General Chemistry 2

Quarter 1- Module 3
Properties of Liquids and Intermolecular Forces

Pre Test

1. A
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. D

Elicit

1. What phase of matter does this illustration represent?

- The illustrations represent a liquid.
2. Why are the particles of the substance very far from each other?
- It is because of the not too strong but not to week intermolecular force. It
causes the particles to stay far away from each other.
3. How will you describe the intermolecular forces of the particles?
- The intermolecular forces of the particles are not too strong but not too weak.

Engage

1. Surface Tension
2. Viscosity
3. Boiling Point
4. Vapor Pressure

Explore

Prediction Explanation
What will happen to the paper clip when Because of the surface tension. Particles create
placed in the water? an attraction between each other that causes the
liquid to have surface tension.
- The paper clip will float on
top of the water.
Which liquid will flow slower when poured? The syrup has greater intermolecular force than
both oil and water. The higher the IMFA, the
- The syrup will flow slower higher the viscosity, and the slower it will flow.
when poured.
Which bottle will produce sound when As the temperature of a liquid increases its
opened? vapor pressure also increases. The higher the
vapor pressure the higher the escaping tendency
-The bottle with hot water of the molecules. These causes the sound waves
will produce sound when when the bottle with hot water is opened.
opened.
What will happen to the ice when it reaches The ice has reached the temperature where the
100 ֯ C? vapor pressure of the solid is equal to the
atmospheric pressure. This caused the phase
-The ice (solid) will turn change from solid to gas.
into water (liquid) then to
water vapor (gas).
Which substance will evaporate faster when The acetone has lower heat of vaporization than
rubbed? water. The heat from the friction when we rub
our hands provided additional heat for the
- The acetone will evaporate acetone to vaporize.
faster when rubbed.
Elaborate

Properties of Liquids Intermolecular Forces

Strong Weak
Surface Tension High /
Low /
Viscosity High /
Low /
Vapor Pressure High /
Low /
Boiling Point High /
Low /
Molar Heat of High /
Vaporization Low /

Evaluate

At 50. ° C the vapor pressure of ethanol is 0.30 atm, acetic acid is 0.08 atm, water is 0.12
atm, and acetone is 0.84 atm.

A. Arrange these substances in increasing order of rates of evaporation.

- Acetic acid, water, ethanol, acetone
B. Arrange these substances in increasing order of boiling point temperature
- Acetone, ethanol, water, acetic acid
C. Arrange these substances in increasing order of intermolecular forces
- Acetone, ethanol, water, acetic acid

Post Test

1. B
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. B
 General Chemistry 2
Quarter 1- Module 5
Crystalline and Amorphous Solids

Pre Test

1. A
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. A

Elicit
From the particles shown in the picture, I can infer that these are solid particles.

Engage
ACTIVITY 1
SOLID
Explore
Guide Questions
1
A. They are all identical and repeating.
B. Crystalline solid
C. One
D. It is uniform
E. They are neatly organized
2
A. The big and small candies are not organized in a definite lattice pattern.
B. Amorphous solid
C. One
D. It formed an irregular shape
E. They are not organized

Explain
ACTIVITY 2
1. Crystalline solids have well-defined internal atomic structure while amorphous solids
have irregular internal atomic structure.
2. Crystalline solids have a definite shape with orderly arranged atoms while amorphous
solids are swirly and irregular looking because of its disordered array of particles.

Evaluate
ACTIVITY 3
1. Crystalline solids are solid materials whose components are arranged in a highly ordered
microscopic structure while amorphous solids are solid materials with a random
orientation of particles.
2. Crystalline solids have well defined edges and faces while amorphous solids have
irregular or curved surfaces.
ACTIVITY 4
1. Crystalline Solid
2. Amorphous Solid
3. Crystalline Solid
4. Crystalline Solid
5. Crystalline Solid
6. Amorphous Solid
7. Amorphous Solid
8. Amorphous Solid
9. Crystalline Solid
10. Crystalline Solid
Post Test
1. A
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. B

