HIST60932 : The Fin-de-Siècle

Carl Saltzmann, The First Electric Streetlight in Berlin (1884)

DR. CHRIS MANIAS

Department of History
Room: N2.14 Email: [email protected]

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Module Outline

Course Description

The fin-de-siècle – taken here to stretch from the 1880s to the First World War –
was a disorientating period for contemporaries, and one which has been diversely
interpreted by modern academics from a range of disciplinary perspectives
(including history, art history, literature and sociology). On the one hand, a spread
of new technologies, the growth of mass society, and the extension of connections of
global trade and empire seemed to offer the potential for undreamed of
development. Yet correspondingly, new fears – threats of the urban environment,
the overturning of social and cultural norms, and feelings of deterioration and
decline – reached a fever pitch. This ambivalence and tension was reflected in the
debates and controversies of the period, as new identities, ways of behaving and
cultural productions became key focuses of concern.

This course will use a wide range of sources and methods to investigate how both
modern scholars and contemporary observers understood the era and the processes
which surrounded it. In particular, we will examine the spread of anxiety and
opportunity across a range of areas, including consumer culture, gender, sexuality,
health and urban life. Given the international culture of the period, we will be
examining developments in a range of countries, including Britain, France,
Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire, Italy and the United States of
America.

Aims

 To develop a critical understanding of the intellectual theories underpinning

debates around degeneration and decadence.
 To develop a systematic and analytical understanding of inter-disciplinary
approaches (theoretical and methodological) to the fin-de-siècle and to facilitate
engagement with the contested nature of knowledge within the field.
 Develop students' analytical skills and fluency in the presentation of complex
ideas, drawn from a number of disciplinary approaches, both orally and in writing.
 Facilitate student access to rich archival resources online, at the University of
Manchester and John Rylands (Deansgate) Library and to introduce students to
the outstanding library and archive collections held in the City of Manchester,
such as the Labour, People's and Suffrage library collections, Chethams Library,
and immigrant history resources (e.g. held at the Jewish Museum).

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Objectives

On completion of this unit successful students will be able to:

 Comprehend contemporary theories shaping fears and fantasies about sexuality,

civilization, race and medicine in the period 1880-1914.
 Understand complex critical debates pertaining to concepts of the fin-de-siècle as
a distinct period within the long nineteenth century.
 Be able to understand, link and differentiate developments in a range of national
and international contexts.
 Understand different disciplinary approaches to reading and interpreting written
and non-written primary sources.
 Undertake critical evaluation of an extensive range of scholarly literature and
develop an independent and comparative perspective.
 Identify, retrieve and evaluate a variety of primary and secondary written and
non-written sources.

Course Timetable
Date Topic Work Due

1 31 Jan Perceptions of the Fin-de-siècle

2 7 Feb Degeneration & Decadence
3 14 Feb Urban Life as Spectacle
4 21 Feb Masculinity in Crisis?
5 28 Feb New Women. Essay Proposal
6 7 Mar Poverty & Urban Degeneration
7 14 Mar Primitivism: The Others of Civilization.
8 21 Mar* Crime and Anarchy Essay Plan

** EASTER BREAK **

9 18 Apr Disease and Morality

10 25 Apr* Socialism and Utopia
11 2 May The Occult
12 9 May* Essay Workshop Essay (14th May)

Contact

If you have any difficulties or questions related to anything to do with the course,
seminars, readings, and work, please do not hesitate to contact me.

I can be reached via email at [email protected]. My office hours will

be 13:00-14:00 on Tuesdays and 11:00-12:00 on Thursdays. I will also be available
for appointments with prior arrangement outside of these times.

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Seminars: Participation and Preparation

The course will be taught over two hours of seminar time each week. These will be
in 5.211 University Place on Thursdays from 14:00-16:00. If you are unable to attend
a seminar, please let me know, ideally well in advance.

Preparation for the seminars is compulsory. In advance of each seminar you will be
given a preparatory worksheet listing the key primary and secondary readings, and
giving instructions for the seminar tasks.

Tips for Preparation:

 All compulsory readings and course documents will be posted on blackboard, and
a selection of further readings will also be available and digitized. But please
remember that venturing into the library and building your own reading list is
crucial to developing MA-level skills!
 If the topic of a particular seminar is totally unfamiliar to you, it is usually best to
start with pertinent sections in the “General Reading” section of the handbook
before tackling the source and contextual reading. This will give you a wider
perspective to hang everything on.
 Much of the key contextual and source material consists of extracts from wider
works, or chapters in collected volumes. Useful further preparation is to read the
whole of the book and other chapters in the edited collection, or looking for other
works by the authors.
 As we are dealing with a range of countries, using primary documents and
secondary literature in translation is perfectly acceptable and there are a wealth of
these, both contemporary and modern (although we will be discussing some of the
potential drawbacks to this in class). However, students with knowledge of
foreign languages will be encouraged to use them.

Assessment
The course is assessed via one 6,000 word essay, on a subject of your choice chosen
in consultation with me. This will be based on a combination of primary and
secondary literature.

This will be a substantial piece of work, so in preparation and for advance feedback,
you will submit a research proposal in Week 5 and an Essay Plan (with provisional
bibliography) in Week 8.

This will be due on Tuesday, 14th May at 12:00 noon. It will be marked and
returned by Friday 31st May.

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Course Resources

Reading List

General Works on the Period

Hobsbawm, Eric, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (1987)
Mayer, Arno, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (1981)
Stone, Norman, Europe Transformed 1878-1919 (1983)
Tuchman, Barbara, The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World before the War
(1980)

Thematic Works & Collections

Ledger, Sally, and McCracken, S. (eds.), Cultural Politics at the Fin de Siècle (1995)
Marshall, Gail (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the fin de siècle (2007)
Pick, Daniel, Faces of Degeneration. A European Disorder, c. 1848-c. 1918
(Cambridge, 1989)
Stokes, John (ed.), Fin de Siècle, Fin de Globe: Fears and Fantasies of the Late
Nineteenth Century (1992)
Teich, Mikuláš, and Porter, Roy (eds), Fin de siècle and its Legacy (1990)
West, Shearer, Fin de Siècle (1993).

Britain
Beckson, C., London in the 1890s: A Cultural History (1992)
Harris, José, Private lives, public spirit: Britain 1870 – 1914 (1994)
Searle, G. R., A New England? Peace and war, 1886-1918 (2004)
Wrigley, Chris, A companion to early twentieth-century Britain (2003)

France
Forth, Christopher E., and Accampo, Elinor, eds., Confronting Modernity in Fin-de-
Siècle France: Bodies, Minds and Gender (2009)
Garb, T., Bodies of Modernity: Figure and Flesh in Fin-de-Siècle France (1998)
Gildea, Robert, The Third Republic from 1870 to 1914 (1988)
Magraw, Roger, France, 1800-1914: A Social History (2002)
Nye, R., Crime, Madness, and Politics in Modern France: The Medical Concept of
National Decline (Princeton, NJ 1984)
Tombs, Robert, France, 1814-1914 (1996)
Weber, Eugen, France: fin de siècle (1986)

Germany
Blackbourn, David, Fontana History of Germany, 1780-1918: The Long Nineteenth
Century (1997)
Marchand, Suzanne and Lindenfeld, David (eds.), Germany at the fin de siècle:
Culture, Politics, and Ideas (2004) – Not yet in Library; on order!

