Pakistan School , Kingdom of Bahrain
E- Support and Learning Material / Session 2020-2021
Subject: Chemistry Grade :9th
Book: Chemistry 9 NBF, Islamabad
Unit 1: Fundamentals of Chemistry
Topic: Chemicals species: Pg. No: 16 to 18
Short question/answer:
Q1: Define Atom ?
Ans: Atom is the smallest particle of an element that cannot exist in Free State. It is
electrically neutral.
Q2: What is Molecular ions?
Ans: When a molecule loses or gains electrons, the resulting species is called a molecular
ion.
These ions are short lived species and only exist at high temperature. Molecular ions do not
form ionic compounds.
Examples
When O2 loses an electron it forms O⁺2 ion, but when it absorbs an electron it forms
O2¯ These ions are called molecular ions.
Similarly N2¯and N2⁺ are examples of molecular ions of N2
Q3: Define Free Radicals?
Ans: Free radicals are atoms or group of atoms having odd number of (unpaired) electron.
Free radicals are electrically neutral species.
Some substances like halogens when exposed to sun light, their molecules split up into free
radicals. They are represented by putting a dot over the symbol of an element.
Examples
Cl°, H°, H3C° are examples of free radicals.
Q4: Differences between Ion and free radicals?
Ion Free Radical
An atom or group of atoms having An atom or group of atoms having
i)
charge unpaired electrons
They exist in solution or in crystal They exist in solution as well as in
ii)
lattice. air.
Ion cannot be produced with the
iii) Light may produce free radicals.
help of light.
Q5: Why does an ion acquire a net positive or negative charge?
Ans: Anion acquires a net positive or negative charge due to difference in number of
protons and electrons in it.
For example chlorine atom gains one electron and forms Cl¯ ion, O-atom gains two electrons
and forms O2- ion.
Let us understand why an ion acquires a net positive or negative charge. Consider the
formation of Na+ ion.
Note that sodium has a nucleus of 11 protons and 12 neutrons. Thus its nucleus has a total
charge of+11. Around the nucleus, in the ion are 10 electrons, with a total charge of-10. The
charge on the ion is + 11 + (-10) = +1
Detailed question/answer:
Q1: Define Ion. Also write its types?
Ans: Ion is an atom or group of atoms having a charge on it.
Types of ions:
There are two types of ions.
1) Cations 2) Anions
1) Cations
An atom or group of atoms having positive charge on it is called cation. Metal atoms
generally lose one or more electrons and form cations.
Examples
Na form Na+ by losing one electron, Ca forms Ca2+ by losing two electrons.
2) Anions
An atom or group of atoms having negative charge on it is called anion. Non-metals usually
gain one are more electrons and form anions.
Examples
Chlorine atom gains one electron and forms Cl¯ ion, O atom gains two electrons and form
O2- ion.
Q2: Define Molecule and write its types?
Ans: Smallest particle of a covalent compound or an element which can exist independently
is called molecule.
Types of Molecules
Molecules can be classified as:
i) Monoatomic ii) Polyatomic
Monatomic:
A molecule that contains only one atom is called monoatomic molecule.
Examples:
Inert gases consist of monoatomic molecules such as He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Rn.
Polyatomic Molecules:
A molecule that contains two or more similar or different atoms called polyatomic molecule.
Examples:
H2, O2, N2, CI2, S8 etc are polyatomic molecules of different elements.
H2O, HBr, HCI, NH3, H2SO4 etc are polyatomic molecules of different compounds.
Topic: Avogadro’s Number and Mole: Pg. No: 18 to 20
Short question/answer:
Q1: Define Avogardro’s Number?
Ans: Avogardro’s Number:
The number of atoms, ions or molecules present in one mole of a substance is called
Avogadro’s number. It is denoted by NA and is equal to 6.02 x 1023.
Q2: How is mole related to Avogadro’s Number?
Ans: Relation between mole and Avogadro’s number:
1 mole of any substance = Avogadro’s number = 6.02 x 1023
Examples
02 x 1023 atoms of carbon are equivalent to one mole of carbon.
02 x 1023 molecules of water are equivalent to one mole of water.
02 x 1023 formula units of NaCl are equivalent to one mole of sodium chloride.
Thus 6.02 x 1023 atoms of an element or 6.02 x 10 molecules of a molecular compound or
6.02 x 1023 formula units of an ionic compound are equivalent to one mole.
Q3: Differences between the terms gram atomic mass, gram molecular mass and gram
formula mass.
Ans:
Gram atomic mass represents one mole of atom of an element, gram molecular mass
represents one mole of molecules of a compound or an element that exists’in
molecular state whereas gram formula mass represents one mole of an ionic
compound.
Gram atomic mass contains 6.022 x 1023 atoms, gram molecular mass contains 6.022
x 102j molecules whereas gram formula mass contain 6.022 x 1023 formula units.
All of these quantities represent molar mass. Mass of one mole of a substance
expressed in gram is called molar mass,
“Therefore, mole can be defined as atomic mass, molecular mass or formula
mass expressed in grams”.
Q4: How many atoms are there in 32.1 gram of S- atoms?
Ans: There are 6.02 x 1023 atoms in 32.1 gram of S-atoms.
Detailed question/answer:
Q1: Write about the following terms?
Ans: Molar Mass
The mass of one mole of a substance is called its molar mass.
Mole
The atomic mass, molecular mass or formula mass expressed in grams is called mole.
Gram Atomic Mass
Atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is called gram atomic mass. It is also called a
mole or a gram atom.
Examples
1. 1 g-atom of hydrogen = 1.00 g = 1 mol of hydrogen.
