬ ‫‪1‬۔ االءحادیث النب ِویۃ‬
‫‪7‬۔ االءلوان‬ ‫‪3‬۔االءنا شید المختار‬
‫الکتاب المقرد‪(Prescribed Books ) :‬‬
‫محمد نعمان طاشکندی‬ ‫اللسان العربی ‪(15 :‬مشق)‬
‫جامعۃ العالمۃ اقبال المفتو حۃ ‪ ،‬اسالم آباد۔‬
‫الکتاب المقترحۃ )‪(Proposed Book‬‬
‫د ۔ محمود الصینی وزمالوہ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪1‬۔ تکلم العربیۃ‬
‫د ۔ فا عبد الرحیم‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬۔ دروس اللغۃ العربیۃ‬
‫ابوالحسن علی الندوی‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬۔ قصص النبین ) ‪۱‬۔‪(۵‬‬

‫مولوی عبد الستار‬ ‫‪ 4‬۔ عربی کا معلم) ‪۱‬۔‪: (۴‬‬

‫مصطفی امین وعلی جارم‬

‫ٰ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬۔ النحو الواضح ) ‪۱‬۔‪(۶‬‬

‫مصطفی امین وعلی جارم‬

‫ٰ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 6‬۔ البالغۃ الواضحۃ‬
‫مظہر معین‬ ‫‪7‬۔ مختصر القواعد العربیۃ ‪:‬‬
‫اکرام ہللا خان‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪8‬۔ اللغۃ العربیۃ‬

‫‪25‬‬
Course Title: Physics-III
Course Code: Phys-248
Credit Hours: 4(3+1)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
● Provide basic understanding about electrostatics, electric field, electric potential and electric
current.
● Provide basic understanding about DC circuits, magnetism magnetic field effects, laws and
magnetic properties of matter.
Course Outcomes:
Students will be able to:
● Understand the concepts of electrostatics, electric field, electric potential and electric current.
● Understand the concepts of DC circuits, magnetism magnetic field effects, laws and magnetic
properties of matter.
Course Outline:
Electrostatics: Electric Charge; Conductors and Insulators; Vector form of coulomb’s law.
Electric Field: Electric field of continuous charged stribution; Point charge in an electric field; Dipole
in an electric field. Gauss’s Law; Application of Gauss’s Law (Integral Form).
Electric Potential: Calculating the field from the potential; Capacitors and dielectrics; Capacitor with
dielectric.
Electric Current: Electric Current; Ohm’s Law; Energy transfer in the electric circuit; Semiconductors;
Superconductor.
DC Circuits: Calculating the current in a single loop, multiple loops; voltages at various elements of a
loop; RC circuits.
Magnetism Magnetic Field Effects: Magnetic field, B. Magnetic force on a charged particle magnetic
force on a charged particle magnetic force on a current; Torque on a current loop; Magnetic dipole.
Laws: Biot-Savart Law; Ampere’s Law. Faraday’s Law; Lenz’s Law; Motional E.M.F. Induced electric
fields.
Magnetic Properties of Matter: Gauss Law for Magnetism; Origin of Atomic and Nuclear
magnetization; Magnetic Materials.
Inductance: Inductance; LR Circuits; Energy stored in magnetic field; Electromagnetic; Oscillation.
Alternating Current Circuits: Alternating Current; Single loop RLC circuit; Power in a.c. circuits;
Transformer.

26
Maxwell’s Equations: Summarizing ht electromagnetic equation; Induced magnetic fields &
displacement current; Maxwell’s equations.
Electromagnetic Waves: Generating an electromagnetic wave; Traveling waves and Maxwell’s
equation; Energy transport and the Poynting Vector.
Electronics: Semiconductor materials; Junction diode; Transistor; Transistor, biasing; Transistor as an
amplifier; Amplification with feedback; Oscillators; Logic Gates.
Course Title: Physics-III Lab
Course Code: Phys-248L
Course Outline:
1. Measurement of resistance using a neon flash bulb and condenser
2. I-H Curve by Magnetometer
3. Conversion of a Pointer Galvanometer into a voltmeter
4. Conversion of a Pointer Galvanometer into an ammeter
5. Calibration of a meter and voltmeter by potentiometer
6. Low resistance by Carey Foster bridge.
7. Charge sensitivity of a ballistic galvanometer taking into account Logarithmic decrement
8. Comparison of capacities by ballistic galvanometer
9. Determination of temperature coefficient of a resistance
10. Measurement of magnetic field by flux meter or by search coil method.
11. Measurement of H by earth inductor.
Recommended Books:
1. Physics Vol. I & II (extended) by Resnick, Halliday and Karne, 4th and Sons Inc, New York.
2. Fundamentals of Physics by Halliday Resnick and Krane, John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York.
3. University Physics 8th Edition by Sears, Zemansky and Young, Addison Wesley, Reading (MA),
USA.
4. Physics by Alonso and Finn; Addison-Wesley, Reading (MA) USA.

Semester-IV

Course Title: Ordinary Differential Equations-I

Course Code: Math-263
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:

27
The main objevtives of this course are to:
 Identify essential characteristics of ordinary differential equations.
 Develop essential methods for obtaining solutions of first order differential equations.
 Develop essential methods for obtaining solutions of second order differential equations.
 Provide basic understanding about higher order differential equations.
 Explore the use of series methods to solve problems.
Course Outcomes:
Students will be able to:
 Classify ordinary differential equations according to order and linearity, as well as distinguish
between initial value problems and boundary value problems.
 Solve standard constant coefficient nonhomogeneous ordinary differential equations by the
methods of undetermined coefficients.
 Find series solutions about ordinary and regular-singular points.
Course Outline:
Introduction to Differential Equations: Historical background and motivation, Basic mathematical
models: Directional fields, Classification of differential equations.
First Order Differential Equations, Separable equations, Modeling with first order equation,
Differences between linear and nonlinear equations, Exact equations and integrating factors
Second Order Differential Equations:Homogenous equations, Homogenous equations with constant
coefficients, Fundamental solutions of linear homogenous equations, Linear independence and the
wronskian, Method of undetermined coefficients, Variation of parameters.
Higher Order LinearEquations: General theory of nth order linear equations, Homogenous equations
with constant coefficients,The methods of undermined coefficients, The method of variation of
parameters
Series Solution of Second Order Linear Equations and Special Functions: Series solution near an
ordinary point,
Recommended Books:
1. W.E. Boyce and Diprima, Elementary Differential Equations, 8th Edition, (John Wiley & Sons,
2005)
2. Erwin, Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, (John Wiley and Sons, 2004)
3. Ross, S.L, Differential Equations, (John Wiley & Sons, 2004)
4. Dennis G. Zill & Michael R. Cullen, Differential Equation With Boundary Value Problems, (PWS
Publishing Company, 2000)

28
5. Richard Bronson, Differential Equations, 2nd Edition,( Schaum’s Outline Series, Mc-Graw Hill
Company, New York, 1994)

Course Title: Number Theory

Course Code: Math-141
Credit Hours: 2(2+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
● Provide basic ideas of natural numbers, integers and their basic operations.
● Explore the concepts of modular arithmetic.
● Explore concretely about solutions of congruence polynomials and its uses.
● Provide basic ideas about Diophantine equations and arithmetic functions.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
● Get firm grip on basic ideas of natural numbers, integers and their basic operations.
● Apply and use the concepts of modular arithmetic.
● Understand concretely about solutions of congruence polynomials and its uses.
● Apply ideas of Diophantine equations and arithmetic functions in real world problems.

Course Outline:
Prime Numbers: The sieve of Eratosthenes,Perfect numbers, Mersenne primes, Fermat numbers,
Theorems related to prime numbers
Divisibility: Divisibility of primes, Divisibility of primes, The Euclidean algorithm, Diophantine
equation, Divisibility tests, linear congruences, Techniques for solving linear Congruence, The Chinese
remainder theorem, finding the day of the week.
Recommended Books:
1. Adler, Andrew, Coury, John E. The Theory of Numbers,( Jones and Barttlet Publishers, Boston,
1995)
2. Kenneth, H. Rosen, Elementary Number Theory and Its Applications (Pearson Addison Wesley
Publishers, Boston, 2005)
3. Tom M, Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number, (Springer, New York, 1980).
4. Burton, D.M. Elementary Number Theory (McGraw Hill, 2000)

Course Title: Discrete Mathematics

29
Course Code: Math-117
Credit Hours: 2(2+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Explore the basic concepts of set theory, arithmetic, logic, proof techniques, binary relations.
 Explore convincing arguments, conceive and/or analyze basic mathematical proofs and
discriminate between valid and unreliable arguments.
 Investigate and solve a variety of discrete mathematical problems.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Identify and apply basic concepts of set theory, arithmetic, logic, proof techniques, binary
relations
 Produce convincing arguments, conceive and/or analyze basic mathematical proofs and
discriminate between valid and unreliable arguments
 Apply the knowledge and skills obtained to investigate and solve a variety of discrete
mathematical problems.
Course Outline:
Function and Sequences: Introduction to sets, Functions and its Inverses, Sequences, Big-Oh notation
Elementary logic: introduction to elementary logic, propositional caculus, methods of proofs
Induction and Recursion: Loop invariance, Mathematical induction, Recursive definition and
Recurrence relations
Relations: Introduction of relation, Equivalence relations and partitions of sets, partially ordered sets,
Special orderings, Properties of general relations
Principles of Counting: Pigeon rule the sum rule, Inclusion exclusion principle, product rule and
binomial methods.
Recommended Books:
1. K.A Ross & C.R.B. Wright, Discrete Mathematics, (Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2003).
2. Kenneth H. Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and its Application, (Mc-Graw Hill Company, 2003)
3. J.P. Trembley & R.Manoher, Discrete Mathematical Structure with Application to Computer
Science,( McGraw Hill, 1975).
4. Noman L-Brigs, Discrete Mathematics,( Oxford University Press, 2003).

Course Title: Metric Spaces

30
Course Code: Math-279
Credit Hours: 2(2+0)
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Explore the basic concepts of metric space and set theory.
 Get the idea of different inequalities.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Identify and apply basic concepts of metric space and set theory.
 Apply the knowledge of inequalities to solve mathematical problems.
Course Outline:
Definition and various examples of metric spaces, Holder’s inequality, Cauchy-schwarz and
minkowski’s inequality, Diameter of a set, Distance between sets, Open and closed balls,
Neighborhoods, Open and closed sets, Interior, Exterior and boundary points, Limit points, Closure of
a set, Convergence in metric spaces, Cauchy sequences, Continuous functions in metric space, Compelte
metric space.
Recommended Books
1. Micheal, O. Searcoid, Metric Spaces (Springer, 2007)
2. E. Kreyszig, Introduction to Functional Analysis with Applications (John Wiley and Sons, 1978)
3. W.A. Sutherland, Introduction to Metric and Topological Spaces ( Clarendon Press Oxford,
1975)
4. E.T. Copson, Metric Spaces (Cambridge University, Press, 1968 )
5. G.F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis(McGraw Hill Company, 1963)

Course Title: Introduction to Computer and Programming Languages

Course Code: Math-283
Credit Hours: 4(4+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Provide basic understanding of Introduction to Computer, Word processing (MicrosoftWord),
Spread Sheets (Microsoft Excel) and other related soft Internet access and different data bases
available on the internet.
 Provide basic understanding about the concepts of C language pragramming.
Course Outcomes:

31
Students will able to:
 Understand the concepts of Introduction to Computer, Word processing (MicrosoftWord),
Spread Sheets (Microsoft Excel) and other related soft Internet access and different data bases
available on the internet.
● Understand the concepts of C language pragramming.
Course Outline:
Introduction: Introduction to Computers and Information Technology in daily life, Types of
Computers, Classification of Computers, Components of Computers, Hardware Components, Output
Devices,
Microsoft Office : Definition its types, Application Software, System Software, Storage Devices,
System Unit, Communication Channels, The Internet and World Wide Web, Microsoft Office,
Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel,
Overview of Programming Languages: Algorithms And Problem Solving, Introduction to C
Programming, Getting Started with C, C Program Structure, Concept of Data Types, Variables
declarations and initialization, Standard Input-Output functions in C, Basic C operators, Fundamental
Programming Constructs, Basics of Programming Constructs , Sequences - Selection (If/If-else /Nested
if-else/, Switch), Repetition -Fixed/Variable Count (For/While/Do-While Loops).
Recommended Books:
1. C++ How to program by DEITEL AND DEITEL
2. HanlyKoffman – Problem Solving & Program Design in C – Addison Wesley 3rd addition.

Course Title: Physics-IV

Course Code: Phys-249
Credit Hours: 4(3+1)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
● Provide basic understanding about the concepts of quantum physics, wave nature of matter,
states and energy levels and atomic and nuclear physics atomic structure of hydrogen.
● Provide basic understanding about the concepts of nuclear physics and special theory of
relativity.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:

32
 ● Understand the concepts of quantum physics, wave nature of matter, states and energy levels
and atomic and nuclear physics atomic structure of hydrogen.
● Understand the concepts of nuclear physics and special theory of relativity.
Course Outline:
Quantum Physics: Thermal Radiations (Black body radiation);The quantization of Energy; The
Photoelectric effect; Einstein’s photon theory; The Compton effect; Line Spectra.
Wave Nature of Matter: Wave behavior of particles; Testing De Broglie’s hypothesis; Waves, Wave
packets and particles; Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (HUP); Wave Function; Schrödinger Equation.
States and Energy Levels: Trapped Particles and Probability; Densities; The correspondence
principles; Dual nature of matter (waves & particles) Atomic and Nuclear Physics Atomic Structure
of Hydrogen: Bohr’s Theory; Angular Momentum of Electrons; Electron Spin; X-ray Spectrum; X-Ray
& Atomic number; Development of periodic table; Laser.
Nuclear Physics: Discovering the nucleus; Some nuclear properties; Radioactive decay; Alpha decay;
Beta decay; Measuring ionizing radiation (Units); Natural Radioactive; Nuclear Reactions; Energy from
the nucleus; Nuclear fission; Nuclear Reactors; Thermonuclear Fusion (T.N.F.); Controlled
Thermonuclear Fusion.
Practical Paper: Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Sound, Optics and Electricity or Magnetism:
Special theory of Relativity: Trouble with classical Mechanics; Postulates of Relativity; The Lorentz
Transformation inverse transformation Consequences of Lorentz transformation; Relativistic
momentum; Relativistic energy.
Course Title: Physics-IV Lab
Course Code: Phys-249L
Course Outline:
1. Variation of photo-electric current with the intensity of light
2. Measurement of Planck’s constant using spectrometer
3. Determination of e.m. of electron by deflection method
4. Determination of ionization potential of mercury
5. Acceptor circuit
6. Rejecter circuit
7. Characteristic curves of G.M. Counter
8. Setting up half and full wave rectifiers and the study of the waveshape on oscilloscope effect of
smoothing circuit on ripple voltage.
9. To set up a transistor as an oscillator and to measure its frequency by an oscilloscope

33
10. Triode valve as a single stage voltage amplifier and measurement of its gain by an oscilloscope
11. To draw the characteristics of a semi-conductor diode.
12. Setting up a single stage transistor amplifier and measurement of voltage gain
13. Determination of range of Alpha Particles
14. Stopping power for alpha particles in air equivalent of Mica, Ag, Cu and Al.
15. Absorption coefficient of Beta-particles, using and End-on-Geiger Counter
16. To study the voltage current characteristics of an electric Discharge in gases at low pressures
17. Production of vacuum and its rought measurement with a monometer
18. Production of X-rays and the demonstration of their effect on a fluorescent screen.
19. To set up a High-Frequency Oscillator and measure its frequency, with a wave meter.
Recommended Books:
1. Physics Vol. I & II (extended) by Resnick, Halliday and Karne, 4th and Sons Inc, New York.
2. Fundamentals of Physics by Halliday Resnick and Krane, John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York.
3. University Physics 8th Edition by Sears, Zemansky and Young, Addison Wesley, Reading (MA),
USA.
4. Physics by Alonso and Finn; Addison-Wesley, Reading (MA) USA.

Semester-V
Course Title: Real Analysis-I
Course Code: Math-351
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Define basic ideas of real numbers, and their basic operations.
 Enhance concepts of infinite sequences and series.
 Explore concretely about continuity, differentiability and partial differentiations.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Get firm grip on basic ideas of real numbers, and their basic operations.
 Apply and use the concepts of infinite sequences and series.
 Learn concretely about continuity, differentiability and their uses.
 Apply ideas of partial differentiations and its uses in real world problems.
Course Outline:

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Real Number System: Ordered sets, fields, the field of real numbers, Completeness property of R, The
extended real number system, Euclidean spaces, Finite, countable and uncountable sets
Sequences and Series: Sequences, sub sequences, convergent sequences, Cauchy sequences, Monotone
and bounded sequences, Bolzano Weierstrass theorem, Series, series of non-negative terms, Partial
sums, the root and ratio tests, integral test, comparison test, Absolute and conditional convergence
Limit and Continuity: The limit of a function, Continuous functions, Types of discontinuity, Uniform
continuity, Monotone functions
Differentiation: The derivative of a function, Mean value theorems, the continuity of derivatives,
Taylor’s theorem
Functions of Several Variables: Partial derivatives and differentiability, derivatives and differentials of
composite functions, Change in the order of partial derivative, implicit functions, inverse functions,
Jacobians, Maxima and minima.
Recommended Books:
1. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd edition, (McGraw Hill, 1976)
2. R. G. Bartle, Introduction to Real Analysis, 3rd edition, (John Wiley and Sons, 2000)
3. T. M. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1974)
4. A. J. Kosmala, Introductory Mathematical Analysis, (WCB Company, 1995)
5. W. R. Parzynski and P. W. Zipse, Introduction to Mathematical Analysis, (McGraw Hill
Company, 1982)
6. H. S. Gaskill and P. P. Narayanaswami, Elements of Real Analysis, (Printice Hall, 1988)

Course Title: Group Theory

Course Code: Math-325
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Get firm grip on basic ideas of groups and their basic operations with examples.
 Apply and use the concepts of subgroups and Lagrange’s theorem.
 Explore concretely about group homomorphism and its uses.
 Provide ideas of classifications and Sylow Theorems
Course Outcome:
Students will able to:
 Define basic ideas of groups and their basic operations with examples.

35
  Understand the concepts of subgroups and Lagrange’s theorem.
 Understand concretely about group homomorphism and its uses.
 Understand ideas of classifications and Sylow Theorems
Course Outline:
Groups: Binary operations, Definition and examples of groups,order of an element, order of group,
Abelian group, Subgroups lattice, Lagrange’s theorem, Relation between groups, cyclic groups, Groups
and symmetries, even and odd permutations, Cayley’s theorem
Complexes in Groups: Complexes and co-set decomposition of groups, Centre of a group, Normalizer
in a group, Centralizer in a group, Conjugacy classes and congruence relation in a group, Double co-sets
Normal Subgroups: Definition, Proper and improper normal subgroups, Factor groups, Fundamental
theorem of homomorphism, Automorphism group of a group, Commutator subgroups of a group
Permutations Groups: Symmetric or permutations group, Transpositions, Cyclic permutations and
orbits, The Alternating group, Generators of the symmetric and Alternating groups, Simplicity of
Alternating groups
Sylow Theorems: Double Cosets, Cauchy’s theorem for Abelian and non-Abelian group, Sylow
theorems with proofs, Application of sylow theory
Recommended Books
1. J. Rose, A Course on Group Theory, (Cambridge University Press, 1978)
2. I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, (Xerox Publishing Company, 1964)
3. P. M. Cohn, Algebra, (John Wiley and Sons, London, 1974)
4. P. B. Bhattacharya, S. K. Jain and S. R. Nagpaul, Basic Abstract Algebra, (Cambridge University
Press, 1986)
5. J. B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 2002)

Course Code: Math-312

Course Title: Complex Analysis-I
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Get firm grip on basic ideas of complex numbers and their basic operations with examples.
 Apply and use the concepts of analytic functions and limits.
 Provide basic understanding about elementary functions and their properties.
 Explore the ideas of complex integration and power series expansion.