Assignment
o Crystals have an orderly arrangement of their constituent particles. In comparison,
amorphous solids have no such arrangement. Their particles are randomly organized.
o Crystals have a specific geometric shape with definite edges. Amorphous solids have no
geometry in their shapes
o Crystalline solids have a sharp melting point on which they will definitely melt. An
amorphous solid will have a range of temperature over which it will melt, but no definite
temperature as such
o Crystals have a long order arrangement of their particles. This means the particles will
show the same arrangement indefinitely. Amorphous solids have a short order
arrangement. Their particles show a lot of variety in their arrangement.
o Crystalline solids cleavage (break) along particular points and directions. Amorphous
solids cleavage into uneven parts with ragged edges.
o Crystals are also known as True Solids, whereas another name for Amorphous Solids is
Super-Cooled Liquids.
 General Chemistry 2
Quarter 1- Module 6
Phase Diagram Of Water And Carbon Dioxide
Jan Andro B. Yanzon 12- Heisenberg Week 6

PRE TEST
1. A
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. C

ELICIT
1. Sublimation
2. Deposition
3. Melting
4. Freezing
5. Vaporization
6. Condensation

Let’s do this!
Activity: Concept Matching

Condensation  The state of matter without a set shape or

volume.
Deposition  The transition of matter from one state to
another.
Evaporation  The change of the physical state of mater
from gas to liquid. The opposite of
Freezing evaporation.
 The state of matter with a set volume but
Gas no set shape.
 The amount of force per unit area.
Liquid  The change of the physical state of matter
from solid directly to gas. The opposite of
Matter deposition.
 The change of the physical state of matter
Mass from gas directly to solid. The opposite of
sublimation.
Melting  Anything that both occupies space and
has mass.
Phase Change  The amount of space an object occupies.
 Measure of increasing kinetic energy
Plasma from solid to liquid to gas.
 The state of matter with a set volume and
Pressure a set shape.
 The change of the physical state of matter
Solid from a liquid to a gas. The opposite of
condensation.
Sublimation  The amount of matter contained in an
object.
Temperature  Highly ionized (charged) gases that exist
at high temperatures.
Volume  The change of the physical state of matter
from solid to liquid. The opposite of
freezing.
 The change of the physical state of matter
from liquid to solid. The opposite of
melting.
ENGAGE
Focus Question:
1. How can this effect be achieved using CO2 or dry ice? What are your thoughts?
- Because carbon dioxide cannot exist as a liquid at atmospheric pressure, the
dry ice sublimes and instantly produces a gas, condensing water vapor, and
creating a thick white fog.
2. Do you have LPG at home? What does LPG stands for? How can a gas be liquefied?
What conditions are needed to convert a gas into a liquid? Share us your thoughts.
- Yes, LPG means Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas. It needs to
lose some energy from its very excited gas atoms. The easy answer is to lower
the surrounding temperature. When the temperature drops, energy will be
transferred out of its gas atoms into the colder environment. When it reaches
the temperature of the condensation point, it becomes liquid.

TEMPERATURE PRESSURE

Therefore, high pressure and low temperature are needed to liquefy gases.