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Mommsen, Wolfgang, Imperial Germany, 1867-1918: Politics, Culture and Society
in an Authoritarian State (1995)
Retallack, James, Germany in the Age of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1996)
Weindling, Paul, Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification
and Nazism, 1870-1945 (1989)

The USA
Bender, Daniel, American Abyss: Savagery and Civilization in the Age of Industry
(2009)
Jackson Lears, T., No Place of Grace: Anti-Modernism and the Transformation of
American Culture (1994)
Rodgers, Daniel T., Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (1998)
Trachtenberg, Alexander, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the
Gilded Age (2007)

Austria-Hungary
Janik, Allan, and Toulmin, Stephen, Wittgenstein’s Vienna (1979)
Le Rider, Jacques, Modernity and Crises of Identity: Culture and Society in Fin de
Siècle Vienna (1993)
Schorske, C., Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (1980)
Sked, Alan, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815-1918 (2001).

Russia
Clowes, Edith W., Kassow, Samuel D., and West, James L., (eds.), Between Tsar
and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial
Russia (Princeton 1991)
Kelly, Catriona, and Shepherd, David (eds.), Constructing Russian Culture in an
Age of Revolution: 1881–1940 (1998)
Matich, Olga, Erotic Utopia: The Decadent Imagination in Russia’s Fin-de- Siècle
(2005)
McReynolds, Louise, Russia at Play: Leisure Activities at the End of the Tsarist Era
(2003)
Steinberg, Mark, Petersburg: Fin de Siecle (2011)
Thatcher, Ian, Late Imperial Russia: Problems and Prospects (2005)

Major Source Collections

Fortescue, William (ed.), The Third Republic in France, 1870-1940: Conflicts and
Continuities (2000)
German History in Documents and Images: Wilhelmine Germany and the First
World War (1890-1918): http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-
dc.org/section.cfm?section_id=11
Ledger, Sally, and Luckhurst, Roger (eds.), The fin de siècle: A Reader in Cultural
History, c. 1880-1900 (2000)
Link, William and Link, Susannah (eds), The Gilded Age and Progressive Era: A
Documentary Reader (2012)
McElligott, Anthony (ed.), The German Urban Experience, 1900-1945: Modernity
and Crisis (2001)
Read, Donald (ed.), Documents from Edwardian England, 1901-1915 (1973)

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Segel, Harold B, Turn-of-the-century cabaret: Paris, Barcelona, Berlin, Munich,
Vienna, Cracow, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Zürich (1987)
von Geldern, James and McReynolds, Louise (eds.), Entertaining Tsarist Russia:
Tales, Songs, Plays, Movies, Jokes, Ads, and Images from Russian Urban Life,
1779-1917 (1998)
Waelti-Walters, Jennifer, and Hause, Steven (eds.), Feminisms of the Belle Époque:
A Historical and Literary Anthology (1994)

SEMINAR LIST

1) Perceptions of the Fin-de-siècle

Sources
To be distributed in class.

Key Context Readings

None (may be useful to check out some of the general reading, however).

2) Degeneration & Decadence

Sources
Extracts from Max Nordau, Degeneration (1895).

Key Context Readings

Aschheim, Steven E., ‘Max Nordau, Friedrich Nietzsche and Degeneration,’ Journal
of Contemporary History 28, 4 (1993), pp. 643-657.
Baldwin, P. M., ‘Liberalism, Nationalism, and Degeneration: The Case of Max
Nordau,’ in Central European History 13, 2 (1980), pp. 99-120.
Dellamora, Richard, ‘Productive Decadence: "The Queer Comradeship of Outlawed
Thought": Vernon Lee, Max Nordau, and Oscar Wilde,’ New Literary History
35, 4, Forms and/of Decadence (2004), pp. 529-546.
Jackson Lears, T., ‘Roots of Antimodernism: The Crisis of Cultural Authority during
the later nineteenth century,’ No Place of Grace: Anti-Modernism and the
Transformation of American Culture (1994), 3-58.
Laarse, Robert van der, ‘Masking the Other: Max Nordau's Representation of
Hidden Jewishness,’ in Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques 25, 1
(1999), pp. 1-31.

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Malik, Linda, ‘Nordau's Degeneration: The American Controversy,’ Journal of the
History of Ideas 50, 4 (1989), pp. 607-623.
Mayer, Arno, ‘Official High Cultures and the Avant-Gardes,’ The Persistence of the
Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (1981), 189-274.
Mosse, George L., ‘Max Nordau, Liberalism and the New Jew,’ in Journal of
Contemporary History 27, 4 (1992), pp. 565-581
Söder, Hans-Peter, ‘Disease and Health as Contexts of Modernity: Max Nordau as a
Critic of Fin-de-Siècle Modernism,’ German Studies Review 14, 3 (1991), pp.
473-487.
Weber, Eugen, ‘Decadence?,’ France: fin de siècle (1986), 9-27.
West, Shearer, ‘Degeneration,’ Fin de Siècle (1993), 16-32.

3) Urban Life as Spectacle

Berlin
SOURCE: ‘The City without Night: Berlin ‘twixt Dusk and Dawn,’ in The Pall
Mall Gazette 251, 53 (March 1914), 276-291.

Breckman, Warren, ‘Disciplining Consumption: The Debate About Luxury in

Wilhelmine Germany, 1890-1914,’ Journal of Social History, 24, 3 (1991), 485-
505.
* Fritzsche, Peter, ‘The City as Spectacle,’ Reading Berlin, 1900 (1998), 127-169.
Fritzsche, Peter, ‘Vagabond in the Fugitive City: Hans Ostwald, Imperial Berlin and
the Grossstadt-Dokumente,’ Journal of Contemporary History 29, 3 (1994),
385-402.
* Hamlin, David, ‘Romanticism, Spectacle, and a Critique of Wilhelmine Consumer
Capitalism,’ Central European History 38, 2 (2005), 250-268.
Houchin, John, The Berlin Cabaret, 1901-1935 (1985)
* Jelavich, Peter, ‘Cabaret as Metropolitan Montage,’ Berlin Cabaret (1993), 10-35.

Paris
SOURCE: ‘Le Boul’ Mich’’ in W. C. Morrow, Bohemian Paris of To-Day (1900),
110-146.

Benjamin, W., ‘Fourier and the Arcades’ in Paris, Capital of the 19th Century (1973)
Clark, T.J., ‘A Bar at the Folies-Bergère,’ The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the
Art of Manet and His Followers (1999), 205-258.
Proctor, R., ‘A cubist history: the department store in late-nineteenth century Paris’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 13 (2003) pp. 227-35.
Rearick, Charles, Pleasures of the belle époque: entertainment & festivity in turn of
the century France (New York, 1985)
* Schwartz, Vanessa, ‘Setting the Stage: The Boulevard, the Press and the Framing
of Everyday Life,’ Spectacular realities: Early mass culture in fin-de-siècle Paris
(1998), 13-44.