36
  Use concept of infinite series.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Define basic ideas of complex numbers and their basic operations with examples.
 Understand the concepts of analytic functions and limits.
 Learn concretely about elementary functions and their properties.
 Explore ideas of complex integration and power series expansion.
 Understand the concept of infinite series.
Course Outline:
The Concept of Analytic Functions: Complex numbers, complex planes, complex functions, Analytic
functions, Entire functions, Harmonic functions,
Elementary functions: complex trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic and hyperbolic functions
Complex Integration: Complex integrals, Cauchy-Goursat theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula and
their consequences, Liouville’s theorem, Morera’s theorem, Derivative of an analytic function.
Infinite Series: Power series, derived series, radius of convergence, Taylor series and Laurent series
Recommended Books
1. D. G. Zill and P. D. Shanahan, Complex Analysis, (Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2003)
2. H. S. Kasana, Complex Variables: Theory and Applications, (Prentice Hall, 2005)
3. J. W. Brown and R. V. Churchill, Complex Variables and Applications, 7th edition, (McGraw Hill
Company, 2004)
4. M. R. Spiegel, Complex Variables, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1974)
5. Louis L. Pennisi, Elements of Complex Variables, (Holt, Linehart and Winston, 1976)

Course Code: Math-359

Course Title: Vector and Tensor Analysis
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Provide an understanding about the concepts of vector integration, Integral Theorems and
curvilinear coordinates.
 Explore tensor analysis.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:

37
  Understand the concepts of vector integration, Integral Theorems and curvilinear coordinates.
 Define the coordinates on flat and curved surfaces.
Course Outline:
Vector Integration: Line integrals, Surface area and surface integrals, Volume integrals
Integral Theorems: Green’s theorem, Gauss divergence theorem, Stoke’s theorem
Curvilinear Coordinates: Orthogonal coordinates, Unit vectors in curvilinear systems, Arc length and
volume elements, The gradient, divergence and curl, Special orthogonal coordinate system.
Tensor Analysis: Coordinate transformations, Einstein summation convention, Tensors of different
ranks, Contravariant, covariant and mixed tensors, Symmetric and skew symmetric tensors, Addition,
subtraction, inner and outer products of tensors, Contraction theorem, quotient law, The line element and
metric tensor, Christoffel symbols.

Recommended Books:
1. F. Chorlton, Vector and Tensor Methods, (Ellis Horwood Publisher, Chichester, U.K., 1977)
2. M. R. Spiegel, Vector Analysis, (McGraw Hill Book Company, Singapore, 1981)
3. A. W. Joshi, Matrices and Tensors in Physics, (Wiley Eastern Limited, 1991)
4. Hwei P. Hsu, Applied Vector Analysis, (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, San Diego, New
York, 1984)

Course Title: Topology

Course Code: Math-358
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Describe topological spaces with examples.
 Differentiate some simple topological spaces through homeomorphism.
 Check connectedness and compactness of topological spaces.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Define topological spaces with examples.
 Explore some simple topological spaces through homeomorphism.
 Understand connectedness and compactness of topological spaces.
Course Outline:

38
Topology: Definition and examples, Open and closed sets, Subspaces, Neighborhoods, Limit points,
closure of a set, Interior, exterior and boundary of a set
Bases and Sub-bases: Base and sub bases, Neighborhood bases, First and second axioms of
countablility, Separable spaces, Lindelöf spaces, Continuous functions and homeomorphism, Weak
topologies, finite product spaces
Separation Axioms: Separation axioms, Regular spaces, Completely regular spaces, Normal spaces
Compact Spaces: Compact topological spaces, Countably compact spaces, Sequentially compact spaces
Connectedness: Connected spaces, disconnected spaces, Totally disconnected spaces, Components of
topological spaces.
Recommended Books:
1. J. Dugundji, Topology, (Allyn and Bacon Inc., Boston 1966)
2. G. F. Simmon, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, (McGraw Hill Book Company,
New York, 1963)
3. Stephen Willard, General Topology, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., London, 1970)
4. Seymour Lipschutz, General Topology, (Schaum's Outline Series, McGraw Hill Book Company
2004)
5. James R. Munkres, Topology, 2nd edition, (Prentice Hall Inc., 2003)

Course Title: Differential Geometry

Course Code: Math-315
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Describe basic ideas of curves, curvatures and torsions with examples.
 Explore the ideas of surfaces.
 Study Gauss and Weingarten equations and Gauss and Codazzi equations.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Define basic ideas curves, curvatures and torsions with examples.
 Understand ideas of surfaces.
 Explore Gauss and Weingarten equations and Gauss and Codazzi equations.
Course Outline:

39
Theory of Space Curves: Introduction, index notation and summation convention, Space curves, arc
length, tangent, normal and binormal, Osculating, normal and rectifying planes, Curvature and torsion,
The Frenet-Serret theorem, Natural equation of a curve, Involutes and evolutes, helices, Fundamental
existence theorem of space curves.
Theory of Surfaces, Coordinate transformation, Tangent plane and surface normal, The first
fundamental form and the metric tensor, Christoffel symbols of first and second kinds
The second fundamental form: Principal, Gaussian, mean, geodesic and normal curvatures, Gauss and
Weingarten equations, Gauss and Codazzi equations,
Recommended Books:
1. R. S. Millman & G.D. Parker, Elements of Differential Geometry (Prentice-Hall, New Jersey,1977)
2. A. Goetz, Introduction to Differential Geometry (Addison-Wesley, 1970).
3. E. Kreyzig, Differential Geometry (Dover, 1991).
4. M. M. Lipschutz, Schaum's Outline of Differential Geometry (McGraw Hill, 1969).
5. D. Somasundaram, Differential Geometry (Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2005).

Semester-VI
Course Title: Real Analysis-II
Course Code: Math-352
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Get firm grip on basic ideas of Riemann integral.
 Apply and use the concepts of Riemann Stieljes (R-S) Integrals.
 Know concretely about function of bounded variation and properties.
 Explore the concepts of improper integrals.
 Explore the concepts of sequences and series of functions.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Define basic ideas of Riemann integral.
 Understand the concepts of Riemann Stieljes (R-S) Integrals.
 Understand concretely about function of bounded variation and properties.
 Define sequences and series of functions.

40
Course Outline:
The Riemann-Stieltjes Integrals: Definition and existence of integrals, Properties of integrals,
Fundamental theorem of calculus and its applications, Change of variable theorem, Integration by parts,
Functions of Bounded Variation: Definition, examples & Properties of functions of bounded variation
Improper Integrals: Types of improper integrals, Tests for convergence of improper integrals, Beta
and gamma functions, Absolute and conditional convergence of improper integrals
Sequences and Series of Functions: Power series, Definition of point-wise and uniform convergence,
Uniform convergence and continuity, Uniform convergence and integration, Uniform convergence and
differentiation, Examples of uniform convergence.
Recommended Books:
1. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd edition, (McGraw Hill 1976)
2. R. G. Bartle, Intoduction to Real analysis, 3rd edition, (John Wiley and sons, 2000)
3. T. M. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1974)
4. A. J. Kosmala, Introductory Mathematical Analysis, (WCB company, 1995)
5. W. R. Parzynski and P. W. Zipse, Introduction to Mathematical Analysis, (Mc Graw Hill company,
1982)
6. H. S. Gaskill and P. P. Narayanaswami, Elements of Real Analysis, (Printice Hall, 1988)

Course Title: Linear Algebra-II

Course Code: Math-329
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Provide basic understanding about the concept of ring theory and dual spaces.
 Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
 Check whether a given mapping is a linear transformation or not.
Course Outcomes:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Understand the concepts of ring theory and dual spaces.
 Determine eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
 Determine whether a given mapping is a linear transformation or not.
Course Outline:

41
Ring Theory: Definition and example of rings, Special classes of rings, Fields, Ideals and quotient
rings, Ring homomorphisms, Prime and maximal ideals, Field of quotients
Linear Mappings of Vector Spaces: Review of vector spaces, Mappings, linear mappings, Rank and
nullity, Linear mappings and system of linear equations, Algebra of linear operators, Space L(X, Y) of
all linear transformations
Matrices and Linear Operators: Matrix representation of a linear operator, Change of basis,
Orthogonal matrices and orthogonal transformations, Orthonormal basis and Gram Schmidt process
Linear Transformations: Introduction to linear transformation, Matrices of linear transformations,
Rank and nullity, Eigen values and Eigen vectors, Diagonalization, Orthogonal diagonalization,
orthogonal matrices, similar matrices. Eigen values and eigen vectors: Polynomials of matrices and
linear operators, Characteristic polynomial.
Recommended Books:
1. J. Rose, A Course on Group Theory, (Cambridge University Press, 1978)
2. I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, (Xerox Publishing Company, 1964)
3. G. Birkhoff and S. Maclane, A Survey of Modern Algebra, (Macmillan, New York, 1964)
4. P. B. Battacharya, S. K. Jain and S. R. Nagpaul, Basic Abstract Algebra, (Cambridge University
Press, 1986)
5. V. Sahai and V. Bist, Algebra, 2nd edition, (Narosa Publishing House, 2003)
6. W. Keith Nicholson, Elementary Linear Algebra, (PWS-Kent Publishing Company, Boston, 2004)
7. Seymour Lipschutz, Linear Algebra, 3rd edition, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 2001)

Course Title: Complex Analysis-II

Course Code: Math-368
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Provide basic understanding about the concept of singularity, poles and expansion of functions
and analytic continuation.
 Enhance conformal representation.
 Get a grip on concepts of expansion of Functions and analytic continuation
 Explore the concepts of elliptic functions.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:

42
  Define singularity and poles.
 Understand the concept of conformal representation.
 Understand the concepts of expansion of Functions and analytic continuation.
 Understand the concept of elliptic functions.
Course Outline:
Singularity and Poles: Review of Laurent series, Zeros, singularities, Poles and residues, Cauchy’s
residue theorem, Applications of Cauchy’s residue theorem.
Conformal Representation: Transformation, conformal transformation, linear transformation,
Möbius/bilinear transformations
Expansion of Functions and Analytic Continuation: Mittag-Leffler theorem, Weierstrass’s
factorization theorem, Analytic continuation
Elliptic Functions: Periodic functions, Elliptic functions and its properties, Weierstrass function 𝜑(𝑧),
Differential equation satisfied by 𝜑(𝑧), Integral formula for 𝜑(𝑧), Addition theorem for 𝜑(𝑧),
Duplication formula for 𝜑(𝑧), Elliptic functions in terms of Weierstrass function with the same periods,
Quasi periodic functions: The zeta and sigma functions of Weierstrass, Jacobian elliptic functions and its
properties.
Recommended Books:
1. H. S. Kasana, Complex Variables: Theory and Applications, (Prentice Hall, 2005)
2. M. R. Spiegel, Complex Variables, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1974)
3. Louis L. Pennisi, Elements of Complex Variables, (Holt, Linehart and Winston, 1976)
4. W. Kaplan, Introduction to Analytic Functions, (Addison-Wesley, 1966)
5. E. D. Rainville, Special Functions, (The Macmillan Company, New York, 1965)
6. E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A Course of Modern Analysis,Cambridge University Press, 1958.

Course Title: Analytical Mechanics

Course Code: Math-305
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
Its objectives are given below:
 To develop fundamental concepts in analytics mechanics more rigorously as needed for other
courses of the program.
 To apply advanced mathematical and computational techniques to complex problems.
Course Outcomes:

43
Students will able to:
 Understand the concept of non inertial reference systems and planar motion of rigid bodies
 Understand the concept of motion of rigid bodies in three dimensions.
 Understand the concept of euler equations of motion of a rigid body.
Course Outline:
Non Inertial Reference Systems: Accelerated coordinate systems and inertial forces, Rotating
coordinate systems, Velocity and acceleration in moving system: coriolis, centripetal and transverse,
Acceleration, Dynamics of a particle in a rotating coordinate system
Planar Motion of Rigid Bodies: Introduction to rigid and elastic bodies, degrees of freedom,
translations, rotations, instantaneous axis and center of rotation, motion of the center of mass, Euler’s
theorem and Chasle’s theorem, Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis: moments and products of
inertia, hoop or cylindrical shell, circular cylinder, spherical shell, Parallel and perpendicular axis
theorem, Radius of gyration of various bodies
Motion of Rigid Bodies in Three Dimensions: General motion of rigid bodies in space: Moments and
products of inertia, inertia matrix, The momental ellipsoid and equimomental systems, Angular
momentum vector and rotational kinetic energy, Principal axes and principal moments of inertia,
Determination of principal axes by diagonalizing the inertia matrix
Euler Equations of Motion of a Rigid Body: Force free motion, Free rotation of a rigid body with an
axis of symmetry, Free rotation of a rigid body with three different principal moments, The Eulerian
angles, angular velocity and kinetic energy in terms of Euler angles, space, cone, Motion of a spinning
top and gyroscopes- steady precession, sleeping top.
Recommended Books:
1. G. R. Fowles and G. L. Cassiday, Analytical Mechanics, 7th edition, (Thomson Brooks/Coley, USA,
2005)
2. M. R. Spiegel, Theoratical Mechanics, (McGraw Hill Book Company, Singapore, 1980)
3. F. P. Beer and E. Russell Johnston, Jr., Vector Mechanics for Engineers -Statics and Dynamics,
(McGraw Hill Inc., 1977)
4. H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, (Addison-Wesley Publisihng Co., 1980)
5. C. F. Chorlton, Text Book of Dynamics, (Ellis Horwood, 1983)

Course Title: Functional Analysis

Course Code: Math-423
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)

44
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Describe basic ideas of normed spaces.
 Differentiate rings through some homomorphism.
 Explore concretely about linear operators and linear functional.
 Provide basic understanding about ideas of inner product space and Hilbert space.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the basic ideas of normed spaces with examples.
 Understand the concept of rings through some homomorphism.
 Understand concretely about linear operators and linear functional.
 Define inner product space and Hilbert space.
Course Outline:
Metric Spaces: Review of Metric space, Completeness proofs, Dense sets and separable spaces, No-
where dense sets, Baire category theorem
Normed Spaces, Normed linear spaces, Banach spaces, Convex sets, Quotient spaces, Equivalent
norms, Linear operators, Linear functionals, Finite dimensional normed spaces, Continuous or bounded
linear operators, Dual spaces.
Inner Product Spaces: Definition and examples, Orthonormal sets and bases, Annihilators, projections,
Hilbert space, Linear functionals on Hilbert spaces, Reflexivity of Hilbert spaces.
Recommended Books:
1. E. Kreyszig, Introduction to Functional Analysis with Applications, (John Wiley and Sons, 2004)
2. A. L. Brown and A. Page, Elements of Functional Analysis, (Van Nostrand Reinhold London, 1970)
3. G. Bachman and L. Narici, Functional Analysis, (Academic Press, New York, 1966)
4. F. Riesz and B. Sz. Nagay, Functional Analysis, (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, Ungar, 1965)
5. A. E. Taylor, Functional Analysis, (John Wiley and Sons, Toppan, 1958)

Course Title: Ordinary Differential Equation-II

Course Code: Math-347
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the courses are to:

45
  Explore features of first and second order differential equations.
 Explore essential methods of obtaining series solutions of second order differential equations.
 Explore the methods of series solutions of special ordinary differential equations.
 Investigate systems of Sturm Liouville equations.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the features of first and second order differential equations.
 Use essential methods for obtaining series solutions of second order differential equations.
 Determine series solutions of special ordinary differential equations.
 Solve systems of Sturm Liouville equations.
Course Outline
First and Second Order Differential Equations: Review of ordinary differential equations,
Techniques of solving second and higher differential equations
Sturm Liouville Systems: Some properties of Sturm-Liouville equations, Regular, periodic and singular
Sturm-Liouville systems and its applications
Series Solutions of Second Order Linear Differential Equations: Review of power series, Series
solution near an ordinary point, Series solution near regular singular points, Legendre’s equation,
Regular singular points, Series solution near a regular singular point.
Series Solution of Some Special Differential Equations: Hyper geometric function 𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐; 𝑥) and
its evaluation, Series solution of Bessel equation, Expression for 𝐽𝑛 (𝑋)when n is half odd integer,
Recurrence formulas for 𝐽𝑛 (𝑋), Series solution of Legendre equation, Rodrigues formula for polynomial
𝑃𝑛 (𝑋) Generating function for 𝑃𝑛 (𝑋), Recurrence relations, orthogonal polynomials, Orthogonality of
Bessel functions, Expansions of polynomials, The three term recurrence relation.
Recommended Books
1. E. D. Rainville, Special Functions (Macmillan and Company, 1971)
2. G. E. Andrews, R. Askey and R. Roy, Special Functions (Cambridge University Press, 2000)
3. D. G. Zill, Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2005)
4. W. E. Boyce and R. C. Diprima, Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems
(John Wiley and Sons, 2005)
5. N. M. Temme, Special Functions, An Introduction to the Classical Functions of
Mathematical Physics (John Wiley and Sons, 1996)

46
6. E. T. Whittaker, and G. N. Watson, A Course of Modern Analysis (Cambridge University Press,
1958)
Semester-VII
Course Title: Set Theory
Course Code: Math-464
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Understand the basic concepts of cardinality, discuss and prove Cantor's Theorem and discuss
the status of the Continuum Hypothesis.
 Explain basic concepts and prove basic facts about ordinals and well-ordered sets.
 Understand the basic concepts of axiom of choice and paradoxes in set theory.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Define cardinality, discuss and prove Cantor's Theorem and discuss the status of the Continuum
Hypothesis.
 Understand the basic concepts of ordinals and well-ordered sets.
 Understand the concepts of axiom of choice and paradoxes in set theory.
Course Outline:
Cardinality: Equivalent sets, finite and infinite sets, denumerable sets, Countable and uncountable sets,
Cardinal numbers, addition and multiplication of cardinals, Cartesian product as sets of functions,
Different types of infinity (Cantor’s contribution)
Ordinality: Partially ordered sets, Hasse diagrams, Totally ordered sets, Maximal and minimal
elements, Upper and lower bound, Well-ordered sets, Transfinite induction, Ordinal numbers,
Multiplication of ordinal numbers
Axiom of Choice: Well ordering theorem, Zorn’s lemma
Paradoxes in Set Theory: Cantor’s paradox, Russell’s paradox and others.
Recommended Books:
1. A. A. Fraenkal, Abstract Set Theory, (North-Holland Publishing, Amsterdam, 1966).
2. Patrick Suppes, Axiomatic Set Theory, (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1972).
3. P. R. Halmos, Naive Set Theory, (Van Nostrand, New York, 1960).

47
4. B. Rotman and G. T. Kneebone, The Theory of Sets and Transfinite Numbers, (Oldbourne, London,
1968).
5. Douglas Smith, Maurice Eggen and Richard St. Andre: A Transition to Advanced Mathematics,
(Brooks/Cole, 2001).