EXPLORE
Activity: Diagram Construction
On the last page
Mind Map

EXPLAIN
Questions:
1. What are the features of a phase diagram?
- The Three Areas
- Three Lines (Curves)
- Two Important Points
2. Where is the solid phase in the phase diagram? The liquid phase? The gas phase?
- On the last page.
3. How were you able to show the three lines (curves) in the phase diagram? What do these
lines represent?
- Using three unique colored pens, I drew lines that serve as boundaries
between physical states represent the combinations of pressures and
temperatures at which two phases can exist in equilibrium. These three lines
represent phase change points.
4. How will you differentiate the two important points in the phase diagram?
- The triple point is the combination of pressure and temperature at which all
three phases of matter are at equilibrium. It is the point on a phase diagram at
which the three states of matter coexist.
 - The critical point terminates the liquid/gas phase line. It is the set of
temperature and pressure on a phase diagram where the liquid and gaseous
phases of a substance merge together into a single phase.
5. How did you locate the normal melting and boiling points in the phase diagram?
- The normal melting and boiling points are those when the pressure is 1
atmosphere. These can be found from the phase diagram by drawing a line
across at 1 atmosphere pressure.
EXPLORE
Activity: Critical Analysis
1. What can you say about the phase diagram? What can you say about water? What is
distinct about it?
- In water’s diagram, the slope of the line between the solid and liquid states is
negative rather than positive. The reason is that water is an unusual substance
in that its solid state is less dense than the liquid state. Ice floats in liquid
water.
2. What can you say about the phase diagram? What can you say about carbon dioxide?
What is distinct about it?
- In contrast to the phase diagram of water, the phase diagram of CO2 has a
more typical melting curve, sloping up and to the right. At 1 atm, therefore,
solid CO2 sublimes directly to the vapor while maintaining a temperature of
−75.5°C, the normal sublimation temperature. Solid CO2 is generally known
as dry ice because it is a cold solid with no liquid phase observed when it is
warmed
EXTEND
Constructing a Phase Diagram
1. Roughly sketch the phase diagram, using units of atmosphere and Kelvin. Label the area
1, 2, and 3, and points T and C on the diagram.
- On the last page.
2. Describe what one would see at pressures and temperatures above 2.0 atm and 450 K.
- One would see supercritical fluid at pressures an temperatures above the
critical point.
3. Describe the phase changes from 50 K to 250 K at 1.5 atm.
- It starts melting at around 180 K and becomes liquid at 250 K.
4. What exists in a system that is at 1 atm and 350 K?
- Both liquid and vapour exist at 1 atm and 350 K.
5. What exists in a system that is at 1 atm and 175 K?
- Both solid and liquid exist at 1 atm and 175 K.

EVALUATE
Interpreting a Phase Diagram
1. In what phase is the substance at 50 °C and 1 atm pressure?
- The substance is in liquid state.
2. At what pressure and temperature conditions will all three phases of the substance be
present?
- All three phases of matter will be present in ≈ 0.5 atm (pressure) and ≈28 °C
(temperature).
3. What is the normal melting point of the substance?
- The normal melting point of the substance is ≈31 °C.
4. What phase(s) will exist at 1 atm and 70 °C?
- Both liquid and gas (vapor) will exist.

Interpreting Phase Diagrams of Water and Carbon Dioxide

1. You have ice at 263 K (-10.0 °C) and 1.0 atm. What could you do to make the ice
sublime?
- Any solid may be sublimed if its temperature and pressure are below its triple
point. To make the ice sublime I can decrease its pressure until its below the
triple point.
 2. A sample of dry ice (solid CO2) is cooled to 173 K (-100.0 °C), and is set on a table at
room temperature (298 K; 25 °C). At what temperature is the rate of sublimation and
deposition the same (assume that pressure is held constant at 1 atm)?
- Sublimation is the process of going from a solid to a gas without going
through the liquid phase. Deposition is the opposite process. The temperature
at which these processes occur at 1 atm pressure is 194.65 K.

POST TEST
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. B
 General Chemistry 2
Quarter 1- Module 7
Phase Diagram Of Water And Carbon Dioxide
Jan Andro B. Yanzon 12- Heisenberg Week 6

PRE-TEST
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. B

ELICIT
Step 1.

Step 3.

Step 4.

Step 5.
Q1. Solids, typically in a regular pattern, are tightly packed.
Q2. Solids vibrate but do not necessarily shift from place to place.
Step 6.
Q3. With no normal structure, liquids are close together.
Q4. Liquids vibrate, pass, and slip past each other.

Step 7.
Q5. With no standard arrangements, gas is well segregated.
Q6. At high speeds, gases vibrate and travel freely.
Step 8.
Q7. I I was able to render liquid by rising the temperature of the solid by turning ice into liquid
by melting. The particles accumulate energy and begin to vibrate faster and faster as a solid is
heated. In this process, the solid melts to form a liquid. The particles in the liquid are the same as
the solids, but they do have more energy. Melting.
Q8. Via evaporation, I converted liquid into gas by increasing the temperature of the liquid that I
was able to make gas. When water is heated, it evaporates. The molecules travel so quickly and
vibrate that they escape into the atmosphere as water vapor molecules. The process of
evaporation powers heat from the sun or solar radiation. Evaporation.
Step 10.
Q9. Increasing the pressure pushes molecules that gradually condense to liquid more closely
together. However, you need to keep the device at that pressure in order to keep the material in
liquid form. Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air is transformed into
liquid water. The phase change that accompanies water as it moves between its vapor, liquid, and
solid form is exhibited in the arrangement of water molecules. Water molecules in the vapor
phase are arranged more randomly than in liquid water.
Step 11.
Q10. Yes, a liquid can be converted back into a solid. When the temperature is reduced to or
below its freezing point, a liquid transforms into a solid. When the temperature is low enough, all
known liquids, except helium, freeze. By lowering the temperature, we can transform the liquid
back into solids. This step is referred to as freezing.