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Seigel, Jerrold E, ‘Publicity and Fantasy: The World of the Cabarets,’ Bohemian
Paris: Culture, politics and the boundaries of bourgeois life, 1830-1930 (1990),
215-241.
* Shaya, Gregory, ‘The Flaneur, the Badaud, and the Making of a Mass Public in
France, circa 1860-1910,’ The American Historical Review 109, 1 (2004), pp. 41-
77.
* Williams, Rosalind, ‘The Dream World of Mass Consumption,’ Dream worlds:
mass consumption in late nineteenth-century France (1982), 59-106

General Readings
Benjamin, W., ‘The work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’ in W.
Benjamin Illuminations (1970)
Crary, Jonathan, Suspensions of Perception: Attention, Spectacle and Modern
Culture (2001)
Crossick, G. and Jaumain, S., Cathedrals of consumption: The European
department store, 1850-1939 (1999)
Finn, M., ‘Sex and the City: Metropolitan Modernities in English History,’ Victorian
Studies 44 (2001), 25-32
Gold, J. & Gold, M., Cities and culture: tourism, promotion and consumption of
spectacle in western cities since 1800 (2003)
Janik, Allan, and Toulmin, Stephen, ‘Habsburg Vienna, City of Paradoxes,’
Wittgenstein’s Vienna (1979), 33-66.
Lancaster, B., The department store: A social history (1995)
Macdonald, G., ‘The mind in a department store: reconfiguring space in the gilded
age’, Modern Language Quarterly 63 (2002)
Moss, S.B., ‘The flaneur, the sandwichman and the whore: the politics of loitering’,
New German Critique 13 (1986)
Nead, L., ‘Speaking to the Eye,’ Victorian Babylon (2000), 57-62
Rappaport, E., ‘A New Era of Shopping,’ Shopping for Pleasure: Women in the
Making of London’s West End (2000), 142-77
Rappaport, E., ‘The halls of temptation: gender, politics and the construction of the
department store in late Victorian London’, Journal of British Studies 35 (1996),
58-83
Schneer, Jonathan, ‘Popular Culture in the Imperial Metropolis,’ London 1900: The
Imperial Metropolis (2001), 93-118
Schorske, C., ‘The Ringstrasse, Its Critics, and the Birth of Urban Modernism,’ Fin-
de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (1980), 24-116
Shaw, G. and Coles, T., ‘The department store in European society, 1850-1939:
business, consumption, towns and representations’, Urban History 23 (1996)
Steinberg, Mark, ‘City,’ Petersburg: Fin de Siecle (2011), 10-46
Taithe, B. et al., Benjamin’s Arcades: An unguided tour (2005)
Walkowitz, J., ‘Going public: shopping, street harassment, and streetwalking in late
Victorian London’, Representations 62 (1998), 1-30
Wilson, E., ‘The Invisible Flaneur’ in E. Wilson (ed.),The Contradictions of Culture:
Cities, Culture, Women (2001).

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4) Masculinity in Crisis?

Key General Context

Mosse, George, ‘Nationalism and Respectability: Normal and Abnormal Sexuality in
the Nineteenth Century,’ Journal of Contemporary History, 17, 2 (1982), 221-
46.
Tosh, Johnn, ‘What Should Historians Do with Masculinity? Reflections on
Nineteenth-Century Britain,’ History Workshop Journal 38 (1994), pp. 179-202.

Secondary Reading - Masculinity

Ann Taylor Allen, ‘Patriarchy and its Discontents: The Debate on the Origins of the
Family in the German-speaking World, 1860-1930,’ in Marchand, Suzanne and
Lindenfeld, David (eds.), Germany at the fin de siècle: Culture, Politics, and
Ideas (2004), 81-101
Datta, Venita, Heroes and Legends of Fin-de-Siecle France: Gender, Politics and
National Identity (2011)
Dellamore, Richard, Masculine Desire: The sexual politics of Victorian Aestheticsm
(1990)
Dudink, Stefan, Hagemann, Karen and Tosh, John, ‘Masculinity in Politics and War
in the Age of Nation-States and World Wars, 1850-1950,’ Masculinities in
politics and war: gendering modern history (2004), 22-40.
Forth, Christopher, ‘Introduction: The Body Politics of the Dreyfus Affair,’ The
Dreyfus Affair and the Crisis of French Manhood (2006), 1-16
Francis, M., ‘The Domestication of the Male? Recent Research on Nineteenth and
Twentieth-Century British Masculinity’, Historical Journal 45 (2002), pp. 637-
52.
Garb, T., ‘Honor and the Duel in the Third Republic,’ Bodies of modernity: figure
and flesh in fin-de-Siècle France (1998), 172-215.
Hurkley, K., The Gothic body: sexuality, materialism, and degeneration at the fin-
de-siècle (1996)
Karen Offen, ‘Is the “Woman Question” Really the “Man Problem”?,’ Forth,
Christopher E., and Accampo, Elinor, eds., Confronting Modernity in Fin-de-
Siècle France: Bodies, Minds and Gender (2009), 43-62
Kessel, Martina, ‘The “Whole Man”: The Longing for a Masculine World in
Nineteenth-Century Germany’ Gender & History 15, 1 ( 2003), 1-31
Levsen, Sonja, ‘Constructing Elite Identities: University Students, Military
Masculinity and the Consequences of the Great War in Britain and Germany’
Past and Present 198 (2008), pp. 147-183.
Mosse, George L, ‘Masculinity in Crisis: The Decadence,’ The image of man: the
creation of modern masculinity (1996), 77-106.
Nye, Robert, ‘Male Sexual Identity and the “Perversions” of the Fin-de-siecle,’
Masculinity and male codes of honor in modern France (1998), 98-147
Richard A. Kaye, ‘Sexual Identity at the fin de siecle,’ Marshall, Gail (ed.), The
Cambridge Companion to the fin de siècle (2007), 53-72
Roper, Michael and Tosh, John, Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain Since
1800 (1991).

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Sinha, Mrinalini, ‘Introduction,’ Colonial Masculinity: The ‘Manly Englishman’
and the ‘Effeminate Bengali’ in the Late Nineteenth Century (1995), 1-32.
Smith, Andrew, ‘Degeneration, Masculinity, Nationhood and the Gothic,’ Victorian
Demons: Medicine, Masculinity, and the Gothic at the fin-de-siecle (2004), 14-
44.
Tosh, John, ‘Manliness, Masculinities and the New Imperialism,’ Manliness and
masculinities in nineteenth-century Britain: essays on gender, family and
empire (2004), 192-214.

Secondary Reading - Sexology

Bland, L. and Doan, L. (eds), Sexology in Culture (1998).
Bland, Lucy, and Doan, Laura (eds.), Sexology in culture: Labelling Bodies and
Desires (1998).
Hall, Lesley, ‘Disinterested enthusiasm for sexual misconduct: The British society
for the study of Sex psychology, 1913-1947’, Journal of Contemporary History,
30 (1995), 665-86.
Hall, Lesley, ‘Heroes or villains? Reconsidering British fin de siecle sexology and its
impact’ in Segal, Lynne (ed.), New Sexual Agendas (1997), 3-16.
King, M., and Bartlett, A., ‘British psychiatry and homosexuality’, Journal of
Psychiatry 175 (1999), 106-113.
Oosterhuis, Harry, Stepchildren of Nature: Krafft-Ebing, Psychiatry and the
Making of Sexual Identity (2000).

Secondary Reading - Homosexuality

Brady, S., Masculinity and Male Homosexuality in Britain, 1861-1913 (2005), 25-
49.
Bruns, Claudia, ‘The Politics of Masculinity in the (Homo-)Sexual Discourse (1880
to 1920),’ German History 23, 3, (2005), 306-20
Choquette, L., ‘Degenerate or degendered?: Images of Prostitution and
Homosexuality in the Third Republic’ Historical Reflections/Réflexions
historiques 23 (1997) 205-28
Cocks, H., Nameless offences: homosexual desire in the 19th century (2003)
Cook, M., London and the Culture of Homosexuality, 1885-1914 (2003)
Crozier, Ivan, ‘Taking Prisoners: Havelock Ellis, Sigmund Freud, and the
Construction of Homosexuality, 1897-1951’, Social History of Medicine 13, 3
(2000), pp. 447-466.
Fout, John, ‘Sexual Politics in Wilhelmine Germany: The Male Gender Crisis, Moral
Purity, and Homophobia,’ Journal of the History of Sexuality 2, 3 (1992), 388-
421
Hull, Isabel, ‘Kaiser Wilhelm II and the Liebenberg Circle,’ John Röhl and Nicolaus
Sombart, ed., Kaiser Wilhelm II: New Interpretations (2005), 193-220
Lees, Andrew, ‘Deviant Sexuality and Other “Sins:” The Views of Protestant
Conservatives in Imperial Germany,’ German Studies Review 23, 3 (2000), 453-
476.
Mangan, J. A., and Walvin, James (eds.), Manliness and morality: middle-class
masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940 (Manchester, 1987)
McLaren, Angus, The Trials of Masculinity: Policing Sexual Boundaries, 1870-
1930 (1997)