2. 1 g-atom of carbon = 12g = 1 mol of carbon.
It shows that 1-gram atom of different elements has different masses.
Gram Molecular Mass
Molecular mass of an element or a compound expressed in grams is called gram molecular
mass. It is also called a mole or a gram molecule.
Examples
1. 1 g-molecule of H2 = 2g = 1 mol of hydrogen
2. 1 g-molecule of H2O – 18 g = 1 mol of water.
3. 1 g – molecule of C6H1206 = 180 g = 1 mol of glucose.
Gram Formula Mass
Formula mass of an ionic compound expressed in grams is called gram molecular mass or
gram molecule. It is also called a mole.
Examples
1 g – formula NaCl – 58.5 g= 1 mol of NaCl.
1 g – formula of KC1 = 74.5 amu = 1 mol of KC1
Topic: Chemical Calculations: Pg. No: 21 to23
Introduction:
CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS
In chemical calculations we apply the concept of mole and Avogadro’s number. We can
study these calculations under the following headings.
1) Mole – Mass calculations
2) Mole- particles calculations
Mole – Mass Calculations
Short question/answer:
Q1: Calculate the molar masses of :
(a) Na (b) Nitrogen (c) Surcose C12H22O11.
Problem solving strategy:
If an element is a metal then its molar mass is its atomic mass expressed in grams (gram
atomic mass). If an element exists as molecule, its molar mass is its molecular mass
expressed in grams (gram molecular mass).
a) l mole of Na = 23g
b) Nitrogen occurs as diatomic molecules.
Molecular mass of N2 = 14×2 =28amu
Therefore, mass of 1 mole of N2 = 28 g
c) Molecular mass of C12H22O11 = 12×12+1×22+16×11
= 144 + 22+ 176
=342 g
Therefore, mass of 1 mole of sucrose = 342g
Q2: Oxygen is converted to ozone (03) during thunder storms. Calculate the mass of ozone
if 9.05 moles of ozone is formed in a storm?
Ans:
Ozone is a molecular substance. Determine its molar mass and use it to convert moles to
mass in grams.
9.05 moles of 03 g of 03
Solution
1 mole of O3 = 16 x 3 = 48 g
1 mole of O3 = 48 g
So, 9.05 moles of O3 = 48 g x 9.05 = 434.4g of 03
Q3: When natural gas burns CO2 is formed. If 0.25 moles of CO2 is formed, what mass of
CO2 g is produced?
Ans:
Carbon dioxide is a molecular substance. Determine its molar mass and use it to convert
moles to mass in grams.
0.25 moles of CO2 --------------------- g of C02
Solution
Molar mass of CO2 = 12 + 2×16 = 44g
1 mole of CO2 = 44gofCO2
So, 0.25 moles of CO2 = 44 x 0.25 = 11gofCO2
Q4: How many moles of each of the following substance are present?
a) A balloon filled with 5g of hydrogen.
b) A block of ice that weighs 100g.
Ans:
Hydrogen and ice both are molecular substances. Determine their molar masses. Use the
molar mass of each to convert masses in grams to moles.
mass ? moles
Solution
a)
Mass of H2 = 5g
Molar mass of H2 = 1.008 x 2 = 2.016g
1 mole of H2 = 2.016g
2.016 g of H2 = 1 mole of H2
Number of moles =
= 2.48 moles of H2
b)
Mass of H2O = 100 g
Molar mass of H2O = 2 x 1.008+ 16
= 2.016+ 16
= 18.016 g
Number of moles = 5.55 moles of H2O
Assessment:
Worksheet 1
Q1: Explain Why?
1. An oxide ion has -2 charge.
2. Magnesium ion, Mg+2 has +2 charge.
3. Sulphide ion, S-2 has -2 charge.
Q2: Identify ions, molecular ions and free radicals from the following species.
CN‾,CN,He+2, Ӧ, N
Worksheet 2
Q1: Does a dozen eggs have same mass as a dozen bananas?
Q2: What is the mass of one mole carbon atom ?
Worksheet 3
Q1: Calculate the mass of one mole of (a) Copper (b) Iodine (c) Potassium (d) Oxygen.
Q2: The molecular formula of a compound used for bleaching hair is H2O2. Calculate a)
Mass of this compound that would contain 2.5 moles, (b) No. of moles of this compound
that would exactly weigh 30 g.
Q3: A spoon of table salt, NaCl contains 12.5 grams of this salt. Calculate the number of
moles it contains.
Q4: Before the digestive systems X-rayed, people are required to swallow suspensions of
barium sulphate (BaSO4). Calculate mass of one mole of BaSO4.
MCQ’s:
I-What is the mass of 4 moles of hydrogen gas.
A- 8.064g B- 4.032g C- 1g D- 1.008g
II- What is 'the mass of carbon present in 44g of carbon dioxide.
A-12 g B- 6g C- 24g D- 44g
III-Which term is the same for one mole of oxygen and one mole of water?
A-volume B-mass C- atoms D-molecules
IV-Atom or group of atom having odd number of electron:
A- radical B- ion C-free radical D- molecular ion
V- Ion. molecular ions, free radicals and neutral molecules are called
A-Ionic species B- molecular species C-Chemical species D-Atomic species
VI- An atom of group of atom having positive charge on it is call:
A-Cation B-Anion C- Molecules D-Atoms
VII- When a molecule loses or gain electrons, the resulting species is called?
A- Redical B- molecule C- atom D- molecular ion
VIII- It is monoatomic molecule:
A-H2O B- HCl C-Ne D-H2SO4