ENGAGE
Energy is required to adjust the phase of a material, such as the power to break the bonds
between molecules in a block of ice so that it can melt. During a phase shift, energy is added to
or subtracted from a system, but the temperature will not change.

EXPLORE
On the last page.

EXPLAIN
1. Melting
2. Evaporation
3. Freezing occurs when the molecules of a liquid slow down enough that their attractions lead
them to arrange themselves into fixed positions as a solid.
4. The water molecules become more organized and, as a result, heat is released into the
atmosphere as condensation occurs and the vapor becomes liquid water.
5. When you put ice in (warmer) liquid water, the molecules in the ice start to move (actually a
sort of wobbling) more and more until the bonds are broken and the ice melts. After the
molecules break apart, any additional energy causes the molecules to wobble quicker - they have
stored kinetic energy.
6. The more energetic molecules change to a gas, spread out, and form bubbles when boiling
occurs. These are growing to the surface and entering the climate. ... Furthermore, thermal
energy is extracted from the liquid by gas molecules leaving the liquid. Therefore, during
heating, the temperature of the liquid remains constant.
7. The definition of phase shift means the same thing as the word state change. With a change of
heat, the change of phase often takes place. The temperature doesn't shift, however. The energy
supplied is used to increase the kinetic energy of its molecules as we heat a solid, and hence its
temperature increases.
EXTEND

Time Elapsed, min T, °C

0.0 24°C
30.0
60.0
90.0
120.0
150.0
180.0
210.0
240.0
270.0 -8°C

1. Point 1. Gas
Point 2. Liquid/Gas
Point 3. Liquid
Point 4. Solid/Liquid
2. 60°C
3. 20°C
4. 2 and 4
5. 1
6. In section 1, intermolecular force is at its lowest, until they broke apart to allow the substance
to become a gas.
7. Heat is lost from point A to E as the substance cools.
8. On the last page.

EVALUATE
On the last page.

POST TEST
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. C
 General Chemistry 2
Quarter 1- Module 8:
Ways of Expressing Concentration
of Solutions
Name: Jan Andro B. Yanzon Student Code: B-17
Grade and Secction:12- Heisenberg Teacher: Mr. Adrian O. Sanchez
Pre-Test
1. B.
2. B.
3. A.
4. B.
5. B.

Do This!
CONCENTRATION
SOLUTION

1. A solution concentration is a measure of the quantity of solute that has been dissolved in
a given quantity of solvent or solution. A concentrated solution is one that has a relatively
high volume of dissolved solute. One that has a relatively small volume of dissolved
solute is a dilute solution.

Explore
1. If I had to choose between 70 percent and 40 percent of the solution, I would choose the
70 percent one because it is more effective at disinfecting anything and because 70 mL of
alcohol is used in every 100 mL of the liquid, making it more effective.
2. It represents the concentration of solution.
3. By forming a protein layer that protects the other proteins from further coagulation, 100
percent isopropyl alcohol coagulates the proteins instantly. They are not killed because of
these bacteria, but remain in a dormant state.

Do This!
1. Solution: Cup of coffee
A. Caffeine: Solute
B. Water: Solvent
2. Solution: Vinegar
A. Acetic acid: Solute
B. Water: Solvent
3. Solution: Ocean Water
A. Salt: Solute
B. Water: Solvent

Do This!
Apply What You Have Learned

1. Percent by mass is the amount of solvent expressed as grams of solvent per 100 grams of
solution in a given mass of solution, and percent by volume is the amount of solvent
expressed as grams of solvent per 100 milliliters of solution in a given volume of
solution. It's important in our lives because it's all about money in our pockets, our
wellbeing, and how we live.
2. Another solution is sugar dissolved in water wherein the sugar is the solute since it is a
small amount while the water is the solvent since it is in greater amount.