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Merrick, J., and Ragan, B., (eds) Homosexuality in Modern France (2001).
Mort, Frank, Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-moral politics in Britain since 1830
(2000).
Peniston, William, and Erber, Nancy, (eds), Queer Lives: Men's Autobiographies
from Nineteenth-Century France (2008)
Röhl, John, ‘The Kaiser’s Best Friend,’ in The Kaiser and his court: Wilhelm II and
the government of Germany (1996), 21-69:
http://eml.manchester.ac.uk/lib/HIST60932/HIST60932_19635.pdf
Sengoopta, Chandak, ‘Glandular Politics: Experimental Biology, Clinical Medicine,
and Homosexual Emancipation in Fin-de-siècle Central Europe,’ Isis, 89 (1998),
445-473.
Somerville, Siobhan, ‘Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual
Body,’ Journal of the History of Sexuality, 5 (1994), 243-66
Steakley, James, ‘Iconography of a Scandal: Political Cartoons and the Eulenburg
Affair,’ Studies in Visual Communication 9, 2 (1983), 20-51
Weeks, Jeffrey, ‘Sins and diseases: some notes on homosexuality in nineteenth
century’, History workshop 1 (1976), 211-219.

5) New Women

The New Woman

SOURCES: Grant Allen, The Woman who Did (1895)

Ardis, Ann, New Women, New Novels: Feminism and Early Modernism (1990)
Bender, Daniel, ‘Cave Girls and Working Women: The White Man’s World of Race
Suicide,’ in American Abyss: Savagery and Civilization in the Age of Industry
(2009), 99-131
Bland, Lucy, ‘The married woman, the “New Woman” and the feminist: sexual
politics of the 1890s’ in Jane Rendall (ed.), Equal or different : women's politics
1800-1914 (1987), 141-64.
Brandon, R., The new women and the old men: love, sex and the woman question
(1990)
Clarke, M., ‘New woman on grub street: art in the city’ in J. Spiers (ed.), Gissing and
the city: cultural crisis and the making of books in late Victorian England
(2006) ELECTRONIC
Cunnigham, A., ‘The “New Woman Fiction” of the 1890’s’, Victorian Studies, 17
(1973), 177-86.
Cunningham, A., The New Woman and the Victorian Novel (1978)
Delap, Lucy, ‘Transatlantic Interchanges and Rival Storm Centres,’ The Feminist
Avant-Garde: Transatlantic Encounters of the Early Twentieth Century (2009),
66-101.
Dowling, L., ‘The Decadent and the New Woman in the 1890s’, Nineteenth Century
Fiction, 33:4, (1979), 434-53.

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Engelstein, L., The keys to happiness: Sex and the search for modernity in fin-de-
siècle Russia (1992). - ELECTRONIC
Gardiner, Juliet (ed.) The New Woman: Women’s Voices 1880-1918 (1993)
Hartman, Kabi, '"What made me a suffragette": the New Woman and the new (?)
conversion narrative', Women's History Review, 12 (2003), 35-50.
Heilmann, Ann (ed.), Feminist forerunners: new womanism and feminism in the
early twentieth century (2003)
Holmes, Diana, and Tarr, Carrie, ‘New Republic, New Women? Feminism and
Modernity at the Belle Epoque,’ Holmes, Diana and Tarr, Carrie, A "Belle
Epoque"? Women in French Society and Culture, 1890-1914 (2006) , 11-22 (the
other essays in this collection are also well worth checking out).
Kelly, Katherine E, 'Seeing Through Spectacles: The Woman Suffrage Movement
and London Newspapers, 1906–13', European Journal of Women's Studies 11
(2004), 327-53
Killen, Andreas, ‘From Shock to Schreck: Psychiatrists, Telephone Operators and
Traumatic Neurosis in Germany, 1900-1926,’ Journal of Contemporary History
38, 2 (2003) 201-20
Ledger, Sally, ‘The New Woman and the Crisis of Victorianism,’ Ledger, Sally, and
McCracken, S. (eds), Cultural Politics at the Fin de Siècle (1995), 22-44
Ledger, Sally, ‘Who Was the New Woman?,’ The New woman: Fiction and
feminism at the Fin de Siècle (1997), 177-198
Marks, Patricia Bicycles, Bangs and Bloomers: The New Woman in the Popular
Press (1990)
Miller, Jane Eldridge, Rebel Women: Feminism, Modernism and the Edwardian
Novel (1994)
Pykett, Lyn, The Improper Feminine: The Women’ Sensation Novel and the New
Woman (1994)
Rappaport, E., ‘New visions of class and gender in the Victorian and Edwardian
Metropolis’, Journal of British Studies 38:3 (1999), 392-98
Richardson, Angelique, and Willis, Chris, (eds.), The New Woman in Fact and
Fiction (2001)
Roberts, Mary Louise, ‘The New Woman,’ Disruptive Acts: The New Woman in fin-
de-siecle France (2002), 19-48: NOT YET IN LIBRARY, ON ORDER
Scanlon, Jennifer. Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies' Home Journal, Gender, and
the Promises of Consumer Culture (1995)
Shetz, M. ‘The New woman and the British periodical press of the 1890s’, Journal of
Victorian Culture 6 (2001), 272-85
Showalter, Elaine, ‘New Women,’ Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin
de Siècle (1992), 38-58.
Tilburg, Patricia, Colette's Republic: Work, Gender, and Popular Culture in France,
1870-1914 (2009) - ELECTRONIC
Webb, A., ‘Constructing the Gendered Body: Girls, Health, Beauty, Advice, and the
Girls’ Best Friend, 1898–99’, Women’s History Review (2006), 253-75.

The Mother

SOURCE: Melendy, Mary, Perfect Womanhood for Maidens-Wives-Mothers

(1903)

13
Accampo, Elinor, ‘The Gendered Nature of Contraception in France: Neo-
Malthusianism, 1900-1920,’ The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 34, 2
(2003), 235-262
Adams, Christine, Poverty, Charity, and Motherhood: Maternal Societies in
Nineteenth-Century France (2010)
Allen, Ann Taylor, Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800-1914 (1991) –
ELECTRONIC VIA LIBRARY CATALOGUE
Davin, Anna, ‘Imperialism and Motherhood’ History Workshop Journal (1978)
5(1): 9-66
Hall, L., 'Hauling Down the Double Standard: Feminism, Social Purity and Sexual
Science in Late Nineteenth-Century Britain', Gender & History 16 (2004), 36-56
Koven, Seth, and Michel, Sonya, ‘Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and the
Origins of Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United
States, 1880-1920,’ The American Historical Review 95, 4 (1990), 1076-1108
Liggins, Emma, ‘“With a Dead Child in her Lap:” Bad Mothers and Infant Mortality
in George Egerton's Discords,’ Literature and History 9, 2 (2000). 17-37
Mesch, R, ‘Housewife or Harlot? Sex and the Married Woman in Nineteenth-
Century France,’ Journal of the History of Sexuality 18:1 (2009) 65-83
Offen, Karen, ‘Depopulation, Nationalism, and Feminism in Fin-de-Siecle France,’
American Historical Review 89, 3 (1984), 648-676
Richardson, Angelique, ‘Women and Nature,’ Love and eugenics in the late
nineteenth century: rational reproduction and the new woman (2003), 33-57.