Course Title: Partial Differential Equation

Course Code: Math-448
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Know where and how PDEs arise in applications and understand concepts of PDE theory.
 Describe analytical methods for solving PDEs.
 Solve linear second order PDEs using canonical variables for initial-value problems.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand fundamental concepts of PDE theory.
 Apply analytical methods for solving PDEs.
 Solve linear second order PDEs using canonical variables for initial-value problems and
Separation of variables.
Course Outline:
Introduction: Review of ordinary differential equation in more than one variables, Linear partial
differential equations (PDEs) of the first order, Cauchy’s problem for quasilinear first order PDEs
PDEs of Second Order: PDEs of second order in two independent variables with variable coefficients,
Linear transformation from one equation to another equation, Normal form, Cauchy’s problem for
second order PDEs in two independent variables
Adjoint Equation: Adjoint operator, Self adjoint equation and operator, Linear PDEs in n-independent
variables, Lagrange’s identity, Green’s theorem for self adjoint operator
Boundary Value Problems: Laplace equation, Dirichlet problem for a circle, Poisson’s integral for a
circle, Solution of Laplace equation in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates, The wave
equation in one dimension and higher dimensions, The heat equation, Axially symmetric solutions.
Recommended Books:
1. I. N. Sneddon, Elements of Partial Differential Equations (Dover Publishing, Inc., 2006)

48
2. R. Dennemyer, Introduction to Partial Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems
(McGraw Hill Book Company, 1968)
3. M. Humi and W. B. Miller, Boundary Value Problem and Partial Differential Equations (PWS-Kent
Publishing Company, Boston, 1991)
4. C. R. Chester, Techniques in Partial Differential Equations (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1971)
5. 5.R. Haberman, Elementary Applied Partial Differential Equations, 2nd edition (Prentice Hall Inc.,
New Jersey, 1987)
6. E. Zauderer, Partial Differential Equations of Applied Mathematics (Wiley-Interscience, Englewood
Cliff, New York, 2006)

Course Title: Numerical Analysis-I

Course Code: Math-442
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)

Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are to:
 Describe basic ideas of number system and errors.
 Explore ideas for solution of non-linear equations.
 Understand ideas of interpolation and polynomial approximation.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand basic ideas of number system and errors.
 Determine solution of non-linear equations.
 Understand the concept of interpolation and polynomial approximation.
Course Outline
Number Systems and Errors: Round off errors and computer arithmetic, Error estimation, Floating
point arithmetic
Solution of Non-Linear Equations: Iterative methods and convergence: Bisection method, fixed point
iterative method, Regula Falsi, Secant and Newton’s method
Systems of Linear Equations: Direct methods: Gaussian elimination method, Gauss-Jordan method,
matrix inversion method, factorization (Doolittle, Crout and Cholesky) method and its various forms,
Iterative methods and convergence: Gauss-Jacobi method and Gauss-Seidel method, Ill-condition
system and condition number, Eigen values and eigenvectors, Power and Rayleigh quotient method

49
Interpolation and Polynomial Approximation: Difference operators, Interpolation with unequal
intervals: Lagrange’s interpolation formula, Newton’s divided, difference formula, error in polynomial
interpolation, Interpolation with equal intervals: Gregory Newton forward/backward interpolation,
formula, error in polynomial interpolation, Central difference interpolation formulae: Gauss’s
forward/backward interpolation, formula, Stirling’s formula, Laplace Everett’s and Bessel’s formula.
Recommended Books:
1. Curtis F. Gerald and Patrick O. Wheatley, Applied Numerical Analysis, 6th edition, (Addison-
Wesley Pearson Education, 2003)
2. Richard L. Burden and J. Douglas Faires, Numerical Analysis, 6th edition, (Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, 1997)
3. John H. Mathews, Numerical Methods for Mathematics, 3rd edition (Prentice Hall International,
2003)
4. V. N. Vedamurthy and N. Ch. S. N. Iyenger, Numerical Methods, (Vikas Publishing House
Pvt. Ltd, 2002)
5. Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P. Canale, Numerical Methods for Engineers, 3rd edition,
(McGraw Hill International Edition, 1998)

Course Title: Mathematical Statistics-I

Course Code: Math-431
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Describe basic ideas of probability distributions with examples.
 Apply ideas of mathematical expectations.
 Know special probability distributions and special probability densities.
 Understand ideas of random variables and sampling distributions.
Course Outcomes:
Studens will able to:
 Construct probability distributions with examples.
 Use ideas of mathematical expectations.
 Understand special probability distributions and special probability densities.
 Understand the concepts of random variables and sampling distributions.
Course Outline:

50
Probability Distributions: The postulates of probability, Some elementary theorems, Addition and
multiplication rules, Baye’s rule and future Baye’s theorem, Random variables and probability
functions.
Discrete Probability Distributions: Uniform, Bernoulli and Binomial distribution, Hypergeometric and
geometric distribution, Negative binomial and Poisson distribution
Continuous Probability Distributions: Uniform and exponential distribution, Gamma and beta
distributions, Normal distribution.
Mathematical Expectations: Moments and moment generating functions, Moments of binomial,
hypergeometric, Poisson, gamma, beta and normal distributions
Recommended Books:
1. J. E. Freund, Mathematical Statistics, (Prentice Hall Inc., 1992)
2. Hogg and Craig, Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, (Collier Macmillan, 1958)
3. Mood, Greyill and Boes, Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, (McGraw Hill)
4. R. E. Walpole, Introduction to Statistics, 3rd edition, (Macmillan Publishing Company London, 1982)
5. M. R. Spiegel and L. J. Stephens, Statistics, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1984)

Course Title: Programming in MATLAB

Course Code: Math-471
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Describe basic ideas of MATLAB Environment.
 Provide basic knowledge of programming in MATLAB.
Course Outcomes:
Studens will able to:
 understand basic idea of MATLAB Environment.
 Make programs in MATLAB.
Course Outline:
The MATLAB Environment: The Advantages of MATLAB, MATLAB Desktop, Command Window,
Command History Window, Start Button, Edit/Debug Window, Figure Windows, Docking and
Undocking Windows, MATLAB Workspace, Getting Help

51
MATLAB Basics: Variables and Arrays, Initializing Variables in MATLAB, Multidimensional Arrays,
Subarrays, Special Values, Displaying Output Data, Scalar and Array Operations, Built-in MATLAB
Functions, Introduction to Plotting.
Branching Statements and Program Design: Introduction to Top-Down Design Techniques, Use of
Pseudocode, The Logical Data Type: Relational Operators, A Caution About the == and ~= Operators ,
Logic Operators, Logical Functions. Branches: The if Construct, Examples Using if Constructs, The
switch Construct, The try/catch Construct. Additional Plotting Features: Controlling x- and y-axis
Plotting Limits, Plotting Multiple Plots on the Same Axes, Creating Multiple Figures, Subplots ,
Enhanced Control of Plotted Lines.
Loops: The while loop, The for loop: Details of Operation, The MATLAB Just-in-Time (JIT) Compiler,
The break and continue Statements, Nesting Loops. Logical arrays and vectorization: Creating the
Equivalent of if/else Constructs with Logical Arrays.
Recommended Books:
1. S.J. Chapman, MATLAB programming for engineers, (Nelson Education, 2015).
2. S. Attaway, Matlab: a practical introduction to programming and problem solving, (Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2013).
3. F. B. Gross, Smart antennas with MATLAB, (McGraw-Hill Education, 2015).
4. S.J. Chapman, Essentials of MATLAB programming, (Cengage Learning, 2016)

Course Title: Advanced Group Theory-I

Course Code: Math-403
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Define automorphisms and products in groups with examples.
 Understand the concept of permutation groups.
 Understand the concept of series in groups.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the concept of automorphisms and products in groups with examples.
 Understand the concept of permutation groups.
 Understand the concept of series in groups.
Course Outline:

52
Automorphisms and Products in Groups: Characteristic and fully invariant subgroups, Normal
products of groups, Holomorph of a group
Permutation Groups: Symmetric or permutation group, Permutability of permutations, Transposions,
Generators of the symmetric and alternating group, Cyclic permutations and orbits, the alternating
group, Generators of the symmetric and alternating groups, Simplicity of 𝐴, 𝑛 ≥ 5, The stabiliser
subgroups,
Series in Groups: Series in groups, Zassenhaus lemma, Normal series and their refinements,
Composition series
Recommended Books:
1. J. Rotman, The Theory of Groups, 2nd edition, (Allyn and Bacon, London, 1978)
2. J. B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th edition, (Addison-Weseley Publishing Co.)
3. I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, (Xerox Publishing Company Mass, 1972)
4. J. A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 4th edition, (Narosa Publishers, 1998)
5. J. S. Rose, A Course on Group Theory, (Dover Publications, New York, 1994)
6. K. Hoffman, Linear Algebra, 2nd edition, (Prentice Hall, 1971)

Course Title: Rings and Modules

Course Code: Math-454
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Describe basic ideas of rings and modules with examples.
 Differentiate rings through some homomorphism.
 Know concretely about function of bounded variation and properties.
 Understand ideas of fields and finite fields.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand basic concepts of rings and modules with examples.
 Understand basic concepts of rings through some homomorphism.
 Understand concretely about function of bounded variation and properties.
 Understand basic concepts of fields and finite fields.
Course Outline:

53
Ring Theory: Construction of new rings, Direct sums, polynomial rings, Matrix rings, Divisors, units
and associates, Unique factorisation domains, Principal ideal domains and Euclidean domains
Field Extensions: Algebraic and transcendental elements, Degree of extension, Algebraic extensions,
Reducible and irreducible polynomials, Roots of polynomials.
Recommended Books:
1. I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, (Xerox Publishing Company Mass, 1972)
2. B. Hartley & T. O. Hauvkes, Rings, Modules & Linear Algebra, (Chapmann and Hall Ltd., London)
3. R. B. Allenly, Rings, Fields and Groups:An Introduction to Abstract Algebra, (Edward Arnold, 1985)
4. J. Rose, A Course on Rings Theory, (Cambridge University Press, 1978)
5. G. Birkhoff and S. Maclane, A Survey of Modern Algebra, (Macmillan, New York, 1964)

Course Title: Advance Number Theory-I

Course Code: Math-469
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Describe basic details of congruences.
 Understand the ideas of number-theoretic functions.
 Grip ideas of primitive roots and indices.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand basic details of congruences.
 Use ideas of number-theoretic functions.
 Understand the concept of primitive roots and indices.
Course Outline:
Congruences: Elementary properties of prime numbers, Residue classes and Euler’s function, Linear
congruences and congruences of higher degree, Congruences with prime moduli, The theorems of
Fermat, Euler and Wilson
Number-Theoretic Functions: Möbius function, The function [x], the symbols O and their basic
properties
Primitive roots and indices: Integers belonging to a given exponent, Composite moduli, primitive roots
modulo a prime, Determination of integers having primitive roots indices
Recommended Books:

54
1. W. J. Leveque, Topics in Number Theory, (Vols. I and II, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1956)
2. Tom M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number theory, (Springer International, 1998)
3. David M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, 6th edition, (McGraw Hill Company, 2007)
4. A. Andrew, The Theory of Numbers, (Jones and Barlett Publishers London, 1995)
5. Harry Pollard, The Theory of Algebraic Numbers, (John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 1950)

Course Title: Quantum Mechanics-I

Course Code: Math-449
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are:
 To provide understanding of the basic principles and techniques in quantum mechanics.
 Special emphasis is put on providing the student with skills to independently perform quantum
mechanical analysis of atomic and electro-magnetic systems.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the basic principles and techniques in quantum mechanics.
 To perform quantum mechanical analysis of atomic and electro-magnetic systems.
Course Outline:
Inadequacy of Classical Mechanics: Black body radiation, Photoelectric effect, Compton effect,
Bohr’s theory of atomic structure, Wave -particle duality, The de Broglie postulate, Heisenberg
uncertainty principle
The Postulates of Quantum Mechanics: Operators, Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues , Observables and
operators, Measurement in quantum mechanics, The state function and expectation values, Time
development of the state function (Schrödinger wave equation), Solution to the initial-value problem in
quantum mechanics, Parity operators
Preparatory Concepts: Function Spaces and Hermitian Operators, Particle in a box, Dirac notation,
Hilbert space, Hermitian operators, Properties of Hermitian operators
Additional One-Dimensional Problems: Bound and Unbound States, General properties of the 1-
dimensional Schrodinger equation, Unbound states, One-dimensional barrier problems, The rectangular
barrier: Tunneling
Recommended Books:
1. H. D. Dehmen, The Picture Book of Quantum Mechanics (Springer, 2001).

55
2. H. F. Hameka, Quantum Mechanics: A Conceptual Approach (Wiley-IEEE, 2004).
3. R. L. Liboff, Introductory Quantum Mechanics (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 2003).
4. V. K. Thankappan, Quantum Mechanics (New Age Publishers, 1993).
5. D. R. Bès, Quantum Mechanics: A Modern and Concise Introductory Course (Springer, 2004).

Course Title: Analytical Dynamics

Course Code: Math-404
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are:
 To provide an understanding of the concepts of Lagrange’s Theory of Holonomic systems.
 To provide an understanding of the concepts of Hamilton’s Theory, Lagrange’s Theory of Non-
Holonomic systems, Canonical Transformations and Hamilton-Jacobi theory.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the concepts of Lagrange’s Theory of Holonomic systems.
 Understand the the concepts of Hamilton’s Theory, Lagrange’s Theory of Non-Holonomic
systems, Canonical Transformations and Hamilton-Jacobi theory.
Course Outline:
Lagrange’s Theory of Holonomic Systems : Generalized coordinates, Holonomic and non-holonomic
systems, D’Alembert’s principle, d-delta rule, Lagrange equations, Generalization of Lagrange
equations, Quasi-coordinates, Lagrange equations in quasi-coordinates, First integrals of Lagrange
equations of motion, Energy integral
Hamilton’s Theory: Hamilton’s principle, Generalized momenta and phase space, Hamilton’s
equations, Ignorable coordinates, Routhian function, Derivation of Hamilton’s equations from a
variational principle, The principle of least action
Lagrange’s Theory of Non-Holonomic Systems: Lagrange equations for non-holonomic systems with
and without Lagrange multipliers, Hamilton’s Principle for non-holonomic systems
Canonical Transformations: The equations of canonical transformations, Examples of canonical
transformations, The Lagrange and Poisson brackets, Equations of motion, infinitesimal canonical
transformations and conservation theorems in the Poisson bracket formulation

56
Hamilton-Jacobi Theory: The Hamilton-Jacobi equation for Hamilton’s principal function, The
harmonic oscillator problem as an example of the Hamilton-Jacobi method, The Hamilton-Jacobi
equation for Hamilton’s characteristic function, Separation of variables in the Hamilton-Jacobi equation
Recommended Books:
1. D. T. Greenwood, Classical Dynamics (Dover, 1997).
2. F. Chorlton, Chorlton Text Book of Dynamics (Ellis Horwood, 1983).
3. H. Goldstein, C. P. Poole & J. L. Safko, Classical Mechanics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.,
2003)
4. S. D. Lindenbaum, Analytical Dynamics: Course Notes (World Scientific, 1994).
5. E. J. Saleton and J. V. José, Classical Dynamics: A Contemporary Approach (Cambridge, 1998).
6. J. B. Marion and S. T. Thornton, Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems (Thomson Learning,
2003)

Course Code: Math-419

Course Title: Electromagnetic Theory-I
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The objectives of the course are as follows:

● To deepen students understanding of Electromagnetic theories.

● To strengthen student’s problem solving skills for electromagnetic problems that are
considerably more abstract and difficult than the problems encountered in introductory Physics.

● To find both physical and formal mathematical similarities and connections between
Electromagnetic Theory and other areas of Physics.

Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:

● Understand the concept of Electromagnetic theories.

● Solve electromagnetic problems

● Learn both physical and formal mathematical similarities and connections between
Electromagnetic Theory and other areas of Physics.

Course Outline:

57
Electrostatic Fields: Coulomb’s law, the electric field intensity and potential, Gauss’s law and
deductions, Poisson and Laplace equations, Conductors and condensers, Dipoles, the linear quadrupole,
Potential energy of a charge distribution, Dielectrics, The polarization and the displacement vectors,
General solutions of Laplace’s equation, Solutions of Laplace’s equation in spherical coordinates,
Legendre’s equation, Legendre’s polynomials
Magnetostatic Fields: The Magnetostatic law of force, The magnetic induction, The Lorentz force on a
point charge moving in a magnetic field, The divergence of the magnetic field, The vector potential, The
conservation of charge and the equation of continuity, The Lorentz condition, The curl of the magnetic
field, Ampere’s law and the scalar potential
Steady and Slowly Varying Currents: Electric current, linear conductors, Conductivity, resistance,
Kirchhoff’s laws, Current density vector, Magnetic field of straight and circular current, Magnetic flux,
vector potential, Forces on a circuit in magnetic field.
Recommended Books:
1. G. E. Owen, Introduction to Electromagnetic Theory (Dover, 2003).
2. D. Corrison and P. Lorrison, Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (W.H. Freeman and
Company, London, 1962).
3. J. R. Reitz, F. J. Milford and R. W. Christy, Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory (Addison
Wesley Publishing Co.,1993).
4. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, 1999).
5. D. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics (Prentice-Hall, 1999).

Course Title: Operations Research-I

Course Code: Math-444
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are:
 To provide an understanding of the concepts of linear programming and duality
 To provide the basic concept of sensitivity analysis and transportation models.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the concepts of linear programming and duality.
 Apply both sensitivity analysis and transportation models.
Course Outline:

58
Linear Programming: Linear programming, formulations and graphical solution, Simplex method, M-
Technique and two-phase technique, Special cases
Duality and Sensitivity Analysis: The dual problem, primal-dual relationships, Dual simplex method,
Sensitivity and postoptimal analysis
Transportation Models: North-West corner, Least-Cost and Vogel’s approximations methods, The
method of multipliers, The assignment model, The transhipment model, Network minimization
Recommended Books:
1. Hamdy A. Taha, Operations Research - An Introduction, (Macmillan Publishing Company Inc., New
York, 1987)
2. B. E. Gillett, Introduction to Operations Research, (Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd.,
New Delhi)
3. F. S. Hillier and G. J. Liebraman, Operations Research, (CBS Publishers and Distributors, New
Delhi, 1974)
4. C. M. Harvey, Operations Research, (North Holland, New Delhi, 1979)

Course Title: Theory of Approximation and Splines-I

Course Code: Math-470
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)

Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are:
 To provide an understanding about the concepts of Euclidean geometry, curve fitting and
Interpolation.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the concepts of Euclidean geometry, curve fitting and Interpolation.
Course Outline:
Euclidean Geometry: Basic concepts of Euclidean geometry, Scalar and vector functions, Barycentric
coordinates, Convex hull, matrices of affine maps: translation, rotation, scaling, reflection and shear
Curve Fitting: Least squares line fitting, least squares power fit, data linearization method for
exponential functions, nonlinear least-squares method for exponential functions, transformations for
data linearization, linear least squares, polynomial fitting.