Reflect
I have learned that concentration and solution have a distinction and a connection.
Concentration is a measure of how much a substance is combined with another substance, while
"dilute" or "concentrated" solutions are said to be.
I wish to ask my teacher about other methods of solving the percentage by mass and
percentage by volume of solutions and other typical examples of solutions that we find on a daily
basis are also used.
 Lesson 2: Expressing Concentration of Solutions through Molarity, Molality, Mole
Fraction and Parts per Million (ppm)

Elicit
The 4.5 percent is the concentration of the substance, indicating that 45 mL of acid per 100
mL of vinegar is present.

Engage
 Molarity
 Molality
 Mole Fraction
 Parts per million

Explore
Sample 1
Solution Moles solute (mol) Volume of Solution Concentration
(L)
1. NaOH 0.2 0.100 2M
2. HCl 0.35 0.250 1.4 M

1. The NaOH concentration is measured by dividing the solute moles by the volume of the
solution.
2. There are 0.35 moles present.
3. The method of expressing concentration of solution illustrated in sample 1 is Molarity.

Sample 2
Solution Moles solute (mol) Mass of Solvent (in Concentration
kg)
1. NaOH 1.5 1.3 1.15 M
2. HCl 0.85 0.5 1.7 M

1. The NaOH concentration is determined by dividing the solute moles by the solvent mass.
2. There are 1.45 kg present.
3. The method of expressing concentration of solution illustrated in sample 2 is Molality.

Sample 3

1. Pentane, C5H12: MM = 72.15 MM

Hexane: C6H14: MM = 86.17 MM
Benzene: C6H6: MM = 78.11 MM

2. Pentane, C5H12: no. of moles = 0.1386

Hexane: C6H14: no. of moles = 0.1160
Benzene: C6H6: no. of moles = 0.1280
Total No. of Moles = 0.3827

3. Pentane, C5H12: Mole fraction = 0.3622

Hexane: C6H14: Mole fraction = 0.3032
Benzene: C6H6: Mole fraction = 0.3345
Total No. of Moles = 0.9999= approx. 1

Sample 4
1. By dividing the mass of the solvent into the mass of the solution and multiplying the sum
by 106, the concentration is calculated. The output unit is ppm.
2. Percentage concentration by mass
Explain
1. 2.5 M
2. 0.1 m
3. 0.06
4. 121.95 ppm

Elaborate
1. It reduces the effectiveness of soap making it difficult for grease and oil to dissolve.
2. We can use water softeners to avoid some undesirable effects of hard water.

Chemistry in Action
 We should know the concentration of any product we buy for safety reasons.
 I’d prefer those with a higher price because the higher the concentration of the active
ingredient the more effective the product is.
 No, since lead is not volatile, some water will evaporate but the lead will remain
concentrated.

Let’s Try This

1. B.
2. C.
3. 761.9 ppm
4. 0.3597

Post Test
1. C.
2. A.
3. C.
4. C.
5. D.
 General Chemistry 2
Quarter 1- Module 9:
Stoichiometric Calculations for Reactions in Solution
Name: Jan Andro B. Yanzon Student Code: B-17
Grade and Secction:12- Heisenberg Teacher: Mr. Adrian O. Sanchez
Pre-Test
1. B
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. B

WORK ON THIS! (Mole ratios)

4 mol Al 4 mol Al 3 mol O2 3 mol O 2 2mol Al 2 O 3
1. ; ; ; ; ;
3 mol O2 2mol Al 2 O 3 4 mol Al 2mol Al 2 O 3 4 mol Al
2mol Al 2 O 3
3 mol O 2