The Prostitute

SOURCE: TBC.

Allen, Ann Taylor, ‘Feminism, Venereal Diseases, and the State in Germany, 1890-
1918,’ Journal of the History of Sexuality 4, 1 (1993), 27-50
Choquette, L., ‘Degenerate or degendered?: Images of Prostitution and
Homosexuality in the Third Republic’ Historical Reflections/ Réflexions
historiques 23 (1997) 205-28
Clement, Elizabeth, ‘The Treat: Transforming Sexual Values at the Turn of the
Century,’ Love for Sale: Courting, Treating and Prostitution in New York City,
1900-1945 (2006), 45-75.
Connelly, Mark, ‘Prostitution and the Problem of Women in Industrial America,’
The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era (1980), 28-47.
Corbin, Alain, Women for Hire: Prostitution and Sexuality in France after 1850
(1990)
Evans, Richard, ‘Prostitution, State, and Society in Imperial Germany,’ Past &
Present 70 (1976), 106-129
Kerstin Wolff, ‘“Herrenmoral: Anna Pappritz and Abolitionism in Germany,”
Women’s History Review 17 (2008): 225-237.
Laite, Julia, ‘Selling Sex: Women, Work and Prostitution,’ Common Prostitutes and
Ordinary Citizens: Commercial Sex in London, 1885-1960 (2012), 24-42.

14
Lynn Abrams, “Prostitutes in Imperial Germany, 1870-1918: Working Girls or Social
Outcasts?” in Evans, Richard (ed.) The German Underworld: Deviants and
Outcasts in German History (1988), 189-209
Machiels, Christine, Dealing with the Issue of Prostitution: Mobilizing Feminisms in
France, Switzerland and Belgium (1875-1920), Women’s History Review 17
(2008): 195-205

The Hysteric
SOURCE: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper (1892).

Briggs, Laura. "The Race of Hysteria: 'Overcivilization' and the 'Savage' Woman in
Late Nineteenth-Century Obstetrics and Gynecology," American Quarterly 52
(2000). PP
Didi-Huberman, Georges, Invention of Hysteria: Charcot and the Photographic
Iconography of the Salpêtrière (2004): Not yet in library – on order!
Lunbeck, Elizabeth, ‘“A New Generation of Women:” Progressive Psychiatrists and
the Hypersexual Female,’ Feminist Studies 13, 3 (1987), 513-543
Marland, Hilary, Dangerous Motherhood: Insanity and Childbirth in Victorian
Britain (2004).
Mesch, Rachel, ‘Introduction,’ The Hysteric's Revenge: French Women Writers at
the Fin de Siecle (2006), 1-24.
Micale, Mark, ‘Charcot and the idea of hysteria in the male: gender, mental science,
and medical diagnosis in late nineteenth century France’, in Medical History 34,
(1990), 363-411.
Micale, Mark, Approaching Hysteria: Disease and its Interpretations. (1995).
Scull, Andrew, ‘Psychiatry and social control in the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries’ History of Psychiatry, 2 (1991), 149-169.
Scull, Andrew, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain
1700-1900 (2005)
Showalter, Elaine, ‘Hysteria, Feminism, and Gender,’ Gilman, Sander, King, Helen,
Porter, Roy, Rousseau, G.S., and Showalter, Elaine, Hysteria Beyond Freud
(1993), 286-344.
Showalter, Elaine, Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Culture (1997)
Showalter, Elaine, The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture,
1830-1980 (1985).

6) Poverty and Urban Degeneration

Sources
Charles Booth, Inquiry into Life and Labour in London (1886) – extracts.

Key Context Readings

Lees, Andrew, ‘Awareness of Urban Poverty,’ in Cities Perceived: Urban Society in
European and American Thought (1985), 106-135.

15
O’Day, Rosemary and Englander, Dand, ‘Making the Dry Bones Live,’ in Mr.
Charles Booth's Inquiry: Life and Labour of the People in London Reconsidered
(1993), 43-53.

Reading List
Beer, Daniel, ‘“Microbes of the Mind”: Moral Contagion in Late Imperial Russia,’
The Journal of Modern History 79, 3 (2007), 531-571
Boyer, Paul, ‘The Two Faces of Urban Moral Reform in the 1890s’ in Urban Masses
and Moral Order in America, 1820-1920 (1992), 175-190.
Desrosières, Alain, ‘Correlation and the Realism of Causes,’ The politics of large
numbers: a history of statistical reasoning (2002), 103-146.
Bradley, Joseph, ‘Welfare: Relief and Repressiom,’ Muzhik and Muscovite:
Urbanization in Late Imperial Russia (1985), 249-298
O'Connor, Alice, ‘Origins: Poverty and Social Sciences in the Era of Progressive
Reform,’ in Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy and the Poor in
twentieth century US History (2002), 25-54. - ELECTRONIC
Dyos, H.J. and Wolff, M., The Victorian City: Images and Realities (1999)
Evans, Richard J, Death in Hamburg: Society and politics in the cholera years,
1830-1910 (1987)
Faure, Alain, ‘Local Life in Working-Class Paris at the end of the Nineteenth
Century,’ Journal of Urban History 32, 5 (2006), 761-772
Forth, Christopher,, ‘Intellectual Anarchy and Imaginary Otherness: Gender, Class,
and Pathology in French Intellectual Discourse, 1890-1900,’ The Sociological
Quarterly 37, 4 (1996), 645-671
Gandal, Keith, ‘Riis and Charity Writing’ in The Virtues of the Vicious: Jacob Riis,
Stephen Crane, and the Spctacle of the Slum (1997), 27-38.
Jones, Gareth Stedman, ‘From “Demoralization” to “Degeneration:” The Threat of
Outcast London,’ Outcast London: a study in the relationship between classes
in Victorian society (1971), 281-313.
Jones, Greta, ‘The Task of Social Hygiene’ in Social hygiene in twentieth century
Britain (1986), 25-42.
Keating, Peter (ed.), Into Unknown England, 1866-1913: selections from the social
explorers (1976)
Koven, S., ‘Slumming: Eros and Altruism in Victorian London,’ Slumming: sexual
and social politics in Victorian London (2004), 1-22 - ELECTRONIC
Ledger, S., ‘In Darkest England: The terror of degeneration in Fin-de-Siècle Britain’,
Literature and History, 4:2 (1995), 71-86
Lees, Andrew, ‘Critics of Urban Society in Germany, 1854-1914,’ Journal of the
History of Ideas 40, 1 (1979), 61-83
Lees, Andrew, Cities, Sin and Social Reform in Germany (2002)
Lindenmeyr, Adele, Poverty is Not A Vice: Charity, Society and the State in
Imperial Russia (1996)
Porter, Dorothy, ‘“Enemies of the Race:” Biologism, Environmentalism, and Public
Health in Edwardian England,’ Victorian Studies 34, 2 (1991), 159-178
Ross, Ellen, ‘"Fierce Questions and Taunts": Married Life in Working-Class London,
1870-1914,’ Feminist Studies 8, 3 (1982), 575-602.
Soloway, Richard, ‘Counting the Degenerates: The Statistics of Race Deterioration
in Edwardian England,’ Journal of Contemporary History 17, 1 (1982), 137-164

16
7) Primitivism: The Others of Civilization
Sources
Gauguin, Paul, Noa Noa: Voyage to Tahiti (1901)
Ratzel, Friedrich, The History of Mankind (1896)
Sollas, W. Johnson, Ancient hunters and their modern representatives (1911)
Rider Haggard, Henry, She: A History of Adventure (1886)
Wells, H. G., A Story of the Stone Age (1897).