59
Polynomial Approximation: Taylor series, laguerre polynomial approximation, Chebyshev
Polynomials, Pade approximations, cubic spline.
Recommended Books:
1. David A. Brannan, Geometry, (Cambridge University Press, 1999).
2. Gerald Farin, Curves and Surfaces for Computer Aided Geometric Design: A Practical Guide, 5th
edition, (Academic Press. Inc., 2002).
3. Richard H. Bartels, John C. Bealty, and John C. Beatty, An Introduction to Spline for use in
Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling, (Morgan Kaufmann Publisher 2006).
4. John H. Mathews, Numerical Methods for Mathematics, Science and Engineering, 2nd edition
(Prentice-Hall International Editions, 1992).
5. Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P. Canale, Numerical edition, (McGraw Hill International Edition,
1998).

Course Title: Fluid Mechanics-I

Course Code: Math-422
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The course is aimed that the student should learn about:
 The basics of conservation of matter
 The fundamental of nature of forces in the fluid field
 The importance of two-dimensional and irrotational motions
Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the two-dimensional and irrotational flows
 Know the conservation of mass and equation of continuity
 Explore the viscous and inviscid fluids and laminar and turbulent flows
Course Outline:
Conservation of Matter: Fields and continuum concepts, Lagrangian and Eulerian specifications,
Local, convective and total rates of change, Conservation of mass, Equation of continuity, Boundary
conditions
Nature of Forces in a Fluid Field and their Effects: Surface and body forces, Stress at a point,
Viscosity and Newton’s viscosity law, Viscous and inviscid flows, Laminar and turbulent flows,
Compressible and incompressible flows

60
Irrotational Fluid Motion: Velocity potential from an irrotational velocity field, Streamlines, Vortex
lines and vortex sheets, Kelvin’s minimum energy theorem, Conservation of linear momentum,
Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications, Circulations, rate of change of circulation (Kelvin’s theorem),
Aaxially symmetric motion, Stokes’s stream function
Two-dimensional Motion: Stream function, Complex potential and complex velocity, Uniform flows,
Sources, sinks and vortex flows, Flow in a sector, Flow around a sharp edge, Flow due to a doublet
Recommended Books:
1. H. Schlichting, K. Gersten, E. Krause and H. Oertel, Jr.: Boundary-Layer Theory,8th edition
(Springer, 2004).
2. Yith Chia-Shun: Fluid Mechanics (McGraw Hill, 1974).
3. I. L. Distsworth: Fluid Mechanics (McGraw Hill, 1972).
4. F. M. White: Fluid Mechanics (McGraw Hill, 2003).
5. I. G. Curie: Fundamentals of Mechanics of Fluids, Third edition (CRC, 2002).
6. R. W. Fox, A. T. McDonald and P. J. Pritchard: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (John Wiley and
Sons, 2003)
Semester-VIII

Course Title: Measure Theory and Lebesgue Integration

Course Code: Math-437
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)

Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Understand Riemann and Riemann-Stieltjes integrable functions.
 Understand Lebesgue measurable sets, non-measurable sets, cantor set.
 Understand Lebesgue integral and Lebesgue spaces.
Course Outcomes:
Students are able to:
 Define Riemann and Riemann-Stieltjes integrable functions.
 Define Lebesgue measurable sets, non-measurable sets, cantor set.
 Determine Lebesgue integral and Lebesgue spaces with examples.
Course Outline:

61
Measurable Sets: Outer measure, Lebesgue measure, Lebesgue measurable sets, Borel sets, Non
measurable sets
Measurable Functions: Lebesgue measurable functions, Simple functions, characteristic functions,
Borel measurable function, Littlewood three principle
The Lebsegue Integration: Review of the Riemann integral, Lebsegue integral, Integral of a non-
negative function, Integral of measurable functions, Convergence in measure.

Recommended Books:
1. D. Smith, M. Eggen and R. St. Andre, A Transition to Advanced Mathematics, (Brooks, 2001)
2. Seymour Lipshcutz, Set Theory and Related Topics, (Mc-Graw Hill Book Company, 1999)
3. H. L. Royden, Real Analysis, (Macmillam, 1968)
4. D. L. Cohan, Measure Theory, (Bir Khauser, 1980
5. P.R. Halmos, Measure Theory, (Von Nostrand, New York, 1950)

Course Title: Methods of Mathematical Physics

Course Code: Math-438
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are:
 To study the Fourier, Laplace and Hankel transforms
 To understand the Green’s functions and perturbation methods
 To explore the Euler’s and Lagrange’s equations
Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the Fourier, Laplace and Hankel transforms
 Know the Green’s functions and perturbation methods
 Explore the Euler’s and Lagrange’s equations
Course Outline:
Fourier Methods: The Fourier transform, Fourier analysis of generalized functions, The Laplace
transform, Hankel transforms for the solution of PDE and their application to boundary value problems
Green’s Functions and Transform Methods: Expansion for Green’s functions, Transform method,
Closed form Green’sfunction, Perturbation methods for algebraic equations, Perturbation methods for
differential equations

62
Variational Methods: Euler-Lagrange equations, Integrand involving one, two, three and n variables,
Special cases of Euler-Lagranges equations, Necessary conditions for existence of an extremum of a
functional, Constrained maxima and minima.
Recommended Books:
1. D. L. Powers, Boundary Value Problems and Partial Differential Equations, 5th edition(Academic
Press, 2005)
2. W. E. Boyce, Elementary Differential Equations, 8th edition, (John Wiley and Sons, 2005)
3. M. L. Krasnov, G. I. Makarenko and A. I. Kiselev, Problems and Exercises in the Calculus of
Variations, (Imported Publications, Inc., 1985)
4. J. W. Brown and R. V. Churchill, Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems(McGraw Hill, 2006)
5. A. D. Snider, Partial Differential Equations: Sources and Solutions (Prentice Hall Inc.,1999)

Course Title: Numerical Analysis-II

Course Code: Math-443
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are to:
 Describe basic ideas of numerical differentiation and Integration.
 Explore ideas for the formulaion and solution of differential equations.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand basic ideas of numerical differentiation and Integration.
 Formulate and determine solutions of differential equations.
Course Outline:
Numerical Differentiation: Derivatives using: Lagrange’s interpolation formula, Newton’s divided
difference formula, Gregory Newton forward/backward interpolation formula, Gauss’s
forward/backward interpolation formula, Stirling’s formula, Laplace Everett’s formula, Bessel’s formula
Numerical Integration: Newton-Cotes formulae, Trapezoidal rule, Simpson rule, Weddle’s rule,
Boole’s rule, Errors in quadrature formulae, Gaussian quadrature formulae
Formulation of Difference Equations: Analogy of difference equations, Linear homogeneous
difference equations with constant coefficients, Linear non-homogeneous difference equations with
constant coefficients

63
Ordinary Differential Equations: Introduction to ODEs, Taylor’s series method: Simultaneous first
order and higher order differential equations, Euler’s, improved Euler’s, modified Euler’s and Runge-
Kutta methods with error analysis, Predictor-corrector methods for solving initial value problems
Recommended Books:
1. Curtis F. Gerald and Patrick O. Wheatley, Applied Numerical Analysis, 6th edition,(Addison-Wesley
Publishing Co. Pearson Education, 2003)
2. Richard L. Burden and J. Douglas Faires, Numerical Analysis, 6th edition, (Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, 1997)
3. John H. Mathews, Numerical Methods for Mathematics, Science and Engineering, 3rd edition
(Prentice Hall International, 2003)
4. V. N. Vedamurthy and N. Ch. S. N. Iyenger, Numerical Methods, (Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd,
2002)
5. Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P. Canale, Numerical Methods for Engineers 3 rd edition, (McGraw
Hill International Edition, 1998)

Course Title: Mathematical Statistics-II

Course Code: Math-432
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The course is aimed that the student should learn about:
 The basics of functions of random variables
 The introduction of sampling distributions
 The importance of regression and correlation
Course Outcomes:
Students that are expected through this course:
 Sufficient knowledge of functions of random variables
 An understanding of sampling distributions
 Considerable knowledge about regression and correlation
Course Outline:
Functions of Random Variables: Distribution function technique,Transformation technique: One
variable, several variables, Moment-generating function technique

64
Sampling Distributions: The distribution of the mean, The distribution of the mean: Finite populations,
The Chi-Square distribution, The t distribution, The F distribution
Regression and Correlation: Linear regression, The methods of least squares,Normal regression
analysis, Normal correlation analysis, Multiple linear regression and its matrix notation.
Recommended Books:
1. J. E. Freund, Mathematical Statistics, (Prentice-Hall Inc., 1992).
2. Hogg and Craig, Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, (Collier Macmillan, 1958)
3. Mood, Greyill and Boes, Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, (McGraw Hill).
4. R. E. Walpole, Introduction to Statistics, 3rd edition,(Macmillan Publishing Company London, 1982)
5. M. R. Spiegel, L. J. Stephens, Statistics, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1984)

Course Title: Computer Application

Course Code: Math-472
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The course is aimed that the student should learn about:
 The basics of Flow Chart and Algorithm
 The concept of Programming of the Numerical Methods
 The importance of Mathematica and their applications
Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the Programming of Jacobi’s iterative and Gauss-Seidel methods
 Know the Programming of Euler’s, Runge-Kutta and predictor-corrector methods
 Explore the numerical and algebraic calculations in Mathematica
Course Outline:
Flow Chart, Algorithm and Programming of the following Numerical Methods: System of linear
equations, Jacobi’s iterative method, Gauss-Seidel method, Solutions of non-linear equations, Bisection
method, Newton-Raphson method, Secant method, Regula Falsi method, Interpolation, Langrage
interpolation, Newton’s divided and forward difference interpolation, Numerical integration:
Rectangular rule, Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rule, Booles rule, Weddles rule, Differential equations:
Euler’s method, Runge- Kutta methods, predictor-corrector methods

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Mathematica: Introduction of mathematica, numerical calculations, algebraic calculations, symbolic
andnumerical mathematics, numbers, mathematical functions, algebraic manipulations,manipulating
equations, series, limits and residues, linear algebra, graphs
Recommended Books:
1. Michel Metcalf, John Reid and Malcolm Cohen, Fortran 95/2003 Explained, (Oxford University
Press, 2004)
2. Stephen Wolfram, The Mathematica, 3rd edition, (Cambridge University Press 1996)
3. V. Rajaraman, Computer Programming in Fortran 90 and 95, (Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,
1999)
4. Roman E. Maeder, Computer Science with Mathematics, (Cambridge University Press, 2000)
5. Martha L. Abell, James P. Braselton, The Mathematica Handbook, (Academic Press Inc., 1992)

Course Title: Advanced Group Theory-II

Course Code: Math-473
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are:
 To study the Solvable groups and their examples
 To understand the Nilpotent and Linear Groups
 To explore the upper and lower central series and Frattini subgroups
Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the solvable and Super-solvable groups
 Know the characterisation of finite nilpotent groups
 Explore the types and representations of linear groups
Course Outline:
Solvable Groups: Solvablegroups, definition and examples, Theorems on solvable groups, Super-
solvable groups.
Nilpotent Groups, Characterisation of finite nilpotent groups, Upper and lowercentral series, Frattini
subgroups, free groups, basic theorems, Definition and examples of free products of groups
Linear Groups: Linear groups, types of linear groups, Representation of linear groups, Group algebras
and representation modules

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Recommended Books:
1. J. Rotman, The Theory of Groups, 2nd edition, (Allyn and Bacon, London, 1978)
2. J. B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th edition, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.,
2003)
3. H. Marshall, The Theory of Groups, (Macmillan, 1967)
4. J. A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 4th edition, (Narosa 1998)
5. J. S. Rose, A Course on Group Theory, (Dover Publications, New York, 1994)
6. K. Hoffman, Linear Algebra, 2nd edition, (Prentice Hall, 1971)

Course Title: Theory of Modules

Course Code: Math-457
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The course is aimed that the student should learn about:
 The basics of Modules and Homomorphisms
 The fundamental of Submodules and Quotient modules
 The importance of matrices over rings and their connection with basis of a free module
Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the Torsion and Free modules
 Know the Basis, rank and endomorphisms of free modules
 Explore the Direct sums of modules and their applications
Course Outline:
Modules: Definition and examples, Submodules, Homomorphisms, Quotient modules, Direct sums of
modules, Finitely generated modules, Torsion modules, Free modules, Basis, rank and endomorphisms
of free modules, Matrices over rings and their connection with the basis of a free module, A module as
the direct sum of a free and a torsion module
Recommended Books:
1. J. Rotman, The Theory of Groups, 2nd edition, (Allyn and Bacon, London, 1978)
2. J. B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th edition, (Addison-WeseleyPublishing
Co., 2003)
3. J. A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 4th edition, (Narosa Publishing House,1998)
4. J. S. Rose, A Course on Group Theory, (Dover Publications, New York, 1994)

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5. K. Hoffman, Linear Algebra, 2nd edition, (Prentice Hall, 1971)

Course Title: Advance Number Theory -II

Course Code: Math-474
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are:
 To study the Algebraic Number Theory and Quadratic Residues
 To understand the Jacobi and Legendre symbols
 To explore the applications of Einstein irreducibility criterion
Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the conjugates and discriminants
 Know the Lorentz and Poincare groups
 Explore the units and primes in a quadratic field
Course Outline:
Quadratic Residues: Composite module, Legendre symbol, Law of quadratic reciprocity, The Jacobi
symbol, Diophantine Equations, Equations and Fermat’s conjecture for n = 2, n = 4
Algebraic Number Theory: Polynomials over a field, Divisibility properties of polynomials, Gauss’s
lemma, The Einstein irreducibility criterion, Symmetric polynomials, Extensions of a field, Algebraic
and transcendental numbers, Bases and finite extensions, properties of finite extensions, Conjugates and
discriminants, Algebraic integers in a quadratic field, integral bases, Units and primes in a quadratic
field, Ideals, arithmetic of ideals in an algebraic number field, The norm of an ideal, prime ideals, units
of algebraic number field.
Recommended Books:
1. W. J. Leveque, Topics in Number Theory, Vols. I and II (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
Publishing Co., 1956)
2. Tom M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, (Springer International, 1998)
3. David M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, 6th edition, (McGraw Hill Company, 2007)
4. A. Andrew, The Theory of Numbers, (Jones and Barlett Publishers London, 1995)
5. Harry Pollard, The Theory of Algebraic Numbers, (John Wiley and Sons, 1950)

Course Title: Quantum Mechanics - II

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Course Code: Math-450
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The course is aimed that the student should learn about:
 The basics of Harmonic oscillator and problems in Three-Dimensions
 The introduction of angular momentum
 The importance of Scattering and Perturbation Theories
Course Outcomes:
Students that are expected through this course:
 Sufficient knowledge of Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of operators L2 and Lz
 An understanding of Scattering amplitude and Born approximation
 Considerable knowledge about motion in three dimensions
Course Outline:
Harmonic Oscillator and Problems in Three-Dimensions: The harmonic oscillator, Eigenfunctions of
the harmonic oscillator, The harmonic oscillator in momentum space, Motion in three dimensions,
Spherically symmetric potential and the hydrogen atom
Angular Momentum: Basic properties, Eigenvalues of the angular momentum operators,
Eigenfunctions of the orbital angular momentum operators L2 and Lz, Commutation relations between
components of angular momentum and their representation in spherical polar coordinates
Scattering Theory: The scattering cross-section, Scattering amplitude, Scattering equation, Born
approximation, Partial wave analysis
Perturbation Theory: Time independent perturbation of non-degenerate and degenerate cases, Time-
dependent perturbations

Recommended Books:
1. R. L. Liboff, Introductory Quantum Mechanics (Addison-Wesley Publishing, 2003)
2. H. D. Dehmen, The Picture Book of Quantum Mechanics (Springer, 2001)
3. H. F. Hameka, Quantum Mechanics: A Conceptual Approach (Wiley-IEEE, 2004)
4. V. K.Thankappan, Quantum Mechanics (New Age Publishers, 1993).
5. D. R. Bès, Quantum Mechanics: A Modern and Concise Introductory Course (Springer, 2004)

Course Title: Special Theory of Relativity

Course Code: Math-455

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Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are:
 To study the derivation of Special Relativity
 To understand the Four-Vector formulation of Special Relativity
 To explore the applications of electromagnetism in Special Relativity
Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves
 Know the Lorentz and Poincare groups
 Explore the Einstein’s formulation of special relativity
Course Outline:
Introduction: Fundamental concepts
Derivation of Special Relativity: Einstein’s formulation of special relativity, The Lorentz
transformation, Length contraction, time dilation and simultaneity, The velocity addition formulae,
Three dimensional Lorentz transformations.
The Four-Vector Formulation of Special Relativity: The four-vector formalism, The Lorentz
transformations in 4-vectors, The Lorentz and Poincare groups, The null cone structure, Proper time.
Electromagnetism in Special Relativity, Review of electromagnetism, The electric and magnetic field
intensities, The electric current, Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves, The four-vector
formulation of Maxwell’s equations
Recommended Books:
1. M. Saleem and M. Rafique, Special Relativity (Ellis Horwood, 1992)
2. W. G. V. Rosser, Introductory Special Relativity (Taylor & Francis, 1991)
3. W. Ringler, Introduction to Special Relativity (Oxford, 1991)
4. A. Qadir, An Introduction to Special Theory of Relativity (World Scientific 1989)
5. G. Barton, Introduction to the Relativity Principle (Wiley, 1999)

Course Title: Electromagnetic Theory-II

Course Code: Math-475
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:

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The course is aimed that the student should learn about:
 The basics of steady and slowly varying currents
 The introduction of equations of electromagnetism
 The importance of electromagnetic waves
Course Outcomes:
Students that are expected through this course:
 Sufficient knowledge of electromagnetic field of a moving charge
 An understanding of propagation plane electromagnetic waves in non-conductors
 Considerable knowledge about Maxwell’s equations in free space and material media
Course Outline:
Steady and Slowly Varying Currents: The Faraday induction law, Induced elecromotance in a moving
system, Inductance and induced electromotance, Energy stored in a magnetic field.
The Equations of Electromagnetism, Maxwell’s equations in free space and material media, Solution
of Maxwell’s equations
Electromagnetic Waves: Plane electromagnetic waves in homogeneous and isotropic media, The
Poynting vector in free space, Propagation plane electromagnetic waves in non-conductors, Propagation
plane electromagnetic waves in conducting media, Reflection and refraction of plane waves, Guided
waves; coaxial line; hollow rectangular wave guide, Radiation of electromagnetic waves,
Electromagnetic field of a moving charge
Recommended Books:
1. J. R. Reitz, F. J. Milford and R. W. Christy, Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory (Addison-
Wesley Publishing Co., 1993)
2. C.G. Someda, Electromagnetic Waves (CRC, 2006).
3. J. D. Jackson,Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, 1999).
4. J. V. Stewart, Intermediate Electromagnetic Theory (World Scientific, 2001).
5. G. E. Owen, Introduction to Electromagnetic Theory (Dover, 2003).