3 mol Fe 3 mol Fe 3 mol Fe 4 mol H 2 O 4 mol H 2O

2. ; ; ; ; ;
4 mol H 2 O 1mol of Fe 3 O 4 4 mol H 2 3 mol Fe 1mol of Fe 3 O 4
4 mol H 2 O
;
4 mol H 2
 1mol of Fe 3 O 4 1mol of Fe 3 O 4 1mol of Fe 3 O 4 4 mol H 2
; ; ; ;
3 mol Fe 4 mol H 2O 4 mol H 2 3 mol Fe
4 mol H 2 4 mol H 2
;
4 mol H 2 O 1mol of Fe 3 O 4

LET’S TRY! (Stoichiometric mole-to-mole conversion)

Given that 10.0mol of C3H8 burns in excess Oxygen to produce CO2 and water, the equation
will be as follows:

 C3H8+ 5O2 = 3CO2 + 4H2O (balanced chemical equation for the combustion of
propane)

 Mol ratio of C3H8 to CO2 is 1:3, therefore;

mols of unknown
 Moles of CO2 = mols of known × ( )
mols of known

3.0 mol (CO 2)

 Moles of CO2 = 10mol(C3H8) × ( )
1.0 mol(C 3 H 8)
 Moles of CO2 produced = 30.0 moles

LET’S TRY! (Stoichiometric mole-to-mass conversion)

a. Given that Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) extracted from 1.25 mol of titanium oxide
(TiO2) using chlorine and coke (carbon), the equation will be as follows:

o TiO2(s)+C(s)+2Cl2(g)→TiCl4(s)+CO2(g) (balanced chemical equation for

Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) extracted from titanium oxide (TiO2) using
chlorine and coke (carbon))

o Mol ratio of TiO2 to Cl2 is 1:2, therefore;

mols of unknown
o Moles of Cl2 = mols of known × ( )
mols of known

2.0 mol (Cl 2)

o Moles of Cl2 = 1.25 mol(TiO2) × ( )
1.0 mol(TiO 2)
o Moles of Cl2 produced = 2.5 moles
b. What is the mass of Cl2 gas is needed to react with 1.25 mol of TiO2?

molar mas s of Cl 2
o Mass of Cl2 = mols of Cl2 × ( )
1 mol of Cl 2
70.9 g of Cl 2
o Mass of Cl2 = 2.5 mols of Cl2 × ( )
1 mol of Cl 2
o Mass of Cl2 = 177 g of Cl2

LET’S TRY! (Stoichiometric mass-to-mass conversion)

a. Mols of sodium azide (NaN3)

o 2NaN3(s) → 2Na(s) + 3N2(g) (balanced chemical equation for sodium azide

(NaN3) decomposed to form disodium (2Na) and nitrogen gas (3N2)).
 1 mol of NaN 3
o Moles of NaN3= mass of NaN3× ( )
molar mas s of NaN 3

1mol of NaN 3
o Moles of NaN3= 100 g of (NaN3) × ( )
65 g of NaN 3
o Moles of NaN3 produced = 1.54 moles

b. Mols of sodium azide (NaN3)

o 2NaN3(s) → 2Na(s) + 3N2(g) (balanced chemical equation for sodium azide

(NaN3) decomposed to form disodium (2Na) and nitrogen gas (3N2)).

o Moles of N2= mols of known × ( mols of unknown

mols of known )

o Moles of N2= 1.54 mols of NaN3 × ( 2 3mols

mols of N 2
of NaN 3 )

o Moles of N2= 2.31 mols of N2

molar mas s of Cl 2
c. Mass of N2= 2.31 mols of N2 × ( )
1 mol of Cl 2

28.01 g of N 2
o Mass of N2= 2.31 mols of N2 × ( )
1 mol of N 2

o Mass of N2= 64.70 g

A. PERCENT CONCENTRATION

WORK ON THIS! (Mass Percent (%m/m))

a. What is the mass percent of a solution prepared by dissolving 30.0 g NaOH in 120.0 g of
H2O?
mass of solute( g)
o Mass percent (%m/m) = ( ) × 100
mass of solution( g)
30.0 g NaOH
o Mass percent (%m/m) of H2O = ( ) × 100
30.0 g NaOH +120.0 g of H 2 O
30.0 g NaOH
o Mass percent (%m/m) of H2O = ( ) × 100
150 g of solution
o Mass percent (%m/m) of H2O = (0.2) × 100
o Mass percent (%m/m) of H2O = 20 %