Further Reading
Baker, Lee, ‘Fabricating the Authentic and the Politics of the Real,’ Anthropology
and the Racial Politics of Culture (2010), 66-116.
Bederman, Gail, Manliness & Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race
in the United States, 1880-1917 (1995)
Buschmann, Rainer F., ‘Restructuring Ethnology and Imperialism,’ Anthropology's
Global Histories: The Ethnographic Frontier in German New Guinea, 1870-
1935 (2008), pp. 71-96.
Chapman, William Ryan, ‘Arranging ethnology: A. H. L. F. Pitt Rivers and the
typological tradition,’ George W. Stocking, Jr., (ed.), Objects and Others :
Essays on Museums and Material Culture (1985), pp. 15-48.
Conklin, Alice, ‘Civil Society, Science, and Empire in Late Republican France: The
Foundation of Paris’s Museum of Man,’ Osiris 2, 17, (2002), pp. 255-290.
Coombes, Annie E., ‘Temples of Empire: The Museum and Its publics,’ Reinventing
Africa: Museums, Material Culture and Popular Imagination in Late
Victorian and Edwardian England (1994), 109-128.
Flam, Jack (ed.), Primitivism and twentieth-century art: a documentary history
(2003)
Glick, Thomas F., ‘The Anthropology of Race across the Darwinian Revolution,’ in
Kuklick, Henrika, (ed.), A New History of Anthropology (2007), pp. 225-241.
Kuklick, Henrika, ‘Through the Looking Glass,’ The Savage Within: The Social
History of British Anthropology, 1885-1945 (1991), 1-26.
Liss, Julie, ‘Diasporic Identities: The Science and Politics of Race in the Work of
Franz Boas and W.E.B. DuBois, 1894-1919,’ Cultural Anthropology 13, 2
(1998), pp. 127-166.
McClintock, Anne, ‘The Lay of the Land: Genealogies of Imperialism’ in Imperial
leather: race, gender and sexuality in the colonial contest (1995), 21-74. -
ELECTRONIC
Hale, Dana S., ‘French Images of Race on Product Trademarks in the Third
Republic,’ in Peabody, Sue, and Stovall, Tyler (eds.), The color of liberty:
histories of race in France (2003), 131-146
Short, John, ‘Everyman’s Colonial Library: Imperialism and Working-Class Readers
in Leipzig, 1890–1914,’ German History 21, 4 (2003), 445-475
Smith, Woodruff, ‘The Social and Political Origins of German Diffusionist
Ethnology,’ Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 1(1978), 103-112.
Smith, Woodruff, Politics and the sciences of culture in Germany, 1840-1920 (1991)
Massin, B. (1996) ‘From Virchow to Fischer: Physical Anthropology and Modern
“Race Theories” in Stocking, George W., (ed.), Volksgeist as Method and Ethic:

17
 Essays on Boasian Ethnography and the German Anthropological Tradition
(1996), 79-154.
Stocking, George W., Victorian anthropology (1987)
Thompson, Matthew, ‘Savage Civilisation: Race, Culture and Mind in Britain, 1898-
1939,’ in Waltraud Ernst and Bernard Harris (eds.), Race, Science and
Medicine, 1700-1960 (1999), 235-258.
Zimmerman, Andrew, ‘Exotic Spectacles and the Global Context of German
Anthropology,’ Anthropology and antihumanism in Imperial Germany
(2001), 15-37.
Ciarlo, David, ‘Impressions of Others: Allegorical Cliches, Panoptic Arrays and
Popular Savagery,’ in Advertising Empire : Race and Visual Culture in Imperial
Germany (2011), pp. 65-107.
MacKenzie, John M., Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public
Opinion, 1880-1960 (1984).
Driver, Felix, ‘Geographical Knowledge, Exploration and Empire,’ Geography
Militant: Cultures of Exploration and Empire (2001), pp. 1-23.
Bennett, Tony, ‘Dead Circuses: Expertise, Exhibition, Governemnt,’ in Pasts Beyond
Memory: Evolution Museums Colonialism (2004), pp. 12-35.
Green, Jeffrey P., A Revelation in Strange Humanity: Six Congo Pygmies in Britain,
1905-1907 in Bernth Lindfors (ed.), Africans on Stage: Studies in Ethnological
Show Business (1999), pp. 156-187.
Griffiths, Alison, ‘Science and Spectacle:Visualizing the Other at the World's Fair,’
Wondrous Difference: Cinema, Anthropology, & Turn-Of-The-Century Visual
Culture (2002), pp. 46-85.

8) Crime and Anarchy

Sources
Lombroso, Cesare, edited by Lombroso Ferrero, Gina, Criminal Man: According to
the Classification of Cesare Lombroso (1911);

Key Context Readings

Pick, Daniel, ‘Lombroso’s Criminal Science,’ in Faces of Degeneration. A European
Disorder, c. 1848-c. 1918 (Cambridge, 1989), 109-153.

Reading List
Beirne, Piers, ‘Between God and Statistics: Gabriel Tarde and Neoclassical
Criminology,’ Inventing criminology: essays on the rise of homo criminalis
(1993), 143-189; not yet in library – on order!
Brown, A., English society and the prison: time, culture and politics in the
development of the modern prison (2003).
Cole, Simon, ‘Measuring the Criminal Body,’ Suspect identities: a history of
fingerprinting and criminal identification (2002), 32-59

18
Cragin, Thomas, ‘Criminality from Evil,’ Murder in Parisian Streets:
Manufacturing Crime and Justice in the Popular Press, 1830-1900 (2006), 145-
168; not yet in library – on order!
Eigen, Joel, Unconscious Crime: Mental Absence and Criminal Responsibility in
Victorian London (2003)
Erickson, Edward, ‘Punishing the mad bomber: questions of moral responsibility in
the trials of French anarchist terrorists, 1886-1897,’ French History 22, 1
(2008), 51-73
Evans, Richard, Tales from the German underworld: crime and punishment in the
nineteenth century (London, 1998)
Evans, Richard, The German underworld: deviants and outcasts in German
history (1988).
Finn, Jonathan, ‘Picturing the Criminal: Photography and Criminality in the
Nineteenth Century,’ Capturing the criminal image: From mug shot to
surveillance society (2009), 1-30.
Garland, Allen, ‘The biological basis of crime: An historical and methodological
study,’ Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 31, 2 (2001),
183-222
Gibson, Mary, ‘Criminal Man,’ Born to crime: Cesare Lombroso and the origins of
biological criminology (Westport, CT, 2002), 9-52.
Gillis, A. R., ‘Crime and State Surveillance in Nineteenth-Century France,’ The
American Journal of Sociology, 95, 2 (1989), 307-341
Harris, Ruth, Murders and Madness: Medicine, Law, and Society in the fin de
siècle (1989).
Horn, David, ‘The Savage and the Modern,’ The criminal body: Lombroso and the
anatomy of deviance (2003), 29-58: Not yet in library – on order.
Johnson, Eric, ‘Cities Don't Cause Crime: Urban-Rural Differences in Late
Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century German Criminality,’ Social Science
History 16, 1 (1992), 129-176
Kalifa, D, ‘Crime Scenes: Criminal Topography and Social Imaginary in Nineteenth
Century Paris,’ French Historical Studies 27 (2004), 175-94
Liggins, E., ‘The evil days of the female murderer: subverted marriage plots and the
audience of scandal in the sensation novel’, Journal of Victorian Culture 2
(1997)
McLaren, A., A prescription for Murder: the Victorian serial killings of Dr. Thomas
Neil Cream (1995)
Nye, Robert, ‘Heredity or Milieu: The Born Criminal Debate and the Foundations of
Criminology,’ Crime, Madness, and Politics in Modern France: The Medical
Concept of National Decline (1984), 97-131.
O’Brien, Patricia, ‘Crime and Punishment as Historical Problem,’ Journal of Social
History 11, 4 (1978), 508-520
Sindall, R., Street violence in the 19th century. Media panic or real danger? (1990)
Smith, Roger, Trial by medicine: insanity and responsibility in Victorian trials
(1981)
Stewart-Steinberg, Suzanne, ‘In a Dark Continent: Cesare Lombroso’s Other Italy,’
The Pinocchio Effect: On Making Italians, 1860-1920 (2007), 229-288; not yet
in library – on order!