Course Title: Operations Research-II

Course Code: Math-445
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are:

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  To study the Shortest-Route algorithms for acyclic networks
 To understand the Maximal-flow problem and decomposition algorithm
 To explore the applications of integer programming
Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the zero-one implicit enumeration
 Know the parametric linear programming and Branch-and-bound method
 Explore the revised simplex method and bounded variables
Course Outline:
Shortest-Route algorithms for acyclic networks, Maximal-flow problem, Matrix definition of LP
problem, Revised simplex method, bounded variables, Decomposition algorithm, Parametric linear
programming, Applications of integer programming, Cutting-plane algorithms, Branch-and-bound
method, Zero-one implicit enumeration, Elements of dynamic programming, Problem of
dimensionality, Programmes by dynamic programming
Recommended Books:
1. Hamdy A. Taha, Operations Research-An Introduction, (Macmillan Publishing Company Inc., New
York, 1987)
2. B. E. Gillett, Introduction to Operations Research, (Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company
Ltd., New Delhi)
3. F. S. Hillier and G. J. Liebraman, Operations Research, (CBS Publishers and Distributors, New
Delhi, 1974)
4. C. M. Harvey, Operations Research, (North Holland, New Delhi, 1979)
Course Title: Theory of Approximation and Splines-II
Course Code: Math-476
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The course is aimed that the student should learn about:
 The basics of cubic algebraic, Hermite and control point forms
 The introduction of Bernstein Bezier and B-Spline cubic forms
 The importance of Convex hull, Affine invariance and Variation diminishing properties
Course Outcomes:
Students that are expected through this course:

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  Sufficient knowledge of clamped, natural and 2nd Derivative conditions
 An understanding of general, natural and periodic splines
 Considerable knowledge about Bernstein Bezier form spline functions
Course Outline:
Parametric Curves: Cubic algebraic form, Matrix forms of parametric curves, Cubic Hermite form,
Cubic control point form, Bernstein Bezier cubic form, Bernstein Bezier general form, B-Spline cubic
form, Rational quadratic form, Rational cubic form, Tensor product surface, Bernstein Bezier cubic
patch, quadratic by cubic Bernstein Bezier patch, Bernstein Bezier quartic patch, Convex hull property,
Affine invariance property, Variation diminishing property,
Spline Functions: Introduction to splines, Cubic Hermite splines, End conditions of cubic splines:
clamped conditions, natural conditions, 2nd Derivative
conditions, periodic conditions, not a knot conditions, General Splines: natural splines, periodic splines,
Truncated power function, representation of spline in terms of truncated power functions, Algorithms to
compute Bernstein Bezier form Spline Functions.
Recommended Books:
1. Gerald Farin, Curves and Surfaces for Computer Aided Geometric Design: A Practical Guide, 5th
Edition (Academic Press. Inc., 2002).
2. I. D. Faux, Computational Geometry for Design and Manufacture, (Ellis Horwood, 1979).
3. Richard H. Bartels, John C. Bealty, and John C. Beatty, An Introduction to Spline for use in
Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling, (Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, 2006).
4. Carl de Boor, A Practical Guide to Splines, (Springer Verlag, 2001).
5. Larry L. Schumaker, Spline Functions: Basic Theory, (John Wiley and Sons, 1993).

Course Title: Fluid Mechanics-II

Course Code: Math-478
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are:
 To introduce two and three-dimensional potential flows.
 To understand viscous flows of incompressible fluids.
 To study Simplified approach to fluid flow problems.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:

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  Learn two and three-dimensional potential flows.
 Learn about viscous flows of incompressible fluids.
 Explore simplified approach to fluid flow problems.
Course Outline:
Two and Three-Dimensional Potential Flows: Circular cylinder without circulation, Circular cylinder
with circulation, Blasius theorem, Kutta condition and the flat-plate airfoil, Joukowski airfoil, Vortex
motion, Karman’s vortex street, Method of images, Velocity potential, Stoke’s stream function, Solution
of the Potential equation, Uniform flow, Source and sink, Flow due to a doublet,
Viscous Flows of Incompressible Fluids: Constitutive equations, Navier-Stokes’s equations, exact
solutions of Navier-Stokes’s equations, Steady unidirectional flow, Poiseuille flow, Couette flow, Flow
between rotating cylinders, Stokes’ first problem, Stokes’ second problem
Simplified Approach to Fluid Flow Problems: Similarity from a differential equation, Dimensional
analysis, One dimensional, steady compressible flow.
Recommended Books
1. H. Schlichting, K. Gersten, E. Krause and H. Oertel, Jr. Boundary-Layer Theory, 8th edition
(Springer, 2004)
2. Yith Chia-Shun: Fluid Mechanics (McGraw Hill, 1974)
3. I. L. Distsworth: Fluid Mechanics (McGraw Hill, 1972)
4. F. M. White: Fluid Mechanics (McGraw Hill, 2003)
5. I. G. Curie: Fundamentals of Mechanics of Fluids, Third edition (CRC, 2002)
6. R. W. Fox, A. T. McDonald and P. J. Pritchard: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (John Wiley and
Sons, 2003)

Course Title: Integral Equations

Course Code: Math-426
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are:
 To introduce integral equations and its types.
 To learn methods for solving linear and Non-linear Integral equations.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Identify the types of integral quations.

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  Solve linear and Non-linear Integral equations.
Course Outline
Integral Euations: Introduction to IEs and types, Leibnitz rule, conversion of IVPs to VIEs and Vice
versa, conversion of BVPs to FIEs and Vice versa.
Fredholm Integral Equations: Resolvent kernel and solution of IEs by resolvent kernel method,
Hilbert Schmidt method solution of FIEs by Direct computation method, Decomposition method,
modified decomposition method, successive approximation method, successive substitution method,
Volterra Integral Equations: Solution of VIEs by Direct computation method, Decomposition method,
modified decomposition method, successive approximation method, successive substitution method,
series solution method, solution of Integro-differential equations. Singular integral equations
Non-Linear Integral Equations: Methods to solve nonlinear integral equations.

Recommended Books:
7. Integral equations by Abdul Majeed Wazwaz.
8. Linear integral, R.P. Kanwal, 1st edition, 1971, Academic Press.
9. Elementary Applied Partial Differential Equations with Fourier Series and Boundary Value
Problems, R. Haberman, (3rd Edition), Prentice Hall.
10. Integral equations by Abdul Majeed Wazwaz.
11. Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences, Mary L. Boas, (3rd Edition), 2006, John Wiley
& Sons.
12. Problems and Exercises in the Calculus of Variations, M. L. Krasnov, G. I. Makarenko and A. I.
Kiselev, 1984, Mir Publishers Moscow.

Objectives of M.Sc. Program:

The objectives of the M.Sc. Mathematics program are to produce graduates who are able:

 To write and understand mathematical proofs; think logically.

 To use mathematics from a variety of areas to formulate and analyze applied problems; present
their work in a professional manner.
 To demonstrate a depth of understanding in a sub-area of Mathematics.

75
  To establish the base for lifelong education by creating essential ideas and preparing the students
with necessary techniques needed to start careers in teaching, research and/or in any walk of life
involving mathematics.
 To acquire a solid understanding of mathematics and the ability to apply it effectively.
 To encourage students to become effective independent learners.

Learning Outcomes of M.Sc. Program:

 Students will be able to apply their knowledge in modern industry or teaching, or secure
acceptance in high-quality graduate programs in mathematics and other fields such as the field of
quantitative/mathematical finance, mathematical computing, statistics and actuarial science.
 Students will be able to communicate effectively in writing and orally about the subject.
 Students will be able to communicate effectively in writing and orally about the subject.
 Students will be able to develop problem-solving skills and apply them independently to
problems in pure and Applied Mathematics.
 Students will be able to exhibit ethical and professional behavior.
 Students will be able to use mathematical and statistical techniques to solve well-defined
problems and present their mathematical work, both in oral and written format, to various
audiences (students, mathematicians and non-mathematicians).
 Students will be able to read, understand and construct correct mathematical and statistical
proofs and use the library and electronic data-bases to locate information on mathematical
problems.
 Students will be able to propose new mathematical questions and suggest possible software
packages and/or computer programming to find solutions to these questions.
 Students will be able to continue to acquire mathematical knowledge and skills appropriate to
professional activities and demonstrate highest standards of ethical issues in mathematics.

SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR 2 YEARS M.Sc. MATHEMATICS

Semester-I
Math-351 Real Analysis-I 3
Math-325 Group Theory 3
Math-312 Complex Analysis-I 3
Math-359 Vector and Tensor Analysis 3
Math-358 Topology 3
Math-315 Differential Geometry 3

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 Total Credit Hours 18(18+0)

Semester-II
Math-352 Real Analysis-II 3
Math-329 Linear Algebra-II 3
Math-369 Complex Analysis-II 3
Math-305 Analytical Mechanics 3
Math-423 Functional Analysis 3
Math-347 Ordinary Differential Equations-II 3
Total Credit Hours 18(18+0)

Semester-III
Math-464 Set Theory 3
Math-448 Partial Differential Equations 3
Math-442 Numerical Analysis-I 3
Any Two of the following:
Math-331 Mathematical Statistics-I 3
Math-471 Programming in Matlab 3
Math-403 Advanced Group Theory-I 3
Math-454 Rings and Modules 3
Math-469 Advance Number Theory-I 3
Math-449 Quantum Mechanics-I 3
Math-404 Analytical Dynamics 3
Math-419 Electromagnetic Theory-I 3
Math-444 Operations Research-I 3
Math-470 Theory of Approximation and Splines-I 3
Math-422 Fluid Mechanics-I 3
Total Credit Hours 15(15+0)

Semester-IV
Math-437 Measure Theory and Lebesgue Integration 3
Math-438 Methods of Mathematical Physics 3
Math-443 Numerical Analysis-II 3
Any Two of the following:
Math-432 Mathematical Statistics-II 3
Math-472 Computer Applications 3
Math-473 Advanced Group Theory-II 3

77
Math-457 Theory of Modules 3
Math-474 Advance Number Theory-II 3
Math-450 Quantum Mechanics-II 3
Math-455 Special Theory of Relativity 3
Math-475 Electromagnetic Theory-II 3
Math-445 Operations Research-II 3
Math-476 Theory of Approximation and Splines-II 3
Math-478 Fluid Mechanics-II 3
Math-426 Integral Equations 3
Total Credit Hours 15(15+0)
Total Credit Hours of BS Program: 66

Semester-I

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Course Title: Real Analysis-I
Course Code: Math-351
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Define basic ideas of real numbers, and their basic operations.
 Enhance concepts of infinite sequences and series.
 Explore concretely about continuity, differentiability and partial differentiations.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Get firm grip on basic ideas of real numbers, and their basic operations.
 Apply and use the concepts of infinite sequences and series.
 Learn concretely about continuity, differentiability and their uses.
 Apply ideas of partial differentiations and its uses in real world problems.
Course Outline:
Real Number System: Ordered sets, fields, the field of real numbers, Completeness property of R, The
extended real number system, Euclidean spaces, Finite, countable and uncountable sets
Sequences and Series: Sequences, sub sequences, convergent sequences, Cauchy sequences, Monotone
and bounded sequences, Bolzano Weierstrass theorem, Series, series of non-negative terms, Partial
sums, the root and ratio tests, integral test, comparison test, Absolute and conditional convergence
Limit and Continuity: The limit of a function, Continuous functions, Types of discontinuity, Uniform
continuity, Monotone functions
Differentiation: The derivative of a function, Mean value theorems, the continuity of derivatives,
Taylor’s theorem
Functions of Several Variables: Partial derivatives and differentiability, derivatives and differentials of
composite functions, Change in the order of partial derivative, implicit functions, inverse functions,
Jacobians, Maxima and minima.
Recommended Books:
1. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd edition, (McGraw Hill, 1976)
2. R. G. Bartle, Introduction to Real Analysis, 3rd edition, (John Wiley and Sons, 2000)
3. T. M. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1974)
4. A. J. Kosmala, Introductory Mathematical Analysis, (WCB Company, 1995)

79
5. W. R. Parzynski and P. W. Zipse, Introduction to Mathematical Analysis, (McGraw Hill
Company, 1982)
6. H. S. Gaskill and P. P. Narayanaswami, Elements of Real Analysis, (Printice Hall, 1988)

Course Title: Group Theory

Course Code: Math-325
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Get firm grip on basic ideas of groups and their basic operations with examples.
 Apply and use the concepts of subgroups and Lagrange’s theorem.
 Explore concretely about group homomorphism and its uses.
 Provide ideas of classifications and Sylow Theorems
Course Outcome:
Students will able to:
 Define basic ideas of groups and their basic operations with examples.
 Understand the concepts of subgroups and Lagrange’s theorem.
 Understand concretely about group homomorphism and its uses.
 Understand ideas of classifications and Sylow Theorems
Course Outline:
Groups: Binary operations, Definition and examples of groups,order of an element, order of group,
Abelian group, Subgroups lattice, Lagrange’s theorem, Relation between groups, cyclic groups, Groups
and symmetries, even and odd permutations, Cayley’s theorem
Complexes in Groups: Complexes and co-set decomposition of groups, Centre of a group, Normalizer
in a group, Centralizer in a group, Conjugacy classes and congruence relation in a group, Double co-sets
Normal Subgroups: Definition, Proper and improper normal subgroups, Factor groups, Fundamental
theorem of homomorphism, Automorphism group of a group, Commutator subgroups of a group
Permutations Groups: Symmetric or permutations group, Transpositions, Cyclic permutations and
orbits, The Alternating group, Generators of the symmetric and Alternating groups, Simplicity of
Alternating groups
Sylow Theorems: Double Cosets, Cauchy’s theorem for Abelian and non-Abelian group, Sylow
theorems with proofs, Application of sylow theory
Recommended Books

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6. J. Rose, A Course on Group Theory, (Cambridge University Press, 1978)
7. I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, (Xerox Publishing Company, 1964)
8. P. M. Cohn, Algebra, (John Wiley and Sons, London, 1974)
9. P. B. Bhattacharya, S. K. Jain and S. R. Nagpaul, Basic Abstract Algebra, (Cambridge University
Press, 1986)
10. J. B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 2002)

Course Code: Math-312

Course Title: Complex Analysis-I
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Get firm grip on basic ideas of complex numbers and their basic operations with examples.
 Apply and use the concepts of analytic functions and limits.
 Provide basic understanding about elementary functions and their properties.
 Explore the ideas of complex integration and power series expansion.
 Use concept of infinite series.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Define basic ideas of complex numbers and their basic operations with examples.
 Understand the concepts of analytic functions and limits.
 Learn concretely about elementary functions and their properties.
 Explore ideas of complex integration and power series expansion.
 Understand the concept of infinite series.
Course Outline:
The Concept of Analytic Functions: Complex numbers, complex planes, complex functions, Analytic
functions, Entire functions, Harmonic functions,
Elementary functions: complex trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic and hyperbolic functions
Complex Integration: Complex integrals, Cauchy-Goursat theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula and
their consequences, Liouville’s theorem, Morera’s theorem, Derivative of an analytic function.
Infinite Series: Power series, derived series, radius of convergence, Taylor series and Laurent series
Recommended Books

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6. D. G. Zill and P. D. Shanahan, Complex Analysis, (Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2003)
7. H. S. Kasana, Complex Variables: Theory and Applications, (Prentice Hall, 2005)
8. J. W. Brown and R. V. Churchill, Complex Variables and Applications, 7th edition, (McGraw Hill
Company, 2004)
9. M. R. Spiegel, Complex Variables, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1974)
10. Louis L. Pennisi, Elements of Complex Variables, (Holt, Linehart and Winston, 1976)

Course Code: Math-359

Course Title: Vector and Tensor Analysis
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Provide an understanding about the concepts of vector integration, Integral Theorems and
curvilinear coordinates.
 Explore tensor analysis.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the concepts of vector integration, Integral Theorems and curvilinear coordinates.
 Define the coordinates on flat and curved surfaces.
Course Outline:
Vector Integration: Line integrals, Surface area and surface integrals, Volume integrals
Integral Theorems: Green’s theorem, Gauss divergence theorem, Stoke’s theorem
Curvilinear Coordinates: Orthogonal coordinates, Unit vectors in curvilinear systems, Arc length and
volume elements, The gradient, divergence and curl, Special orthogonal coordinate system.
Tensor Analysis: Coordinate transformations, Einstein summation convention, Tensors of different
ranks, Contravariant, covariant and mixed tensors, Symmetric and skew symmetric tensors, Addition,
subtraction, inner and outer products of tensors, Contraction theorem, quotient law, The line element and
metric tensor, Christoffel symbols.

Recommended Books:
5. F. Chorlton, Vector and Tensor Methods, (Ellis Horwood Publisher, Chichester, U.K., 1977)
6. M. R. Spiegel, Vector Analysis, (McGraw Hill Book Company, Singapore, 1981)
7. A. W. Joshi, Matrices and Tensors in Physics, (Wiley Eastern Limited, 1991)

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8. Hwei P. Hsu, Applied Vector Analysis, (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, San Diego, New
York, 1984)

Course Title: Topology

Course Code: Math-358
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Describe topological spaces with examples.
 Differentiate some simple topological spaces through homeomorphism.
 Check connectedness and compactness of topological spaces.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Define topological spaces with examples.
 Explore some simple topological spaces through homeomorphism.
 Understand connectedness and compactness of topological spaces.
Course Outline:
Topology: Definition and examples, Open and closed sets, Subspaces, Neighborhoods, Limit points,
closure of a set, Interior, exterior and boundary of a set
Bases and Sub-bases: Base and sub bases, Neighborhood bases, First and second axioms of
countablility, Separable spaces, Lindelöf spaces, Continuous functions and homeomorphism, Weak
topologies, finite product spaces
Separation Axioms: Separation axioms, Regular spaces, Completely regular spaces, Normal spaces
Compact Spaces: Compact topological spaces, Countably compact spaces, Sequentially compact spaces
Connectedness: Connected spaces, disconnected spaces, Totally disconnected spaces, Components of
topological spaces.
Recommended Books:
6. J. Dugundji, Topology, (Allyn and Bacon Inc., Boston 1966)
7. G. F. Simmon, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, (McGraw Hill Book Company,
New York, 1963)
8. Stephen Willard, General Topology, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., London, 1970)
9. Seymour Lipschutz, General Topology, (Schaum's Outline Series, McGraw Hill Book Company
2004)

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10. James R. Munkres, Topology, 2nd edition, (Prentice Hall Inc., 2003)

Course Title: Differential Geometry

Course Code: Math-315
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Describe basic ideas of curves, curvatures and torsions with examples.
 Explore the ideas of surfaces.
 Study Gauss and Weingarten equations and Gauss and Codazzi equations.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Define basic ideas curves, curvatures and torsions with examples.
 Understand ideas of surfaces.
 Explore Gauss and Weingarten equations and Gauss and Codazzi equations.
Course Outline:
Theory of Space Curves: Introduction, index notation and summation convention, Space curves, arc
length, tangent, normal and binormal, Osculating, normal and rectifying planes, Curvature and torsion,
The Frenet-Serret theorem, Natural equation of a curve, Involutes and evolutes, helices, Fundamental
existence theorem of space curves.
Theory of Surfaces, Coordinate transformation, Tangent plane and surface normal, The first
fundamental form and the metric tensor, Christoffel symbols of first and second kinds
The second fundamental form: Principal, Gaussian, mean, geodesic and normal curvatures, Gauss and
Weingarten equations, Gauss and Codazzi equations,
Recommended Books:
1. R. S. Millman & G.D. Parker, Elements of Differential Geometry (Prentice-Hall, New Jersey,1977)
2. A. Goetz, Introduction to Differential Geometry (Addison-Wesley, 1970).
3. E. Kreyzig, Differential Geometry (Dover, 1991).
4. M. M. Lipschutz, Schaum's Outline of Differential Geometry (McGraw Hill, 1969).
5. D. Somasundaram, Differential Geometry (Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2005).