WORK ON THIS! (mass/volume percent (% m/v))

a. A topical antibiotic is 1.0% (m/v) Clindamycin. How many grams of Clindamycin are in
60 mL of the 1.0% (m/v) solution?
grams of solute (g)
o Mass/volume percent (% m/v) = ( ) × 100 %
milliliters of solution (ml)
 1 gram of Clindamycin
o Grams of Clindamycin (g)= milliliters of solution (ml) × ( )
100 ml of solution
1 gram of Clindamycin
o Grams of Clindamycin (g)= 60 ml of solution × ( )
100 ml of solution
o Grams of Clindamycin (g)= 0.60 g

B. MOLARITY

WORK ON THIS! (mass/volume percent (% m/v))

a. What is the molarity (M) of 60.0 g NaOH in 0.250 L of solution?
Molar mass of NaOH:

Element Number of Mole Atomic Mass (Number of

moles)(Atomic
Mass)
Na 1 22.98977 22.98977
O 1 15.9994 15.9994
H 1 1.008 1.008
NaOH 0

60.0 g
mass ( )
n=( )= g = 1.5 moles
molar mass 39.99717
mol
moles of solute 1.5 moles
M= ( )= ( )= 6 mol/L
liters of solution 0.250 L

b. Find the molarity of a solution made by taking 0.358 g of NaOH and dissolving it to a
volume of 250 mL.
0.358 g
mass ( )
n= ( ) = g = 0.00895 moles
molar mass 39.99717
mol
moles of solute 0.00895 moles
M= ( )= ( )= 0.0358 mol/L
liters of solution 0.250 L

c. What volume of this solution is required to provide 0.560 moles of NaOH?

number o f moles 0.560 moles
V=( )= ( )= 15.64 L
Molarity 0.0358 mol/ L

DILUTION OF SOLUTIONS
WORK ON THIS!
a. 45.00 mL of 1.25 M HCl is diluted to a volume of 150 mL. What is the concentration of
the solution in mol/L, after dilution?
o M1V1 = M2V2
M1V 1 (1.25 M )(45.00 mL)
o M2= ( )= ( )= 0.375 mol/L
V2 ( 150mL )
DENSITY OF A SOLUTION
WORK ON THIS!
a. An aqueous solution of NaCl is 350 ppm. What is the mass of NaCl in 1.00 L of the
solution? Assume the density of the solution is 1.00 g/mL.
o Assuming that the density of the solution is 1.00 g/mL.
1000 ml 1g
 1L× ( ) × ( )= 1000 g
1L 1L
M solute
 ppm= ( ) × 106
M water
ppm × M water 350 ppm × 1000 g
 Msolute= ( 6
)= ( )= 0.35 g
10 106
o Use sodium's molar mass to determine how many moles of sodium cations would
be present.
1mole
 0.35 g × ( )= 0.015 moles Na+
23 g
o Add the same number of moles of sodium chloride to the solution.
1mole NaCl
 0.015 moles × ( )= 0.015 moles NaCl
1 mole Na
o Use sodium chloride's molar mass to determine how much you need.
58.44 g
 0.015 moles × ( )= 0.889 g NaCl
1mole
o We need 0.889 g of NaCl in 1.00 L to form a 350 ppm aqueous solution of NaCl.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN SOLUTIONS

CHECK IT OUT!
a. Using the reaction in above Sample Problem 4, how many grams of zinc can react with
225 mL of 0.200 M HCl?
o Given: 225 mL HCl solution and a 0.200 M HCl solution
o Need: Grams of Zn
o Solution:
 Get the molar mass of Zn, its mole-mole factor and the Moles of HCl
 1 mole Zn = 65.4 g Zn
moles of HCl
 0.200 M HCl = ( )
0.225 Liters
 Moles of HCl= 0.045 moles
 Drive reaction backwards.
1 mole of Zn 65.4 g Zn
 0.045 moles of HCl × ( )×( )= 1.4715 g
2 mole s HCl 1mole of Zn
o Final Answer: 1.4715 g of Zn