19
Wetzell, Richard F, ‘From Criminal Anthropology to Criminal Psychiatry, 1880-
1914’ Inventing the criminal: a history of German criminology, 1880-1945
(2000), 39-72; not yet in library – on order!
Wiener, Martin J, ‘A Changing Human Image,’ Reconstructing the criminal:
culture, law and policy in England, 1830-1914 (1990), 159-184.

9) Disease & Morality

Key Reading
Nye, Robert, ‘The evolution of the concept of medicalization in the late twentieth
century’ in Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 39, 2 (2003), 115–
129

Syphillis
Adler, M. W., ‘The Terrible Peril: A Historical Perspective On The Venereal
Diseases,’ The British Medical Journal 281, 6234 (1980), 206-211
Brandt, Allan, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United
States since 1880 (1987)
Cox, Pamela, ‘Compulsion, Voluntarism, and Venereal Disease: Governing Sexual
Health in England after the Contagious Diseases Acts,’ Journal of British Studies
46, 1 (2007), 91-115
Darby, Robert, ‘“Where Doctors Differ:” The Debate on Circumcision as a Protection
against Syphilis, 1855–1914,’ Social History of Medicine 16 (2003), 57-78.
Davidson, Roger, and Hall, Lesley, Sex, Sin and Suffering: Venereal Disease and
European Society Since 1870 (2004)
Davis, Gayle, ‘The Cruel Madness of Love’: Sex, Syphilis and Psychiatry in
Scotland, 1880-1930 (2008)
Evans, D., ‘Tackling the ‘Hideous Scourge’: The creation of the Venereal Disease
Treatment Centres in early c20th Britain,’ Social History of Medicine 5 (1992),
413-33
Harsin, Jill, ‘Syphilis, Wives, and Physicians: Medical Ethics and the Family in Late
Nineteenth-Century France,’ French Historical Studies 16, 1 (1989), 72-95
Levine, Philippa, ‘Venereal Disease, Prostitution, and the Politics of Empire: The
Case of British India,’ Journal of the History of Sexuality 4, 4 (1994), 579-602
Levine, Philippa, Prostitution, race, and politics: Policing venereal disease in the
British Empire (2003)
Mooij, Annet, Out of otherness: Characters and narrators in the Dutch venereal
disease debates 1850-1990 (1998)
Parascandola, John, Sex, Sin, and Science: A History of Syphilis in America,
(2008)
Sherwood, Joan, The Infection of the Innocents: Wet Nurses, Infants, and Syphilis
in France, 1780-1900 (2010)
Worboys Michael, ‘Unsexing Gonorrhoea: Bacteriologists, Gynaecologists and
Suffragists in Britain, 1860-1920,’ Social History of Medicine 17, 1 (2004), 31-
59.

20
Alcoholism
Barrows, Susanna, ‘After the Commune: Alcoholism, Temperance and Literature in
the Early Third Republic,’ in Merriman, John, ed., Consciousness and Class
Experience in Nineteenth-Century Europe (1979), 205-218
Brennan, Thomas, ‘Towards the Cultural History of Alcohol in France,’ Journal of
Social History 23, 1 (1989), 71-92
Brown, E. M., ‘“What Shall we do with the Inebriate?” Asylum Treatment and the
Disease Concept of Alcoholism in the Late Nineteenth Century,’ Journal of the
History of the Behavioral Sciences 21 (1985), 48-69
Bynum, William, ‘Alcoholism and Degeneration in 19c European Medicine and
Psychiatry,’ British Journal of Addiction, 79 (1984), 59-70.
Goodrich, Robert, ‘Confessional Drinking: Catholic Workingmen's Clubs and
Alcohol Consumption in Wilhelmine Germany,’ Koshar, Rudy, ed., Histories of
Leisure (2002), 233-52
Jellinek, E. M. , The disease concept of alcoholism (2010)
Keire, Mara, ‘Dope Fiends and Degenerates: The Gendering of Addiction in the
Early Twentieth Century,’ Journal of Social History 31, 4 (1998), 809-822
McCandless, Peter. ‘“Curses of Civilization:” Insanity and Drunkenness in Victorian
Britain,’ British Journal of Addiction 79 (1984), 49-58.
Patricia Herlihy, The alcoholic empire: Vodka & politics in late Imperial Russia
(2002)
Prestwich, Patricia, ‘Drinkers, Drunkards, and Degenerates: The Alcoholic
Population of a Parisian Asylum’, Histoire Sociale/Social History, 27 (1994),
321-35.
Prestwich, Patricia, ‘Female Alcoholism in Paris, 1870-1920: The Response of
Psychiatrists and of Families’, History of Psychiatry 14 (2003), 321-36.
Roberts, James, ‘Drink and Industrial Work Discipline in 19th Century Germany,’
Journal of Social History 15, 1 (1981), 25-38
Roberts, James, ‘Drink and the Labour movement: The Schnaps Boycott of 1909,’
Richard Evans, ed., The German working class, 1888-1933: The politics of
everyday life (1982), 80-107
Shiman, Lilian, Crusade Against Drink in Victorian England (1988)
Sournia, J.C., History ofAlcoholism (1990)
Taillon, Paul Michel, ‘“What We Want Is Good, Sober Men:” Masculinity,
Respectability, and Temperance in the Railroad Brotherhoods, c. 1870-1910,’
Journal of Social History 36, 2 (2002), 319-338
Valverde, Mariana, ‘“Slavery from within:” The Invention of Alcoholism and the
Question of Free Will,’ Social History 22, 3 (1997), 251-268

Tuberculosis
Barnes, David, The making of a social disease: tuberculosis in nineteenth-century
France (1995)
Bates, Barbara, Bargaining for life: a social history of tuberculosis, 1876-1938
(1992)
Borsay, Anne, and Shapely, Peter, ed., Medicine, charity and mutual aid : the
consumption of health and welfare in Britain, c.1550-1950 (2007)

21
Bryder, Linda, ‘Papworth Village Settlement: A unique experiment in the treatment
of and care of the tuberculous?,’ Medical History (1984), 372-90.
Bryder, Linda, ‘Pickaxe Cure for Consumptives,’ Below the magic mountain: A
social history of tuberculosis in twentieth-century Britain (1988), 46-70.
Byrne, Katherine, Tuberculosis and the Victorian Literary Imagination (2011)
Connolly, C., ‘Pale, poor and “pretubercular” children: a history of pediatric
antituberculosis efforts in France, Germany, and the United States, 1899-1929,’
Nursing Inquiry 11, 3 (2004), 138-47
Daniel, Thomas, Captain of death: the story of tuberculosis (2006)
Dormardy, Thomas, The white death: a history of tuberculosis (1999)
Dubos, René Jules and Jean, The white plague: Tuberculosis, man, and society
(1987)
Jones, Greta, ‘Captain of all these men of death:’ the history of tuberculosis in
nineteenth and twentieth century Ireland (2001)
Ott, Katherine, Fevered lives: tuberculosis in American culture since 1870 (1996)
Packard, Randall, White Plague, Black Labor: Tuberculosis and the Political
Economy of Health and Disease in South Africa (1990)
Smith, Francis, The Retreat of Tuberculosis, 1850-1950 (1988)
Worboys, Michael, ‘The sanatorium treatment for consumption in Britain, 1890-
1910,’ in John Pickstone, ed., Medical Innovation in Historical Perspective
(1992).