Semester-II

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Course Title: Real Analysis-II
Course Code: Math-352
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Get firm grip on basic ideas of Riemann integral.
 Apply and use the concepts of Riemann Stieljes (R-S) Integrals.
 Know concretely about function of bounded variation and properties.
 Explore the concepts of improper integrals.
 Explore the concepts of sequences and series of functions.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Define basic ideas of Riemann integral.
 Understand the concepts of Riemann Stieljes (R-S) Integrals.
 Understand concretely about function of bounded variation and properties.
 Define sequences and series of functions.
Course Outline:
The Riemann-Stieltjes Integrals: Definition and existence of integrals, Properties of integrals,
Fundamental theorem of calculus and its applications, Change of variable theorem, Integration by parts,
Functions of Bounded Variation: Definition, examples & Properties of functions of bounded variation
Improper Integrals: Types of improper integrals, Tests for convergence of improper integrals, Beta
and gamma functions, Absolute and conditional convergence of improper integrals
Sequences and Series of Functions: Power series, Definition of point-wise and uniform convergence,
Uniform convergence and continuity, Uniform convergence and integration, Uniform convergence and
differentiation, Examples of uniform convergence.
Recommended Books:
7. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd edition, (McGraw Hill 1976)
8. R. G. Bartle, Intoduction to Real analysis, 3rd edition, (John Wiley and sons, 2000)
9. T. M. Apostol, Mathematical Analysis, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1974)
10. A. J. Kosmala, Introductory Mathematical Analysis, (WCB company, 1995)
11. W. R. Parzynski and P. W. Zipse, Introduction to Mathematical Analysis, (Mc Graw Hill company,
1982)
12. H. S. Gaskill and P. P. Narayanaswami, Elements of Real Analysis, (Printice Hall, 1988)

85
Course Title: Linear Algebra-II
Course Code: Math-329
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Provide basic understanding about the concept of ring theory and dual spaces.
 Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
 Check whether a given mapping is a linear transformation or not.
Course Outcomes:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Understand the concepts of ring theory and dual spaces.
 Determine eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
 Determine whether a given mapping is a linear transformation or not.
Course Outline:
Ring Theory: Definition and example of rings, Special classes of rings, Fields, Ideals and quotient
rings, Ring homomorphisms, Prime and maximal ideals, Field of quotients
Linear Mappings of Vector Spaces: Review of vector spaces, Mappings, linear mappings, Rank and
nullity, Linear mappings and system of linear equations, Algebra of linear operators, Space L(X, Y) of
all linear transformations
Matrices and Linear Operators: Matrix representation of a linear operator, Change of basis,
Orthogonal matrices and orthogonal transformations, Orthonormal basis and Gram Schmidt process
Linear Transformations: Introduction to linear transformation, Matrices of linear transformations,
Rank and nullity, Eigen values and Eigen vectors, Diagonalization, Orthogonal diagonalization,
orthogonal matrices, similar matrices. Eigen values and eigen vectors: Polynomials of matrices and
linear operators, Characteristic polynomial.
Recommended Books:
8. J. Rose, A Course on Group Theory, (Cambridge University Press, 1978)
9. I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, (Xerox Publishing Company, 1964)
10. G. Birkhoff and S. Maclane, A Survey of Modern Algebra, (Macmillan, New York, 1964)
11. P. B. Battacharya, S. K. Jain and S. R. Nagpaul, Basic Abstract Algebra, (Cambridge University
Press, 1986)
12. V. Sahai and V. Bist, Algebra, 2nd edition, (Narosa Publishing House, 2003)

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13. W. Keith Nicholson, Elementary Linear Algebra, (PWS-Kent Publishing Company, Boston, 2004)
14. Seymour Lipschutz, Linear Algebra, 3rd edition, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 2001)

Course Title: Complex Analysis-II

Course Code: Math-368
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Provide basic understanding about the concept of singularity, poles and expansion of functions
and analytic continuation.
 Enhance conformal representation.
 Get a grip on concepts of expansion of Functions and analytic continuation
 Explore the concepts of elliptic functions.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Define singularity and poles.
 Understand the concept of conformal representation.
 Understand the concepts of expansion of Functions and analytic continuation.
 Understand the concept of elliptic functions.
Course Outline:
Singularity and Poles: Review of Laurent series, Zeros, singularities, Poles and residues, Cauchy’s
residue theorem, Applications of Cauchy’s residue theorem.
Conformal Representation: Transformation, conformal transformation, linear transformation,
Möbius/bilinear transformations
Expansion of Functions and Analytic Continuation: Mittag-Leffler theorem, Weierstrass’s
factorization theorem, Analytic continuation
Elliptic Functions: Periodic functions, Elliptic functions and its properties, Weierstrass function 𝜑(𝑧),
Differential equation satisfied by 𝜑(𝑧), Integral formula for 𝜑(𝑧), Addition theorem for 𝜑(𝑧),
Duplication formula for 𝜑(𝑧), Elliptic functions in terms of Weierstrass function with the same periods,
Quasi periodic functions: The zeta and sigma functions of Weierstrass, Jacobian elliptic functions and its
properties.
Recommended Books:

87
1. H. S. Kasana, Complex Variables: Theory and Applications, (Prentice Hall, 2005)
2. M. R. Spiegel, Complex Variables, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1974)
3. Louis L. Pennisi, Elements of Complex Variables, (Holt, Linehart and Winston, 1976)
4. W. Kaplan, Introduction to Analytic Functions, (Addison-Wesley, 1966)
5. E. D. Rainville, Special Functions, (The Macmillan Company, New York, 1965)
6. E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A Course of Modern Analysis,Cambridge University Press, 1958.

Course Title: Analytical Mechanics

Course Code: Math-305
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
Its objectives are given below:
 To develop fundamental concepts in analytics mechanics more rigorously as needed for other
courses of the program.
 To apply advanced mathematical and computational techniques to complex problems.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the concept of non inertial reference systems and planar motion of rigid bodies
 Understand the concept of motion of rigid bodies in three dimensions.
 Understand the concept of euler equations of motion of a rigid body.
Course Outline:
Non Inertial Reference Systems: Accelerated coordinate systems and inertial forces, Rotating
coordinate systems, Velocity and acceleration in moving system: coriolis, centripetal and transverse,
Acceleration, Dynamics of a particle in a rotating coordinate system
Planar Motion of Rigid Bodies: Introduction to rigid and elastic bodies, degrees of freedom,
translations, rotations, instantaneous axis and center of rotation, motion of the center of mass, Euler’s
theorem and Chasle’s theorem, Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis: moments and products of
inertia, hoop or cylindrical shell, circular cylinder, spherical shell, Parallel and perpendicular axis
theorem, Radius of gyration of various bodies
Motion of Rigid Bodies in Three Dimensions: General motion of rigid bodies in space: Moments and
products of inertia, inertia matrix, The momental ellipsoid and equimomental systems, Angular
momentum vector and rotational kinetic energy, Principal axes and principal moments of inertia,
Determination of principal axes by diagonalizing the inertia matrix

88
Euler Equations of Motion of a Rigid Body: Force free motion, Free rotation of a rigid body with an
axis of symmetry, Free rotation of a rigid body with three different principal moments, The Eulerian
angles, angular velocity and kinetic energy in terms of Euler angles, space, cone, Motion of a spinning
top and gyroscopes- steady precession, sleeping top.
Recommended Books:
6. G. R. Fowles and G. L. Cassiday, Analytical Mechanics, 7th edition, (Thomson Brooks/Coley, USA,
2005)
7. M. R. Spiegel, Theoratical Mechanics, (McGraw Hill Book Company, Singapore, 1980)
8. F. P. Beer and E. Russell Johnston, Jr., Vector Mechanics for Engineers -Statics and Dynamics,
(McGraw Hill Inc., 1977)
9. H. Goldstein, Classical Mechanics, (Addison-Wesley Publisihng Co., 1980)
10. C. F. Chorlton, Text Book of Dynamics, (Ellis Horwood, 1983)

Course Title: Functional Analysis

Course Code: Math-423
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Describe basic ideas of normed spaces.
 Differentiate rings through some homomorphism.
 Explore concretely about linear operators and linear functional.
 Provide basic understanding about ideas of inner product space and Hilbert space.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the basic ideas of normed spaces with examples.
 Understand the concept of rings through some homomorphism.
 Understand concretely about linear operators and linear functional.
 Define inner product space and Hilbert space.
Course Outline:
Metric Spaces: Review of Metric space, Completeness proofs, Dense sets and separable spaces, No-
where dense sets, Baire category theorem

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Normed Spaces, Normed linear spaces, Banach spaces, Convex sets, Quotient spaces, Equivalent
norms, Linear operators, Linear functionals, Finite dimensional normed spaces, Continuous or bounded
linear operators, Dual spaces.
Inner Product Spaces: Definition and examples, Orthonormal sets and bases, Annihilators, projections,
Hilbert space, Linear functionals on Hilbert spaces, Reflexivity of Hilbert spaces.
Recommended Books:
1. E. Kreyszig, Introduction to Functional Analysis with Applications, (John Wiley and Sons, 2004)
2. A. L. Brown and A. Page, Elements of Functional Analysis, (Van Nostrand Reinhold London, 1970)
3. G. Bachman and L. Narici, Functional Analysis, (Academic Press, New York, 1966)
4. F. Riesz and B. Sz. Nagay, Functional Analysis, (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, Ungar, 1965)
5. A. E. Taylor, Functional Analysis, (John Wiley and Sons, Toppan, 1958)

Course Title: Ordinary Differential Equation-II

Course Code: Math-347
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the courses are to:
 Explore features of first and second order differential equations.
 Explore essential methods of obtaining series solutions of second order differential equations.
 Explore the methods of series solutions of special ordinary differential equations.
 Investigate systems of Sturm Liouville equations.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the features of first and second order differential equations.
 Use essential methods for obtaining series solutions of second order differential equations.
 Determine series solutions of special ordinary differential equations.
 Solve systems of Sturm Liouville equations.
Course Outline
First and Second Order Differential Equations: Review of ordinary differential equations,
Techniques of solving second and higher differential equations
Sturm Liouville Systems: Some properties of Sturm-Liouville equations, Regular, periodic and singular
Sturm-Liouville systems and its applications

90
Series Solutions of Second Order Linear Differential Equations: Review of power series, Series
solution near an ordinary point, Series solution near regular singular points, Legendre’s equation,
Regular singular points, Series solution near a regular singular point.
Series Solution of Some Special Differential Equations: Hyper geometric function 𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐; 𝑥) and
its evaluation, Series solution of Bessel equation, Expression for 𝐽𝑛 (𝑋)when n is half odd integer,
Recurrence formulas for 𝐽𝑛 (𝑋), Series solution of Legendre equation, Rodrigues formula for polynomial
𝑃𝑛 (𝑋) Generating function for 𝑃𝑛 (𝑋), Recurrence relations, orthogonal polynomials, Orthogonality of
Bessel functions, Expansions of polynomials, The three term recurrence relation.
Recommended Books
7. E. D. Rainville, Special Functions (Macmillan and Company, 1971)
8. G. E. Andrews, R. Askey and R. Roy, Special Functions (Cambridge University Press, 2000)
9. D. G. Zill, Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2005)
10. W. E. Boyce and R. C. Diprima, Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems
(John Wiley and Sons, 2005)
11. N. M. Temme, Special Functions, An Introduction to the Classical Functions of
Mathematical Physics (John Wiley and Sons, 1996)
12. E. T. Whittaker, and G. N. Watson, A Course of Modern Analysis (Cambridge University Press,
1958)
Semester-III
Course Title: Set Theory
Course Code: Math-464
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Understand the basic concepts of cardinality, discuss and prove Cantor's Theorem and discuss
the status of the Continuum Hypothesis.
 Explain basic concepts and prove basic facts about ordinals and well-ordered sets.
 Understand the basic concepts of axiom of choice and paradoxes in set theory.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Define cardinality, discuss and prove Cantor's Theorem and discuss the status of the Continuum
Hypothesis.

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  Understand the basic concepts of ordinals and well-ordered sets.
 Understand the concepts of axiom of choice and paradoxes in set theory.
Course Outline:
Cardinality: Equivalent sets, finite and infinite sets, denumerable sets, Countable and uncountable sets,
Cardinal numbers, addition and multiplication of cardinals, Cartesian product as sets of functions,
Different types of infinity (Cantor’s contribution)
Ordinality: Partially ordered sets, Hasse diagrams, Totally ordered sets, Maximal and minimal
elements, Upper and lower bound, Well-ordered sets, Transfinite induction, Ordinal numbers,
Multiplication of ordinal numbers
Axiom of Choice: Well ordering theorem, Zorn’s lemma
Paradoxes in Set Theory: Cantor’s paradox, Russell’s paradox and others.
Recommended Books:
6. A. A. Fraenkal, Abstract Set Theory, (North-Holland Publishing, Amsterdam, 1966).
7. Patrick Suppes, Axiomatic Set Theory, (Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1972).
8. P. R. Halmos, Naive Set Theory, (Van Nostrand, New York, 1960).
9. B. Rotman and G. T. Kneebone, The Theory of Sets and Transfinite Numbers, (Oldbourne, London,
1968).
10. Douglas Smith, Maurice Eggen and Richard St. Andre: A Transition to Advanced Mathematics,
(Brooks/Cole, 2001).

Course Title: Partial Differential Equation

Course Code: Math-448
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Know where and how PDEs arise in applications and understand concepts of PDE theory.
 Describe analytical methods for solving PDEs.
 Solve linear second order PDEs using canonical variables for initial-value problems.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand fundamental concepts of PDE theory.
 Apply analytical methods for solving PDEs.

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  Solve linear second order PDEs using canonical variables for initial-value problems and
Separation of variables.
Course Outline:
Introduction: Review of ordinary differential equation in more than one variables, Linear partial
differential equations (PDEs) of the first order, Cauchy’s problem for quasilinear first order PDEs
PDEs of Second Order: PDEs of second order in two independent variables with variable coefficients,
Linear transformation from one equation to another equation, Normal form, Cauchy’s problem for
second order PDEs in two independent variables
Adjoint Equation: Adjoint operator, Self adjoint equation and operator, Linear PDEs in n-independent
variables, Lagrange’s identity, Green’s theorem for self adjoint operator
Boundary Value Problems: Laplace equation, Dirichlet problem for a circle, Poisson’s integral for a
circle, Solution of Laplace equation in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates, The wave
equation in one dimension and higher dimensions, The heat equation, Axially symmetric solutions.
Recommended Books:
7. I. N. Sneddon, Elements of Partial Differential Equations (Dover Publishing, Inc., 2006)
8. R. Dennemyer, Introduction to Partial Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems
(McGraw Hill Book Company, 1968)
9. M. Humi and W. B. Miller, Boundary Value Problem and Partial Differential Equations (PWS-Kent
Publishing Company, Boston, 1991)
10. C. R. Chester, Techniques in Partial Differential Equations (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1971)
11. 5.R. Haberman, Elementary Applied Partial Differential Equations, 2nd edition (Prentice Hall Inc.,
New Jersey, 1987)
12. E. Zauderer, Partial Differential Equations of Applied Mathematics (Wiley-Interscience, Englewood
Cliff, New York, 2006)

Course Title: Numerical Analysis-I

Course Code: Math-442
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)

Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are to:
 Describe basic ideas of number system and errors.
 Explore ideas for solution of non-linear equations.

93
  Understand ideas of interpolation and polynomial approximation.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand basic ideas of number system and errors.
 Determine solution of non-linear equations.
 Understand the concept of interpolation and polynomial approximation.
Course Outline
Number Systems and Errors: Round off errors and computer arithmetic, Error estimation, Floating
point arithmetic
Solution of Non-Linear Equations: Iterative methods and convergence: Bisection method, fixed point
iterative method, Regula Falsi, Secant and Newton’s method
Systems of Linear Equations: Direct methods: Gaussian elimination method, Gauss-Jordan method,
matrix inversion method, factorization (Doolittle, Crout and Cholesky) method and its various forms,
Iterative methods and convergence: Gauss-Jacobi method and Gauss-Seidel method, Ill-condition
system and condition number, Eigen values and eigenvectors, Power and Rayleigh quotient method
Interpolation and Polynomial Approximation: Difference operators, Interpolation with unequal
intervals: Lagrange’s interpolation formula, Newton’s divided, difference formula, error in polynomial
interpolation, Interpolation with equal intervals: Gregory Newton forward/backward interpolation,
formula, error in polynomial interpolation, Central difference interpolation formulae: Gauss’s
forward/backward interpolation, formula, Stirling’s formula, Laplace Everett’s and Bessel’s formula.
Recommended Books:
6. Curtis F. Gerald and Patrick O. Wheatley, Applied Numerical Analysis, 6th edition, (Addison-
Wesley Pearson Education, 2003)
7. Richard L. Burden and J. Douglas Faires, Numerical Analysis, 6th edition, (Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, 1997)
8. John H. Mathews, Numerical Methods for Mathematics, 3rd edition (Prentice Hall International,
2003)
9. V. N. Vedamurthy and N. Ch. S. N. Iyenger, Numerical Methods, (Vikas Publishing House
Pvt. Ltd, 2002)
10. Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P. Canale, Numerical Methods for Engineers, 3 rd edition,
(McGraw Hill International Edition, 1998)

Course Title: Mathematical Statistics-I

94
Course Code: Math-431
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Describe basic ideas of probability distributions with examples.
 Apply ideas of mathematical expectations.
 Know special probability distributions and special probability densities.
 Understand ideas of random variables and sampling distributions.
Course Outcomes:
Studens will able to:
 Construct probability distributions with examples.
 Use ideas of mathematical expectations.
 Understand special probability distributions and special probability densities.
 Understand the concepts of random variables and sampling distributions.
Course Outline:
Probability Distributions: The postulates of probability, Some elementary theorems, Addition and
multiplication rules, Baye’s rule and future Baye’s theorem, Random variables and probability
functions.
Discrete Probability Distributions: Uniform, Bernoulli and Binomial distribution, Hypergeometric and
geometric distribution, Negative binomial and Poisson distribution
Continuous Probability Distributions: Uniform and exponential distribution, Gamma and beta
distributions, Normal distribution.
Mathematical Expectations: Moments and moment generating functions, Moments of binomial,
hypergeometric, Poisson, gamma, beta and normal distributions
Recommended Books:
1. J. E. Freund, Mathematical Statistics, (Prentice Hall Inc., 1992)
2. Hogg and Craig, Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, (Collier Macmillan, 1958)
3. Mood, Greyill and Boes, Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, (McGraw Hill)
4. R. E. Walpole, Introduction to Statistics, 3rd edition, (Macmillan Publishing Company London, 1982)
5. M. R. Spiegel and L. J. Stephens, Statistics, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1984)

