Exp.No.

(9): Operational Amplifier

Operational Amplifier

Object:
To study, the linear applications of the general purpose of operational
amplifier.

Theory:
The operational amplifier was originally developed as the basic building
block for analog computers to perform the "operation" of integration. Nowadays,
many types of IC operational amplifiers are available, ranging from the high
precession instrumentation type to the general-purpose type. In general, a
monolithic operational amplifier is a very versatile, reliable and relatively
inexpensive circuit. It has been extensively used in instrumentation and control
circuits to realize linear and non-linear circuits commonly needed. Among the
linear circuits are voltage amplifiers, current source circuits and active filters.
The ideal operational amplifier has the following characteristics
1. High input impedance,
2. Low output impedance.
3. Very high open-loop gain (AV), ideally infinity.
4. The gain-bandwidth product (GBP) depends on the type of amplifier used.
The general-purpose operational amplifier that will be used in the experiment
is (741); it’s a high performance monolithic operational amplifier constructed
using the Fairchild planar epitaxial process. It’s intended for a wide range of
analog applications.

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Exp.No. (9): Operational Amplifier

High common- mode voltage range and absence of latch-up tendencies make
the (µA 741) ideal for use as a voltage follower. The high gain and wide range of
operating voltage provides superior performance in integrator, summing
amplifier and general feedback applications:
1. No frequency compensation required.
2. Short circuit protection.
3. 0ffset voltage null capability.
4. Large common mode and differential voltage ranges.
5. Low power consumption.
6. No Latch-up.
Note: There are two similar types of the operational amplifier available in the
lab, they are 741 and LS141 (Mansour unit).

Pin configuration of (LS 141) and (741)

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Exp.No. (9): Operational Amplifier

1. Non-Inverting Voltage Amplifier and Inverting Voltage

Amplifier:
a. Non-inverting voltage amplifier:
The circuit diagram of such an amplifier is shown in figure (1)

The closed loop gain

The gain bandwidth product

where:
: is the unity gain frequency at which the voltage gain =1.
: is the high cutoff frequency.
: is the voltage gain with feedback.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit shown in figure (1), with R1=4.7KΩ and R2=1KΩ.
2. Measure the frequency response and calculate the gain bandwidth product,
take Vi=0.1V (p-p).
3. Measure funity.

Figure (1): Non-inverting amplifier circuit

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Exp.No. (9): Operational Amplifier

b. Inverting voltage amplifier:

The circuit diagram of such an amplifier is shown in figure (2).

The minus sign indicates phase inversion.

The gain bandwidth product

This means that the closed loop GBP is equal to a fraction of f unity. When Rf is
much greater than RS, (ACL f2cl) approximately equal funity. Therefore, as the
voltage gain decreases, an inverting voltage amplifier has less bandwidth than
the non-inverting voltage amplifier. This type of an amplifier can be used as a
gain control by varying Rs.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit shown in figure (2), with Rf= 4.7KΩ, RS=1KΩ and
RL=6.8kΩ.

Figure (2)

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Exp.No. (9): Operational Amplifier

2. Measure the frequency response and calculate the gain bandwidth product,
take Vi=0.1V (p-p).
3. Measure funity.

2. OP/AMP as a Gain Control and Summing Amplifier:

a. OP/AMP as a Gain Control:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit shown in figure (3), with Rs=1kΩ and R=6.8kΩ.
2. For Vi=0.1(p-p) and f=1kHz, measure Vo for Rf values varying from 1kΩ to
20kΩ (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20) kΩ. Calculate the gain experimentally
and theoretically and find the percentage error.

Figure (3)

b. Summing Amplifier:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit shown in figure (4), for which
( ) for R1 = R2

2. Apply an input voltage VL= (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4) V (p-p). Record Vo for
these different values of VL.
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Exp.No. (9): Operational Amplifier

3. Calculate theoretical values of Vo.

10k 4.7k

4.7k

4.7k 6.8k
10k

Figure (4)
3. Subtracting Amplifier, Voltage Follower and Integrating
Amplifier:
a. Subtracting Amplifier:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit shown in figure (5). For which

( )

2. Apply an input voltage VL= (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4) V (p-p) and record the
value of for each value of input voltage.
3. Calculate theoretical values of .

4.7k

10 k

4.7 k
10 k

= =4.7 k
Figure (5)

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Exp.No. (9): Operational Amplifier

b. Voltage Follower:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit shown in figure (6).
2. Apply an input voltage Vi , Observe the output
voltage and draw Vo and Vi for:-
(1) Vi=2Vp-p f=0.5 kHz
(2) Vi=2Vp-p f=120 kHz
(3) Vi=25Vp-p f=0.5 kHz
(4) Vi=25Vp-p f=120 kHz Figure (6)

c. Integrating Amplifier:
An active integrator is shown in figure (7). The output Vo is given by:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit shown in figure (8).
2. Apply a square wave voltage (Vi=0.5Vp-p, f=100Hz).
3. Display the output on the scope, sketch Vi and Vo. Calculate Vo and compare
the theoretical value with the experimental value.

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Exp.No. (9): Operational Amplifier

20 k

C
1k 1µF
R

6.8 k

Figure (7) Figure (8)

Report:
1. Plot the frequency response for non-inverting and inverting voltage
amplifier.
2. Define the slow rate of the operational amplifier.
3. Define the CMRR of the operational amplifier.
4. Derive a formula relating Vo to V1 and V2 for the following circuit:-

R4

R3
V1
Vo
R1
V2

R2

5. What are the parameters of an ideal operational amplifier?

6. Suggest an operational amplifier circuit which can be used as a differentiator,

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Exp.No. (9): Operational Amplifier

derive a formula relating output to input.

7. What is the real line integrator?
8. Discuss the results obtained

References
1. Electronic principles.
By Malvino A.B.
McGraw-Hill, 1984
2. Microelectronics “Digital and Analog circuits and systems”.
By Milliman
McGraw-Hill, 1984
3. Design with operational amplifier and analog integrated circuits
By Sergio Franco
McGraw-Hill, 1988

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