10) Socialism and Utopia

Sources
Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward: 2007-1887 (1887).

Reading List
Allexander, Sally, 'Eleanor Marx's Political Legacy - self sacrifice or self-
realisation?', Women's History Review 16:4 (2007), 595-616
Barrow, L., ‘Socialism in Eternity The Ideology of Plebian Spiritualism, 1853-1913’
History Workshop Journal 9 (1980)
Beavan, Brad and Griffiths, John, 'Urban elites, socialists and notions of citizenship
in an industrial boomtown, Coventry, c. 1870-1914', Labour History Review,
69:1 (2004), 3-18
Beckson, C., London in the 1890s: A Cultural History (1992), 3-31
Brown, T. (ed.), Edward Carpenter and Late-Victorian Radicalism (1990)
Burnett, J., Idle Hands: The Experience of Unemployment, 1790–1900 (1994)
Church, Roy, ‘Edwardian Labour Unrest and Coalfield Militancy, 1890-1914,’ The
Historical Journal 30, 4 (1987), 841-857
Greenslade, W., ‘Socialism and Radicalism’ in Marshall, Gail (ed.) The Cambridge
Companion to The Fin de Siecle (2007), 73-90
Hannam, June, ‘“To make the world a better place:” Women's Suffrage and
Socialism in Bristol’ in Myriam Boussahba-Bravard (ed.), Suffrage outside
suffragism : women's vote in Britain, 1880-1914 (2007), 157-79

22
Hapgood, L., ‘Urban utopias: socialism, religion and the city, 1880 to 1900’ in Sally
Ledger and Scott McCracken (eds), Cultural Politics at the Fin de Siècle (1995),
184-201
Janowitz, A., Lyric and Labour in the Romantic Tradition (1998)
Jay, Martin, Fin-de-Siecle Socialism: And Other Essays
Joyce, P., Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class,
Livesey, Ruth, 'Socialism in Bloomsbury : Virginia Woolf and the Political Aesthetics
of the 1880s', Yearbook of English Studies 37:1 (2007), 126-44.
Phillips, Lawrence, 'Jack London and the East End: Socialism, Imperialism and the
Bourgeois Ethnographer' in Lawrence Phillips (ed.) A mighty mass of brick and
smoke: Victorian and Edwardian representations of London 1840-1914 (1991)
Pierson, S., British Socialists: The Journey from Fantasy to Politics (1979)
Rose, J., The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes (2001; 2002)
Sweeney, Dennis, ‘Work, Race and the Transformation of Industrial Culture in
Wilhelmine Germany’ Social History 23, 1 (1998) 31-62
Thompson, E. P., William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary (1955; 1977)
Thompson, P., Socialists, Liberals and Labour: The Struggle for London 1885–
1914 (1967)
Waters, Chris, British Socialists and the Politics of Popular Culture 1884–1914
(1990)
Yeo, Stephen, ‘A New Life: The Religion of Socialism in Britain 1883–1896’, History
Workshop Journal 4 (1977), 5–56

11) The Occult: Science, Spirits and Psychical

Research
Sources
Blavatsky, H. P., Astral bodies and the mysteries of the after life: Dialogues (1892)
Blavatsky, H. P., The letters of H. P. Blavatsky to A. P. Sinnett, and other
miscellaneous letters (1889)
Lee, F. G., Glimpses of the supernatural: Being facts, record and traditions (1875)

Reading List
Ahern, Geoffrey, Sun at Midnight: The Rudolf Steiner Movement and the Western
Esoteric Tradition (1984)
Barrow, Logie, Independent spirits: Spiritualism and English plebeians, 1850-1910
(1986)
Basham, D., The trial of woman: feminism and the occult sciences in Victorian
literature and society (1992), 107-50
Bown, Nichola, et al (ed.), The Victorian Supernatural (2003)
Braude, Ann, Radical spirits: spiritualism and women's rights in nineteenth-
century America (2001)
Byrne, Georgina, Modern Spiritualism and the Church of England, 1850-1939
(2010)

23
Campbell, Bruce, Ancient Wisdom Revived: A History of the Theosophical
Movement (1980)
Carlson, Maria, ‘No religion higher than truth:’ A history of the Theosophical
movement in Russia, 1875-1922 (1993)
Cerulla, J., The secularization of the soul: psychical research in modern Britain
(1982)
Curtis, Heather, Faith in the great physician: suffering and divine healing in
American, 1860-1900 (2007)
Dijkstra, B., Idols of Perversity: Fantasies of feminine evil in fin-de-siècle culture
(1986), 333-351
Dixon, Joy, ‘Sexology and the Occult: Subjectivity and Sexuality in Theosophy's New
Age’, Journal of the History of the Sexuality (1997)
Easton, Stewart, Rudolf Steiner, herald of a new epoch (1980)
Faivre, Antoine, and Needleman, Jacob, eds., Modern Esoteric Spirituality (1993)
Gauld, Alan, The Founders of Psychical Research (1968)
Godwin, Joscelyn, The Theosophical Enlightenment (1994)
Goodrick-Clark, Nicholas, The occult roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan cults and their
influence on Nazi ideology (2004)
Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas, Helena Blavatsky (2004)
Haller Jr., John, Swedenborg, Mesmer, and the Mind/Body Connection: The Roots
of Complementary Medicine (2010)
Hammer, Olav, Claiming knowledge: strategies of epistemology from theosophy to
the New Age (2004)
Hazelgrove, Jenny, Spiritualism and British society between the wars (2000)
Johnson, P. K., Initiates of theosophical masters (1995)
Leighton, A., ‘Ghosts, aestheticism and Vernon Lee’, Victorian Literature and
Culture, 28 (2000)
Luckhurst, Roger, The Invention of Telepathy, 1870-1901 (2002)
Massey, G., Concerning spiritualism (2004)
McIntosh, Christopher, Eliphas Lévi and the French Occult Revival (2011)
Monroe, John Warne, Laboratories of Faith. Mesmerism, Spiritism and Occultism
in Modern France (2008)
Oppenheim, Janet, The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in
England 1850-1914 (1985)
Owen, A., The Darkened Room: Women, Power and Spiritualism in Late Victorian
England (1989)
Owen, Alex, The Place of Enchantment: British Occultism and the Culture of the
Modern (2004)
Porter, K.H., Through a glass darkly: Spiritualism in the Browning circle (1958)
Robb, G., ‘Eugenics, spirituality and sex differentiation in Edwardian England: the
case of Frances Swing,’ Journal of Women’s History 10 (1998)
Sharp, Lynn, Secular spirituality: reincarnation and spiritism in nineteenth-
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Thurshwell, Pamela, Literature, Technology and Magical Thinking, 1880-1920
(2001)
Tromp, M., ‘Spirited sexuality: sex, marriage and Victorian spiritualism’, Victorian
Literature and Culture 31 (2003) 67-81

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Willburn, Sarah, Possessed Victorians: extra spheres in nineteenth-century
mystical writings (2006)
Winter, Alison, Mesmerized: Powers of Mind in Victorian Britain (2000)
Wolffram, Heather, The Stepchildren of Science: Psychical Research and
Parapsychology in Germany, c.1870–1939 (2009)

12) Essay Workshop.

No readings.

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