Course Title: Programming in MATLAB

Course Code: Math-471

95
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Describe basic ideas of MATLAB Environment.
 Provide basic knowledge of programming in MATLAB.
Course Outcomes:
Studens will able to:
 understand basic idea of MATLAB Environment.
 Make programs in MATLAB.
Course Outline:
The MATLAB Environment: The Advantages of MATLAB, MATLAB Desktop, Command Window,
Command History Window, Start Button, Edit/Debug Window, Figure Windows, Docking and
Undocking Windows, MATLAB Workspace, Getting Help
MATLAB Basics: Variables and Arrays, Initializing Variables in MATLAB, Multidimensional Arrays,
Subarrays, Special Values, Displaying Output Data, Scalar and Array Operations, Built-in MATLAB
Functions, Introduction to Plotting.
Branching Statements and Program Design: Introduction to Top-Down Design Techniques, Use of
Pseudocode, The Logical Data Type: Relational Operators, A Caution About the == and ~= Operators ,
Logic Operators, Logical Functions. Branches: The if Construct, Examples Using if Constructs, The
switch Construct, The try/catch Construct. Additional Plotting Features: Controlling x- and y-axis
Plotting Limits, Plotting Multiple Plots on the Same Axes, Creating Multiple Figures, Subplots ,
Enhanced Control of Plotted Lines.
Loops: The while loop, The for loop: Details of Operation, The MATLAB Just-in-Time (JIT) Compiler,
The break and continue Statements, Nesting Loops. Logical arrays and vectorization: Creating the
Equivalent of if/else Constructs with Logical Arrays.
Recommended Books:
5. S.J. Chapman, MATLAB programming for engineers, (Nelson Education, 2015).
6. S. Attaway, Matlab: a practical introduction to programming and problem solving, (Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2013).
7. F. B. Gross, Smart antennas with MATLAB, (McGraw-Hill Education, 2015).
8. S.J. Chapman, Essentials of MATLAB programming, (Cengage Learning, 2016)

Course Title: Advanced Group Theory-I

96
Course Code: Math-403
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Define automorphisms and products in groups with examples.
 Understand the concept of permutation groups.
 Understand the concept of series in groups.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the concept of automorphisms and products in groups with examples.
 Understand the concept of permutation groups.
 Understand the concept of series in groups.
Course Outline:
Automorphisms and Products in Groups: Characteristic and fully invariant subgroups, Normal
products of groups, Holomorph of a group
Permutation Groups: Symmetric or permutation group, Permutability of permutations, Transposions,
Generators of the symmetric and alternating group, Cyclic permutations and orbits, the alternating
group, Generators of the symmetric and alternating groups, Simplicity of 𝐴, 𝑛 ≥ 5, The stabiliser
subgroups,
Series in Groups: Series in groups, Zassenhaus lemma, Normal series and their refinements,
Composition series
Recommended Books:
1. J. Rotman, The Theory of Groups, 2nd edition, (Allyn and Bacon, London, 1978)
2. J. B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th edition, (Addison-Weseley Publishing Co.)
3. I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, (Xerox Publishing Company Mass, 1972)
4. J. A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 4th edition, (Narosa Publishers, 1998)
5. J. S. Rose, A Course on Group Theory, (Dover Publications, New York, 1994)
6. K. Hoffman, Linear Algebra, 2nd edition, (Prentice Hall, 1971)

Course Title: Rings and Modules

Course Code: Math-454
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:

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The main objectives of this course are to:
 Describe basic ideas of rings and modules with examples.
 Differentiate rings through some homomorphism.
 Know concretely about function of bounded variation and properties.
 Understand ideas of fields and finite fields.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand basic concepts of rings and modules with examples.
 Understand basic concepts of rings through some homomorphism.
 Understand concretely about function of bounded variation and properties.
 Understand basic concepts of fields and finite fields.
Course Outline:
Ring Theory: Construction of new rings, Direct sums, polynomial rings, Matrix rings, Divisors, units
and associates, Unique factorisation domains, Principal ideal domains and Euclidean domains
Field Extensions: Algebraic and transcendental elements, Degree of extension, Algebraic extensions,
Reducible and irreducible polynomials, Roots of polynomials.
Recommended Books:
1. I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, (Xerox Publishing Company Mass, 1972)
2. B. Hartley & T. O. Hauvkes, Rings, Modules & Linear Algebra, (Chapmann and Hall Ltd., London)
3. R. B. Allenly, Rings, Fields and Groups:An Introduction to Abstract Algebra, (Edward Arnold, 1985)
4. J. Rose, A Course on Rings Theory, (Cambridge University Press, 1978)
5. G. Birkhoff and S. Maclane, A Survey of Modern Algebra, (Macmillan, New York, 1964)

Course Title: Advance Number Theory-I

Course Code: Math-469
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Describe basic details of congruences.
 Understand the ideas of number-theoretic functions.
 Grip ideas of primitive roots and indices.
Course Outcomes:

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Students will able to:
 Understand basic details of congruences.
 Use ideas of number-theoretic functions.
 Understand the concept of primitive roots and indices.
Course Outline:
Congruences: Elementary properties of prime numbers, Residue classes and Euler’s function, Linear
congruences and congruences of higher degree, Congruences with prime moduli, The theorems of
Fermat, Euler and Wilson
Number-Theoretic Functions: Möbius function, The function [x], the symbols O and their basic
properties
Primitive roots and indices: Integers belonging to a given exponent, Composite moduli, primitive roots
modulo a prime, Determination of integers having primitive roots indices
Recommended Books:
1. W. J. Leveque, Topics in Number Theory, (Vols. I and II, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1956)
2. Tom M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number theory, (Springer International, 1998)
3. David M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, 6th edition, (McGraw Hill Company, 2007)
4. A. Andrew, The Theory of Numbers, (Jones and Barlett Publishers London, 1995)
5. Harry Pollard, The Theory of Algebraic Numbers, (John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 1950)

Course Title: Quantum Mechanics-I

Course Code: Math-449
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are:
 To provide understanding of the basic principles and techniques in quantum mechanics.
 Special emphasis is put on providing the student with skills to independently perform quantum
mechanical analysis of atomic and electro-magnetic systems.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the basic principles and techniques in quantum mechanics.
 To perform quantum mechanical analysis of atomic and electro-magnetic systems.
Course Outline:

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Inadequacy of Classical Mechanics: Black body radiation, Photoelectric effect, Compton effect,
Bohr’s theory of atomic structure, Wave -particle duality, The de Broglie postulate, Heisenberg
uncertainty principle
The Postulates of Quantum Mechanics: Operators, Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues , Observables and
operators, Measurement in quantum mechanics, The state function and expectation values, Time
development of the state function (Schrödinger wave equation), Solution to the initial-value problem in
quantum mechanics, Parity operators
Preparatory Concepts: Function Spaces and Hermitian Operators, Particle in a box, Dirac notation,
Hilbert space, Hermitian operators, Properties of Hermitian operators
Additional One-Dimensional Problems: Bound and Unbound States, General properties of the 1-
dimensional Schrodinger equation, Unbound states, One-dimensional barrier problems, The rectangular
barrier: Tunneling
Recommended Books:
1. H. D. Dehmen, The Picture Book of Quantum Mechanics (Springer, 2001).
2. H. F. Hameka, Quantum Mechanics: A Conceptual Approach (Wiley-IEEE, 2004).
3. R. L. Liboff, Introductory Quantum Mechanics (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 2003).
4. V. K. Thankappan, Quantum Mechanics (New Age Publishers, 1993).
5. D. R. Bès, Quantum Mechanics: A Modern and Concise Introductory Course (Springer, 2004).

Course Title: Analytical Dynamics

Course Code: Math-404
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are:
 To provide an understanding of the concepts of Lagrange’s Theory of Holonomic systems.
 To provide an understanding of the concepts of Hamilton’s Theory, Lagrange’s Theory of Non-
Holonomic systems, Canonical Transformations and Hamilton-Jacobi theory.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the concepts of Lagrange’s Theory of Holonomic systems.
 Understand the the concepts of Hamilton’s Theory, Lagrange’s Theory of Non-Holonomic
systems, Canonical Transformations and Hamilton-Jacobi theory.
Course Outline:

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Lagrange’s Theory of Holonomic Systems : Generalized coordinates, Holonomic and non-holonomic
systems, D’Alembert’s principle, d-delta rule, Lagrange equations, Generalization of Lagrange
equations, Quasi-coordinates, Lagrange equations in quasi-coordinates, First integrals of Lagrange
equations of motion, Energy integral
Hamilton’s Theory: Hamilton’s principle, Generalized momenta and phase space, Hamilton’s
equations, Ignorable coordinates, Routhian function, Derivation of Hamilton’s equations from a
variational principle, The principle of least action
Lagrange’s Theory of Non-Holonomic Systems: Lagrange equations for non-holonomic systems with
and without Lagrange multipliers, Hamilton’s Principle for non-holonomic systems
Canonical Transformations: The equations of canonical transformations, Examples of canonical
transformations, The Lagrange and Poisson brackets, Equations of motion, infinitesimal canonical
transformations and conservation theorems in the Poisson bracket formulation
Hamilton-Jacobi Theory: The Hamilton-Jacobi equation for Hamilton’s principal function, The
harmonic oscillator problem as an example of the Hamilton-Jacobi method, The Hamilton-Jacobi
equation for Hamilton’s characteristic function, Separation of variables in the Hamilton-Jacobi equation
Recommended Books:
7. D. T. Greenwood, Classical Dynamics (Dover, 1997).
8. F. Chorlton, Chorlton Text Book of Dynamics (Ellis Horwood, 1983).
9. H. Goldstein, C. P. Poole & J. L. Safko, Classical Mechanics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.,
2003)
10. S. D. Lindenbaum, Analytical Dynamics: Course Notes (World Scientific, 1994).
11. E. J. Saleton and J. V. José, Classical Dynamics: A Contemporary Approach (Cambridge, 1998).
12. J. B. Marion and S. T. Thornton, Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems (Thomson Learning,
2003)

Course Code: Math-419

Course Title: Electromagnetic Theory-I
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The objectives of the course are as follows:

● To deepen students understanding of Electromagnetic theories.

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 ● To strengthen student’s problem solving skills for electromagnetic problems that are
considerably more abstract and difficult than the problems encountered in introductory Physics.

● To find both physical and formal mathematical similarities and connections between
Electromagnetic Theory and other areas of Physics.

Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:

● Understand the concept of Electromagnetic theories.

● Solve electromagnetic problems

● Learn both physical and formal mathematical similarities and connections between
Electromagnetic Theory and other areas of Physics.

Course Outline:
Electrostatic Fields: Coulomb’s law, the electric field intensity and potential, Gauss’s law and
deductions, Poisson and Laplace equations, Conductors and condensers, Dipoles, the linear quadrupole,
Potential energy of a charge distribution, Dielectrics, The polarization and the displacement vectors,
General solutions of Laplace’s equation, Solutions of Laplace’s equation in spherical coordinates,
Legendre’s equation, Legendre’s polynomials
Magnetostatic Fields: The Magnetostatic law of force, The magnetic induction, The Lorentz force on a
point charge moving in a magnetic field, The divergence of the magnetic field, The vector potential, The
conservation of charge and the equation of continuity, The Lorentz condition, The curl of the magnetic
field, Ampere’s law and the scalar potential
Steady and Slowly Varying Currents: Electric current, linear conductors, Conductivity, resistance,
Kirchhoff’s laws, Current density vector, Magnetic field of straight and circular current, Magnetic flux,
vector potential, Forces on a circuit in magnetic field.
Recommended Books:
6. G. E. Owen, Introduction to Electromagnetic Theory (Dover, 2003).
7. D. Corrison and P. Lorrison, Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields and Waves (W.H. Freeman and
Company, London, 1962).
8. J. R. Reitz, F. J. Milford and R. W. Christy, Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory (Addison
Wesley Publishing Co.,1993).
9. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, 1999).
10. D. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics (Prentice-Hall, 1999).

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Course Title: Operations Research-I
Course Code: Math-444
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are:
 To provide an understanding of the concepts of linear programming and duality
 To provide the basic concept of sensitivity analysis and transportation models.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the concepts of linear programming and duality.
 Apply both sensitivity analysis and transportation models.
Course Outline:
Linear Programming: Linear programming, formulations and graphical solution, Simplex method, M-
Technique and two-phase technique, Special cases
Duality and Sensitivity Analysis: The dual problem, primal-dual relationships, Dual simplex method,
Sensitivity and postoptimal analysis
Transportation Models: North-West corner, Least-Cost and Vogel’s approximations methods, The
method of multipliers, The assignment model, The transhipment model, Network minimization
Recommended Books:
5. Hamdy A. Taha, Operations Research - An Introduction, (Macmillan Publishing Company Inc., New
York, 1987)
6. B. E. Gillett, Introduction to Operations Research, (Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd.,
New Delhi)
7. F. S. Hillier and G. J. Liebraman, Operations Research, (CBS Publishers and Distributors, New
Delhi, 1974)
8. C. M. Harvey, Operations Research, (North Holland, New Delhi, 1979)

Course Title: Theory of Approximation and Splines-I

Course Code: Math-470
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)

Course Objectives:

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The main objectives of this course are:
 To provide an understanding about the concepts of Euclidean geometry, curve fitting and
Interpolation.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Understand the concepts of Euclidean geometry, curve fitting and Interpolation.
Course Outline:
Euclidean Geometry: Basic concepts of Euclidean geometry, Scalar and vector functions, Barycentric
coordinates, Convex hull, matrices of affine maps: translation, rotation, scaling, reflection and shear
Curve Fitting: Least squares line fitting, least squares power fit, data linearization method for
exponential functions, nonlinear least-squares method for exponential functions, transformations for
data linearization, linear least squares, polynomial fitting.
Polynomial Approximation: Taylor series, laguerre polynomial approximation, Chebyshev
Polynomials, Pade approximations, cubic spline.
Recommended Books:
6. David A. Brannan, Geometry, (Cambridge University Press, 1999).
7. Gerald Farin, Curves and Surfaces for Computer Aided Geometric Design: A Practical Guide, 5th
edition, (Academic Press. Inc., 2002).
8. Richard H. Bartels, John C. Bealty, and John C. Beatty, An Introduction to Spline for use in
Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling, (Morgan Kaufmann Publisher 2006).
9. John H. Mathews, Numerical Methods for Mathematics, Science and Engineering, 2nd edition
(Prentice-Hall International Editions, 1992).
10. Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P. Canale, Numerical edition, (McGraw Hill International Edition,
1998).

Course Title: Fluid Mechanics-I

Course Code: Math-422
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The course is aimed that the student should learn about:
 The basics of conservation of matter
 The fundamental of nature of forces in the fluid field
 The importance of two-dimensional and irrotational motions

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Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the two-dimensional and irrotational flows
 Know the conservation of mass and equation of continuity
 Explore the viscous and inviscid fluids and laminar and turbulent flows
Course Outline:
Conservation of Matter: Fields and continuum concepts, Lagrangian and Eulerian specifications,
Local, convective and total rates of change, Conservation of mass, Equation of continuity, Boundary
conditions
Nature of Forces in a Fluid Field and their Effects: Surface and body forces, Stress at a point,
Viscosity and Newton’s viscosity law, Viscous and inviscid flows, Laminar and turbulent flows,
Compressible and incompressible flows
Irrotational Fluid Motion: Velocity potential from an irrotational velocity field, Streamlines, Vortex
lines and vortex sheets, Kelvin’s minimum energy theorem, Conservation of linear momentum,
Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications, Circulations, rate of change of circulation (Kelvin’s theorem),
Aaxially symmetric motion, Stokes’s stream function
Two-dimensional Motion: Stream function, Complex potential and complex velocity, Uniform flows,
Sources, sinks and vortex flows, Flow in a sector, Flow around a sharp edge, Flow due to a doublet
Recommended Books:
7. H. Schlichting, K. Gersten, E. Krause and H. Oertel, Jr.: Boundary-Layer Theory,8th edition
(Springer, 2004).
8. Yith Chia-Shun: Fluid Mechanics (McGraw Hill, 1974).
9. I. L. Distsworth: Fluid Mechanics (McGraw Hill, 1972).
10. F. M. White: Fluid Mechanics (McGraw Hill, 2003).
11. I. G. Curie: Fundamentals of Mechanics of Fluids, Third edition (CRC, 2002).
12. R. W. Fox, A. T. McDonald and P. J. Pritchard: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (John Wiley and
Sons, 2003)
Semester-IV

Course Title: Measure Theory and Lebesgue Integration

Course Code: Math-437
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)

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Course Objectives:
The main objectives of this course are to:
 Understand Riemann and Riemann-Stieltjes integrable functions.
 Understand Lebesgue measurable sets, non-measurable sets, cantor set.
 Understand Lebesgue integral and Lebesgue spaces.
Course Outcomes:
Students are able to:
 Define Riemann and Riemann-Stieltjes integrable functions.
 Define Lebesgue measurable sets, non-measurable sets, cantor set.
 Determine Lebesgue integral and Lebesgue spaces with examples.
Course Outline:
Measurable Sets: Outer measure, Lebesgue measure, Lebesgue measurable sets, Borel sets, Non
measurable sets
Measurable Functions: Lebesgue measurable functions, Simple functions, characteristic functions,
Borel measurable function, Littlewood three principle
The Lebsegue Integration: Review of the Riemann integral, Lebsegue integral, Integral of a non-
negative function, Integral of measurable functions, Convergence in measure.