PARTS PER MILLION AND PARTS PER BILLION

WORK ON THIS!
a. Determine the ppm of K+ ions in an aqueous solution, given that there are 0.300 g of KCl
in 1.50 L of water. Assume the density of water is 1.00 g/ mL-1.
o Given: 0.300 g of KCl and 1.50 L of water
o Find: ppm of K+ ions
o Solution:
 Assuming the density of water is 1.00 g/ mL-1.
 1.5 L= 1500 mL
 1500 mL= 1500 g
 Total mass of the solution
 1500 g + 0.300 g= 1500.3 g
 Find ppm
M ass of solute (g) 0.300 g
 ppm= ( ) × 106= ( ) × 106= 199.96 ppm
Mass of solvent (g) 1500.3 g
 o Final Answer: 199.96 ppm

Post Test
1. D
2. D
3. A
4. A
5. A
 General Chemistry 2
Quarter 1- Module 10:
Colligative Properties of Solutions
Name: Jan Andro B. Yanzon Student Code: B-17
Grade and Secction:12- Heisenberg Teacher: Mr. Adrian O. Sanchez
Pre-Test
1. B
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. D

Start Here!

What I Know What I Want to Know What I Have Learned

Some substances will I want to know more about Colligative Properties-
dissolve in particular solvent the colligative properties. properties that depend only
and others will not as. on the number of solute
What is the thing that is particles in solution and not
Polar substances will dissolve found common from all of on the nature of the solute
in polar solvents such as them? particles.
water, and nonpolar solute,
will dissolve in nonpolar How helpful it is to know The colligative properties are
solvents. these properties? vapor-pressure lowering,
boiling point elevation,
freezing-point depression,
and osmotic pressure.

Vapor Pressure Lowering- is

when a solute is added to a
solvent, the vapor pressure of
the solvent (above the
resulting solution) is lower
than the vapor pressure above
the pure solvent.

Boiling point elevation – the

boiling point of the solution
minus the boiling point of
the pure solvent.

Freezing point depression -

one of the colligative
property that is the difference
in
the freezing points of the
solution from the pure
solvent. As solute added to a
solvent,
the freezing point of the
solution will be lowered than
the freezing point of the pure
solvent (without the solute).
 Osmotic pressure – the
pressure required to stop
osmosis.
VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING

Question #1: Based from the discussion and illustration, why is it that when you try to boil an
egg in an open container/pot, and leave awhile, upon returning you’ve noticed the water
decreases? What about the movement of water molecules? What if you decided to put a lid on
the container/pot, what will be the movement of the water molecules?
The molecules move quickly in an open container to counteract the enticing forces within
themselves and inevitably escape into a gaseous state such that the water escapes. While the
molecules that have escaped can be reduced in a closed jar, back into the liquid state called
condensation, too.

Question #2: What is the relationship between the volatility of a substance to the vapor pressure?
How about a nonvolatile substance to its vapor pressure?
The higher the vapor pressure of a compound, the more volatile it is. Higher vapor
pressure and volatility translate into a lower boiling point. Increasing temperature increases
vapor pressure, which is the pressure at which the gas phase is in equilibrium with the liquid or
solid phase. While the vapor pressure of a solution of a non-volatile solute is equal to the vapor
pressure of the pure solvent at that temperature multiplied by its mole fraction.

The vapor pressure of the sodium chloride solution will be lowered twice the amount as the
glucose solution. Why?
The sodium chloride dissociates into two ions, while the glucose does not dissociate.
Therefore, equal concentrations of each solution will result in twice as many dissolved particles
in the case of the sodium chloride.

Can you give at least one example illustrating the vapor-pressure lowering?
The drinking duck is a toy that many kids (and adults) enjoy playing with. The motion of
the duck illustrates a physical principle called vapor pressure. As the vapor pressure changes, the
liquid in the duck moves up and down, causing the duck to move.

BOILING POINT ELEVATION

Question#3: Why is it that burn caused by boiling syrup is more severe than a burn caused by
boiling water?
A syrup's boiling point is much higher than boiling water, which is why the syrup is
much higher. As with boiling water, boiling syrup causes extreme burning.

Post Test
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. True
5. A