Recommended Books:
6. D. Smith, M. Eggen and R. St. Andre, A Transition to Advanced Mathematics, (Brooks, 2001)
7. Seymour Lipshcutz, Set Theory and Related Topics, (Mc-Graw Hill Book Company, 1999)
8. H. L. Royden, Real Analysis, (Macmillam, 1968)
9. D. L. Cohan, Measure Theory, (Bir Khauser, 1980
10. P.R. Halmos, Measure Theory, (Von Nostrand, New York, 1950)

Course Title: Methods of Mathematical Physics

Course Code: Math-438
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are:
 To study the Fourier, Laplace and Hankel transforms
 To understand the Green’s functions and perturbation methods

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  To explore the Euler’s and Lagrange’s equations
Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the Fourier, Laplace and Hankel transforms
 Know the Green’s functions and perturbation methods
 Explore the Euler’s and Lagrange’s equations
Course Outline:
Fourier Methods: The Fourier transform, Fourier analysis of generalized functions, The Laplace
transform, Hankel transforms for the solution of PDE and their application to boundary value problems
Green’s Functions and Transform Methods: Expansion for Green’s functions, Transform method,
Closed form Green’sfunction, Perturbation methods for algebraic equations, Perturbation methods for
differential equations
Variational Methods: Euler-Lagrange equations, Integrand involving one, two, three and n variables,
Special cases of Euler-Lagranges equations, Necessary conditions for existence of an extremum of a
functional, Constrained maxima and minima.
Recommended Books:
6. D. L. Powers, Boundary Value Problems and Partial Differential Equations, 5th edition(Academic
Press, 2005)
7. W. E. Boyce, Elementary Differential Equations, 8th edition, (John Wiley and Sons, 2005)
8. M. L. Krasnov, G. I. Makarenko and A. I. Kiselev, Problems and Exercises in the Calculus of
Variations, (Imported Publications, Inc., 1985)
9. J. W. Brown and R. V. Churchill, Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems(McGraw Hill, 2006)
10. A. D. Snider, Partial Differential Equations: Sources and Solutions (Prentice Hall Inc.,1999)

Course Title: Numerical Analysis-II

Course Code: Math-443
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are to:
 Describe basic ideas of numerical differentiation and Integration.
 Explore ideas for the formulaion and solution of differential equations.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:

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  Understand basic ideas of numerical differentiation and Integration.
 Formulate and determine solutions of differential equations.
Course Outline:
Numerical Differentiation: Derivatives using: Lagrange’s interpolation formula, Newton’s divided
difference formula, Gregory Newton forward/backward interpolation formula, Gauss’s
forward/backward interpolation formula, Stirling’s formula, Laplace Everett’s formula, Bessel’s formula
Numerical Integration: Newton-Cotes formulae, Trapezoidal rule, Simpson rule, Weddle’s rule,
Boole’s rule, Errors in quadrature formulae, Gaussian quadrature formulae
Formulation of Difference Equations: Analogy of difference equations, Linear homogeneous
difference equations with constant coefficients, Linear non-homogeneous difference equations with
constant coefficients
Ordinary Differential Equations: Introduction to ODEs, Taylor’s series method: Simultaneous first
order and higher order differential equations, Euler’s, improved Euler’s, modified Euler’s and Runge-
Kutta methods with error analysis, Predictor-corrector methods for solving initial value problems
Recommended Books:
6. Curtis F. Gerald and Patrick O. Wheatley, Applied Numerical Analysis, 6th edition,(Addison-Wesley
Publishing Co. Pearson Education, 2003)
7. Richard L. Burden and J. Douglas Faires, Numerical Analysis, 6th edition, (Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, 1997)
8. John H. Mathews, Numerical Methods for Mathematics, Science and Engineering, 3rd edition
(Prentice Hall International, 2003)
9. V. N. Vedamurthy and N. Ch. S. N. Iyenger, Numerical Methods, (Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd,
2002)
10. Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P. Canale, Numerical Methods for Engineers 3 rd edition, (McGraw
Hill International Edition, 1998)

Course Title: Mathematical Statistics-II

Course Code: Math-432
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The course is aimed that the student should learn about:
 The basics of functions of random variables
 The introduction of sampling distributions

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  The importance of regression and correlation
Course Outcomes:
Students that are expected through this course:
 Sufficient knowledge of functions of random variables
 An understanding of sampling distributions
 Considerable knowledge about regression and correlation
Course Outline:
Functions of Random Variables: Distribution function technique,Transformation technique: One
variable, several variables, Moment-generating function technique
Sampling Distributions: The distribution of the mean, The distribution of the mean: Finite populations,
The Chi-Square distribution, The t distribution, The F distribution
Regression and Correlation: Linear regression, The methods of least squares,Normal regression
analysis, Normal correlation analysis, Multiple linear regression and its matrix notation.
Recommended Books:
6. J. E. Freund, Mathematical Statistics, (Prentice-Hall Inc., 1992).
7. Hogg and Craig, Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, (Collier Macmillan, 1958)
8. Mood, Greyill and Boes, Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, (McGraw Hill).
9. R. E. Walpole, Introduction to Statistics, 3rd edition,(Macmillan Publishing Company London, 1982)
10. M. R. Spiegel, L. J. Stephens, Statistics, (McGraw Hill Book Company, 1984)

Course Title: Computer Application

Course Code: Math-472
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The course is aimed that the student should learn about:
 The basics of Flow Chart and Algorithm
 The concept of Programming of the Numerical Methods
 The importance of Mathematica and their applications
Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the Programming of Jacobi’s iterative and Gauss-Seidel methods
 Know the Programming of Euler’s, Runge-Kutta and predictor-corrector methods

109
  Explore the numerical and algebraic calculations in Mathematica
Course Outline:
Flow Chart, Algorithm and Programming of the following Numerical Methods: System of linear
equations, Jacobi’s iterative method, Gauss-Seidel method, Solutions of non-linear equations, Bisection
method, Newton-Raphson method, Secant method, Regula Falsi method, Interpolation, Langrage
interpolation, Newton’s divided and forward difference interpolation, Numerical integration:
Rectangular rule, Trapezoidal rule, Simpson’s rule, Booles rule, Weddles rule, Differential equations:
Euler’s method, Runge- Kutta methods, predictor-corrector methods
Mathematica: Introduction of mathematica, numerical calculations, algebraic calculations, symbolic
andnumerical mathematics, numbers, mathematical functions, algebraic manipulations,manipulating
equations, series, limits and residues, linear algebra, graphs
Recommended Books:
6. Michel Metcalf, John Reid and Malcolm Cohen, Fortran 95/2003 Explained, (Oxford University
Press, 2004)
7. Stephen Wolfram, The Mathematica, 3rd edition, (Cambridge University Press 1996)
8. V. Rajaraman, Computer Programming in Fortran 90 and 95, (Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,
1999)
9. Roman E. Maeder, Computer Science with Mathematics, (Cambridge University Press, 2000)
10. Martha L. Abell, James P. Braselton, The Mathematica Handbook, (Academic Press Inc., 1992)

Course Title: Advanced Group Theory-II

Course Code: Math-473
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are:
 To study the Solvable groups and their examples
 To understand the Nilpotent and Linear Groups
 To explore the upper and lower central series and Frattini subgroups
Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the solvable and Super-solvable groups
 Know the characterisation of finite nilpotent groups

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  Explore the types and representations of linear groups
Course Outline:
Solvable Groups: Solvablegroups, definition and examples, Theorems on solvable groups, Super-
solvable groups.
Nilpotent Groups, Characterisation of finite nilpotent groups, Upper and lowercentral series, Frattini
subgroups, free groups, basic theorems, Definition and examples of free products of groups
Linear Groups: Linear groups, types of linear groups, Representation of linear groups, Group algebras
and representation modules
Recommended Books:
1. J. Rotman, The Theory of Groups, 2nd edition, (Allyn and Bacon, London, 1978)
2. J. B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th edition, (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.,
2003)
3. H. Marshall, The Theory of Groups, (Macmillan, 1967)
4. J. A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 4th edition, (Narosa 1998)
5. J. S. Rose, A Course on Group Theory, (Dover Publications, New York, 1994)
6. K. Hoffman, Linear Algebra, 2nd edition, (Prentice Hall, 1971)

Course Title: Theory of Modules

Course Code: Math-457
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The course is aimed that the student should learn about:
 The basics of Modules and Homomorphisms
 The fundamental of Submodules and Quotient modules
 The importance of matrices over rings and their connection with basis of a free module
Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the Torsion and Free modules
 Know the Basis, rank and endomorphisms of free modules
 Explore the Direct sums of modules and their applications
Course Outline:
Modules: Definition and examples, Submodules, Homomorphisms, Quotient modules, Direct sums of

111
modules, Finitely generated modules, Torsion modules, Free modules, Basis, rank and endomorphisms
of free modules, Matrices over rings and their connection with the basis of a free module, A module as
the direct sum of a free and a torsion module
Recommended Books:
6. J. Rotman, The Theory of Groups, 2nd edition, (Allyn and Bacon, London, 1978)
7. J. B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th edition, (Addison-WeseleyPublishing
Co., 2003)
8. J. A. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, 4th edition, (Narosa Publishing House,1998)
9. J. S. Rose, A Course on Group Theory, (Dover Publications, New York, 1994)
10. K. Hoffman, Linear Algebra, 2nd edition, (Prentice Hall, 1971)

Course Title: Advance Number Theory-II

Course Code: Math-474
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are:
 To study the Algebraic Number Theory and Quadratic Residues
 To understand the Jacobi and Legendre symbols
 To explore the applications of Einstein irreducibility criterion
Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the conjugates and discriminants
 Know the Lorentz and Poincare groups
 Explore the units and primes in a quadratic field
Course Outline:
Quadratic Residues: Composite module, Legendre symbol, Law of quadratic reciprocity, The Jacobi
symbol, Diophantine Equations, Equations and Fermat’s conjecture for n = 2, n = 4
Algebraic Number Theory: Polynomials over a field, Divisibility properties of polynomials, Gauss’s
lemma, The Einstein irreducibility criterion, Symmetric polynomials, Extensions of a field, Algebraic
and transcendental numbers, Bases and finite extensions, properties of finite extensions, Conjugates and
discriminants, Algebraic integers in a quadratic field, integral bases, Units and primes in a quadratic
field, Ideals, arithmetic of ideals in an algebraic number field, The norm of an ideal, prime ideals, units
of algebraic number field.

112
Recommended Books:
2. W. J. Leveque, Topics in Number Theory, Vols. I and II (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
Publishing Co., 1956)
2. Tom M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, (Springer International, 1998)
3. David M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, 6th edition, (McGraw Hill Company, 2007)
4. A. Andrew, The Theory of Numbers, (Jones and Barlett Publishers London, 1995)
5. Harry Pollard, The Theory of Algebraic Numbers, (John Wiley and Sons, 1950)

Course Title: Quantum Mechanics-II

Course Code: Math-450
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The course is aimed that the student should learn about:
 The basics of Harmonic oscillator and problems in Three-Dimensions
 The introduction of angular momentum
 The importance of Scattering and Perturbation Theories
Course Outcomes:
Students that are expected through this course:
 Sufficient knowledge of Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of operators L2 and Lz
 An understanding of Scattering amplitude and Born approximation
 Considerable knowledge about motion in three dimensions
Course Outline:
Harmonic Oscillator and Problems in Three-Dimensions: The harmonic oscillator, Eigenfunctions of
the harmonic oscillator, The harmonic oscillator in momentum space, Motion in three dimensions,
Spherically symmetric potential and the hydrogen atom
Angular Momentum: Basic properties, Eigenvalues of the angular momentum operators,
Eigenfunctions of the orbital angular momentum operators L2 and Lz, Commutation relations between
components of angular momentum and their representation in spherical polar coordinates
Scattering Theory: The scattering cross-section, Scattering amplitude, Scattering equation, Born
approximation, Partial wave analysis
Perturbation Theory: Time independent perturbation of non-degenerate and degenerate cases, Time-
dependent perturbations

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Recommended Books:
1. R. L. Liboff, Introductory Quantum Mechanics (Addison-Wesley Publishing, 2003)
2. H. D. Dehmen, The Picture Book of Quantum Mechanics (Springer, 2001)
3. H. F. Hameka, Quantum Mechanics: A Conceptual Approach (Wiley-IEEE, 2004)
4. V. K.Thankappan, Quantum Mechanics (New Age Publishers, 1993).
5. D. R. Bès, Quantum Mechanics: A Modern and Concise Introductory Course (Springer, 2004)

Course Title: Special Theory of Relativity

Course Code: Math-455
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are:
 To study the derivation of Special Relativity
 To understand the Four-Vector formulation of Special Relativity
 To explore the applications of electromagnetism in Special Relativity
Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves
 Know the Lorentz and Poincare groups
 Explore the Einstein’s formulation of special relativity
Course Outline:
Introduction: Fundamental concepts
Derivation of Special Relativity: Einstein’s formulation of special relativity, The Lorentz
transformation, Length contraction, time dilation and simultaneity, The velocity addition formulae,
Three dimensional Lorentz transformations.
The Four-Vector Formulation of Special Relativity: The four-vector formalism, The Lorentz
transformations in 4-vectors, The Lorentz and Poincare groups, The null cone structure, Proper time.
Electromagnetism in Special Relativity, Review of electromagnetism, The electric and magnetic field
intensities, The electric current, Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves, The four-vector
formulation of Maxwell’s equations
Recommended Books:
1. M. Saleem and M. Rafique, Special Relativity (Ellis Horwood, 1992)

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2. W. G. V. Rosser, Introductory Special Relativity (Taylor & Francis, 1991)
3. W. Ringler, Introduction to Special Relativity (Oxford, 1991)
4. A. Qadir, An Introduction to Special Theory of Relativity (World Scientific 1989)
5. G. Barton, Introduction to the Relativity Principle (Wiley, 1999)

Course Title: Electromagnetic Theory-II

Course Code: Math-475
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The course is aimed that the student should learn about:
 The basics of steady and slowly varying currents
 The introduction of equations of electromagnetism
 The importance of electromagnetic waves
Course Outcomes:
Students that are expected through this course:
 Sufficient knowledge of electromagnetic field of a moving charge
 An understanding of propagation plane electromagnetic waves in non-conductors
 Considerable knowledge about Maxwell’s equations in free space and material media
Course Outline:
Steady and Slowly Varying Currents: The Faraday induction law, Induced elecromotance in a moving
system, Inductance and induced electromotance, Energy stored in a magnetic field.
The Equations of Electromagnetism, Maxwell’s equations in free space and material media, Solution
of Maxwell’s equations
Electromagnetic Waves: Plane electromagnetic waves in homogeneous and isotropic media, The
Poynting vector in free space, Propagation plane electromagnetic waves in non-conductors, Propagation
plane electromagnetic waves in conducting media, Reflection and refraction of plane waves, Guided
waves; coaxial line; hollow rectangular wave guide, Radiation of electromagnetic waves,
Electromagnetic field of a moving charge
Recommended Books:
6. J. R. Reitz, F. J. Milford and R. W. Christy, Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory (Addison-
Wesley Publishing Co., 1993)
7. C.G. Someda, Electromagnetic Waves (CRC, 2006).
8. J. D. Jackson,Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, 1999).

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9. J. V. Stewart, Intermediate Electromagnetic Theory (World Scientific, 2001).
10. G. E. Owen, Introduction to Electromagnetic Theory (Dover, 2003).

Course Title: Operations Research-II

Course Code: Math-445
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)
Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are:
 To study the Shortest-Route algorithms for acyclic networks
 To understand the Maximal-flow problem and decomposition algorithm
 To explore the applications of integer programming
Course Outcomes:
The students would be able to:
 Learn the zero-one implicit enumeration
 Know the parametric linear programming and Branch-and-bound method
 Explore the revised simplex method and bounded variables
Course Outline:
Shortest-Route algorithms for acyclic networks, Maximal-flow problem, Matrix definition of LP
problem, Revised simplex method, bounded variables, Decomposition algorithm, Parametric linear
programming, Applications of integer programming, Cutting-plane algorithms, Branch-and-bound
method, Zero-one implicit enumeration, Elements of dynamic programming, Problem of
dimensionality, Programmes by dynamic programming
Recommended Books:
5. Hamdy A. Taha, Operations Research-An Introduction, (Macmillan Publishing Company Inc., New
York, 1987)
6. B. E. Gillett, Introduction to Operations Research, (Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company
Ltd., New Delhi)
7. F. S. Hillier and G. J. Liebraman, Operations Research, (CBS Publishers and Distributors, New
Delhi, 1974)
8. C. M. Harvey, Operations Research, (North Holland, New Delhi, 1979)
Course Title: Theory of Approximation and Splines-II
Course Code: Math-476
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)

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Course Objectives:
The course is aimed that the student should learn about:
 The basics of cubic algebraic, Hermite and control point forms
 The introduction of Bernstein Bezier and B-Spline cubic forms
 The importance of Convex hull, Affine invariance and Variation diminishing properties
Course Outcomes:
Students that are expected through this course:
 Sufficient knowledge of clamped, natural and 2nd Derivative conditions
 An understanding of general, natural and periodic splines
 Considerable knowledge about Bernstein Bezier form spline functions
Course Outline:
Parametric Curves: Cubic algebraic form, Matrix forms of parametric curves, Cubic Hermite form,
Cubic control point form, Bernstein Bezier cubic form, Bernstein Bezier general form, B-Spline cubic
form, Rational quadratic form, Rational cubic form, Tensor product surface, Bernstein Bezier cubic
patch, quadratic by cubic Bernstein Bezier patch, Bernstein Bezier quartic patch, Convex hull property,
Affine invariance property, Variation diminishing property,
Spline Functions: Introduction to splines, Cubic Hermite splines, End conditions of cubic splines:
clamped conditions, natural conditions, 2nd Derivative
conditions, periodic conditions, not a knot conditions, General Splines: natural splines, periodic splines,
Truncated power function, representation of spline in terms of truncated power functions, Algorithms to
compute Bernstein Bezier form Spline Functions.
Recommended Books:
6. Gerald Farin, Curves and Surfaces for Computer Aided Geometric Design: A Practical Guide, 5th
Edition (Academic Press. Inc., 2002).
7. I. D. Faux, Computational Geometry for Design and Manufacture, (Ellis Horwood, 1979).
8. Richard H. Bartels, John C. Bealty, and John C. Beatty, An Introduction to Spline for use in
Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling, (Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, 2006).
9. Carl de Boor, A Practical Guide to Splines, (Springer Verlag, 2001).
10. Larry L. Schumaker, Spline Functions: Basic Theory, (John Wiley and Sons, 1993).

Course Title: Fluid Mechanics-II

Course Code: Math-478
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)

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Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are:
 To introduce two and three-dimensional potential flows.
 To understand viscous flows of incompressible fluids.
 To study Simplified approach to fluid flow problems.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Learn two and three-dimensional potential flows.
 Learn about viscous flows of incompressible fluids.
 Explore simplified approach to fluid flow problems.
Course Outline:
Two and Three-Dimensional Potential Flows: Circular cylinder without circulation, Circular cylinder
with circulation, Blasius theorem, Kutta condition and the flat-plate airfoil, Joukowski airfoil, Vortex
motion, Karman’s vortex street, Method of images, Velocity potential, Stoke’s stream function, Solution
of the Potential equation, Uniform flow, Source and sink, Flow due to a doublet,
Viscous Flows of Incompressible Fluids: Constitutive equations, Navier-Stokes’s equations, exact
solutions of Navier-Stokes’s equations, Steady unidirectional flow, Poiseuille flow, Couette flow, Flow
between rotating cylinders, Stokes’ first problem, Stokes’ second problem
Simplified Approach to Fluid Flow Problems: Similarity from a differential equation, Dimensional
analysis, One dimensional, steady compressible flow.
Recommended Books
7. H. Schlichting, K. Gersten, E. Krause and H. Oertel, Jr. Boundary-Layer Theory, 8th edition
(Springer, 2004)
8. Yith Chia-Shun: Fluid Mechanics (McGraw Hill, 1974)
9. I. L. Distsworth: Fluid Mechanics (McGraw Hill, 1972)
10. F. M. White: Fluid Mechanics (McGraw Hill, 2003)
11. I. G. Curie: Fundamentals of Mechanics of Fluids, Third edition (CRC, 2002)
12. R. W. Fox, A. T. McDonald and P. J. Pritchard: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (John Wiley and
Sons, 2003)

Course Title: Integral Equations

Course Code: Math-426
Credit Hours: 3(3+0)

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Course Objectives:
The main objectives of the course are:
 To introduce integral equations and its types.
 To learn methods for solving linear and Non-linear Integral equations.
Course Outcomes:
Students will able to:
 Identify the types of integral quations.
 Solve linear and Non-linear Integral equations.
Course Outline
Integral Euations: Introduction to IEs and types, Leibnitz rule, conversion of IVPs to VIEs and Vice
versa, conversion of BVPs to FIEs and Vice versa.
Fredholm Integral Equations: Resolvent kernel and solution of IEs by resolvent kernel method,
Hilbert Schmidt method solution of FIEs by Direct computation method, Decomposition method,
modified decomposition method, successive approximation method, successive substitution method,
Volterra Integral Equations: Solution of VIEs by Direct computation method, Decomposition method,
modified decomposition method, successive approximation method, successive substitution method,
series solution method, solution of Integro-differential equations. Singular integral equations
Non-Linear Integral Equations: Methods to solve nonlinear integral equations.

Recommended Books:
13. Integral equations by Abdul Majeed Wazwaz.
14. Linear integral, R.P. Kanwal, 1st edition, 1971, Academic Press.
15. Elementary Applied Partial Differential Equations with Fourier Series and Boundary Value
Problems, R. Haberman, (3rd Edition), Prentice Hall.
16. Integral equations by Abdul Majeed Wazwaz.
17. Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences, Mary L. Boas, (3rd Edition), 2006, John Wiley
& Sons.
18. Problems and Exercises in the Calculus of Variations, M. L. Krasnov, G. I. Makarenko and A. I.
Kiselev, 1984, Mir Publishers Moscow.

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